US20110224235A1 - Inhibitors of bruton's tyrosine kinase for the treatment of solid tumors - Google Patents

Inhibitors of bruton's tyrosine kinase for the treatment of solid tumors Download PDF

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US20110224235A1
US20110224235A1 US13/003,811 US200913003811A US2011224235A1 US 20110224235 A1 US20110224235 A1 US 20110224235A1 US 200913003811 A US200913003811 A US 200913003811A US 2011224235 A1 US2011224235 A1 US 2011224235A1
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substituted
unsubstituted
alkyl
compound
btk
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Lee Honigberg
Erik Verner
Joseph Buggy
David Loury
Wei Chen
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Pharmacyclics LLC
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Definitions

  • a kinase is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules; the process is termed phosphorylation.
  • Protein kinases which act on and modify the activity of specific proteins, are used to transmit signals and control complex processes in cells. Up to 518 different kinases have been identified in humans. Their enormous diversity and role in signaling makes them attractive targets for drug design.
  • Btk Bruton's tyrosine kinase
  • irreversible inhibitors of Btk are also described herein. Further described are irreversible inhibitors of Btk that form a covalent bond with a cysteine residue on Btk.
  • Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homologs are inhibitors of other tyrosine kinases, wherein the other tyrosine kinases share homology with Btk by having a cysteine residue (including a Cys 481 residue) that forms a covalent bond with the irreversible inhibitor (such tyrosine kinases, are referred herein as “Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homologs”). Also described herein are irreversible inhibitors of Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homologs. In some embodiments, the Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog is HER4.
  • ACKs tyrosine kinases that have an accessible cysteine residue near an active site of the tyrosine kinase
  • irreversible inhibitors of ACKs In some embodiments, the ACK is HER4.
  • HER4 Described herein are inhibitors of HER4. Also described herein are irreversible inhibitors of HER4.
  • irreversible inhibitors of any of the aforementioned tyrosine kinases in which the irreversible inhibitor includes a Michael acceptor moiety. Further described are such irreversible inhibitors in which the Michael acceptor moiety preferentially forms a covalent bond with the appropriate cysteine residue on the desired tyrosine kinase relative to forming a covalent bond with other biological molecules that contain an accessible SH moiety.
  • compositions that include an irreversible inhibitor of Btk, an irreversible inhibitor of an ACK, an irreversible inhibitor of HER4, an irreversible inhibitor of a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog, or combinations thereof.
  • Described herein, in certain embodiments, are methods for treating a disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors comprising administering to an individual in need a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of Formula (I) having the structure:
  • Described herein, in certain embodiments, are methods for treating a disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors comprising administering to an individual in need a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound selected from among: (E)-4-(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylamino)-1-(3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)but-2-en-1-one (Compound 3); (E)-1-(3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (Compound 4); (E)-1-(3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperid
  • the disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors is a sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or carcinoma.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g. pancreatic cancer and colon cancer), small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • the disease is breast cancer.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof.
  • the breast cancer is ER positive.
  • the breast cancer is ER negative.
  • the breast cancer is progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive.
  • the breast cancer is PgR-negative.
  • the disease is pancreatic cancer.
  • Described herein, in certain embodiments, are methods for treating a disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that forms a covalent bond with a cysteine sidechain of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase homolog, an ACK, or a combination thereof.
  • the disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors is a sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or carcinoma.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g. pancreatic cancer and colon cancer), small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • the disease is breast cancer.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof.
  • the breast cancer is ER positive.
  • the breast cancer is ER negative.
  • the breast cancer is progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive.
  • the breast cancer is PgR-negative.
  • the disease is pancreatic cancer.
  • kinase inhibitor that selectively and irreversibly binds to a protein tyrosine kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, and HER4, in which the kinase inhibitor reversibly and non-selectively binds to a multiplicity of protein tyrosine kinases, and further in which the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is less than about 4 hours.
  • the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to at least one of Btk, Jak3, Blk, Bmx, Tec, HER4, and Itk. In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Btk. In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Btk and Tec. In some embodiments, the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is less than about 3 hours. In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor has the structure of Formula (VII):
  • kinase is a moiety that binds to the active site of a kinase, including a tyrosine kinase, further including a Btk kinase cysteine homolog;
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NCH 3 C( ⁇ O), or S( ⁇ O) 2 .
  • each of R 7 and R 8 is H; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond.
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cycloalkylene ring; or Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene ring; or Y is a C 1 -C 4 alkylene, or 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene ring.
  • the disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors is a sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or carcinoma.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g.
  • the disease is breast cancer.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof.
  • the breast cancer is ER positive.
  • the breast cancer is ER negative.
  • the breast cancer is progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive.
  • the breast cancer is PgR-negative.
  • the breast cancer is ER negative.
  • the breast cancer is progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive.
  • the breast cancer is PgR-negative.
  • the disease is pancreatic cancer.
  • Described herein, in certain embodiments, are methods for treating a disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors comprising administering to an individual in need a composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that forms a covalent bond with a cysteine sidechain of a Blk or a Blk homolog.
  • the disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors is a sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or carcinoma.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g. pancreatic cancer and colon cancer), small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • Compounds described herein include those that have a structure of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, esters, acids and prodrugs thereof.
  • isomers and chemically protected forms of compounds having a structure represented by any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) are also provided.
  • Formula (I) is as follows:
  • salts of compounds of Formula (I) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (I).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (I) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • substituents are optionally selected from among from a subset of the listed alternatives.
  • L a is CH 2 , O, or NH.
  • L a is O or NH.
  • L a is O.
  • Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In yet other embodiments, Ar is a 6-membered aryl. In some other embodiments, Ar is phenyl.
  • x is 2.
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), OC( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) x , OS( ⁇ O) x , or NHS( ⁇ O) x .
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), or NCH 3 C( ⁇ O).
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NR a C( ⁇ O), NR a S( ⁇ O) x , where x is 1 or 2, and R a is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl.
  • R 7 and R 9 are H; and R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkylC 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 8 alkylethers, C 1 -C 1 -C
  • R 6 and R 8 are H; and R 7 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkylC 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 8 alkylethers, C 1 -C 8 alkyl,
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NR a C( ⁇ O), NR a S( ⁇ O) x , where x is 1 or 2, and R a is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 and R 8 are H; and R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkylC 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 8 alkylethers, C 1 -C 8 alkylamides, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • compositions which include a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of any of the compounds herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate.
  • compositions provided herein further include a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient and/or binder.
  • compositions formulated for administration by an appropriate route and means containing effective concentrations of one or more of the compounds provided herein, or pharmaceutically effective derivatives thereof, that deliver amounts effective for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of one or more symptoms of diseases, diseases or disorders that are modulated or otherwise affected by tyrosine kinase activity, or in which tyrosine kinase activity is implicated, are provided.
  • the effective amounts and concentrations are effective for ameliorating any of the symptoms of any of the diseases, diseases or disorders disclosed herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing: i) a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent, and/or excipient; and ii) one or more compounds provided herein.
  • provided herein are methods for treating an individual with a disease treatable by a compound disclosed herein, the method comprising administering a compound provided herein.
  • a method of inhibiting the activity of tyrosine kinase(s) e.g., Btk, HER4, an ACK, or a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog
  • a disorder which benefits from inhibition of tyrosine kinase(s) (e.g., Btk, HER4, an ACK, or a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog) in an individual, which includes administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of any of the compounds herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate.
  • the disease is a sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or carcinoma.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g. pancreatic cancer and colon cancer), small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • the disease is breast cancer.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof.
  • the breast cancer is ER positive.
  • the breast cancer is ER negative.
  • the breast cancer is progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive.
  • the breast cancer is PgR-negative.
  • the disease is pancreatic cancer.
  • a compound disclosed herein for inhibiting the activity of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), the activity of an ACK, the activity of HER4, or the activity of a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog or for the treatment of a disorder, which benefits from inhibiting the activity of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), the activity of an ACK, the activity of HER4, or the activity of a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog.
  • the disease is a sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or carcinoma.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g. pancreatic cancer and colon cancer), small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • the disease is breast cancer.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof.
  • the breast cancer is ER positive.
  • the breast cancer is ER negative.
  • the breast cancer is progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive.
  • the breast cancer is PgR-negative.
  • the disease is pancreatic cancer.
  • compounds provided herein are administered to a mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the mammal is a non-human.
  • compounds provided herein are orally administered.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation that is formulated for a route of administration is selected from oral administration, parenteral administration, buccal administration, nasal administration, topical administration, or rectal administration.
  • compounds provided herein are used for the formulation of a medicament for the inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity. In some other embodiments, compounds provided herein are used for the formulation of a medicament for the inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) activity. In some other embodiments, compounds provided herein are used for the formulation of a medicament for the inhibition of the activity of an ACK. In some other embodiments, compounds provided herein are used for the formulation of a medicament for the inhibition of the activity of HER4. In some other embodiments, compounds provided herein are used for the formulation of a medicament for the inhibition of the activity of a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog.
  • Btk Bruton's tyrosine kinase
  • Articles of manufacture including packaging material, a compound or composition or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof provided herein, which is effective for inhibiting the activity of tyrosine kinase(s), such as Btk, within the packaging material, and a label that indicates that the compound or composition, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, is used for inhibiting the activity of tyrosine kinase(s) (e.g., Btk, HER4, an ACK, or a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog) are provided.
  • tyrosine kinase(s) e.g., Btk, HER4, an ACK, or a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog
  • tyrosine kinases comprising a Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase homolog, a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog thereof, an ACK covalently bound to an inhibitor, or HER4 covalently bound to an inhibitor having the structures:
  • the inhibitor is covalently bound to a cysteine residue on the tyrosine kinase.
  • a method for treating mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, diffuse large B cell lymphoma or follicular lymphoma by administering to an individual in need thereof a composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that forms a covalent bond with a cysteine sidechain of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a Bruton's tyrosine homolog, an ACK, HER4, or a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog.
  • the compound forms a covalent bound with the activated form of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a Bruton's tyrosine homolog, an ACK, HER4, or a Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog.
  • the compound irreversibly inhibits the Bruton's tyrosine kinase, the Bruton's tyrosine homolog, the ACK, the HER4, or the Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog to which it is covalently bound.
  • the compound forms a covalent bond with a cysteine residue on a Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a Bruton's tyrosine homolog, an ACK, HER4, or Btk tyrosine kinase cysteine homolog.
  • an irreversible inhibitor of a kinase including a protein kinase, further including a tyrosine kinase.
  • the inhibitor also has a moiety that binds an active site of the kinase.
  • the kinases share homology with Btk by having a cysteine residue (including a Cys 481 residue) that forms a covalent bond with the irreversible inhibitor (such tyrosine kinases, are referred herein as “Btk kinase cysteine homologs”).
  • Btk kinase cysteine homolog(s) are selected from the Tec family of kinases, the EGFR family of kinases, the Jak3 family of kinases and/or the Btk-Src family of kinases.
  • the irreversible inhibitor is a selective irreversible inhibitor, including selectivity for a particular Btk kinase cysteine homolog over other Btk kinase cysteine homologs.
  • the selective and irreversible inhibitor is an effective inhibitor for a kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, and ACK, HER4, or a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, but is not an effective inhibitor for at least one other different kinase selected from kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, and ACK, HER4, or a Btk kinase cysteine homolog.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly bind to a protein tyrosine kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, in which the kinase inhibitor reversibly and non-selectively binds to a multiplicity of protein tyrosine kinases.
  • the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is less than about 4 hours. In another embodiment the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is less than about 3 hours.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly bind to at least one of Btk, Jak3, Blk, Bmx, Tec, and Itk.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly bind to Btk.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly bind to Jak3.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly bind to Tec.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly bind to Btk and Tec.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly bind to Blk.
  • kinase inhibitors that reversibly and non-selectively bind to a multiplicity of src-family protein kinase inhibitors.
  • irreversible inhibitors that are identified using such methods, assays and systems.
  • Such irreversible inhibitor comprise an active site binding moiety that binds to an active site of a kinase, including a tyrosine kinase, further including a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, further including an ACK, further including HER4; a Michael acceptor moiety; and a moiety that links the active site binding moiety to the Michael acceptor moiety.
  • the Michael acceptor moiety comprises and alkene and/or an alkyne moiety.
  • the irreversible inhibitor is a selective irreversible inhibitor, including selectivity for a particular Btk kinase cysteine homolog over other Btk kinase cysteine homologs.
  • the irreversible inhibitors have the structure of Formula (VII):
  • kinase is a moiety that binds to the active site of a kinase, including a tyrosine kinase, further including a Btk kinase cysteine homolog;
  • salts of compounds of Formula (VII) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (VII).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (VII) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, to propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NCH 3 C( ⁇ O), or S( ⁇ O) 2 .
  • x is 2.
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), OC( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) x , OS( ⁇ O) x , or NHS( ⁇ O) x .
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), or S( ⁇ O) 2 .
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from among H, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, and substituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond. In yet other embodiments, each of R 7 and R 8 is H; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond.
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl-N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkykaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkylamino), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1 or 2 N atoms), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 or 2 N atoms).
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, and heterocycloalkylene. In other embodiments, Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cycloalkylene, and 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene.
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene, and 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms.
  • Y is a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms.
  • Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cycloalkylene ring; or Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene ring.
  • test irreversible inhibitors in any of the aforementioned methods, assays and systems: such methods, assays and systems comprise a multiplicity of test irreversible inhibitors, in which the test irreversible inhibitors each have the same
  • the multiplicity of test irreversible inhibitors is a panel of test irreversible inhibitors.
  • the binding of the panel of test irreversible inhibitors to at least one kinase is determined (including a panel of kinases, further including a panel of kinases selected from Btk, Btk homologs, and Btk kinase cysteine homologs).
  • the determined binding data is used to select and/or further design a selective irreversible inhibitor.
  • Irreversible inhibitors described herein include those that have a structure of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, esters, acids and prodrugs thereof.
  • isomers and chemically protected forms of compounds having a structure represented by any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) are also provided.
  • an irreversible inhibitor compound selected from among:
  • compositions comprising the kinase inhibitors of any kinase inhibitor compound previously listed.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation includes a pharmaceutical acceptable excipient.
  • pharmaceutical formulations provided herein are administered to a human.
  • the irreversible and/or selective kinase inhibitors provided herein are orally administered.
  • the irreversible and/or selective kinase inhibitors provided herein are used for the formulation of a medicament for the inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity.
  • the irreversible and/or selective kinase inhibitors provided herein are used for the formulation of a medicament for the inhibition of a kinase activity, including a tyrosine kinase activity, including a Btk activity, including a Btk homolog activity, including a Btk kinase cysteine homolog activity, including an ACK activity, including HER4.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in which administration is enteral, parenteral, or both, and wherein (a) the effective amount of the compound is systemically administered to the mammal; (b) the effective amount of the compound is administered orally to the mammal; (c) the effective amount of the compound is intravenously administered to the mammal; (d) the effective amount of the compound administered by inhalation; (e) the effective amount of the compound is administered by nasal administration; or (f) the effective amount of the compound is administered by injection to the mammal; (g) the effective amount of the compound is administered topically (dermal) to the mammal; (h) the effective amount of the compound is administered by ophthalmic administration; or (i) the effective amount of the compound is administered rectally to the mammal.
  • the pharmaceutical formulation is formulated for a route of administration selected from oral administration, parenteral administration, buccal administration, nasal administration, topical administration, or rectal administration.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the pharmaceutical formulation, including further embodiments in which (i) the pharmaceutical formulations is administered once; (ii) the pharmaceutical formulations is administered to the mammal once a day; (iii) the pharmaceutical formulations is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day; (iv) continually; or (v) continuously.
  • the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein the administration of the pharmaceutical formulations is temporarily suspended or the dose of the pharmaceutical formulations being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end of the drug holiday, dosing of the pharmaceutical formulations is resumed.
  • the length of the drug holiday varies from 2 days to 1 year.
  • test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor that irreversibly and selectively binds to at least one protein kinase inhibitor selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4an ACK, or HER4HER4.
  • the test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor is chemically modified to decrease the plasma half life to less than about 4 hours.
  • test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor is chemically modified to decrease the plasma half life to about 3 hours.
  • test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor non-selectively and reversibly binds to a multiplicity of src-family protein tyrosine kinases.
  • test protein kinase inhibitor has the structure of Formula (VII):
  • a method for treating a solid tumor by administering to an individual in need thereof a test protein kinase inhibitor composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that forms a covalent bond (including an irreversible and/or selective covalent bond) with Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4an ACK, or HER4.
  • the compound forms a covalent bound with the activated form of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4an ACK, or HER4.
  • the compound irreversibly inhibits Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4an ACK, or HER4 to which it is covalently bound.
  • the compound forms a covalent bond (including an irreversible and/or selective covalent bond) with a cysteine residue on Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4, or HER4.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the pharmaceutical formulation, including further embodiments in which (i) the pharmaceutical formulations is administered once; (ii) the pharmaceutical formulations is administered to the mammal once a day; (iii) the pharmaceutical formulations is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day; (iv) continually; or (v) continuously.
  • a method of identifying an irreversible inhibitor of a kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 comprising:
  • the methods, assays and systems for identifying an irreversible inhibitor of a kinase comprise contacting each kinase with an Activity Probe. In further embodiments, the methods, assays and systems for identifying an irreversible inhibitor of a kinase further comprise a panel of kinases comprising at least two kinases selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog.
  • the panel of kinases comprises at least three such kinases, at least four such kinases, at least five such kinases, at least six such kinases, at least seven such kinases, at least eight such kinases, at least nine such kinases, or at least ten such kinases.
