CN1572029A - 基于电致磷光的极高效有机发光器件 - Google Patents
基于电致磷光的极高效有机发光器件 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供一种有机发光器件,其中,发射层包含宿主材料,在宿主材料中包含发射分子,此发射分子用于当电压施加到异质结上时发光,且该发射分子从包括环金属铱化合物的磷光有机金属化合物组中选择,且该器件包含激子阻挡层。
Description
I.发明领域
本发明涉及包含发射层和激子阻挡层,且该发射层包含有机金属磷光搀杂化合物的有机发光器件(OLED)。
II.发明背景
II.A一般背景技术
有机发光器件(OLED)包含几个有机层,其中的一个层包含能通过在器件两端施加电压而电致发光的有机材料(C.W.Tang等,Appl.Phys.Lett.1987年,第51期,第913页)。对于作为基于LCD的全色平板显示器的实用替代技术,一些OLED已表现出具有充足的亮度、颜色范围和工作周期(S.R.Forrest,P.E.Burrows和M.E.Thompson,Laser FocusWorld,1995年2月)。由于此种器件中所用的许多有机薄膜在可见光谱区域内是透明的,因此它们可以实现完全新型的显示器像素,其中发射红(R)、绿(G)和蓝(B)的OLED以垂直层叠几何图形布置,提供简单的制作工艺、小的R-G-B像素尺寸和大的占空因数(国际专利申请第PCT/US95/15790号)。
在国际专利申请第PCT/US97/02681号中描述了,透明OLED(TOLED)意味着朝向实现高分辨率的一大进步,即,可独立寻址的层叠R-G-B像素,其中,TOLED在断电时具有大于71%的透明度,而在器件通电时从顶部和底部器件表面以高效率(接近1%的量子效率)发射光。TOLED使用透明铟锡氧化物(ITO)作为空穴注入电极而Mg-Ag-ITO电极层用于电子发射。已公开一种器件,其中Mg-Ag-ITO层的ITO侧用作与在TOLED顶部层叠的第二个发射不同颜色的OLED的空穴注入接触面。在层叠OLED(SOLED)中的每个层都是可独立寻址的,并且发射其各自的特征颜色。此彩色发射可通过邻接层叠的、透明的、可独立寻址的一个或几个有机层、透明接触面和玻璃基片传播,从而允许该器件通过改变红和蓝色发射层的相对输出发射任意颜色。
PCT/US95/15790专利申请公布了一种集成SOLED,其中,在颜色可调显示器中用外部电源可独立改变和控制强度与颜色。因而PCT/US95/15790专利申请阐述了借助小像素尺寸有可能实现提供高图象分辨率的集成全色像素的原理。而且,与现有技术方法相比,可以用成本相对较低的制造技术来制作此种器件。
II.B发射的背景技术
结构基于使用有机光电子材料层的器件一般依赖于导致光学发射的普通机构。一般而言,此机构基于所捕获电荷的辐射复合。具体地,OLED包含至少两个分隔器件阳极和阴极的薄有机层。在这些层中,一个层的材料具体地基于其传输空穴的能力来选择,该层称为“空穴传输层”(HTL),另一层的材料则具体根据其传输电子的能力来选择,这一另一层称为“电子传输层”(ETL)。由于具有这样的结构,该器件可看作是当施加到阳极的电势比施加到阴极的电势更高时具有正向偏压的二极管。在这些偏压条件下,阳极向空穴传输层注入空穴(正电荷载体),而阴极向电子传输层注入电子。与阳极相邻的发光介质部分因而形成空穴注入和传输区域,同时与阴极相邻的发光介质部分形成电子注入和传输区域。被注入的空穴和电子都向带有相反电荷的电极传输。当电子和空穴定位于相同的分子时,形成Frenkel激子。此种短期状态的复合可看作是电子从其传导电势下降到价电子带,同时在一定的条件下优选依靠发光机构产生松驰现象。鉴于典型薄层有机器件的此种工作原理,电致发光层包括从每个电极接收移动电荷载体(电子和空穴)的发光区域。
OLED一般通过荧光或磷光进行发光。在如何利用磷光上则有区别。已注意到,在高电流密度时磷光效率迅速降低。可能是较长的磷光周期使发射位置饱和,并且三重态-三重态湮没产生效率损失。在荧光和磷光之间的另一区别是三重态从导电宿主到发光客体分子的能量转移一般比单纯态的慢;依据自旋对称守恒原理,占据单纯态能量转移支配地位的长列偶极-偶极偶合(Frster转移)对于三重态(在理论上)是被禁止的。因而,对于三重态,能量转移一般是通过激子散射到邻近分子(Dexter转移)而发生的;施主和受主受激波函数的明显重叠对于能量转移是关键的。另一区别在于,与一般单纯态散射距离为约200相比,三重态散射距离一般较长(如>1400)。因而,如果磷光器件要实现它们的潜力,器件结构就需要为三重态性质而优化。在本发明中,我们发挥三重态长散射距离的性质,以提高外部量子效率。