  • the binding of the irreversible inhibitor to one kinase is compared to the binding of the irreversible inhibitor to at least one other kinase.
  • the panel of kinases is selected from Btk, Btk homologs, and Btk kinase cysteine homologs.
  • the binding of an irreversible inhibitor to a kinase is determined by mass spectrometry.
  • Activity Probes Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), Btk homologs, and Btk kinase cysteine homologs. Further described are Activity Probes that include an irreversible inhibitor of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4; a linker moiety; and a reporter moiety. Further described are Activity Probes that include a Michael addition acceptor moiety in the structure of the Activity Probe.
  • Activity Probes that form a covalent bond with a cysteine residue on Btk, a Btk homolog and/or a Btk kinase cysteine homolog. Also described herein are Activity Probes that form a non-covalent bond with a cysteine residue on Btk, a Btk homolog and/or a Btk kinase cysteine homolog.
  • the reporter moiety is selected from the group consisting of a label, a dye, a photocrosslinker, a cytotoxic compound, a drug, an affinity label, a photoaffinity label, a reactive compound, an antibody or antibody fragment, a biomaterial, a nanoparticle, a spin label, a fluorophore, a metal-containing moiety, a radioactive moiety, a novel functional group, a group that covalently or noncovalently interacts with other molecules, a photocaged moiety, an actinic radiation excitable moiety, a ligand, a photoisomerizable moiety, biotin, a biotin analogue, a moiety incorporating a heavy atom, a chemically cleavable group, a photocleavable group, a redox-active agent, an isotopically labeled moiety, a biophysical probe, a phosphorescent group, a chemiluminescent
  • Activity Probes wherein the inhibitor moiety is derived from an irreversible inhibitor of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4.
  • the irreversible inhibitor is:
  • Activity Probes wherein the probe selectively labels a phosphorylated conformation of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4.
  • Activity Probes wherein the phosphorylated conformation of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 is either an active or inactive form of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4.
  • Activity Probes wherein the phosphorylated conformation of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 is an active form of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4.
  • a method for assessing the efficacy of a potential Btk, Btk homolog and/or Btk kinase cysteine homolog inhibitor in a mammal comprising administering a potential Btk, Btk homolog and/or Btk kinase cysteine homolog inhibitor to a mammal, administering the Activity Probe described herein to the mammal or to cells isolated from the mammal; measuring the activity of the reporter moiety of the Activity Probe, and comparing the activity of the reporter moiety to a standard.
  • a method for assessing the pharmacodynamics of BTK, Btk homolog and/or Btk kinase cysteine homolog inhibitor in a mammal comprising administering BTK, Btk homolog and/or Btk kinase cysteine homolog inhibitor to the mammal, administering the Activity Probe presented herein to the mammal or to cells isolated from the mammal, and measuring the activity of the reporter moiety of the Activity Probe at different time points following the administration of the inhibitor.
  • a method for in vitro labeling of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 comprising contacting an active Btk, Btk homolog and/or Btk kinase cysteine homolog with the Activity Probe described herein.
  • the contacting step comprises incubating the active Btk, Btk homolog and/or Btk kinase cysteine homolog with the Activity Probe presented herein.
  • a method for in vitro labeling of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 comprising contacting cells or tissues expressing the Btk, Btk homolog and/or Btk kinase cysteine homolog with an Activity Probe described herein.
  • a method for detecting a labeled Btk, Btk homolog and/or Btk kinase cysteine homolog comprising separating proteins, the proteins comprising Btk, a Btk homolog and/or a Btk kinase cysteine homolog labeled by an Activity Probe described herein, by electrophoresis and detecting the Activity Probe by fluorescence.
  • the irreversible inhibitor of a kinase further comprises an active site binding moiety. In yet further embodiments the irreversible inhibitor of a kinase further comprises a linker moiety that links the Michael acceptor moiety to the active binding moiety.
  • the irreversible inhibitor of a kinase has the structure of Formula (VII):
  • kinase is a moiety that binds to the active site of a kinase, including a tyrosine kinase, further including a Btk kinase cysteine homolog;
  • the method of identifying an irreversible inhibitor of a kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 comprising steps (1), (2), (3), and (4) further comprises analyzing the structure-function activity relationship between the structure of the linker moiety and/or the Michael acceptor moiety of each compound, and the binding and/or selectivity of each compound to at least one kinase.
  • the method of identifying an irreversible inhibitor of a kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 comprising steps (1), (2), (3), and (4) further comprises analyzing the structure-function activity relationship between the structure of Y—Z and/or
  • each compound and the binding and/or selectivity of each compound to at least one kinase.
  • the structure of the active site binding moiety of each compound is not varied. In another embodiment the structure of
  • Also described herein is a method for improving the kinase selectivity of an inhibitor comprising use of any method previously listed.
  • One aspect described herein is an assay comprising any of the methods previously listed. Another aspect described herein is system comprising any of the methods previously listed. In a further aspect described herein is an irreversible inhibitor of a kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, wherein the inhibitor is identified using any methods described herein.
  • the irreversible inhibitor is selective for one kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog over at least one other kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog.
  • the irreversible inhibitor is selective for at least one kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog over at least one other non-kinase molecule having an accessible SH group.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing: i) a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent, and/or excipient; and ii) one or more compounds provided herein.
  • a method for treating a solid tumor comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that forms a covalent bond with a cysteine sidechain of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase or Bruton's tyrosine homolog.
  • the solid tumor is a sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or carcinoma.
  • the solid tumor is a mammary ductal carcinoma, a lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g.
  • pancreatic cancer and colon cancer a small cell lung carcinoma, a non-small cell lung carcinoma, or a melanoma.
  • the solid tumor is a mammary ductal carcinoma, a lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is pancreatic cancer.
  • an individual that has lymphoma is administered a pharmaceutical composition of any kinase inhibitor compound described herein which inhibits B cell receptor (BCR) signaling.
  • BCR B cell receptor
  • the inhibition of the BCR signaling by any kinase inhibitor compound described herein is correlated with the induction of apoptosis.
  • an individual with lymphoma is selected for treatment with a pharmaceutical composition of any kinase inhibitor compound described herein based on a biomarker that indicates that the lymphoma in that patient has high levels of pErk or Erk transcriptional targets.
  • the response to treatment with a pharmaceutical composition of any kinase inhibitor compound described herein is measured by a reduction in levels of pErk or Erk transcriptional targets.
  • Standard techniques are optionally used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery, and treatment of patients. Standard techniques are optionally used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, and tissue culture and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection). Reactions and purification techniques are performed using documented methodologies or as described herein.
  • the terms used for complex moieties are to be read equivalently either from left to right or right to left.
  • group alkylenecycloalkylene refers both to an alkylene group followed by a cycloalkylene group or as a cycloalkylene group followed by an alkylene group.
  • a methylene is a diradical of a methyl group, that is, it is a —CH 2 -group; and an ethylene is a diradical of an ethyl group, i.e.,—CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • alkyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl moiety includes a “saturated alkyl” group, which means that it does not contain any alkene or alkyne moieties.
  • the alkyl moiety also includes an “unsaturated alkyl” moiety, which means that it contains at least one alkene or alkyne moiety.
  • An “alkene” moiety refers to a group that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond
  • an “alkyne” moiety refers to a group that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • the alkyl moiety, whether saturated or unsaturated includes branched, straight chain, or cyclic moieties.
  • an alkyl group includes a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkylene group), and if a “lower alkyl” having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • C 1 -C x includes C 1 -C 2 , C 1 -C 3 . . . C 1 -C x .
  • alkyl moiety optionally has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group is selected from a moiety having 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated).
  • the alkyl group of the compounds described herein may be designated as “C 1 -C 4 alkyl” or similar designations.
  • C 1 -C 4 alkyl indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from among methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl.
  • C 1 -C 4 alkyl includes C 1 -C 2 alkyl and C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
  • Alkyl groups are optionally substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which the first two atoms of the alkyl group form a double bond that is not part of an aromatic group. That is, an alkenyl group begins with the atoms —C(R) ⁇ C(R)—R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkenyl group, which are either the same or different.
  • the alkenyl moiety is optionally branched, straight chain, or cyclic (in which case, it is also known as a “cycloalkenyl” group).
  • an alkenyl group includes a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkenylene group). Alkenyl groups are optionally substituted.
  • Non-limiting examples of an alkenyl group include —CH ⁇ CH 2 , —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 , —CH ⁇ CHCH 3 , —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CHCH 3 .
  • Alkenylene groups include, but are not limited to, —CH ⁇ CH—, —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH—, —CH ⁇ CHCH 2 —, —CH ⁇ CHCH 2 CH 2 — and —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CHCH 2 —.
  • Alkenyl groups optionally have 2 to 10 carbons, and if a “lower alkenyl” having 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkynyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which the first two atoms of the alkyl group form a triple bond. That is, an alkynyl group begins with the atoms wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group, which is either the same or different.
  • R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group, which is either the same or different.
  • the “R” portion of the alkynyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic.
  • an alkynyl group includes a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkynylene group). Alkynyl groups are optionally substituted.
  • Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, —CCH, —CCCH 3 ,—CCCH 2 CH 3 , and —CCCH 2 —.
  • Alkynyl groups optionally have 2 to 10 carbons, and if a “lower alkynyl” having 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkoxy refers to a (alkyl)O— group, where alkyl is as defined herein.
  • “Hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined herein, substituted with at least one hydroxy group.
  • Non-limiting examples of a hydroxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxybutyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypropyl.
  • Alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl radical, as defined herein, substituted with an alkoxy group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylaminoalkyl refers to an alkyl radical, as defined herein, substituted with an alkylamine, as defined herein.
  • Hydroalkylaminoalkyl refers to an alkyl radical, as defined herein, substituted with an alkylamine, and alkylhydroxy, as defined herein.
  • Alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl refers to an alkyl radical, as defined herein, substituted with an alkylamine and substituted with an alkylalkoxy, as defined herein.
  • an “amide” is a chemical moiety with the formula —C(O)NHR or —NHC(O)R, where R is selected from among alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon).
  • R is selected from among alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon).
  • an amide moiety forms a linkage between an amino acid or a peptide molecule and a compound described herein, thereby forming a prodrug. Any amine, or carboxyl side chain on the compounds described herein can be amidified.
  • esters refers to a chemical moiety with formula —COOR, where R is selected from among alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon). Any hydroxy, or carboxyl side chain on the compounds described herein can be esterified. The procedures and specific groups to make such esters are found in sources such as Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3r d Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference for this disclosure.
  • Rings refers to any covalently closed structure. Rings include, for example, carbocycles (e.g., aryls and cycloalkyls), heterocycles (e.g., heteroaryls and non-aromatic heterocycles), aromatics (e.g. aryls and heteroaryls), and non-aromatics (e.g., cycloalkyls and non-aromatic heterocycles). Rings can be optionally substituted. Rings can be monocyclic or polycyclic.
  • ring system refers to one, or more than one ring.
  • membered ring can embrace any cyclic structure.
  • membered is meant to denote the number of skeletal atoms that constitute the ring.
  • cyclohexyl, pyridine, pyran and thiopyran are 6-membered rings and cyclopentyl, pyrrole, furan, and thiophene are 5-membered rings.
  • fused refers to structures in which two or more rings share one or more bonds.
  • aromatic refers to a planar ring having a delocalized ⁇ -electron system containing 4n+2 ⁇ electrons, where n is an integer. Aromatic rings can be formed from five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more than nine atoms. Aromatics can be optionally substituted.
  • aromatic includes both carbocyclic aryl (e.g., phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (or “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic”) groups (e.g., pyridine).
  • the term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups.
  • carbonyl refers to a group containing a moiety selected from the group consisting of —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, and —C(S)—, including, but not limited to, groups containing a least one ketone group, and/or at least one aldehyde group, and/or at least one ester group, and/or at least one carboxylic acid group, and/or at least one thioester group.
  • Such carbonyl groups include ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and thioesters. In some embodiments, such groups are a part of linear, branched, or cyclic molecules.
  • a cycloalkyl group is either a monoradical or a diradical (e.g., an cycloalkylene group), and if a “lower cycloalkyl” having 3 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • Cycloalkylalkyl means an alkyl radical, as defined herein, substituted with a cycloalkyl group.
  • Non-limiting cycloalkylalkyl groups include cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, and the like.
  • non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithio
  • a heteroaryl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., a heteroarylene group).
  • non-aromatic heterocycle refers to a non-aromatic ring wherein one or more atoms forming the ring is a heteroatom.
  • a “non-aromatic heterocycle” or “heterocycloalkyl” group refers to a cycloalkyl group that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the radicals are fused with an aryl or heteroaryl.
  • Heterocycloalkyl rings can be formed by three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more than nine atoms. Heterocycloalkyl rings can be optionally substituted.
  • heteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides.
  • a heterocycloalkyl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., a heterocycloalkylene group).
  • halo or, alternatively, “halogen” or “halide” means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • fluoroalkyl refers to alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen is replaced with a fluorine atom.
  • fluoroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 and the like.
  • heteroatom refers to an atom other than carbon or hydrogen. Heteroatoms are typically independently selected from among oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, silicon and phosphorus, but are not limited to these atoms. In embodiments in which two or more heteroatoms are present, the two or more heteroatoms can all be the same as one another, or some or all of the two or more heteroatoms can each be different from the others.
  • bond refers to a chemical bond between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
  • moiety refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.
  • a “SH” group is also referred to either as a thiol group or a sulfhydryl group.
  • optionally substituted or “substituted” means that the referenced group may be substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, arylsulfone, cyano, halo, acyl, nitro, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, amino, including mono- and di-substituted amino groups, and the protected derivatives thereof.
  • an optional substituents may be L s R s , wherein each L s is independently selected from a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—, S( ⁇ O) 2 NH—, —NHS( ⁇ O) 2 , —OC(O)NH—, —NHC(O)O—, -(substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl), or -(substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 6 alkenyl); and each R s is independently selected from H, (substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl), (substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl), heteroaryl, or heteroalky
  • Michael acceptor moiety refers to a functional group that can participate in a Michael reaction, wherein a new covalent bond is formed between a portion of the Michael acceptor moiety and the donor moiety.
  • the Michael acceptor moiety is an electrophile and the “donor moiety” is a nucleophile.
  • the “G” groups presented in any of Formula (A 1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) are non-limiting examples of Michael acceptor moieties.
  • nucleophile refers to an electron rich compound, or moiety thereof.
  • An example of a nucleophile includes, but in no way is limited to, a cysteine residue of a molecule, such as, for example Cys 481 of Btk.
  • electrophile refers to an electron poor or electron deficient molecule, or moiety thereof.
  • electrophiles include, but in no way are limited to, Michael acceptor moieties.
  • acceptable or “pharmaceutically acceptable”, with respect to a formulation, composition or ingredient, as used herein, means having no persistent detrimental effect on the general health of the subject being treated or does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic.
  • agonist refers to a compound, the presence of which results in a biological activity of a protein that is the same as the biological activity resulting from the presence of a naturally occurring ligand for the protein, such as, for example, Btk.
  • ACK and “Accessible Cysteine Kinase” are synonyms. They mean a kinase with an accessible cysteine residue.
  • ACKS include, but are not limited to, BTK, ITK, Bmx/ETK, TEC, EFGR, HER4, HER4, LCK, BLK, C-src, FGR, Fyn, HCK, Lyn, YES, ABL, Brk, CSK, FER, JAK3, SYK.
  • the ACK is HER4.
  • partial agonist refers to a compound the presence of which results in a biological activity of a protein that is of the same type as that resulting from the presence of a naturally occurring ligand for the protein, but of a lower magnitude.
  • an antagonist refers to a compound, the presence of which results in a decrease in the magnitude of a biological activity of a protein.
  • the presence of an antagonist results in complete inhibition of a biological activity of a protein, such as, for example, Btk.
  • an antagonist is an inhibitor.
  • amelioration of the symptoms of a particular disorder by administration of a particular compound or pharmaceutical composition refers to any lessening of severity, delay in onset, slowing of progression, or shortening of duration, whether permanent or temporary, lasting or transient that can be attributed to or associated with administration of the compound or composition.
  • Bioavailability refers to the percentage of the weight of compounds disclosed herein, such as, compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), dosed that is delivered into the general circulation of the animal or human being studied.
  • the total exposure (AUC (0- ⁇ ) of a drug when administered intravenously is usually defined as 100% bioavailable (F %).
  • Oral bioavailability refers to the extent to which compounds disclosed herein, such as, compounds of any of Formula (A 1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), are absorbed into the general circulation when the pharmaceutical composition is taken orally as compared to intravenous injection.
  • biophysical probe refers to probes which detect or monitor structural changes in molecules (including biomolecules) in biological systems or in the presence of other biomolecules (e.g., ex vivo, in vivo or in vitro).
  • molecules include, but are not limited to, proteins and the “biophysical probe” is used to detect or monitor interaction of proteins with other macromolecules.
  • examples of biophysical probes include, but are not limited to, spin-labels, fluorophores, and photoactivatable groups.
  • “Blood plasma concentration” refers to the concentration of compounds disclosed herein, such as, compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), in the plasma component of blood of an individual. It is understood that the plasma concentration of compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), may vary significantly between subjects, due to variability with respect to metabolism and/or possible interactions with other therapeutic agents.
  • the blood plasma concentration of the compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), does vary from subject to subject.
  • values such as maximum plasma concentration (C max ) or time to reach maximum plasma concentration (T max ), or total area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC (0- ⁇ ) may vary from subject to subject.
  • the amount necessary to constitute “a therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), is expected to vary from subject to subject.
  • Bruton's tyrosine kinase refers to Bruton's tyrosine kinase from Homo sapiens , as disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,469 (GenBank Accession No. NP — 000052).
  • Bruton's tyrosine kinase homolog refers to orthologs of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, e.g., the orthologs from mouse (GenBank Accession No. AAB47246), dog (GenBank Accession No. XP — 549139.), rat (GenBank Accession No. NP — 001007799), chicken (GenBank Accession No. NP — 989564), or zebra fish (GenBank Accession No.
  • XP — 698117 fusion proteins of any of the foregoing that exhibit kinase activity towards one or more substrates of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (e.g. a peptide substrate having the amino acid sequence “AVLESEEELYSSARQ”).
  • HER4 also known as ERBB4, also known as “V-erb-a erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4” means either (a) the nucleic acid sequence encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase that is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor subfamily, or (b) the protein thereof.
  • nucleic acid sequence that comprises the human HER4 gene see GenBank Accession No. NM — 001042599.
  • amino acid sequence that comprises the human HER4 protein see GenBank Accession No. NP — 001036064.
  • chemiluminescent group refers to a group which emits light as a result of a chemical reaction without the addition of heat.
  • luminol 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione
  • oxidants like hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in the presence of a base and a metal catalyst to produce an excited state product (3-aminophthalate, 3-APA).
  • chromophore refers to a molecule which absorbs light of visible wavelengths, UV wavelengths or IR wavelengths.
  • co-administration are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.
  • the term “detectable label,” as used herein, refers to a label which is observable using analytical techniques including, but not limited to, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, electron-spin resonance, ultraviolet/visible absorbance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance, and electrochemical methods.
  • die refers to a soluble, coloring substance which contains a chromophore.
  • an “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated. The result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition including a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms without undue adverse side effects.
  • An appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case is optionally determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” includes, for example, a prophylactically effective amount.
  • an “effective amount” of a compound disclosed herein is an amount effective to achieve a desired pharmacologic effect or therapeutic improvement without undue adverse side effects. It is understood that “an effect amount” or “a therapeutically effective amount” can vary from subject to subject, due to variation in metabolism of the compound of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), age, weight, general condition of the subject, the condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated, and the judgment of the prescribing physician.
  • the term “energy transfer agent,” as used herein, refers to a molecule which either donates or accepts energy from another molecule.
  • fluorescence resonance energy transfer FRET is a dipole-dipole coupling process by which the excited-state energy of a fluorescence donor molecule is non-radiatively transferred to an unexcited acceptor molecule which then fluorescently emits the donated energy at a longer wavelength.
  • “enhance” or “enhancing” means to increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect.
  • “enhancing” the effect of therapeutic agents refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency or duration, the effect of therapeutic agents on during treatment of a disorder.
  • An “enhancing-effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of a therapeutic agent in the treatment of a disorder. When used in an individual, amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity and course of the disorder, previous therapy, the individual's health status and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • fluorophore refers to a molecule which upon excitation emits photons and is thereby fluorescent.
  • cysteine 482 is the homologous cysteine of the rat ortholog of Bruton's tyrosine kinase
  • cysteine 479 is the homologous cysteine of the chicken ortholog
  • cysteine 481 is the homologous cysteine in the zebra fish ortholog.
  • the homologous cysteine of TXK is Cys 350.
  • Other examples of kinases having homologous cysteines are shown in FIG. 7 . See also the sequence alignments of tyrosine kinases (TK) published on the world wide web at kinase.com/human/kinome/phylogeny.html.
  • sequences or subsequences refers to two or more sequences or subsequences which are the same.
  • substantially identical refers to two or more sequences which have a percentage of sequential units which are the same when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection.
  • two or more sequences are “substantially identical” if the sequential units are about 60% identical, about 65% identical, about 70% identical, about 75% identical, about 80% identical, about 85% identical, about 90% identical, or about 95% identical over a specified region. Such percentages to describe the “percent identity” of two or more sequences.
  • the identity of a sequence can exist over a region that is at least about 75-100 sequential units in length, over a region that is about 50 sequential units in length, or, where not specified, across the entire sequence.
  • This definition also refers to the complement of a test sequence.
  • two or more polypeptide sequences are identical when the amino acid residues are the same, while two or more polypeptide sequences are “substantially identical” if the amino acid residues are about 60% identical, about 65% identical, about 70% identical, about 75% identical, about 80% identical, about 85% identical, about 90% identical, or about 95% identical over a specified region.
  • the identity can exist over a region that is at least about 75-100 amino acids in length, over a region that is about 50 amino acids in length, or, where not specified, across the entire sequence of a polypeptide sequence.
  • two or more polynucleotide sequences are identical when the nucleic acid residues are the same, while two or more polynucleotide sequences are “substantially identical” if the nucleic acid residues are about 60% identical, about 65% identical, about 70% identical, about 75% identical, about 80% identical, about 85% identical, about 90% identical, or about 95% identical over a specified region.
  • the identity can exist over a region that is at least about 75-100 nucleic acids in length, over a region that is about 50 nucleic acids in length, or, where not specified, across the entire sequence of a polynucleotide sequence.
  • inhibitors refer to inhibition of enzymatic phosphotransferase activity.
  • irreversible inhibitor refers to a compound that, upon contact with a target protein (e.g., a kinase) causes the formation of a new covalent bond with or within the protein, whereby one or more of the target protein's biological activities (e.g., phosphotransferase activity) is diminished or abolished notwithstanding the subsequent presence or absence of the irreversible inhibitor.
  • a target protein e.g., a kinase
  • biological activities e.g., phosphotransferase activity
  • irreversible Btk inhibitor refers to an inhibitor of Btk that can form a covalent bond with an amino acid residue of Btk.
  • the irreversible inhibitor of Btk can form a covalent bond with a Cys residue of Btk; in particular embodiments, the irreversible inhibitor can form a covalent bond with a Cys 481 residue (or a homolog thereof) of Btk or a cysteine residue in the homologous corresponding position of another tyrosine kinase, as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • isolated refers to separating and removing a component of interest from at least some portion of components not of interest. Isolated substances can be in either a dry or semi-dry state, or in solution, including but not limited to an aqueous solution.
  • the isolated component can be in a homogeneous state or the isolated component can be a part of a pharmaceutical composition that comprises additional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients.
  • nucleic acids or proteins are “isolated” when such nucleic acids or proteins are free of at least some of the cellular components with which it is associated in the natural state, or that the nucleic acid or protein has been concentrated to a level greater than the concentration of its in vivo or in vitro production.
  • a gene is isolated when separated from open reading frames which flank the gene and encode a protein other than the gene of interest.
  • label refers to a substance which is incorporated into a compound and is readily detected, whereby its physical distribution is detected and/or monitored.
  • linkages refer to bonds or a chemical moiety formed from a chemical reaction between the functional group of a linker and another molecule.
  • bonds include, but are not limited to, covalent linkages and non-covalent bonds
  • chemical moieties include, but are not limited to, esters, carbonates, imines, phosphate esters, hydrazones, acetals, orthoesters, peptide linkages, and oligonucleotide linkages.
  • Hydrolytically stable linkages means that the linkages are substantially stable in water and do not react with water at useful pH values, including but not limited to, under physiological conditions for an extended period of time, perhaps even indefinitely.
  • Hydrolytically unstable or degradable linkages means that the linkages are degradable in water or in aqueous solutions, including for example, blood.
  • enzymatically unstable or degradable linkages means that the linkage is degraded by one or more enzymes.
  • PEG and related polymers include degradable linkages in the polymer backbone or in the linker group between the polymer backbone and one or more of the terminal functional groups of the polymer molecule.
  • Such degradable linkages include, but are not limited to, ester linkages formed by the reaction of PEG carboxylic acids or activated PEG carboxylic acids with alcohol groups on a biologically active agent, wherein such ester groups generally hydrolyze under physiological conditions to release the biologically active agent.
  • hydrolytically degradable linkages include but are not limited to carbonate linkages; imine linkages resulted from reaction of an amine and an aldehyde; phosphate ester linkages formed by reacting an alcohol with a phosphate group; hydrazone linkages which are reaction product of a hydrazide and an aldehyde; acetal linkages that are the reaction product of an aldehyde and an alcohol; orthoester linkages that are the reaction product of a formate and an alcohol; peptide linkages formed by an amine group, including but not limited to, at an end of a polymer such as PEG, and a carboxyl group of a peptide; and oligonucleotide linkages formed by a phosphoramidite group, including but not limited to, at the end of a polymer, and a 5′ hydroxyl group of an oligonucleotide.
  • the phrase “measuring the activity of the reporter moiety” refers to methods for quantifying (in absolute, approximate or relative terms) the reporter moiety in a system under study.
  • such methods include any methods that quantify a reporter moiety that is a dye; a photocrosslinker; a cytotoxic compound; a drug; an affinity label; a photoaffinity label; a reactive compound; an antibody or antibody fragment; a biomaterial; a nanoparticle; a spin label; a fluorophore, a metal-containing moiety; a radioactive moiety; a novel functional group; a group that covalently or noncovalently interacts with other molecules; a photocaged moiety; an actinic radiation excitable moiety; a ligand; a photoisomerizable moiety; biotin; a biotin analogue; a moiety incorporating a heavy atom; a chemically cleavable group; a photocleav
  • a “metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • active metabolite refers to a biologically active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • metabolized refers to the sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes, such as, oxidation reactions) by which a particular substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes produce specific structural alterations to a compound.
  • cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free sulfhydryl groups. Further information on metabolism is obtained from The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill (1996). Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein are optionally identified either by administration of compounds to a host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resulting compounds. In some embodiments, metabolites of a compound are formed by oxidative processes and correspond to the corresponding hydroxy-containing compound. In some embodiments, a compound is metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites.
  • module means to interact with a target either directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target, including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of the target, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity of the target, or to extend the activity of the target.
  • a modulator refers to a compound that alters an activity of a molecule.
  • a modulator can cause an increase or decrease in the magnitude of a certain activity of a molecule compared to the magnitude of the activity in the absence of the modulator.
  • a modulator is an inhibitor, which decreases the magnitude of one or more activities of a molecule.
  • an inhibitor completely prevents one or more activities of a molecule.
  • a modulator is an activator, which increases the magnitude of at least one activity of a molecule.
  • the presence of a modulator results in an activity that does not occur in the absence of the modulator.
  • molecular incorporating a heavy atom refers to a group which incorporates an ion of atom which is usually heavier than carbon.
  • ions or atoms include, but are not limited to, silicon, tungsten, gold, lead, and uranium.
  • nanoparticle refers to a particle which has a particle size between about 500 nm to about 1 nm.
  • pERK refers to phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2 at Thr202/Tyr 204 as detected by commercially available phospho-specific antibodies (e.g. Cell Signaling Technologies #4377).
  • photoaffinity label refers to a label with a group, which, upon exposure to light, forms a linkage with a molecule for which the label has an affinity.
  • a linkage is covalent or non-covalent.
  • photocaged moiety refers to a group which, upon illumination at certain wavelengths, covalently or non-covalently binds other ions or molecules.
  • photoisomerizable moiety refers to a group wherein upon illumination with light changes from one isomeric form to another.
  • plasma half life refers to half-life in rat, dog or human as determined by measure drug concentration over time in plasma following a single dose and fitting data to standard pharmacokinetic models using software such as WinNonLin to determine the time at which drug has been 50% eliminated from plasma.
  • prophylactically effective amount refers that amount of a composition applied to an individual which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of a disease, disorder being treated. In such prophylactic applications, such amounts may depend on the patient's state of health, weight, and the like.
  • radioactive moiety refers to a group whose nuclei spontaneously give off nuclear radiation, such as alpha, beta, or gamma particles; wherein, alpha particles are helium nuclei, beta particles are electrons, and gamma particles are high energy photons.
  • selective binding compound refers to a compound that selectively binds to any portion of one or more target proteins.
  • selective binds refers to the ability of a selective binding compound to bind to a target protein, such as, for example, Btk, with greater affinity than it binds to a non-target protein.
  • specific binding refers to binding to a target with an affinity that is at least 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 or more times greater than the affinity for a non-target.
  • selective modulator refers to a compound that selectively modulates a target activity relative to a non-target activity.
  • specific modulator refers to modulating a target activity at least 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 times more than a non-target activity.
  • spin label refers to molecules which contain an atom or a group of atoms exhibiting an unpaired electron spin (i.e. a stable paramagnetic group) that in some embodiments are detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and in other embodiments are attached to another molecule.
  • spin-label molecules include, but are not limited to, nitryl radicals and nitroxides, and in some embodiments are single spin-labels or double spin-labels.
  • substantially purified refers to a component of interest that may be substantially or essentially free of other components which normally accompany or interact with the component of interest prior to purification.
  • a component of interest may be “substantially purified” when the preparation of the component of interest contains less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, or less than about 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating components.
  • a “substantially purified” component of interest may have a purity level of about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or greater.
  • a medical practicioner e.g., a physician, physician's assistant, nurse, orderly, hospice care worker.
  • target activity refers to a biological activity capable of being modulated by a selective modulator.
  • Certain exemplary target activities include, but are not limited to, binding affinity, signal transduction, enzymatic activity, tumor growth, inflammation or inflammation-related processes, and amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a disorder.
  • target protein refers to a molecule or a portion of a protein capable of being bound by a selective binding compound.
  • a target protein is Btk.
  • treat include alleviating, abating or ameliorating a symptom of a disorder, preventing additional symptoms, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disorder, e.g., arresting the development of the disorder, relieving the disorder, causing regression of the disorder, relieving a condition caused by the disorder, or stopping the symptoms of the disorder.
  • the terms “treat,” “treating” or “treatment”, include, but are not limited to, prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.
  • the IC 50 refers to an amount, concentration or dosage of a particular test compound that achieves a 50% inhibition of a maximal response, such as inhibition of Btk, in an assay that measures such response.
  • EC 50 refers to a dosage, concentration or amount of a particular test compound that elicits a dose-dependent response at 50% of maximal expression of a particular response that is induced, provoked or potentiated by the particular test compound.
  • FIG. 1(A) presents an illustrative table of GI 50 concentrations of Compound 1 that results in 50% decrease in cell proliferation.
  • B) presents an illustrative line graph showing inhibition of tumor growth in DLCL2 xenograft models.
  • C presents an illustrative line graph showing inhibition of tumor growth in DOHH2 xenograft models.
  • 5E6 DOHH2 or DLCL2 cells in 50% matrigel were implanted subcutaneously in SCID mice and dosed orally with Compound 1 beginning when tumor size reached 100 mm2.
  • FIG. 2 presents an illustrative line graph showing inhibition of collagen-induced arthritis in male DBA/1OlaHsd mice.
  • Compound 1 or vehicle was dosed orally once per day starting at day 1.
  • Dexamethasone was included as a positive control.
  • Paw inflammation was scored from 0-5 and averaged across all paws from all animals for each group in the study.
  • Compound 1 at 12.5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg regressed inflammation through the end of the study (day 11) while 3.125 mg/kg significantly reduced the increase in paw inflammation.
  • FIG. 3 presents an illustrative line graph showing inhibition of disease progression in a mouse MRL/lpr model of lupus.
  • MRL/lpr mice (Jax strain 000485) were dosed orally once per day from 8 weeks of age until 20 weeks of age and urine protein levels were measured weekly.
  • Compound 1 at 3.125 mg/kg, 12.5 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg significantly reduced proteinuria, indicating amelioration of the progressive autoimmune renal failure seen in this mouse strain.
  • FIG. 4 presents an illustrative bar graph showing inhibition of mast cell degranulation in a mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model.
  • Increasing doses of Compound 1 significantly decreased the amount of Evans Blue release, indicating decreased mast cell activation and vascular permeabilization.
  • FIG. 5 presents an illustrative line graph showing in vivo plasma concentrations post-dosing of male jugular vein cannulated rats with Compounds 1, 7, 8, and 12. Blood samples were collected at 0.0833 (5 minutes), 0.333 (20 minutes), 1, 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours post-dosing from orally dosed rats.
  • Compound 1 and Compound 12 have a short half-life in vivo.
  • Compound 7 and Compound 8 have a significantly longer in vivo half-life.
  • Compounds like 1 and 12 are predicted to have enhanced kinase selectivity in vivo because inhibition will be sustained only for those kinases that are irreversibly inhibited.
  • FIG. 6 presents an illustrative bar graph showing brief exposure to Compound 1 in vitro is sufficient to inhibit B cell activation in normal human B cells.
  • B cells were purified from blood from healthy donors by negative selecting using the RosetteSep Human B cell enrichment cocktail. Cells were plated in growth media and indicated concentrations of Compound 1 were added. After incubation for 1 hour at 37° C., cells were washed three times using an 8-fold dilution in growth media for each wash. Cells were then stimulated with IgM F(ab′)2 for 18 hours at 37° C., stained with anti-CD69-PE antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry. This protocol mimics the predicted exposure of cells to Compound 1 in vivo and demonstrates that inhibition of B cells is sustained despite washing out of Compound 1.
  • FIG. 7 presents illustrative ACKs, including Btk and Btk cysteine homologs.
  • FIG. 8 shows efficacy of HER4 inhibitor Compound 1 in MDA-MB-453 grown as a xenograft in nude mice.
  • the disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors is a sarcoma.
  • Sarcomas are cancers of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
  • Sarcomas include, but are not limited to, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant hemangioendothelioma, malignant schwannoma, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcomas (e.g.
  • alveolar soft part sarcoma alveolar soft part sarcoma, angiosarcoma, cystosarcoma phylloides, dermatofibrosarcoma, desmoid tumor, epithelioid sarcoma, extraskeletal osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, neurofibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma).