成功利用磷光有希望制造有机电致发光器件。例如,磷光的优点在于,所有(由EL中的空穴和电子复合形成)的激子在磷光器件中(部分)是基于三重态的,在某些电致发光材料中这些激子可参与能量转移和发光。相反,在荧光器件中激子是基于单纯态的,只有小量的激子导致荧光发光。
II.C材料的背景技术
II.C.1基本的异质结
因为器件一般具有至少一个电子传输层和至少一个空穴传输层,所以器件具有几个材料不同的层,形成异质结。产生电致发发光的材料可以与用作电子传输层或空穴传输层的材料相同。其中电子传输层或空穴传输层还用作发射层的此种器件被称为具有单个异质结。可替换地,电致发光材料也可存在于空穴传输层和电子传输层之间的单独发射层中,这称为双异质结。
也就是说,除了在电荷载体层即空穴传输层或电子传输层中,用作主要成分的、和既用作电荷载体材料又用作发射材料的发射材料外,发射材料还可以较低的浓度作为掺杂物存在于电荷载体层中。只要有掺杂物存在,电荷载体层中的主要材料就可称为宿主化合物或接收化合物。选择作为宿主和掺杂物存在的材料,以便具有从宿主到掺杂物材料的高水平能量转移。另外,这些材料需要能产生对于OLED可接受的电气性质。而且,优选地,采用方便的制造技术,具体地,使用真空淀积技术,此种宿主和掺杂物材料能被包含在使用易于包含在OLED中的材料的OLED中。
II.C.2激子阻挡层
用于本发明器件中的(以及以前的美国专利申请No.09/153144所公开的)激子阻挡层基本上阻挡激子的散射,从而基本上使激子保留在发射层内,增加器件效率。本发明阻挡层的材料的特征在于其最低的未占据的分子轨道(LUMO)和其最高占据的分子轨道(HOMO)之间的能量差(“带隙”)。根据本发明,此带隙基本上防止激子通过阻挡层的散射,而且对整个电致发光器件的启动电压只有最小的影响。因而带隙优选大于发射层中所产生的激子的能级,以使此种激子不能在阻挡层中存在。具体地,阻挡层的带隙至少与宿主的三重态和接地状态之间的能量差一样大。
II.D.颜色
对于颜色,希望使用在相对较窄的频带内提供电致发发光的材料来制造OLED,此频带的中心接近所选定的对应三原色红、绿和蓝之一的光谱区域,从而这些材料可用作OLED或SOLED中的颜色层。还希望此种化合物能使用真空淀积技术被容易地淀积成薄层,以便它们能易于包含在全部由真空淀积的有机材料制备的OLED中。
美国专利No.6048630涉及包含产生饱和的红色发射的发射化合物的OLED。
III.发明概述
本发明涉及有机发光器件,其中,发射层包含发射分子并(可选地)包含宿主材料(其中发射分子作为掺杂物存在于所述宿主材料中),当电压施加到异质结上时发射分子用于发光,其中发射分子从磷光有机金属络合物组中选择。发射分子可进一步从磷光有机金属铱或锇络合物组中选择,还可进一步从磷光环金属铱或锇络合物组中选择。发射分子的具体实例为正-三(2-苯基吡啶)铱,由下述的分子式(Ir(ppy)3)表示:
[在此图及以后的附图中,用直线表示从氮到金属(在此为Ir)的配价键。]
一般,层的排列是空穴传输层、发射层和电子传输层。对于空穴传导发射层,在发射层和电子传输层之间可以有激子阻挡层。对于电子传导发射层,在发射层和空穴传输层之间可以有激子阻挡层。发射层可以等同于空穴传输层(在激子阻挡层靠近或就在阳极上的情况下)或者发射层可以等同于电子传输层(在激子阻挡层靠近或就在阴极上的情况下)。
发射层可以与宿主材料一起形成,其中发射分子作为客体存在,或者发射层由发射分子本身形成。在前一情形中,宿主材料可以是从取代的三芳基胺组中选择的空穴传输基体。宿主材料的实例为4,4′-N,N′-二咔唑-联苯基(CBP),分子式如下:
发射层还可以包含作为掺杂物存在于所述宿主材料中、并具有偶极矩的极化分子,当所述发射掺杂物分子发光时此极化分子影响发射光的波长。
由电子传输材料形成的层用于把电子传输到包含发射分子和(可选的)宿主材料的发射层中。电子传输材料可以是从包括金属quinoxolate、odidaxole和***的组中选择的电子传输基体。电子传输材料的实例为三-(8-羟基喹啉)铝(Alq3)。