  • the disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors is a lymphoma.
  • Lymphomas are solid neoplasms that originate in lymphocytes.
  • Hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of the Reed-Sternberg cell.
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are all lymphomas which are not Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are further divided into indolent lymphomas and aggressive lymphomas.
  • Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas include, but are not limited to, diffuse large B cell lymphoma; follicular lymphoma, Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue lymphoma (MALT), small cell lymphocytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL), splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and Lymphomatoid granulomatosis.
  • MALT Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue lymphoma
  • NMZL nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma
  • SZL splenic marginal zone lymphoma
  • extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma intravascular large B
  • the disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors is a carcinoma.
  • Carcinomas are cancers that begin in the epithelial cells.
  • carcinomas include most breast cancers (e.g. mammary ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma), most pancreatic cancers, most lung cancers (e.g. small cell lung carcinoma, and non-small cell lung carcinoma), most colon cancers, most kidney cancers, and melanomas.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g. pancreatic cancer and colon cancer), small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • the disease is breast cancer.
  • the disease is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof.
  • the breast cancer is ER positive.
  • the breast cancer is ER negative.
  • the breast cancer is progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive.
  • the breast cancer is PgR-negative.
  • the disease is pancreatic cancer.
  • Pancreatic cancer is defined as the presence of malignant tumors of the pancreas.
  • the prognosis for individuals with pancreatic cancer is generally regarded as poor. In general only about 10 to 15% of patients diagnosed with the disorder will survive for 1 year or more; only about 3% live for 5 years or more; and only about 2% live for 10 years or more.
  • the majority of pancreatic tumors are classified as adenocarcinomas.
  • Mammary ductal carcinoma is a type of breast cancer. It comes in two forms. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) is an invasive, malignant and abnormal proliferation of neoplastic cells in the breast tissue. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), is a noninvasive, possibly malignant neoplasm that is still confined to the lactiferous ducts, where breast cancer most often originates.
  • IDC Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
  • DCIS Ductal carcinoma in situ
  • Lobular carcinoma is a neoplasm primarily found in the lobules of a gland. It comes in two forms.
  • Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a condition caused by neoplastic (but not necessarily cancerous) cells in the lobules of a breast.
  • Invasive lobular carcinoma (aka infiltrating lobular carcinoma) is a type of breast cancer that begins in the lobules and then invades surrounding tissues.
  • the growth and development (e.g. into malignant tumors) of a solid tumor requires the growth of new blood vessels (i.e. angiogenesis).
  • the transcription factor MYC is often overexpressed in cancerous cells.
  • MYC facilitates angiogenesis in tumors by recruiting mast cells to the tumor.
  • tumor cells will undergo hypoxia and cell death if mast cell recruitment is inhibited.
  • mast cell recruitment is inhibited by the use of a Btk inhibitor.
  • mast cells are killed (e.g. by necrosis or apoptosis) by the use of a Btk inhibitor.
  • the inhibitor compounds described herein are selective for kinases having an accessible cysteine residue (such kinases are also known as Accessible Cysteine Kinases, or ACKs) that is able to form a covalent bond with a Michael acceptor moiety on the inhibitor compound.
  • the cysteine residue is accessible or becomes accessible when the binding site moiety of the irreversible inhibitor binds to the kinase.
  • the binding site moiety of the irreversible inhibitor binds to an active site of the ACK and the Michael acceptor moiety of irreversible inhibitor gains access (in one embodiment the step of binding leads to a conformational change in the ACK, thus exposing the cysteine) or is otherwise exposed to the cysteine residue of the ACK; as a result a covalent bond is formed between the “S” of the cysteine residue and the Michael acceptor of the irreversible inhibitor. Consequently, the binding site moiety of the irreversible inhibitor remains bound or otherwise blocks the active site of the ACK.
  • the ACK is Btk, a homolog of Btk or a tyrosine kinase having a cysteine residue in an amino acid sequence position that is homologous to the amino acid sequence position of cysteine 481 in Btk. See, e.g., kinases in FIG. 7 .
  • the ACK is HER4.
  • Inhibitor compounds described herein include a Michael acceptor moiety, a binding site moiety and a linker that links the binding site moiety and the Michael acceptor moiety (and in some embodiments, the structure of the linker provides a conformation, or otherwise directs the Michael acceptor moiety, so as to improve the selectivity of the irreversible inhibitor for a particular ACK).
  • an irreversible inhibitor compound used in the methods described herein is identified or characterized in an in vitro assay, e.g., an a cellular biochemical assay or a cellular functional assay. Such assays are useful to determine an in vitro IC 50 for an irreversible inhibitor compound.
  • a cellular kinase assay is used to determine kinase activity after incubation of the kinase in the absence or presence of a range of concentrations of a candidate irreversible inhibitor compound. If the candidate compound is in fact an irreversible inhibitor, kinase activity will not be recovered by repeat washing with inhibitor-free medium. See, e.g., J. B. Smaill, et al. (1999), J. Med. Chem., 42(10):1803-1815.
  • covalent complex formation between a Kinase and a candidate irreversible inhibitor is a useful indicator of irreversible inhibition of the Kinase that is readily determined by a number of methods (e.g., mass spectrometry). For example, some irreversible Kinase-inhibitor compounds form a covalent bond with the aforenoted cysteine residue (e.g., via a Michael reaction).
  • High throughput assays for many a cellular biochemical assays e.g., kinase assays
  • cellular functional assays e.g., calcium flux
  • high throughput screening systems are commercially available (see, e.g., Zymark Corp., Hopkinton, Mass.; Air Technical Industries, Mentor, Ohio; Beckman Instruments, Inc. Fullerton, Calif.; Precision Systems, Inc., Natick, Mass., etc.). These systems typically automate entire procedures including all sample and reagent pipetting, liquid dispensing, timed incubations, and final readings of the microplate in detector(s) appropriate for the assay. Automated systems thereby allow the identification and characterization of a large number of irreversible compounds.
  • irreversible inhibitor compounds are used for the manufacture of a medicament for treating any of the foregoing conditions (e.g. lymphomas, carcinomas, and/or sarcomas).
  • the irreversible inhibitor compound used for the methods described herein inhibits a Kinase activity with an in vitro IC 50 of less than 10 ⁇ M.
  • an in vitro IC 50 of less than 10 ⁇ M.
  • the irreversible inhibitor compound selectively and irreversibly inhibits an activated form of its target tyrosine kinase (e.g., a phosphorylated form of the tyrosine kinase).
  • activated Btk is transphosphorylated at tyrosine 551.
  • the irreversible Btk inhibitor inhibits the target kinase in cells only once the target kinase is activated by the signaling events.
  • Described herein are compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII). Also described herein are pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, pharmaceutically active metabolites, and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of such compounds. Pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one such compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically active metabolite or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of such compound, are provided. In some embodiments, when compounds disclosed herein contain an oxidizable nitrogen atom, the nitrogen atom is optionally converted to an N-oxide.
  • isomers and chemically protected forms of compounds having a structure represented by any of Formula (A 1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), are also provided.
  • salts of compounds of Formula (I) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (I).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (I) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • substituents can be selected from among from a subset of the listed alternatives.
  • L a is CH 2 , O, or NH.
  • L a is O or NH.
  • L a is O.
  • Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In yet other embodiments, Ar is a 6-membered aryl. In some other embodiments, Ar is phenyl.
  • x is 2.
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), OC( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) x , OS( ⁇ O) x , or NHS( ⁇ O) x .
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), or NCH 3 C( ⁇ O).
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, alkylenearylene, alkyleneheteroarylene, and alkyleneheterocycloalkylene.
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NR a C( ⁇ O), NR a S( ⁇ O) x , where x is 1 or 2, and R a is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl.
  • R 7 and R 8 are H; and R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkylC 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 8 alkylethers, C 1 -C 1 -C
  • R 6 and R 8 are H; and R 7 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkylC 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 8 alkylethers, C 1 -C 1 -C
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from cycloalkylene or heterocycloalkylene.
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NR a C( ⁇ O), NR a S( ⁇ O) x , where x is 1 or 2, and R a is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl.
  • R 7 and R 8 are H; and R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkylC 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 8 alkylethers, C 1 -C 8 alkylamides, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 and R 8 are H; and R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 alkylC 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 8 alkylethers, C 1 -C 8 alkylamides, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • kinase is a moiety that binds to the active site of a kinase, including a tyrosine kinase, further including a Btk kinase cysteine homolog;
  • salts of compounds of Formula (VII) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (VII).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (VII) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • x is 2.
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), OC( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) x , OS( ⁇ O) x , or NHS( ⁇ O) x .
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), or S( ⁇ O) 2 .
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from among H, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, and substituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond. In yet other embodiments, each of R 7 and R 8 is H; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond.
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylaminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl-N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkykheteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkylamino), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1 or 2 N atoms), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 or 2 N atoms).
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloalkylene, alkylenearylene, alkyleneheteroarylene, alkylenecycloalkylene, and alkyleneheterocycloalkylene.
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cycloalkylene, and 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene.
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene, and 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms.
  • Y is a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms.
  • Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cycloalkylene ring; or Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene ring.
  • salts of compounds of Formula (A1) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (A1).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (A1) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • the compound of Formula (A1) has the following structure of Formula (B1):
  • R a is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl;
  • G is selected from among
  • the compound of Formula (B1) has the following structure of Formula (C1):
  • R a is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl;
  • the “G” group of any of Formula (A1), Formula (B1), or Formula (C1) is any group that is used to tailor the physical and biological properties of the molecule. Such tailoring/modifications are achieved using groups which modulate Michael acceptor chemical reactivity, acidity, basicity, lipophilicity, solubility and other physical properties of the molecule.
  • the physical and biological properties modulated by such modifications to G include, by way of example only, enhancing chemical reactivity of Michael acceptor group, solubility, in vivo absorption, and in vivo metabolism.
  • in vivo metabolism includes, by way of example only, controlling in vivo PK properties, off-target activities, potential toxicities associated with cypP450 interactions, drug-drug interactions, and the like. Further, modifications to G allow for the tailoring of the in vivo efficacy of the compound through the modulation of, by way of example, specific and non-specific protein binding to plasma proteins and lipids and tissue distribution in vivo.
  • salts of compounds of Formula (D1) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (D1).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (D1) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • Ar is phenyl
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), or NCH 3 C( ⁇ O).
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is H.
  • salts of compounds of Formula (D1) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (D1).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • esters of compounds of Formula (D1) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • substituents can be selected from among from a subset of the listed alternatives.
  • L a is CH 2 , O, or NH.
  • L a is O or NH.
  • L a is O.
  • Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In yet other embodiments, Ar is a 6-membered aryl. In some other embodiments, Ar is phenyl.
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from among H, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, and substituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond. In yet other embodiments, each of R 7 and R 8 is H; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond.
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl-N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl-N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1 or 2 N atoms), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 or 2 N atoms).
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, and heterocycloalkylene. In other embodiments, Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered cycloalkylene, and 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene.
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 5-, or 6-membered cycloalkylene, and 5-, or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms. In some other embodiments, Y is a 5-, or 6-membered cycloalkylene, or a 5-, or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms.
  • salts of compounds of Formula (A2-A6) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (A2-A6).
  • salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (A2-A6) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • G is selected from among
  • the compound of Formula (B2-B6) has the following structure of Formula (C2-C6):
  • the “G” group of any of Formula (A2-A6), Formula (B2-B6), or Formula (C2-C6) is any group that is used to tailor the physical and biological properties of the molecule. Such tailoring/modifications are achieved using groups which modulate Michael acceptor chemical reactivity, acidity, basicity, lipophilicity, solubility and other physical properties of the molecule.
  • the physical and biological properties modulated by such modifications to G include, by way of example only, enhancing chemical reactivity of Michael acceptor group, solubility, in vivo absorption, and in vivo metabolism.
  • in vivo metabolism includes, by way of example only, controlling in vivo PK properties, off-target activities, potential toxicities associated with cypP450 interactions, drug-drug interactions, and the like. Further, modifications to G allow for the tailoring of the in vivo efficacy of the compound through the modulation of, by way of example, specific and non-specific protein binding to plasma proteins and lipids and tissue distribution in vivo.
  • salts of compounds of Formula (D2-D6) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (D2-D6).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (D2-D6) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • N-acyl groups include N-acetyl and N-ethoxycarbonyl groups.
  • L a is O.
  • Ar is phenyl
  • Z is C(O).
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is H.
  • salts of compounds of Formula (D2-D6) are provided pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (D2-D6).
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid.
  • Further salts include those in which the counterion is an anion, such as adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palm
  • esters of compounds of Formula (D2-D6) including those in which the ester group is selected from a formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acrylate and ethylsuccinate.
  • substituents can be selected from among from a subset of the listed alternatives.
  • L a is CH 2 , O, or NH.
  • L a is O or NH.
  • L a is O.
  • Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In yet other embodiments, Ar is a 6-membered aryl. In some other embodiments, Ar is phenyl.
  • x is 2.
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), OC( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), S( ⁇ O) x , OS( ⁇ O) x , or NHS( ⁇ O) x .
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), or S( ⁇ O) 2 .
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from among H, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, and substituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond. In yet other embodiments, each of R 7 and R 8 is H; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond.
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl-N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 2 alkyl-N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl).
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), —CH 2 —N(C 1 -C 3 alkyl) 2 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl(phenyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1 or 2 N atoms), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl containing 1 or 2 N atoms).
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, and heterocycloalkylene. In other embodiments, Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered cycloalkylene, and 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene.
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 5-, or 6-membered cycloalkylene, and 5-, or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms. In some other embodiments, Y is a 5-, or 6-membered cycloalkylene, or a 5-, or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms.
  • compounds including irreversible inhibitors of ACKs, including Btk and its cysteine homologs having the structure of compounds of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), including, but are not limited to, compounds selected from the group consisting of
  • compounds including irreversible inhibitors of ACKs, including Btk and its cysteine homologs selected from among: (E)-4-(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylamino)-1-(3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)but-2-en-1-one (Compound 3); (E)-1-(3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (Compound 4); (E)-1-(3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)-4-morpholinobut-2-en-1-one (Compound 3); (E)
  • the compounds of any of Formula (I), Formula (VII), Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), or Formula (D1-D6) irreversibly inhibit Btk and are optionally used to treat patients suffering from Bruton's tyrosine kinase-dependent or Bruton's tyrosine kinase mediated conditions or diseases, including, but not limited to, conditions or diseases characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors.
  • the reactions are optionally employed in a linear sequence to provide the compounds described herein or used to synthesize fragments which are subsequently joined by the methods described herein and/or documented elsewhere.
  • the compounds described herein can be modified using various electrophiles or nucleophiles to form new functional groups or substituents.
  • Table 1 entitled “Examples of Covalent Linkages and Precursors Thereof” lists selected examples of covalent linkages and precursor functional groups which yield and can be used as guidance toward the variety of electrophiles and nucleophiles combinations available.
  • Precursor functional groups are shown as electrophilic groups and nucleophilic groups.
  • each protective group be removable by a different means.
  • Protective groups that are cleaved under totally disparate reaction conditions fulfill the requirement of differential removal.
  • Protective groups can be removed by acid, base, and hydrogenolysis.
  • Groups such as trityl, dimethoxytrityl, acetal and t-butyldimethylsilyl are acid labile and may be used to protect carboxy and hydroxy reactive moieties in the presence of amino groups protected with Cbz groups, which are removable by hydrogenolysis, and Fmoc groups, which are base labile.
  • Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties may be blocked with base labile groups such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl in the presence of amines blocked with acid labile groups such as t-butyl carbamate or with carbamates that are both acid and base stable but hydrolytically removable.
  • Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties may also be blocked with hydrolytically removable protective groups such as the benzyl group, while amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding with acids may be blocked with base labile groups such as Fmoc.
  • Carboxylic acid reactive moieties may be protected by conversion to simple ester compounds as exemplified herein, or they may be blocked with oxidatively-removable protective groups such as 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, while co-existing amino groups may be blocked with fluoride labile silyl carbamates.
  • Allyl blocking groups are useful in then presence of acid- and base-protecting groups since the former are stable and can be subsequently removed by metal or pi-acid catalysts.
  • an allyl-blocked carboxylic acid can be deprotected with a Pd 0 -catalyzed reaction in the presence of acid labile t-butyl carbamate or base-labile acetate amine protecting groups.
  • Yet another form of protecting group is a resin to which a compound or intermediate may be attached. As long as the residue is attached to the resin, that functional group is blocked and cannot react. Once released from the resin, the functional group is available to react.
  • blocking/protecting groups may be selected from:
  • provided herein are methods of making and methods of using tyrosine kinase inhibitor compounds described herein.
  • compounds described herein can be synthesized using the following synthetic schemes. Compounds may be synthesized using methodologies analogous to those described below by the use of appropriate alternative starting materials.
  • Described herein are compounds that inhibit the activity of tyrosine kinase(s), such as Btk, and processes for their preparation. Also described herein are pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, pharmaceutically active metabolites and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of such compounds. Pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one such compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically active metabolite or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of such compound, are provided.
  • the starting material used for the synthesis of the compounds described herein is either synthesized or obtained from commercial sources, such as, but not limited to, Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.), Bachem (Torrance, Calif.), or Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.).
  • the compounds described herein, and other related compounds having different substituents are optionally synthesized using techniques and materials, such as described, for example, in March, A DVANCED O RGANIC C HEMISTRY 4 th Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, A DVANCED O RGANIC C HEMISTRY 4 th Ed., Vols.