由空穴传输材料形成的层用于把空穴 传输到包含发射分子和(可选的)宿主材料的发射层中。空穴传输材料的实例为4,4′-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基-氨基]联苯基[“α-NPD”]。
特别优选使用激子阻挡层(“阻挡层”)把激子限制在发光层(“发光区域”)内。对于空穴传输宿主,阻挡层可以放置在发光层和电子传输层之间。用于此阻挡层的材料实例为2,9-二甲基-4,7-联苯基-1,10-菲咯啉(还称作浴铜灵或BCP),分子式如下:
对于在空穴传导宿主和电子传输层之间有阻挡层的情况下(如在以下实例1的情况下),可发现以下特性,以重要性程度顺序列出:
1.在阻挡层LUMO和HOMO之间的能量差大于宿主材料的三重态和接地单纯态之间的能量差。
2.宿主材料中的三重态不被阻挡层抑制。
3.阻挡层的电离势能(IP)大于宿主的电离势能。(意味着空穴保留在宿主中)。
4.阻挡层LUMO的能级和宿主LUMO的能级在能量上非常接近,从而在器件总传导性中的变化小于50%。
5.在层厚足以有效阻挡激子从发射层迁移进相邻层的前提下,阻挡层尽可能地薄。
[对于使用发射分子而不使用空穴传输宿主的情况下,修改上述用于选择阻挡层的规则,用词语“发射分子”取代“宿主”。]
对于在电子传导宿主和空穴传输层之间有阻挡层的互补情况下,可发现以下特性(以重要性程度顺序列出):
1.在阻挡层LUMO和HOMO之间的能量差大于宿主材料的三重态和接地单纯态之间的能量差。
2.宿主材料中的三重态不被阻挡层抑制。
3.阻挡层LUMO的能量大于(电子传输)宿主LUMO的能量。(意味着电子保留在宿主中)。
4.阻挡层的电离势能和宿主的电离势能使空穴易于从阻挡层发射进宿主中,并且在器件总传导性中的变化小于50%。
5.在层厚足以有效阻挡激子从发射层迁移进相邻层的前提下,阻挡层尽可能的薄。
[对于使用发射分子而不使用电子传输宿主的情况下,修改上述用于选择阻挡层的规则,用词语“发射分子”取代“宿主”。]
IV.附图简述
图1为实例1的电致磷光器件的的建议能级结构,示出了最高占据的分子轨道(HOMO)能量和最低未占据的分子轨道(LUMO)能量(见I.G.Hill和A.Kahn,J.Appl.Physics(1999))。注意,Ir(ppy)3的HOMO和LUMO能级未示出。插页示出(a)Ir(ppy)3、(b)CBP和(c)BCP的结构性化学分子式。
图2示出使用Ir(ppy)3:CBP发光层的OLED的外部量子效率。在Ir(ppy)3对CBP的质量比为6%时观察到峰值效率。100%Ir(ppy)3的器件具有与图1所示结构稍微不同的结构,其中,Ir(ppy)3层为300厚并且没有BCP阻挡层。图中还示出不含BCP层的6%Ir(ppy)3:CBP器件的效率。
图3示出6%Ir(ppy)3:CBP器件的功率效率和亮度。在100cd/m2时,器件需要4.3V且其功率效率为19lm/W。
图4示出6%Ir(ppy)3:CBP的电致发光光谱。插页示出CBP中的Ir(ppy)3相对于绿色荧发光物Alq3和聚(p-苯撑乙烯撑)(PPV)的Commission International de L’Eclairage(CIE)色度坐标。
V.发明详述
本发明一般地涉及优化发光器件发射的发射分子、结构和这些结构的相关分子,当电压施加到有机发光器件的异质结上时该发射分子发光,并且该发射分子从磷有机金属络合物组中选择。术语“有机金属”,如同在例如Gary L.Miessler和Donald A.Tarr,Prentice-Hall的“无机化学”(第二版)(1998)中那样,是普通技术人员通常理解的含义。本发明进一步涉及在有机发光器件的发射层内的发射分子,此分子包括磷光环金属铱络合物。对于电致发光,此种分子可产生表现为红、蓝或绿色的发射。关于颜色表现的讨论,包括CIE图表,都可在VCH出版社1991年出版的《颜色化学》和H.J.A.Dartnall、J.K.Bowmaker和J.D.Mollon,Proc.Roy.Soc.B(London),1983年第220期第115-130页中找到。
现在结合具体的优选实施例详细描述本发明,应该理解这些实施例仅仅是用作说明性实例,并不是对本发明的限制。