  • the products of the reactions are optionally isolated and purified, if desired, using conventional techniques, including, but not limited to, filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography and the like. Such materials are optionally characterized using conventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.
  • Halogenation of commercially available 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine provides an entry into the synthesis of compounds of Formula (A1-A6), (B1-B6), (C1-C6) and/or (D1-D6).
  • 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine is treated with N-iodosuccinamide to give 3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine.
  • Metal catalyzed cross coupling reactions are then carried out on 3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine.
  • palladium mediated cross-coupling of a suitably substituted phenyl boronic acid under basic conditions constructs intermediate 2.
  • Intermediate 2 is coupled with N-Boc-3-hydroxypiperidine (as non-limiting example) via Mitsunobu reaction to give the Boc (tert-butyloxycarbonyl) protected intermediate 3.
  • an acid chloride such as, but not limited to, acryloyl chloride
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitors as disclosed herein are obtained in good yields and purity.
  • the compounds prepared by the methods disclosed herein are purified by conventional means, such as, for example, filtration, recrystallization, chromatography, distillation, and combinations thereof.
  • the compounds described herein may possess one or more stereocenters and each center may exist in the R or S configuration.
  • the compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
  • Stereoisomers may be obtained, if desired, by methods such as, for example, the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns.
  • Diasteromeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods known, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
  • enantiomers can be separated by chiral chromatographic columns.
  • enantiomers can be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., alcohol), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers. All such isomers, including diastereomers, enantiomers, and mixtures thereof are considered as part of the compositions described herein.
  • the methods and formulations described herein include the use of N-oxides, crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds described herein, as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
  • compounds exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein.
  • the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
  • Compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) in unoxidized form can be prepared from N-oxides of compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) by treating with a reducing agent, such as, but not limited to, sulfur, sulfur dioxide, triphenyl phosphine, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, phosphorus trichloride, tribromide, or the like in a suitable inert organic solvent, such as, but not limited to, acetonitrile, ethanol, aqueous dioxane, or the like at 0 to 80° C.
  • a reducing agent such as, but not limited to, sulfur, sulfur dioxide, triphenyl phosphine, lithium borohydride
  • compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs.
  • a “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial.
  • a further example of a prodrug is a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • a prodrug upon in vivo administration, is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a pharmaceutically active compound is modified such that the active compound will be regenerated upon in vivo administration.
  • the prodrug can be designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug.
  • prodrugs of compounds can be designed (if desired) (for examples of this procedure applied to other compounds, see, e.g., Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach , Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392; Silverman (1992), The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pages 352-401, Saulnier et al., (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985).
  • Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a derivative as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims. In some cases, some of the compounds herein-described are prodrugs for another derivative or active compound.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they are easier to administer than the parent drug. They are, for instance, bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not.
  • the prodrug optionally has improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • Prodrugs may be designed as reversible drug derivatives, for use as modifiers to enhance drug transport to site-specific tissues. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. See, e.g., Fedorak et al., Am. J. Physiol., 269:G210-218 (1995); McLoed et al., Gastroenterol, 106:405-413 (1994); Hochhaus et al., Biomed.
  • Sites on the aromatic ring portion of compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) can be susceptible to various metabolic reactions, therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures, such as, by way of example only, halogens can reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway.
  • Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulas and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 35 S, 18 F, 38 Cl, respectively.
  • isotopically-labeled compounds described herein for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Further, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2 H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.
  • the type of pharmaceutical acceptable salts include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed) by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid
  • organic bases include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.
  • the corresponding counterions of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts are optionally analyzed and identified using various methods including, but not limited to, ion exchange chromatography, ion chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, inductively coupled plasma, atomic absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, or any combination thereof.
  • the salts are recovered by using at least one of the following techniques: filtration, precipitation with a non-solvent followed by filtration, evaporation of the solvent, or, in the case of aqueous solutions, lyophilization.
  • a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are optionally formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein.
  • the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.
  • a reference to a salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are often formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol.
  • Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.
  • compounds described herein are optionally in various forms, including but not limited to, amorphous forms, milled forms and nano-particulate forms.
  • compounds described herein include crystalline forms, also known as polymorphs.
  • Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.
  • the screening and characterization of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs and/or solvates may be accomplished using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, vapor sorption, and microscopy.
  • Thermal analysis methods address thermo chemical degradation or thermo physical processes including, but not limited to, polymorphic transitions, and such methods are used to analyze the relationships between polymorphic forms, determine weight loss, to find the glass transition temperature, or for excipient compatibility studies.
  • Such methods include, but are not limited to, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Modulated Differential Scanning calorimetry (MDCS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Thermogravi-metric and Infrared analysis (TG/IR).
  • DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
  • MDCS Modulated Differential Scanning calorimetry
  • TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
  • TG/IR Thermogravi-metric and Infrared analysis
  • X-ray diffraction methods include, but are not limited to, single crystal and powder diffractometers and synchrotron sources.
  • the various spectroscopic techniques used include, but are not limited to, Raman, FTIR, UVIS, and NMR (liquid and solid state).
  • the various microscopy techniques include, but are not limited to, polarized light microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy with EDX (in gas or water vapor atmosphere), IR microscopy, and Raman microscopy.
  • Protein kinases which act on and modify the activity of specific proteins, are used to transmit signals and control complex processes in cells. Up to 518 different kinases have been identified in humans. Many kinase inhibitor compounds non-selectively bind and/or inhibit these kinases because the active sites of some of these kinases are similar in structure. Such cross-reactivity is not a desired feature of a kinase inhibitor compound because of the potential for undesired side effects when such a compound is being administered to treat a disorder.
  • kinase inhibitor compounds have profound effects in the selectivity of similarly-structured kinases (e.g., ACKs, including, Btk and the Btk kinase cysteine homologs).
  • ACKs including, Btk and the Btk kinase cysteine homologs.
  • the non-selective inhibitor compound is provided with a Michael acceptor moiety and a linker moiety that links the Michael acceptor moiety to the remainder of the non-selective inhibitor compound.
  • a series of linker and Michael acceptor moieties provides a small library/panel of test inhibitor compounds.
  • the inhibitor library/panel is contacted with a panel of structurally related kinases (e.g., Btk and the Btk kinase cysteine homologs).
  • Binding is determined by a variety of means, included fluorescence detection (or via any other detectable label), mass spectrometry, or a combination of approaches.
  • An Activity Probe is optionally used to detect binding of members of the inhibitor library/panel to the kinase library/panel.
  • the binding data is then optionally collected and analyzed to provide a structure-activity relationship (SAR) between the structure of the members of the inhibitor panel/library (e.g., Michael acceptor and/or linker moieties) and the activity of binding to and/or inhibiting members of the kinase panel.
  • SAR structure-activity relationship
  • a similar approach is used for converting a selective inhibitor compound for a group of similarly-structured ACKs (including, Btk and the Btk kinase cysteine homologs) into a more highly-selective inhibitor compound (e.g., more selective for a particular ACK over structurally-similar ACKs), or for converting a selective inhibitor compound for a particular ACK (e.g., Btk) into an even more selective inhibitor of that particular ACK.
  • the selective inhibitor compound which, for example, contains an active-site binding moiety, a linker moiety and a Michael acceptor moiety is modified.
  • a series of linker and Michael acceptor moieties provides a small library/panel of test inhibitor compounds.
  • the inhibitor library/panel is contacted with a panel of structurally related kinases (e.g., Btk and the Btk kinase cysteine homologs). Binding is determined by a variety of means, included fluorescence detection (or via any other detectable label), mass spectrometry, or a combination of approaches.
  • An Activity Probe is optionally used to detect binding of members of the inhibitor library/panel to the kinase library/panel.
  • the binding data is then optionally collected and analyzed to provide a structure-activity relationship (SAR) between the structure of the members of the inhibitor panel/library (e.g., Michael acceptor and/or linker moieties) and the activity of binding to and/or inhibiting members of the kinase panel.
  • SAR structure-activity relationship
  • an electrophilic center capable of irreversibly inactivating the target enzyme, BTK. That is, to an active site binding moiety of a reversible inhibitor was added a linker moiety and a Michael acceptor moiety that achieved a high degree of potency and selectivity by (1) fitting the core scaffold into the active site ATP binding pocket of kinase enzymes, and (2) forming a covalent bond with Cysteine-481 located in BTK.
  • the chemistry required for covalent bond formation involves an electrophilic moiety that acts as a Michael acceptor, which bonds with a nucleophile (such as Cys-481) present in a precise location within the active site.
  • the linker and Michael acceptor moiety of Compound 1 was modified to provide Compound 9 which has a different selectivity pattern.
  • Table 1 is a table showing the degree of inhibition of a panel of kinases for two example compounds. IC 50 s were determined using the in vitro HotSpot kinase assay (purified enzymes, 33P-ATP, an appropriate substrate and 1 uM ATP.)
  • Compound 9 has similar potency toward Btk, but significantly less potency toward JAK-3, ITK, and EGFR and significantly more potency toward the src-family kinases lck, c-src, FGR, Fyn, Hck, and Lyn and Yes.
  • subtle modifications in the linker moiety and the Michael acceptor moiety are important for the design of selective ACK inhibitors.
  • Table 2 of Example 1c in the “Kinase Discovery Platform and Pulse Dosing” section of the examples section provides further modifications of the linker moiety and/or the Michael acceptor moiety and the impact of such changes of inhibitor selectivity.
  • kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 (or indeed, any ACK) comprising:
  • the following steps are added: (4) comparing the covalent binding of the compound that comprises a Michael acceptor with the multiplicity of kinases and the at least one non-kinase molecule; and repeating steps (1), (2), (3) and (4) for at least one other compound that comprises a Michael acceptor moiety.
  • the irreversible inhibitor compounds are also contacted with at least one non-ACK kinase in order to determine the selectivity of the irreversible inhibitor compound for the ACK relative to the non-ACK.
  • non-kinase molecules with at least one accessible SH group are glutathione and/or hemoglobin. Because of the high abundance of these molecules in typical biological systems (e.g., in an individual), the desired irreversible inhibitor compounds have low selectivity/reactivity with these non-kinase molecules.
  • an Activity Probe (described in more detail herein) is used as a rapid diagnostic method for determining whether a test inhibitor compound has irreversibly inhibited an ACK.
  • the Activity Probe is itself an irreversible inhibitor of an ACK, an irreversible inhibitor of HER4, and further, has a reporter moiety (e.g., a fluorescent moiety) as part of its structure.
  • a reporter moiety e.g., a fluorescent moiety
  • the Kinase Inhibitor Discovery Platform, steps (1) and (2) are conducted in vivo and step (3) is conducted in part using an Activity Probe. Further, in certain embodiments, the determining step uses mass spectrometry, fluorescence, or a combination thereof.
  • the inhibitor tested with the Kinase Inhibitor Discovery Platform comprise an active site binding moiety, a Michael acceptor moiety, and a linker moiety that links the Michael acceptor moiety to the active site binding moiety.
  • the following information is collected and analyzed: the structure-function activity relationship between the structure of the linker moiety and/or the Michael acceptor moiety of each compound, and the binding and/or selectivity of each compound to at least one kinase.
  • structure of the active site binding moiety of each compound is not varied, whereas the structure of the linker moiety and/or the Michael acceptor moiety is varied.
  • the inhibitors have the structure of Formula (VII):
  • kinase is a moiety that binds to the active site of a kinase, including a tyrosine kinase, further including a Btk kinase cysteine homolog;
  • each compound and the binding and/or selectivity of each compound to at least one kinase. Further, the structure of
  • each compound is not varied, whereas the structure of the linker moiety (Y—Z) and/or the Michael acceptor moiety
  • the resulting inhibitor is selective for one kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog over at least one other kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog.
  • this selectivity is at least 5 ⁇ , at least 10 ⁇ , at least 20 ⁇ , at least 50 ⁇ , or at least 100 ⁇ .
  • the resulting inhibitor is selective for at least one kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog over at least one other non-kinase molecule having an accessible SH group.
  • this selectivity is at least 5 ⁇ , at least 10 ⁇ , at least 20 ⁇ , at least 50 ⁇ , or at least 100 ⁇ .
  • the resulting inhibitor is used in the therapeutic methods described herein, or in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
  • the Activity Probe compounds described herein are composed of a moiety comprising an inhibitor of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 (hereinafter, a “Kinase Inhibitor”), a linker moiety, and a reporter moiety.
  • the Kinase Inhibitor is an irreversible inhibitor.
  • the irreversible Kinase Inhibitor binds to a non-catalytic residue in the ATP binding pocket of Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4 (hereinafter a “Kinase”); in further embodiments, the non-catalytic residue is a cysteine residue.
  • the Activity Probe forms a covalent bond with at least one non-catalytic residue of a Kinase.
  • the Activity Probe forms a non-covalent bond with at least one non-catalytic residue of a Kinase.
  • the Activity Probe forms hydrogen bonding within the ATP binding pocket of a Kinase.
  • the Activity Probe has Van der Waals attractions with the Kinase.
  • the Activity Probes described herein are activity dependent such that the probe binds only an active Kinase. In further embodiments, the Activity Probe binds a Kinase that has been switched on by phosphorylation by upstream kinases. In yet a further embodiment, the Activity Probes described herein are activity independent such that the probe binds Kinases that have not been switched on by phosphorylation by upstream kinases. In some embodiments, the Activity Probe labels a phosphorylated conformation of a Kinase. In other embodiments, the Activity Probe labels a Kinase in a non-phosphorylated conformation.
  • the Activity Probe is permeable to cells.
  • the linker moiety is selected from a bond, a substituted alkyl moiety, a substituted heterocycle moiety, a substituted amide moiety, a ketone moiety, a substituted carbamate moiety, an ester moiety, or any combination thereof.
  • the reporter moiety is a moiety that is detected using standard or modified laboratory equipment.
  • Activity Probe of Formula (I) comprising:
  • the moiety comprising an irreversible Kinase Inhibitor is derived from an irreversible inhibitor of a Kinase.
  • such irreversible Kinase Inhibitors should possess at least one of the following characteristics: potency, selectively and cell permeability.
  • such irreversible Kinase Inhibitors possess at least two of the aforementioned characteristics, and in further embodiments, at least all of the aforementioned characteristics.
  • the Kinase Inhibitor moiety is derived from a Btk inhibitor having the structure of Formula (II):
  • L a is CH 2 , O, or NH. In other embodiments, L a is O or NH. In yet other embodiments, L a is O.
  • Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In yet other embodiments, Ar is a 6-membered aryl. In some other embodiments, Ar is phenyl.
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloalkylene, alkylenearylene, alkyleneheteroarylene, alkylenecycloalkylene, and alkyleneheterocycloalkylene.
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cycloalkylene, and 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene.
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among C 1 -C 6 alkylene, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkylene 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene, and 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms.
  • Y is a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkylene, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkylene containing 1 or 2 N atoms.
  • Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cycloalkylene ring; or Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene ring.
  • the Kinase Inhibitor moiety is derived from a compound selected from among: 1-(3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one; (E)-1-(3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)but-2-en-1-one; 1-(3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)sulfonylethene; 1-(3-(4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)sulf
  • the linker moiety is selected from a bond, a polymer, a water soluble polymer, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkenylalkyl.
  • the linker moiety is an optionally substituted heterocycle.
  • the heterocycle is selected from aziridine, oxirane, episulfide, azetidine, oxetane, pyrroline, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrrole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, oxirene, thiazole, isothiazole, dithiolane, furan, thiophene, piperidine, tetrahydropyran, thiane, pyridine, pyran, thiapyrane, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, piperazine, oxazine, thiazine, dithiane, and dioxane.
  • the heterocycle is piperazine.
  • the linker moiety is optionally substituted with halogen, CN, OH, NO 2 , alkyl, S(O), and S(O) 2 .
  • the water soluble polymer is a PEG group.
  • the linker moiety provides sufficient spatial separation between the reporter moiety and the Kinase Inhibitor moiety. In further embodiments, the linker moiety is stable. In yet a further embodiment, the linker moiety does not substantially affect the response of the reporter moiety. In other embodiments the linker moiety provides chemical stability to the Activity Probe. In further embodiments, the linker moiety provides sufficient solubility to the Activity Probe.
  • linkages such as water soluble polymers are coupled at one end to a Kinase Inhibitor moiety and to a reporter moiety at the other end.
  • the water soluble polymers are coupled via a functional group or substituent of the Kinase Inhibitor moiety.
  • the water soluble polymers are coupled via a functional group or substituent of the reporter moiety.
  • covalent attachment of hydrophilic polymers to a Kinase Inhibitor moiety and a reporter moiety represents one approach to increasing water solubility (such as in a physiological environment), bioavailability, increasing serum half-life, increasing pharmacodynamic parameters, or extending the circulation time of the Activity Probe, including proteins, peptides, and particularly hydrophobic molecules.
  • additional important features of such hydrophilic polymers include biocompatibility and lack of toxicity.
  • the polymer is pharmaceutically acceptable for therapeutic use of the end-product preparation.
  • examples of hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to: polyalkyl ethers and alkoxy-capped analogs thereof (e.g., polyoxyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene/propylene glycol, and methoxy or ethoxy-capped analogs thereof, polyoxyethylene glycol, the latter is also known as polyethylene glycol or PEG); polyvinylpyrrolidones; polyvinylalkyl ethers; polyoxazolines, polyalkyl oxazolines and polyhydroxyalkyl oxazolines; polyacrylamides, polyalkyl acrylamides, and polyhydroxyalkyl acrylamides (e.g., polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide and derivatives thereof); polyhydroxyalkyl acrylates; polysialic acids and analogs thereof; hydrophilic peptide sequences; polysaccharides and their derivatives, including dextran and dextran derivatives, e.g., carboxymethyldextran, dextran sul
  • the water soluble polymer is any structural form including but not limited to linear, forked or branched.
  • polymer backbones that are water-soluble, with from 2 to about 300 termini, are particularly useful.
  • multifunctional polymer derivatives include, but are not limited to, linear polymers having two termini, each terminus being bonded to a functional group which is the same or different.
  • the water polymer comprises a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety.
  • the molecular weight of the polymer is of a wide range, including but not limited to, between about 100 Da and about 100,000 Da or more.
  • the molecular weight of the polymer is between about 100 Da and about 100,000 Da, including but not limited to, about 100,000 Da, about 95,000 Da, about 90,000 Da, about 85,000 Da, about 80,000 Da, about 75,000 Da, about 70,000 Da, about 65,000 Da, about 60,000 Da, about 55,000 Da, about 50,000 Da, about 45,000 Da, about 40,000 Da, about 35,000 Da, 30,000 Da, about 25,000 Da, about 20,000 Da, about 15,000 Da, about 10,000 Da, about 9,000 Da, about 8,000 Da, about 7,000 Da, about 6,000 Da, about 5,000 Da, about 4,000 Da, about 3,000 Da, about 2,000 Da, about 1,000 Da, about 900 Da, about 800 Da, about 700 Da, about 600 Da, about 500 Da, about 400 Da, about 300 Da, about 200 Da, and about 100 Da.
  • the molecular weight of the polymer is between about 100 Da and 50,000 Da. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the polymer is between about 100 Da and 40,000 Da. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the polymer is between about 1,000 Da and 40,000 Da. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the polymer is between about 5,000 Da and 40,000 Da. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the polymer is between about 10,000 Da and 40,000 Da. In some embodiments, the poly(ethylene glycol) molecule is a branched polymer.
  • the molecular weight of the branched chain PEG is between about 1,000 Da and about 100,000 Da, including but not limited to, about 100,000 Da, about 95,000 Da, about 90,000 Da, about 85,000 Da, about 80,000 Da, about 75,000 Da, about 70,000 Da, about 65,000 Da, about 60,000 Da, about 55,000 Da, about 50,000 Da, about 45,000 Da, about 40,000 Da, about 35,000 Da, about 30,000 Da, about 25,000 Da, about 20,000 Da, about 15,000 Da, about 10,000 Da, about 9,000 Da, about 8,000 Da, about 7,000 Da, about 6,000 Da, about 5,000 Da, about 4,000 Da, about 3,000 Da, about 2,000 Da, and about 1,000 Da.
  • the molecular weight of the branched chain PEG is between about 1,000 Da and about 50,000 Da. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the branched chain PEG is between about 1,000 Da and about 40,000 Da. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the branched chain PEG is between about 5,000 Da and about 40,000 Da. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the branched chain PEG is between about 5,000 Da and about 20,000 Da.
  • the foregoing list for substantially water soluble backbones is by no means exhaustive and is merely illustrative, and in some embodiments, the polymeric materials having the qualities described above suitable for use in methods and compositions described herein.
  • the number of water soluble polymers linked to a Kinase Inhibitor moiety and a reporter moiety described herein is adjusted to provide an altered (including but not limited to, increased or decreased) pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic characteristic such as in vivo half-life.
  • the half-life of the Activity Probe is increased at least about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90 percent, about two fold, about five-fold, about 10-fold, about 50-fold, or at least about 100-fold over a Activity Probe without a water soluble linker.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of: a bond, —O(C ⁇ O)—, —NR a (C ⁇ O)—, —NR a —,
  • X is NR a (C ⁇ O). In another embodiment, X is a bond. In another embodiment, X is —O(C ⁇ O)—. In a further embodiment, Y is selected from the group consisting of: a bond, —O(C ⁇ O)—, —NR a C ⁇ O)—, —NR a —,
  • Y is a bond. In one embodiment, Y is —NR a (C ⁇ O)—. In yet another embodiment, R a is hydrogen. In yet a further embodiment, R a is alkyl.
  • the reporter moiety is selected from the group consisting of a label, a dye, a photocrosslinker, a cytotoxic compound, a drug, an affinity label, a photoaffinity label, a reactive compound, an antibody or antibody fragment, a biomaterial, a nanoparticle, a spin label, a fluorophore, a metal-containing moiety, a radioactive moiety, a novel functional group, a group that covalently or noncovalently interacts with other molecules, a photocaged moiety, an actinic radiation excitable moiety, a ligand, a photoisomerizable moiety, biotin, a biotin analog, a moiety incorporating a heavy atom, a chemically cleavable group, a photocleavable group, a redox-active agent, an isotopically labeled moiety, a biophysical probe, a phosphorescent group, a chemiluminescent group, an electron dense group
  • the reporter moiety is a fluorophore.
  • the fluorophore is selected from the group consisting of: BODIPY 493/503, BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, BODIPY TR, Fluorescein, 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein, 2,7-Dichlorofluorescein, N,N-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-3, 4:9, 10-perylenebis(dicarboximide, HPTS, Ethyl Eosin, DY-490XL MegaStokes, DY-485XL MegaStokes, Adirondack Green 520, ATTO 465, ATTO 488, ATTO 495, YOYO-1,5-FAM, BCECF, B
  • the fluorophore is selected from the group consisting of: BODIPY 493/503, BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, and BODIPY TR.
  • the fluorophore is BODIPY FL.
  • the fluorophore is not BODIPY 530.
  • the fluorophore has an excitation maxima of between about 500 and about 600 nm.
  • the fluorophore has an excitation maxima of between about 500 and about 550 nm. In another embodiments, the fluorophore has an excitation maxima of between about 550 and about 600 nm. In yet a further embodiment, the fluorophore has an excitation maxima of between about 525 and about 575 nm. In other embodiments, the fluorophore has an emission maxima of between about 510 and about 670 nm. In another embodiment, the fluorophore has an emission maxima of between about 510 and about 600 nm. In a further embodiment, the fluorophore has an emission maxima of between about 600 and about 670 nm. In another embodiment, the fluorophore has an emission maxima of between about 575 and about 625 nm.
  • the observed potency, selectivity, and cell permeability of compounds such as Compound 2 are appropriate to incorporate these molecules into a Kinase-targeted, activity based probe that allows direct visualization of Kinase activity in intact cells.
  • Compound 2 In vitro profiling against a panel of greater than 100 kinases showed Compound 2 to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of Tec family kinases, including, Btk, as well as Src family kinases.
  • the structural basis for the selectivity is covalent modification of a non-catalytic cysteine residue (Cys 481 in Btk) that is conserved in the ATP binding pocket of the Tec family and several other kinases.
  • any irreversible Kinase Inhibitor that binds to the non-catalytic cysteine residue in the ATP binding pocket of a Kinase is used in the compounds and methods described herein.
  • an illustrative probe was synthesized by attaching a bodipy FL fluorophore to an irreversible inhibitor via a piperazine linker.
  • the piperazine linker served to maintain probe solubility and provided spatial separation between the fluorophore and the pyrazolopyrimidine core.
  • the linkage formed is a stable linkage.
  • the linker moiety forms a linkage, in some embodiments, a stable linkage, between the Kinase Inhibitor moiety and the reporter moiety.
  • the linker moiety is stable and provides the means to control and determine the distance between the Kinase Inhibitor moiety and the report moiety.
  • the linker moiety is selected such that the probe's solubility is maintained.
  • the linker moiety is a piperazinyl moiety.
  • a piperazinyl-based linkage is formed by using a piperazine containing compound.
  • the number and order of units that comprise the linker moiety is selected such that the length between the first component and the second component, as well as the hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics of the linker is controlled.
  • spatial separation means a thermochemically and photochemically non-active distance-making group and in some embodiments is used to join two or more different moieties of the types defined above.
  • spacers are selected on the basis of a variety of characteristics including their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, molecular flexibility and length.
  • the spacer thus, in some embodiments, comprises a chain of carbon atoms optionally interrupted or terminated with one or more heteroatoms, such as oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, and/or sulphur atoms.
  • the spacer comprises one or more amide, ester, amino, ether, and/or thioether functionalities, and optionally aromatic or mono/polyunsaturated hydrocarbons, polyoxyethylene such as polyethylene glycol, oligo/polyamides such as poly-. ⁇ -alanine, polyglycine, polylysine, and peptides in general, oligosaccharides, oligo/polyphosphates.
  • the spacer consists of combined units thereof.
  • the length of the spacer varies, taking into consideration the desired or necessary positioning and spatial orientation of the active/functional part of the Activity Probe.
  • the reporter moiety is Bodipy.
  • reporter moiety means a group which is detectable either by itself or as a part of a detection series.
  • the labeled Activity Probes described herein are purified by one or more procedures including, but are not limited to, affinity chromatography; anion- or cation-exchange chromatography (using, including but not limited to, DEAE SEPHAROSE); chromatography on silica; reverse phase HPLC; gel filtration (using, including but not limited to, SEPHADEX G-75); hydrophobic interaction chromatography; size-exclusion chromatography, metal-chelate chromatography; ultrafiltration/diafiltration; ethanol precipitation; ammonium sulfate precipitation; chromatofocusing; displacement chromatography; electrophoretic procedures (including but not limited to preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (including but not limited to ammonium sulfate precipitation), or extraction.
  • affinity chromatography anion- or cation-exchange chromatography (using, including but not limited to, DEAE SEPHAROSE); chromatography on silica; reverse phase HPLC; gel filtration (using, including but not limited to, SE
  • the ACK is Btk or a Btk homolog.
  • the ACK is tyrosine kinases that share homology with Btk by having a cysteine residue (including a Cys 481 residue) that forms a covalent bond with the irreversible inhibitor. See, e.g., protein kinases in FIG. 7 .
  • the ACK is HER4.
  • the methods described herein include administering to an individual in need thereof a composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of one or more irreversible Btk inhibitor compounds described herein.
  • the individual has been diagnosed with or is predisposed to develop a sarcoma, lymphoma, and/or carcinoma.
  • the individual has been diagnosed with or is predisposed to develop mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g. pancreatic cancer and colon cancer), small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • the individual has been diagnosed with or is predisposed to develop mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof.
  • the individual has been diagnosed with or is predisposed to develop pancreatic cancer.
  • Btk signaling in various hematopoietic cell functions show that small molecule Btk inhibitors are useful for reducing the risk of or treating a disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors.
  • a solid tumor e.g. lymphomas, carcinomas, and/or sarcomas
  • administering to an individual in need a pharmaceutical formulation of any irreversible inhibitor of Btk (or a Btk homolog) of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII).
  • the solid neoplasm is mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma (e.g. pancreatic cancer and colon cancer), small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • pancreatic cancer and colon cancer small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanomas.
  • the individual has been diagnosed with or is predisposed to develop mammary ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the individual has been diagnosed with or is predisposed to develop pancreatic cancer.
  • the irreversible Btk inhibitor compounds described herein are used to inhibit a small subset of other tyrosine kinases that share homology with Btk by having a cysteine residue (including a Cys 481 residue) that is able to form a covalent bond with the irreversible inhibitor. See, e.g., protein kinases in FIG. 7 .
  • a subset of tyrosine kinases other than Btk are also expected to be useful as therapeutic targets in a number of health conditions, including lymphomas, carcinomas, and/or sarcomas.
  • Symptoms, diagnostic tests, and prognostic tests for each of the above-mentioned conditions include, e.g., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine ⁇ ,” 16th ed., 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Dey et al. (2006), Cytojournal 3(24), and the “Revised European American Lymphoma” (REAL) classification system (see, e.g., the website maintained by the National Cancer Institute).
  • a number of animal models are useful for establishing a range of therapeutically effective doses of irreversible inhibitors, including irreversible Btk inhibitor compounds for treating any of the foregoing diseases.
  • dosing of irreversible inhibitors for the treatment of cancer can be examined in, e.g., a human-to-mouse xenograft model in which human B-cell lymphoma cells (e.g. Ramos cells) are implanted into immunodefficient mice (e.g., “nude” mice) as described in, e.g., Pagel et al. (2005), Clin Cancer Res 11(13):4857-4866. Animal models for treatment of thromboembolic disorders are also known.
  • the therapeutic efficacy of the compound for one of the foregoing diseases is optimized during a course of treatment.
  • an individual being treated optionally undergoes a diagnostic evaluation to correlate the relief of disease symptoms or pathologies to inhibition of in vivo Btk activity achieved by administering a given dose of an irreversible Btk inhibitor.
  • Cellular assays are used to determine in vivo activity of Btk in the presence or absence of an irreversible Btk inhibitor.
  • activated Btk is phosphorylated at tyrosine 223 (Y223) and tyrosine 551 (Y551)
  • phospho-specific immunocytochemical staining of P—Y223 or P—Y551-positive cells are used to detect or quantify activation of Bkt in a population of cells (e.g., by FACS analysis of stained vs unstained cells). See, e.g., Nisitani et al. (1999), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci , USA 96:2221-2226.
  • the amount of the Btk inhibitor compound that is administered to an individual is optionally increased or decreased as needed so as to maintain a level of Btk inhibition optimal for treating the subject's disease state.
  • methods for identifying biomarkers suitable for determining patient response to an irreversible ACK inhibitor comprising administering to a test subject a composition containing an amount of the irreversible ACK inhibitor (including, e.g., a compound of Formula (I)) sufficient to inhibit B cell receptor signaling and correlating B cell receptor signaling with apoptosis.
  • methods for selecting an individual for treatment for lymphoma with an irreversible ACK inhibitor comprising measuring pErk or Erk transcriptional target levels in an individual sample, and correlating a high level of transcriptional targets with a positive response to the treatment.
  • an irreversible ACK inhibitor including, e.g., a compound of Formula (I)
  • measuring pErk or Erk transcriptional target levels in an individual sample and correlating a reduced level of transcriptional targets with a positive response to the administration of the irreversible ACK inhibitor (including, e.g., a compound of Formula (I)).
  • At least one irreversible Btk inhibitor compound described herein in combination with another therapeutic agent.
  • another therapeutic agent if one of the side effects experienced by an individual upon receiving one of the irreversible Btk inhibitor compounds described herein is nausea, then it is appropriate to administer an anti-nausea agent in combination with the initial therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein is enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant has minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
  • the benefit experienced by an individual is increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
  • another therapeutic agent which also includes a therapeutic regimen
  • the overall benefit experienced by the patient is in some embodiments simply additive of the two therapeutic agents or in other embodiments, the patient experiences a synergistic benefit.
  • the particular choice of compounds used will depend upon the diagnosis of the attending physicians and their judgment of the condition of the patient and the appropriate treatment protocol.
  • the compounds are optionally administered concurrently (e.g., simultaneously, essentially simultaneously or within the same treatment protocol) or sequentially, depending upon the nature of the disorder, the condition of the patient, and the actual choice of compounds used.
  • the determination of the order of administration, and the number of repetitions of administration of each therapeutic agent during a treatment protocol, is based on an evaluation of the disease being treated and the condition of the patient.
  • therapeutically-effective dosages vary when the drugs are used in treatment combinations.
  • Methods for experimentally determining therapeutically-effective dosages of drugs and other agents for use in combination treatment regimens are described in the literature.
  • metronomic dosing i.e., providing more frequent, lower doses in order to minimize toxic side effects
  • Combination treatment further includes periodic treatments that start and stop at various times to assist with the clinical management of the patient.
  • dosages of the co-administered compounds will of course vary depending on the type of co-drug employed, on the specific drug employed, on the disorder being treated and so forth.
  • the compound provided herein is administered either simultaneously with the biologically active agent(s), or sequentially. If administered sequentially, the attending physician will decide on the appropriate sequence of administering protein in combination with the biologically active agent(s).
  • the multiple therapeutic agents are optionally administered in any order or even simultaneously. If simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents are optionally provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills). In some embodiments, one of the therapeutic agents is given in multiple doses, or both are given as multiple doses. If not simultaneous, the timing between the multiple doses is from about more than zero weeks to less than about four weeks.
  • the combination methods, compositions and formulations are not to be limited to the use of only two agents; the use of multiple therapeutic combinations are also envisioned.
  • the dosage regimen to treat, prevent, or ameliorate the condition(s) for which relief is sought can be modified in accordance with a variety of factors. These factors include the disorder from which the subject suffers, as well as the age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the subject. Thus, the dosage regimen actually employed can vary widely and therefore can deviate from the dosage regimens set forth herein.
  • the pharmaceutical agents which make up the combination therapy disclosed herein are administered in a combined dosage form, or in separate dosage forms intended for substantially simultaneous administration.
  • the pharmaceutical agents that make up the combination therapy are administered sequentially, with either therapeutic compound being administered by a regimen calling for two-step administration.
  • the two-step administration regimen calls for sequential administration of the active agents or spaced-apart administration of the separate active agents.
  • the time period between the multiple administration steps ranges from a few minutes to several hours, depending upon the properties of each pharmaceutical agent, such as potency, solubility, bioavailability, plasma half-life and kinetic profile of the pharmaceutical agent.
  • circadian variation of the target molecule concentration determines the optimal dose interval.
  • the compounds described herein also are optionally used in combination with procedures that provide additional or synergistic benefit to the patient.
  • patients are expected to find therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit in the methods described herein, wherein pharmaceutical composition of a compound disclosed herein and for combinations with other therapeutics are combined with genetic testing to determine whether that individual is a carrier of a mutant gene that is known to be correlated with certain diseases or conditions.
  • the compounds described herein and combination therapies are administered before, during or after the occurrence of a disorder, and the timing of administering the composition containing a compound is variable.