(实例)
实例1
在该实例中,我们描述使用绿色电致磷光材料正-三(2-苯基吡啶)铱(Ir(ppy)3)的OLED。此化合物具有以下分子式表述:
短三重态周期与合理的光致发光效率的一致,使基于Ir(ppy)3的OLED达到峰值量子效率和功率效率,分别为8.0%(28cd/A)和~30lm/W。在施加4.3V偏压时,亮度达到100cd/m2且量子效率和功率效率分别为7.5%(26cd/A)和19lm/W。
有机层用高真空(10-6乇)热汽化方法淀积在干净玻璃基片上,此基片预先涂敷透明传导性铟锡氧化物。400厚的4,4′-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基-氨基]联苯基(“α-NPD”)层用于传输空穴到在CBP中包含Ir(ppy)3的发光层。200厚的三-(8-羟基喹啉)铝(Alq3)电子传输材料层用于传输电子进入Ir(ppy)3:CBP层中,并用于减少Ir(ppy)3发光在阴极处的吸收。具有1mm直径开孔的孔板用于确定包括1000厚的25∶1 Mg∶Ag层和500厚的Ag覆盖层的阴极。如以前(O’brien等,App.Phys.Lett.1999年第74期第442-444页)所述,我们发现需要在CBP和Alq3之间***2,9-二甲基-4,7-联苯基-1,10-菲咯啉(浴铜灵或BCP)的薄(60)阻挡层,以把激子限制在发光区域内,从而保持高的效率。在O’brien等的App.Phys.Lett.1999年第74期第442-444页中论述到,此层防止三重态散射到掺杂区域外部。它还暗示CBP易于传输空穴,并且可用BCP迫使激子在发光层内形成。在任一种情况下,使用BCP很清楚是用于在发光区域内捕获激子。在图1中示出一些在OLED中使用的材料的分子结构化学式以及建议的能级图。
图2示出几种Ir(ppy)3基的OLED的外部量子效率。被掺杂的结构表现出随着电流增加量子效率缓慢下降。与Alq3:PtOEP***的结果相似地,被掺杂的器件在Ir(ppy)3:CBP的质量比为约6-8%时达到最大效率(~8%)。因而,在Ir(ppy)3:CBP中的能量转移路径有可能与在PtOEP:Alq3(Baldo等,Nature,1998年第395期,第151页;O’brien 1999年,op.cit.)中的相似,即通过三重态从宿主的短列Dexter转移。在Ir(ppy)3浓度低时,发光体经常位于受激Alq3分子的Dexter转移半径之外。而在高浓度时,增加总的抑制。注意,对于三重态转移,偶极-偶极(Frster)转移被禁止,并且在PtOEP:Alq3***中发现直接的电荷捕获是不显著的。
实例2
除了被掺杂的器件之外,我们制作了一种异质结,其中发光区域是Ir(ppy)3的同源膜。纯Ir(ppy)3的效率降低(到~8%)反映在只有~100ns周期的瞬态衰减中,并且使得明显偏离单幂特性。还示出没有BCP阻挡层的6%Ir(ppy)3:CBP器件和具有BCP阻挡层的6%Ir(ppy)3:Alq3器件。在此,观察到随着电流只增加非常小的量子效率。这一行为表明,当激子迁移进Alq3时,在发光区域或与阴极相邻的区域中的不辐射位置饱和。
实例3
在图3中,我们画出了实例1器件中作为电压的函数的亮度和功率效率。峰值功率效率是~30lm/W且量子效率为8%(28cd/A)。在100cd/m2时,在4.3V电压获得功率效率为19lm/W且量子效率为7.5%(26cd/A)。与在脱气的甲苯中室温下测量的周期2μs(例如:King等,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1985年第107期,第1431-1432页)相比,在CBP中Ir(ppy)3的瞬态响应是~500ns的单幂磷光衰减。这些周期较短并表现出强烈的自旋轨道耦合,并且在瞬态响应中缺少Ir(ppy)3荧光,我们期望Ir(ppy)3具有强烈的从单纯态到三重态的***间交叉。因而,所有的发射从长周期三重态开始。不幸的是,缓慢的三重态松驰在电致磷光中形成瓶颈,Ir(ppy)3的一个主要优点是具有较短的三重态周期。磷光瓶颈由此被大大放宽。这导致随着电流的增加,效率只有缓慢的下降,从而最大亮度为~100000cd/m2。
实例4
在图4中,对于最高效率器件示出发射光谱和Ir(ppy)3的CommissionInternational de L’Eclairage(CIE)坐标。峰值波长为入=510nm,在最大值的一半时的全宽度(半高宽)为70nm。光谱和CIE坐标(x=0.27,y=0.63)是与电流无关的。即使在非常高的电流密度(~100mA/cm2)下,CBP的蓝色发光也是可忽略不计的(表示完全的能量转移)。
普通技术人员已知的其它技术可与本发明结合使用。例如,LiF阴极(Hung等,Appl.Phys.Lett.,1997年第70期第152-154页)、成形的基片(G.Gu等,Optics Letters,1997年第22期第396-398页)以及导致工作电压降低或量子效率增加的新型空穴传输材料(B.Kippelen等,MRS,San Francisco,1999年春季)也可用于本项工作。这些方法在荧光小分子器件中已产生~20lm/W的功率效率(Kippelen,Id.)。在这些器件(Kido和Iizumi,App.Phys.Lett.,1998年第73期第2721页)中,在100cd/m2下量子效率一般≤4.6%(小于本发明的量子效率),并因而可希望获得功率效率>40lm/W的绿色发射电致磷光器件。纯有机材料(Hoshino和Suzuki,Appl.Phys.Lett.,1996年第69期第224-226页)有时可具有不足的自旋轨道耦合,在室温下表现出强烈的磷光。尽管不应该排除使用纯有机磷,但优选的化合物是过渡金属与芳香族配合基的络合物。过渡金属混合单纯态和三重态,由此增强***间交叉并降低三重受激状态。
本发明并不局限于实例中的发射分子。普通技术人员可修改Ir(ppy)3(正下方的)的有机成分,以获得所需的性质。
可以具有烷基取代基或取代芳香族结构中的原子。
这些与Ir(ppy)3有关的分子可由工业上可行的配合基形成。R基可以是烷基或芳基,并优选在配合基的3,4,7和/或8位置上(出于空间排列的考虑)。所述化合物应得到不同颜色的发射,并具有不同的载体传输速率。因而在三个分子中对基本Ir(ppy)3结构的修改可按所需的方式来改变发射性质。
其它的可能的发射物如下所示。
与Ir(ppy)3相比,希望此分子具有蓝色偏移的发射。R和R′可以分别为烷基或芳基。
锇的有机金属化合物可用于本发明。实例如下:
这些锇络合物是具有6d电子的八面体(与Ir类似物是等电子的),并具有良好的***间交叉效率。R和R′可以分别从包括烷基或芳基的组中选择。相信它们在文献中没有被报导过。
在此,X可从包括N或P的组中选择。R和R′分别从包括烷基或芳基的组中选择。
实例1中空穴传输层的分子如下所示。
本发明与普通技术人员已知的其它空穴传输分子一起在OLED的空穴传输层中工作。
用作实例1发射层中宿主的分子如下所示。
本发明与普通技术人员已知的其它分子一起用作OLED发射层的宿主。例如,宿主材料可以是空穴传输基体,并可从包括取代的三芳基胺和聚乙烯咔唑的组中选择。
用作实例1中激子阻挡层的分子如下所示。本发明与其它用于激子阻挡层的分子一起工作,只要它们满足发明概述中的要求即可。
适合用作激子阻挡层成分的分子不必与适用于空穴阻挡层的分子相同。例如,分子用作空穴阻挡物的能力取决于所施加的电压,施加的电压越高,空穴阻挡能力就越低。阻挡激子的能力大致上与所施加的电压无关。
本发明的OLED可用在包含OLED的基本上可为任何类型的装置中,例如,含在较大的显示器、车辆、计算机、电视、打印机、大面积墙壁、戏院或体育馆屏幕、广告牌或标牌中的OLED中。
Claims (30)
1.一种电致发光层,包含发射层该发射层包含的发射分子为磷光有机金属铱化合物或磷光有机金属锇化合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的电致发光层,其中,所述发射层包含宿主材料,且磷光有机金属化合物在所述宿主材料中作为客体。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的电致发光层,其中,所述发射分子是磷光有机金属铱化合物。
5.如权利要求3所述的电致发光层,其中,所述磷光有机金属铱化合物在向发射层施加电压时产生绿色发光。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的电致发光层,其中,所述发射分子是磷光有机金属锇化合物。