  • the compounds are used as a prophylactic and are administered continuously to subjects with a propensity to develop conditions or diseases in order to prevent the occurrence of the disorder.
  • the compounds and compositions are administered to an individual during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms.
  • the administration of the compounds is initiated within the first 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, within the first 6 hours of the onset of the symptoms, or within 3 hours of the onset of the symptoms.
  • the subjected is treated with an irreversible Btk inhibitor compound in any combination with one or more other anti-cancer agents.
  • one or more of the anti-cancer agents are proapoptotic agents.
  • anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, any of the following: gossyphol, genasense, polyphenol E, Chlorofusin, all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), bryostatin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, all trans retinoic acid, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib (Gleevec®), geldanamycin, 17-N-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), flavopiridol, LY294002, bortezomib, trastuzumab, BAY 11-7082, PKC412, or PD184352, TaxolTM, also referred to as “paclitaxel”, which is a well-known anti-cancer drug which acts by enhancing and stabilizing microtubule formation
  • mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling e.g., U0126, PD98059, PD184352, PD0325901, ARRY-142886, SB239063, SP600125, BAY 43-9006, wortmannin, or LY294002
  • Syk inhibitors e.g., mTOR inhibitors
  • mTOR inhibitors e.g., rituxan
  • anticancer agents for use in combination with an irreversible Btk inhibitor compound include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, or hormones, e.g., nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, etc.), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, ete.), or triazenes (decarbazine, etc.).
  • nitrogen mustards e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, etc.
  • alkyl sulfonates e.g., busulfan
  • nitrosoureas e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, ete.
  • triazenes decarbazine, etc.
  • antimetabolites include but are not limited to folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., Cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin).
  • folic acid analog e.g., methotrexate
  • pyrimidine analogs e.g., Cytarabine
  • purine analogs e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin.
  • Examples of natural products useful in combination with an irreversible Btk inhibitor compound include but are not limited to vinca alkaloids (e.g., vinblastin, vincristine), epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide), antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin), enzymes (e.g., L-asparaginase), or biological response modifiers (e.g., interferon alpha).
  • vinca alkaloids e.g., vinblastin, vincristine
  • epipodophyllotoxins e.g., etoposide
  • antibiotics e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin
  • enzymes e.g., L-asparaginase
  • biological response modifiers e.g., interferon alpha
  • nitrogen mustards e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, meiphalan, etc.
  • ethylenimine and methylmelamines e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiote
  • antimetabolites include, but are not limited to folic acid analog (e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., fluorouracil, floxouridine, Cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin.
  • folic acid analog e.g., methotrexate
  • pyrimidine analogs e.g., fluorouracil, floxouridine, Cytarabine
  • purine analogs e.g., mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin.
  • hormones and antagonists useful in combination with an irreversible Btk inhibitor compound include, but are not limited to, adrenocorticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate), estrogens (e.g., diethlystilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol), antiestrogen (e.g., tamoxifen), androgens (e.g., testosterone propionate, fluoxymesterone), antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide), gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (e.g., leuprolide).
  • adrenocorticosteroids e.g., prednisone
  • progestins e.g., hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate
  • platinum coordination complexes e.g., cisplatin, carboblatin
  • anthracenedione e.g., mitoxantrone
  • substituted urea e.g., hydroxyurea
  • methyl hydrazine derivative e.g., procarbazine
  • adrenocortical suppressant e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide
  • anti-cancer agents which act by arresting cells in the G2-M phases due to stabilized microtubules and which can be used in combination with an irreversible Btk inhibitor compound include without limitation marketed drugs and drugs in development.
  • the individual is treated with an irreversible Btk inhibitor compound in any combination with one or more other anti-thromboembolic agents.
  • anti-thromboembolic agents include, but are not limited any of the following: thrombolytic agents (e.g., alteplase anistreplase, streptokinase, urokinase, or tissue plasminogen activator), heparin, tinzaparin, warfarin, dabigatran (e.g., dabigatran etexilate), factor Xa inhibitors (e.g., fondaparinux, draparinux, rivaroxaban, DX-9065a, otamixaban, LY517717, or YM150), factor VIIa inhibitors, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, CS-747 (prasugrel, LY640315), ximelagatran, or BIBR 1048.
  • thrombolytic agents e.g., alteplase anistreplase, streptokinase, urokinase, or tissue plasmin
  • compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers including excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • a summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein is found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy , Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences , Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms , Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems , Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999).
  • a pharmaceutical composition refers to a mixture of a compound described herein, such as, for example, compounds of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), with other chemical components, such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, and/or excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.
  • therapeutically effective amounts of compounds described herein are administered in a pharmaceutical composition to a mammal having a disorder to be treated.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the compounds can be used singly or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents as components of mixtures.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations described herein are administered to an individual by any suitable administration route, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular), intranasal, buccal, topical, rectal, or transdermal administration routes.
  • suitable administration route including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular), intranasal, buccal, topical, rectal, or transdermal administration routes.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, self-emulsifying dispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, solid dosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, tablets, capsules, pills, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate and controlled release formulations.
  • compositions including a compound described herein are optionally manufactured in a conventional manner, such as, by way of example only, by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions will include at least one compound described herein, such as, for example, a compound of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), as an active ingredient in free-acid or free-base form, or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
  • the methods and pharmaceutical compositions described herein include the use of N-oxides, crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
  • compounds exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein.
  • the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
  • a “carrier” or “carrier materials” includes excipients in pharmaceutics and is selected on the basis of compatibility with compounds disclosed herein, such as, compounds of any of Formula (A 1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), and the release profile properties of the desired dosage form.
  • exemplary carrier materials include, e.g., binders, suspending agents, disintegration agents, filling agents, surfactants, solubilizers, stabilizers, lubricants, wetting agents, diluents, and the like.
  • a “measurable serum concentration” or “measurable plasma concentration” describes the blood serum or blood plasma concentration, typically measured in mg, ⁇ g, or ng of therapeutic agent per ml, dl, or l of blood serum, absorbed into the bloodstream after administration. As used herein, measurable plasma concentrations are typically measured in ng/ml or ⁇ g/ml.
  • “Pharmacodynamics” refers to the factors which determine the biologic response observed relative to the concentration of drug at a site of action. “Pharmacokinetics” refers to the factors which determine the attainment and maintenance of the appropriate concentration of drug at a site of action.
  • Step state is when the amount of drug administered is equal to the amount of drug eliminated within one dosing interval resulting in a plateau or constant plasma drug exposure.
  • compositions described herein which include a compound of any of Formula (A 1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) are formulated into any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to, aqueous oral dispersions, liquids, gels, syrups, elixirs, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by an individual to be treated, solid oral dosage forms, aerosols, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, effervescent formulations, lyophilized formulations, tablets, powders, pills, dragees, capsules, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate release and controlled release formulations.
  • the pharmaceutical solid dosage forms described herein optionally include a compound described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as a compatible carrier, binder, filling agent, suspending agent, flavoring agent, sweetening agent, disintegrating agent, dispersing agent, surfactant, lubricant, colorant, diluent, solubilizer, moistening agent, plasticizer, stabilizer, penetration enhancer, wetting agent, anti-foaming agent, antioxidant, preservative, or one or more combination thereof.
  • a compatible carrier such as a compatible carrier, binder, filling agent, suspending agent, flavoring agent, sweetening agent, disintegrating agent, dispersing agent, surfactant, lubricant, colorant, diluent, solubilizer, moistening agent, plasticizer, stabilizer, penetration enhancer, wetting agent, anti-foaming agent, antioxidant, preservative, or one or more combination thereof.
  • a film coating is provided around the formulation of the compound of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII).
  • some or all of the particles of the compound of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) are coated.
  • some or all of the particles of the compound of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), are microencapsulated.
  • the particles of the compound of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII) are not microencapsulated and are uncoated.
  • the compounds described herein are used in the preparation of medicaments for the inhibition of Btk or a homolog thereof, or for the treatment of diseases or conditions that benefit, at least in part, from inhibition of Btk or a homolog thereof. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are used in the preparation of medicaments for the inhibition of HER4 or a homolog thereof, or for the treatment of diseases or conditions that benefit, at least in part, from inhibition of HER4 or a homolog thereof.
  • a method for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein in an individual in need of such treatment involves administration of pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one compound of any of Formula (A1-A6), Formula (B1-B6), Formula (C1-C6), Formula (D1-D6), Formula (I), or Formula (VII), described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, in therapeutically effective amounts to said subject.
  • compositions containing the compound(s) described herein are administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.
  • the compositions are administered to an individual already suffering from a disorder, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disorder. Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity and course of the disorder, previous therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • compositions containing the compounds described herein are administered to an individual susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder. Such an amount is defined to be a “prophylactically effective amount or dose.”
  • prophylactically effective amount or dose In this use, the precise amounts also depend on the patient's state of health, weight, and the like. When used in an individual, effective amounts for this use will depend on the severity and course of the disease, disorder, previous therapy, the patient's health status and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • the irreversible kinase inhibitor is administered to the patient on a regular basis, e.g., three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day or every 3 days.
  • the irreversible kinase inhibitor is administered to the patient on an intermittent basis, e.g., twice a day followed by once a day followed by three times a day; or the first two days of every week; or the first, second and third day of a week.
  • intermittent dosing is as effective as regular dosing.
  • the irreversible kinase inhibitor is administered only when the patient exhibits a particular symptom, e.g., the onset of pain, or the onset of a fever, or the onset of an inflammation, or the onset of a skin disorder.
  • a particular symptom e.g., the onset of pain, or the onset of a fever, or the onset of an inflammation, or the onset of a skin disorder.
  • the administration of the compounds may be administered chronically, that is, for an extended period of time, including throughout the duration of the patient's life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control or limit the symptoms of the patient's disorder.
  • the administration of the compounds may be given continuously; alternatively, the dose of drug being administered may be temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a “drug holiday”).
  • the length of the drug holiday can vary between 2 days and 1 year, including by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, 35 days, 50 days, 70 days, 100 days, 120 days, 150 days, 180 days, 200 days, 250 days, 280 days, 300 days, 320 days, 350 days, or 365 days.
  • the dose reduction during a drug holiday may be from 10%-100%, including, by way of example only, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.
  • a maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, can be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved disease, disorder is retained. Patients can, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms.
  • the amount of a given agent that will correspond to such an amount will vary depending upon factors such as the particular compound, disorder and its severity, the identity (e.g., weight) of the subject or host in need of treatment, and is determined according to the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, e.g., the specific agent being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, and the subject or host being treated.
  • doses employed for adult human treatment will typically be in the range of 0.02-5000 mg per day, or from about 1-1500 mg per day.
  • the desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered simultaneously (or over a short period of time) or at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein may be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages.
  • the formulation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of one or more compound.
  • the unit dosage may be in the form of a package containing discrete quantities of the formulation.
  • Non-limiting examples are packaged tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
  • Aqueous suspension compositions can be packaged in single-dose non-reclosable containers.
  • multiple-dose reclosable containers can be used, in which case it is typical to include a preservative in the composition.
  • formulations for parenteral injection may be presented in unit dosage form, which include, but are not limited to ampoules, or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, including, but not limited to, the determination of the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between the toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio between LD 50 and ED 50 .
  • Compounds exhibiting high therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
  • the dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with minimal toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • Described herein are irreversible kinase inhibitors that are selective for one or more ACKs, including Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog.
  • the irreversible inhibitors described herein also bind reversibly to other kinases (some of which, in some embodiments, are also ACKs).
  • such inhibitors are formulated (formulation includes chemical modifications of the inhibitor, use of excipients in a pharmaceutical composition, and combinations thereof) such that the pharmacokinetic profile favors enhanced selectivity of the inhibitors for an ACK over a non-ACK.
  • an ACK is formulated to have a short plasma half-life. In other embodiments, an ACK is formulated to have an extended plasma half-life.
  • Compound 1 and Compound 12 have a short half-life in vivo.
  • Compound 7 and Compound 8 have a significantly longer in vivo half-life ( FIG. 5 ).
  • Compounds like 1 and 12 are predicted to have enhanced kinase selectivity in vivo because inhibition will be sustained only for those kinases that are irreversibly inhibited.
  • the irreversible kinase inhibitors described herein have both reversible (in general to non-ACKs) and irreversible (generally, to ACKs) activities, in vivo properties of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) are selected in order to optimize the therapeutic index.
  • ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
  • rapidly cleared compounds cause only brief inhibition of reversibly inhibited targets while maintaining sustained inhibition of irreversibly inhibited targets.
  • sustained inhibition of particular targets results in therapeutic effects or toxicities.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly binds to a protein tyrosine kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, in which the kinase inhibitor reversibly and non-selectively binds to a multiplicity of protein tyrosine kinases, and further in which the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is less than about 4 hours.
  • the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to at least one of Btk, Jak3, Blk, Bmx, Tec, and Itk.
  • the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Btk. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Jak3. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Tec. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Btk and Tec. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Blk. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor reversibly and non-selectively binds to a multiplicity of src-family protein kinase inhibitors. In a further embodiment, the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is less than about 3 hours. In a further embodiment, the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is less than about 2 hours.
  • kinase inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly binds to a protein tyrosine kinase selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, an ACK, HER4, and a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, in which the kinase inhibitor reversibly and non-selectively binds to a multiplicity of protein tyrosine kinases, and further in which the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is greater than about 12 hours.
  • the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to at least one of Btk, Jak3, Blk, Bmx, Tec, and Itk.
  • the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Btk. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Jak3. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Tec. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Btk and Tec. In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor selectively and irreversibly binds to Blk.
  • the kinase inhibitor reversibly and non-selectively binds to a multiplicity of src-family protein kinase inhibitors In a further embodiment, the kinase inhibitor the plasma half life of the kinase inhibitor is greater than about 16 hours.
  • such kinase inhibitors have the structure of Formula (VII):
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloalkylene, alkylenearylene, alkyleneheteroarylene, alkylenecycloalkylene, and alkyleneheterocycloalkylene;
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), OC( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NCH 3 C( ⁇ O), C( ⁇ S), S( ⁇ O) x , OS( ⁇ O) x , NHS( ⁇ O) x , where x is 1 or 2;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from among H, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroal
  • kinase inhibitor on the kinase inhibitor is a substituted fused biaryl moiety selected from
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NCH 3 C( ⁇ O), or S( ⁇ O) 2 .
  • the kinase inhibitor of claim 49 wherein:
  • each of R 7 and R 8 is H; or R 7 and R 8 taken together form a bond.
  • R 6 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 hydroxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxyalkylaminoalkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl(aryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(heteroaryl), C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl), or C 1 -C 4 alkyl(C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl).
  • Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered cycloalkylene ring; or Y is a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene ring; or Y is a C 1 -C 4 alkylene, or 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkylene ring.
  • such dosing methods are pharmaceutical formulations comprising any of the aforementioned ACK inhibitors and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • such pharmaceutical formulations are formulated for a route of administration selected from oral administration, parenteral administration, buccal administration, nasal administration, topical administration, or rectal administration.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations are formulated for oral administration.
  • dosing methods for treating rheumatoid arthritis comprising administering to an individual any of the aforementioned ACK inhibitors that selectively and irreversibly binds to Btk and Tec.
  • test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor that irreversibly and selectively binds to at least one protein kinase inhibitor selected from Btk, a Btk homolog, a Btk kinase cysteine homolog, an ACK, or HER4, in which the test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor is chemically modified to decrease the plasma half life to less than about 4 hours. In some embodiments, the test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor is chemically modified to decrease the plasma half life to less than about 3 hours.
  • test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor has the structure of Formula (VII):
  • Y is an optionally substituted group selected from among alkylene, heteroalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, heterocycloalkylene, cycloalkylene, alkylenearylene, alkyleneheteroarylene, alkylenecycloalkylene, and alkyleneheterocycloalkylene;
  • Z is C( ⁇ O), OC( ⁇ O), NHC( ⁇ O), NCH 3 C( ⁇ O), C( ⁇ S), S( ⁇ O) x , OS( ⁇ O) x , NHS( ⁇ O) x , where x is 1 or 2;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from among H, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroal
  • test protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor non-selectively and reversibly binds to a multiplicity of src-family protein tyrosine kinases.
  • dosing strategies are methods for treating a disorder characterized by the presence or development of one or more solid tumors comprising administering to an individual in need a pharmaceutical composition of any of the aforementioned ACK inhibitors.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of any of the aforementioned ACK inhibitors for example, as presented in the Examples, brief exposure to Compound 1 in vitro is sufficient to inhibit B cell activation in normal human B cells. This protocol mimics the predicted exposure of cells to Compound 1 in vivo and demonstrates that inhibition of B cells is sustained despite washing out of Compound 1.
  • kits and articles of manufacture are also described herein.
  • such kits include a carrier, package, or container that is compartmentalized to receive one or more containers such as vials, tubes, and the like, each of the container(s) including one of the separate elements to be used in a method described herein.
  • Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes.
  • the containers can be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
  • Packaging materials for use in packaging pharmaceutical products include, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,323,907, 5,052,558 and 5,033,252.
  • Examples of pharmaceutical packaging materials include, but are not limited to, blister packs, bottles, tubes, inhalers, pumps, bags, vials, containers, syringes, bottles, and any packaging material suitable for a selected formulation and intended mode of administration and treatment.
  • a wide array of formulations of the compounds and compositions provided herein are contemplated as are a variety of treatments for any disorder that benefit by inhibition of Btk, or in which Btk is a mediator or contributor to the symptoms or cause.
  • the container(s) include one or more compounds described herein, optionally in a composition or in combination with another agent as disclosed herein.
  • the container(s) optionally have a sterile access port (for example the container is an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
  • kits optionally comprising a compound with an identifying description or label or instructions relating to its use in the methods described herein.
  • a kit will typically include one or more additional containers, each with one or more of various materials (such as reagents, optionally in concentrated form, and/or devices) desirable from a commercial and user standpoint for use of a compound described herein.
  • materials include, but not limited to, buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes; carrier, package, container, vial and/or tube labels listing contents and/or instructions for use, and package inserts with instructions for use.
  • a set of instructions will also typically be included.
  • a label is on or associated with the container.
  • a label can be on a container when letters, numbers or other characters forming the label are attached, molded or etched into the container itself; a label can be associated with a container when it is present within a receptacle or carrier that also holds the container, e.g., as a package insert.
  • a label can be used to indicate that the contents are to be used for a specific therapeutic application. The label can also indicate directions for use of the contents, such as in the methods described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be presented in a pack or dispenser device which can contain one or more unit dosage forms containing a compound provided herein.
  • the pack can for example contain metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
  • the pack or dispenser device can be accompanied by instructions for administration.
  • the pack or dispenser can also be accompanied with a notice associated with the container in form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the drug for human or veterinary administration. Such notice, for example, can be the labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs, or the approved product insert.
  • Compositions containing a compound provided herein formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier can also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
  • 1,1-Dicyano-2-hydroxy-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethene (56.5 g) in acetonitrile (780 mL) and methanol (85 mL) is stirred under nitrogen at 0° C. while adding diisopropylethylamine (52.5 mL) followed by 2M trimethylsilyldiazomethane (150 mL) in THF. The reaction is stirred for 2 days at 20° C., and then 2 g of silica is added (for chromatography). The brown-red solution is evaporated in vacuo, the residue dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed well with water then brine, dried and evaporated.
  • 1,1-Dicyano-2-methoxy-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethene (22.5 g) and 1,1-dicyano-2-methoxy-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethene oil (15 g) are treated with a solution of hydrazine hydrate (18 mL) in ethanol (25 mL) and heated on the steambath for 1 hour. Ethanol (15 mL) is added followed by water (10 mL). The precipitated solid is collected and washed with ethanol:water (4:1) and then dried in air to give 3-amino-4-cyano-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazole as a pale orange solid.
  • 3-Amino-4-cyano-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazole (29.5 g) is suspended in formamide (300 mL) and heated under nitrogen at 180° C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to 30° C. and water (300 mL) is added. The solid is collected, washed well with water, then with methanol and dried in air to give of 4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine.
  • Compound 1 inhibits lymphoma tumor cell growth.
  • a variety of lymphoma cell lines were incubated with a range of concentrations of Compound 1 to determine the GI50, the concentration that results in 50% decrease in cell proliferation ( FIG. 1A ).
  • Compound 1 inhibits tumor growth in DOHH2 and DLCL2 xenograft models ( FIGS. 1B and 1C ).
  • 5E6 DOHH2 or DLCL2 cells in 50% matrigel were implanted subcutaneously in SCID mice and dosed orally with Compound 1 beginning when tumor size reached 100 mm2.
  • Compound 1 inhibits collagen-induced arthritis in the mouse.
  • Male DBA/1OlaHsd mice were injected intradermally with 150 microliters of 2 mg/mL Type II collagen in Freund's complete adjuvant with supplemental M. tuberculosis, 4 mg/mL and boosted with the same injection 21 days later.
  • Compound 1 at 12.5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg regressed inflammation through the end of the study (day 11) while 3.125 mg/kg significantly reduced the increase in paw inflammation ( FIG. 2 ).
  • Dexamethasone was included as a positive control.
  • Compound 1 was dosed at 12.5 mg/kg to such mice over: (a) each day of an 11-day period; (b) days 1, 2, and 3 of an 11-day period; or (c) days 9, 10, and 11 of an 11-day period. Intermittent dosing reduced the increase in paw inflammation.
  • Compound 9 was dosed to such mice at a level of 12.5 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg each day of an 11-day period. Compound 9 reduced the increase in paw inflammation.
  • Compound 1 inhibits disease progression in the mouse MRL/lpr model of lupus.
  • MRL/lpr mice (Jax strain 000485) were dosed orally once per day from 12 weeks of age until 20 weeks of age and urine protein levels were measured weekly using Clinitech Multistick dipstick.
  • Compound 1 inhibits mast cell degranulation in a mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model. Increasing doses of Compound 1 significantly decrease the amount of Evans Blue release, indicating decreased mast cell activation and vascular permeabilization. ( FIG. 4 )
  • mice were sensitized with an intradermal injection of monoclonal anti-DNP-IgE in the back. 23 hours later they received a single oral dose of Compound 1 or vehicle. After one hour, animals were challenged with an intravenous injection of DNP-BSA and Evans Blue dye. Mast cell degranulation leads to vascular permeability and the distribution of the dye into the skin of the back. The area of extravasation after 1 hour is measured.
  • compositions described below are presented with a compound of Formula (A1-A6) for illustrative purposes; any of the compounds of any of Formulas (A1-A6), (B1-B6), (C1-C6), or (D1-D6) are optionally used in such pharmaceutical compositions.
  • a parenteral pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration by injection 100 mg of a water-soluble salt of a compound of Formula (A1-A6) is dissolved in DMSO and then mixed with 10 mL of 0.9% sterile saline. The mixture is incorporated into a dosage unit form suitable for administration by injection.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery 100 mg of a compound of Formula (A1-A6) is mixed with 750 mg of starch.
  • the mixture is incorporated into an oral dosage unit for, such as a hard gelatin capsule, which is suitable for oral administration.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for buccal delivery such as a hard lozenge
  • a pharmaceutical composition for buccal delivery such as a hard lozenge
  • the mixture is gently blended and poured into a mold to form a lozenge suitable for buccal administration.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for inhalation delivery 20 mg of a compound of Formula (A1-A6) is mixed with 50 mg of anhydrous citric acid and 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
  • the mixture is incorporated into an inhalation delivery unit, such as a nebulizer, which is suitable for inhalation administration.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for rectal delivery 100 mg of a compound of Formula (A1-A6) is mixed with 2.5 g of methylcellulose (1500 mPa), 100 mg of methylparaben, 5 g of glycerin and 100 mL of purified water. The resulting gel mixture is then incorporated into rectal delivery units, such as syringes, which are suitable for rectal administration.
  • a pharmaceutical topical gel composition 100 mg of a compound of Formula (A1-A6) is mixed with 1.75 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose, 10 mL of propylene glycol, 10 mL of isopropyl myristate and 100 mL of purified alcohol USP. The resulting gel mixture is then incorporated into containers, such as tubes, which are suitable for topical administration.
  • a pharmaceutical ophthalmic solution composition 100 mg of a compound of Formula (A1-A6) is mixed with 0.9 g of NaCl in 100 mL of purified water and filtered using a 0.2 micron filter. The resulting isotonic solution is then incorporated into ophthalmic delivery units, such as eye drop containers, which are suitable for ophthalmic administration.
  • ophthalmic delivery units such as eye drop containers
  • phosphorylation events in the BCR signal transduction pathway were investigated.
  • a panel of phospho-specific antibodies that recognize activating phosphorylation sites on Syk, Btk, BLNK, PLC-g1, PLC-g2, ERK, and AKT were used and tested the effects of Compound 4 on both basal phosphorylation and phosphorylation following BCR stimulation driven by anti-IgM or anti-IgG cross-linking.
  • DOHH2 Compound 1 sensitive cell line
  • Ramos Compound 1 resistant cell line
  • Compound I inhibits most BCR-stimulus induced phosphorylation events with similar potency in both cell lines. However, when we examined basal phosphorylation levels, we found higher basal phosphorylation in DOHH2 compared to Ramos, with phospho-ERK in particular indicating higher levels of basal or tonic signaling in DOHH2. Furthermore, Compound 4 significantly decreased pERK levels in unstimulated DOHH2 cells (IC50 ⁇ 10 nM), but not in Ramos cells.
  • a panel of nine Btk expressing B cell lymphoma cell lines was screened for basal pERK levels. Seven lines expressed significantly higher levels of basal pERK, and of these, 5 were sensitive to Compound 1 (GI50 ⁇ 1.3 uM), while the two cell lines with low pERK levels were resistant to Compound 1. This data shows that tonic BCR signaling contributes to the survival of a subset of lymphoma cell lines, and that inhibition of this signaling by Compound 4 is correlated with induction of apoptosis.
  • Egr-1 pERK or ERK transcriptional targets such as Egr-1 serve as useful markers for lymphomas in which tonic BCR signaling is contributing to cell survival and that these lymphomas are particularly sensitive to BCR pathway inhibitors such as Compound 1.
  • BTK highly selective BTK inhibitor
  • the approach employed structure based design to achieve a high degree of potency and selectivity by (1) fitting the core scaffold into the active site ATP binding pocket of kinase enzymes, and (2) forming a covalent bond with Cysteine-481 located in BTK.
  • the unique chemistry required for covalent bond formation involves an electrophilic moiety that acts as a Michael acceptor, which bonds with a nucleophile (such as Cys-481) present in a precise location within the active site.
  • a panel of 50-100 Cys-targeting kinase inhibitors is generated.
  • the molecular orientation and positioning of the electrophilic group in these inhibitors in relation to the Cysteine residue will affect the potency and selectivity of a given inhibitor.
  • Each inhibitor will then be profiled for kinetics of kinase inhibition (K i ) for each of the ten Cys-containing kinases, effect on tumor cell proliferation (GI 50 ), effect on relevant off-targets (hERG, CYPs), drug-like characteristics (solubility, clogP) and ability to block labeling by the active site probe.
  • This panel of diverse inhibitors are then be used in cell assays (for example, inhibition of tumor growth) to screen for a phenotype of interest.
  • the identification of additional inhibited kinases is determined using the active site probe and mass spectrometry.
  • the linker and Michael acceptor moiety of Compound 1 was modified to provide Compound 9 which has a different selectivity pattern.
  • Table 1 is a table showing the degree of inhibition of a panel of kinases for two example compounds. IC 50 s were determined using the in vitro HotSpot kinase assay (purified enzymes, 33 P-ATP, an appropriate substrate and 1 uM ATP.)
  • Compound 9 has similar potency toward Btk, but significantly less potency toward JAK-3, ITK, and EGFR and significantly more potency toward the src-family kinases lck, c-src, FGR, Fyn, lick, and Lyn and Yes.
  • subtle modifications in the linker moiety and the Michael acceptor moiety are important for the design of selective ACK inhibitors.
  • compounds are selected based on in vitro characteristics to optimize for potency of inhibition of particular kinases and degree of covalent binding to off-target cysteines such as glutathione.
  • Table 2 Compound 9 and Compound 12 both inhibit Btk with a similar potency as Compound 1, but they are both significantly less potent inhibitors of EGFR, ITK, and JAK-3.
  • Compound 11 is similar to Compound 1 for inhibition of Btk but does not bind glutathione as readily.
  • a calculated value (e.g (1/Btk IC 50 )/Glutathione conjugation rate) as shown in the Table 2) is used to compare compounds for their ratio between potency at inhibiting their target and their non-specific binding to other SH groups, such as those in glutathione. As shown in Table 2, this calculated value is 4.7 for Compound 1 and for 239.6 for Compound 11. Calculated ratios such as these are used to quantitatively compare different compounds and select compounds for further study.
  • Analogs are generated that are Btk inhibitors and that are cytotoxic to the lymphoma cell line DOHH2. See Table 2.
  • DOHH2 cell proliferation assay cells were seeded in 96-well plates in standard growth media (RPMI+10% fetal calf serum) and compounds were added in a 9-point dilution series ranging from 10 uM to 0.04 uM with DMSO at 0.1% final concentration in all wells. After 72 hours, cell number was measured using Alamar Blue using manufacturer's protocol. A dilution series of untreated cells was run in parallel to verify that the Alamar Blue assay reliably reflected cell number and that growth conditions were not limiting. The GI 50 , the concentration that results in a 50% decrease in cell number, was calculated using Calcusyn to fit the dose-response curve.
  • Compound 1 and Compound 12 have a short half-life in vivo. In contrast, Compound 7 and Compound 8 have a significantly longer in vivo half-life ( FIG. 5 ). Compounds like 1 and 12 are predicted to have enhanced kinase selectivity in vivo because inhibition will be sustained only for those kinases that are irreversibly inhibited.
  • Plasma samples were thawed and 75 uL aliquots were transferred to centrifuge tubes to which 10 ⁇ L aliquots of internal standard solution (1 ⁇ g/mL) were added. The samples were not diluted with blank plasma prior to further processing. Soluble proteins were precipitated by the addition of 200 ⁇ L of acetonitrile, followed by centrifugation (20 min at 16,000 ⁇ g). The samples were evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in 200 ⁇ L of water containing 0.2% formic acid and 10% methanol. All samples were loaded onto an autosampler maintained at 6° C. and evaluated for concentrations of test compounds using LC-MS/MS.
  • B cells were purified from blood from healthy donors by negative selecting using the RosetteSep Human B cell enrichment cocktail.
  • Cells were plated in growth media (10% RPMI+10% fetal calf serum) and indicated concentrations of Compound 1 were added. After incubation for 1 hour at 37° C., cells were washed three times using an 8-fold dilution in growth media for each wash. Cells were then stimulated with 10 ug/ml of IgM F(ab′)2 for 18 hours at 37° C. Cells were then stained with anti-CD69-PE antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry using standard conditions.
  • ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
  • a colon cancer xenograft Under the skin of a mouse is implanted a colon cancer xenograft. On a daily basis, administration of Compound 1 is effected by intravenous administration at a level of 1 microgram per gram of mouse weight. The size of the tumor xenograft is also monitored daily. Success is determined by survival of the mouse for a period of time statistically longer than survival of a mouse administered with vehicle on the same dosing schedule.
  • the study will be a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study. Tumor assessments will be repeated every 4 cycles (approximately 8 weeks). Patients will receive study therapy for 12 treatments, or until tumor progression was documented, unacceptable toxicity was experienced, the patient withdrew consent, or the patient is unable to fulfill the responsibilities of study participation as determined by the treating physician or the qualified investigator. After study discontinuation, patients who have not progressed will have tumor assessments performed approximately every 8 weeks until disease progression. Once patients have disease progression, patients will enter a post-study follow-up period, and will be followed every 12 weeks for 24 months for overall survival. Patients will also be followed for ongoing or any new toxicities.
  • Main exclusion criteria will include: prior chemotherapy; pregnancy or breastfeeding; inability or unwillingness to take folic acid, vitamin B12 supplementation, or dexamethasone.
  • Tumor response rate will be defined as the number of patients with documented partial response (PR) or complete response (CR) divided by the number of patients qualified for tumor response analysis.
  • Time-to-event analyses will be performed on the observed distributions of time to objective progressive disease, progression-free survival (PFS), time to treatment failure (TtTF), and overall survival (OS) using the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) method. All patients with best overall response of CR or PR will be analyzed for response duration by using the K-M method.
  • the primary analysis will be to estimate the objective best overall response rate and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Medians for each of the time-to-event endpoints, and time-to-event variables will be estimated using the K-M method. All estimates of treatment effects will be conducted at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05, and CI for all parameters will be estimated were to be constructed using a 95% level.
  • the primary objective of this study will be to determine the objective response rate (ORR) for Btk inhibitors when administered every 2 weeks to patients with breast cancer.
  • the secondary objectives of this study will be to measure time-to-event variables including: time to objective tumor response for responding patients (TtOR), duration of response for responding patients, time to treatment failure (TtTF), time to progressive disease (TtPD), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS); the toxicities of therapy.
  • the study will be a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study. Tumor assessments will be repeated every 4 cycles (approximately 6 weeks). Patients will receive study therapy for 12 treatments, or until tumor progression was documented, unacceptable toxicity was experienced, the patient withdrew consent, or the patient is unable to fulfill the responsibilities of study participation as determined by the treating physician or the qualified investigator. After study discontinuation, patients who have not progressed will have tumor assessments performed approximately every 6 weeks until disease progression. Once patients have disease progression, patients will enter a post-study follow-up period, and will be followed every 12 weeks for 24 months for overall survival. Patients will also be followed for ongoing or any new toxicities.
  • Btk inhibitor of Formula VII dosage will be 1000 mg/m 2 and will be given as a 60-minute infusion on Day 1 of each cycle. Folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation, and dexamethasone (or equivalent corticosteroid) prophylaxis will also be administered.
  • Tumor response rate will be defined as the number of patients with documented partial response (PR) or complete response (CR) divided by the number of patients qualified for tumor response analysis.
  • Time-to-event analyses will be performed on the observed distributions of time to objective progressive disease, progression-free survival (PFS), time to treatment failure (TtTF), and overall survival (OS) using the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) method. All patients with best overall response of CR or PR will be analyzed for response duration by using the K-M method.
  • Safety analyses will include adverse event (AE) rates, serious AEs, vital signs, laboratory data, blood transfusions required, and deaths. Toxicities using laboratory and nonlaboratory adverse events will be evaluated using the common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE, version 3.0).
  • the primary analysis will be to estimate the objective best overall response rate and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Medians for each of the time-to-event endpoints, and time-to-event variables will be estimated using the K-M method. All estimates of treatment effects will be conducted at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05, and CI for all parameters will be estimated were to be constructed using a 95% level.
  • An MDA-MB-453 breast cancer xenograft was implanted under the skin of a nude mouse.
  • administration of Compound 1 was effected by intravenous administration at a level of (a) 50 mg/kg of mouse weight, or (b) 5 mg/kg of mouse weight.
  • the volume of the tumor xenograft was monitored daily.
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