8.如权利要求2所述的电致发光层,其中,宿主材料是从包括取代的三芳基胺和聚乙烯咔唑的组中选择的空穴传输材料。
9.如权利要求8所述的电致发光层,其中,所述空穴传输材料包括由下式表示的4,4′-N,N′-二咔唑-联苯基,
10.如权利要求8所述的电致发光层,其中,所述空穴传输材料包括4,4′-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基-氨基]联苯基。
11.如权利要求2所述的电致发光层,其中,所述宿主材料是电子传输材料。
12.如权利要求11所述的电致发光层,其中,所述电子传输材料包括三-(8-羟基喹啉)铝。
13.如权利要求1或2所述的电致发光层,其中,所述发射层还包含具有偶极矩的极化掺杂物。
14.如权利要求1或2所述的电致发光层,其中,所述发射层与激子阻挡层接触。
15.如权利要求14所述的电致发光层,其中,所述激子阻挡层包含由下式表示的2,9-二甲基-4,7-联苯基-1,10-菲咯啉,
16.一种包含异质结的有机发光器件,该异质结包含当电压施加到异质结上时发光的发射层,其中,该发射层包含的分子为磷光有机金属铱化合物或磷光有机金属锇化合物。
17.如权利要求16所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述发射层包含宿主材料,并且磷光有机金属化合物在所述宿主材料中作为客体。
18.如权利要求16或17所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述发射分子是磷光有机金属铱化合物。
20.如权利要求18所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述磷光有机金属铱化合物在向发射层施加电压时产生绿色发光。
21.如权利要求16或17所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述发射分子是磷光有机金属锇化合物。
22.如权利要求21所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述磷光有机金属锇化合物由下式表示,
23.如权利要求17所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述宿主材料是从包括取代的三芳基胺和聚乙烯咔唑的组中选择的空穴传输材料。
24.如权利要求23所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述空穴传输材料包括由下式表示的4,4′-N,N′-二咔唑-联苯基,
25.如权利要求17所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述宿主材料是电子传输材料。
26.如权利要求25所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述电子传输材料包括三-(8-羟基喹啉)铝。
27.如权利要求16或17所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述发射层还包含具有偶极矩的极化掺杂物。
28.如权利要求16或17所述的有机发光器件,其中,所述发射层与激子阻挡层接触。
30.一种包括如权利要求16所述的有机发光器件的装置,其中,此装置为从包括显示器、车辆、计算机、电视、打印机、墙壁、戏院、体育馆屏幕、广告牌和标牌的组中选择的。
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CN1312250C (zh) * | 2005-06-02 | 2007-04-25 | 南京大学 | 一类配合物磷光材料及其在有机电致发光器件中的应用 |
CN101313424B (zh) * | 2005-09-30 | 2010-09-29 | 普林斯顿大学理事会 | 基于纯有机材料的高迁移率高效率有机膜 |
CN100459216C (zh) * | 2007-03-21 | 2009-02-04 | 吉林大学 | 一种具有多发光层的有机电致白光器件 |
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