CN101061759B - 用于同步回旋加速器的可编程的射频波形发生器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
同步回旋加速器包含一个谐振电路，该谐振电路包括其间有横跨磁场的间隙的电极。振荡电压输入产生横跨所述间隙的振荡电场，该振荡电压输入有由可编程的数字式波形发生器决定的可变的振幅和频率。同步回旋加速器可以包括在电路中用电极改变谐振频率的可变电容器。同步回旋加速器可以进一步包括电压受可编程的数字式波形发生器控制的注入电极和抽提电极。同步回旋加速器可以进一步包括射束监控器。同步回旋加速器能通过测量谐振电路中受电压输入驱动的电压和/或电流探测谐振电路的谐振条件，和调节可变电容器的电容或电压输入的频率以维持该谐振条件。可编程波形发生器至少能依照射束强度和根据谐振条件变化调节振荡电压输入、注入电极电压、抽提电极电压的其中之一。
Description
相关申请
这份申请要求2004年7月21日申请的美国专利临时申请第60/590,089号的利益。上述申请的全部教导在此通过引证被并入。
背景技术
为了将带电粒子加速到高能量，自20世纪30年代以来已经研发了许多类型的粒子加速器。粒子加速器的一个类型是回旋加速器。回旋加速器通过在真空室中把交变电压加到一个或多个“D形盒”上使带电粒子在轴向磁场中加速。名字“D形盒”是在早期回旋加速器中对电极形状的描述，虽然它们在一些回旋加速器中可能不与字母D相似。加速粒子所产生的螺旋形轨道垂直于磁场。当粒子向外盘旋的时候，把加速电场加在D形盒之间的间隙上。射频(RF)电压产生横跨D形盒之间的间隙的交变电场。射频电压并因此电场与带电粒子在磁场中的轨道周期同步，以致粒子在它们重复地横越所述间隙时被射频波形加速。粒子的能量增加到远远超过外加射频(RF)电压的峰值电压的能量水平。由于相对论性效应，当带电粒子加速的时候，它们的质量增长。因此，这些粒子的加速是不一致的，而且这些粒子到达所述间隙不与外加电压的峰同步。
目前使用的两种类型的回旋加速器(等时性回旋加速器和同步回旋加速器)以不同的方式战胜了加速粒子相对论性质量增加的挑战。为了维持适当的加速，等时性回旋加速器在磁场随着半径增加的情况下使用恒定不变的电压频率，以便在磁场随着半径增加的情况下维持该电压的频率。同步回旋加速器使用随着半径逐渐增加逐渐减少的磁场并且改变加速电压的频率，以便与由带电粒子的相对论性速度所引起的质量增加相匹配。
在同步回旋加速器中，带电粒子的离散“串”在循环再次开始之前被加速到最后的能量。在等时性回旋加速器中，带电粒子能被不断地加速，而不是在串中加速，从而允许达到较高的射束功率。
在能够把质子加速到，举例来说，250MeV的能量的同步回旋加速器中，质子的最后速度是0.61c，其中c是光速，而质量的增加比静止质量高27％。除了为考虑沿径向逐渐减少的磁场强度而降低频率之外，该频率还不得不减少对应的数量。频率对时间的依从关系将不是线性的，而且描述这个依从关系的函数的最佳轮廓将取决于大量的细节。
发明内容
在补偿相对论性质量增加和磁场对距D形盒中心的距离的依从关系两者的预期的最后能量所必需的范围内精确地和可重现地控制频率在历史上是一种挑战。此外，加速电压的振幅可能需要在加速周期内改变，以维持聚焦和提高射束稳定性。此外，D形盒和组成回旋加速器的其它硬件限定一个谐振电路，其中D形盒可能被看作是电容器的电极。这个谐振电路是用Q-因子描述的，该Q-因子对横跨间隙的电压分布图有贡献。
用来加速带电粒子(例如，质子)的同步回旋加速器可以包括磁场发生器和包括安排在磁极之间的电极的谐振电路。电极之间的间隙可以安排成横跨磁场。振荡电压输入驱动横跨该间隙的振荡电场。在带电粒子加速的期间可以控制该振荡电压输入变化。该振荡电压输入的振幅和频率都可以改变。该振荡电压输入可以是由可编程的数字式波形发生器产生的。
谐振电路能更进一步包括在有电压输入和电极的电路中的可变的无功元件，以便改变谐振电路的谐振频率。可变的无功元件可能是可变的电容元件，例如，旋转电容器或振动簧片。通过改变这样的无功元件的电抗和调节谐振电路的谐振频率，可以将谐振条件维持在同步回旋加速器的工作频率范围内。
同步回旋加速器可以进一步包括用来测量横跨该间隙的振荡电场的电压传感器。通过测量横跨该间隙的振荡电场和将它与振荡电压输入进行比较，能探测该谐振电路的谐振条件。可以调节可编程波形发生器的输入的电压和频率来维持谐振条件。
同步回旋加速器可以进一步包括安排在磁极之间在受可编程的数字式波形发生器控制的电压下的注入电极。该注入电极被用于将带电粒子注入同步回旋加速器。同步回旋加速器可以进一步包括安排在磁极之间在受可编程的数字式波形发生器控制的电压下的抽提电极。抽提电极用来从同步回旋加速器中抽提粒子束。
同步回旋加速器可以进一步包括用来测量粒子束性质的射束监控器。举例来说，射束监控器能测量粒子束强度，粒子束计时或粒子束的空间分布。可编程波形发生器至少能调节电压输入、注入电极上的电压和抽提电极上的电压之一，以便补偿粒子束性质的变化。
这项发明意在解决用于带电粒子的有效注入、加速和从加速器中抽提的适当的可变的频率和振幅调制信号的生成问题。
附图说明
本发明的上述的和其它的目的、特征和利益从下面对在用相似的参考符号在不同的视图处处表示同一零部件的附图中举例说明的本发明的优选实施方案的更具体的描述将变得显而易见。这些图画不必依比例绘制，而是把重点放在举例说明本发明的原则上。
图1A是本发明的同步回旋加速器的平面剖视图。
图1B是图1A所示的同步回旋加速器的侧剖图。
图2是能在图1A和1B所示的同步回旋加速器中使带电粒子加速的理想化波形的例证。
图3是本发明的包括波形发生器***的同步回旋加速器的方框图。
图4是举例说明本发明的数字式波形发生器和自适应反馈***(优化装置)的操作原则的流程图。
图5A展示在加速电极(“D形盒”)结构中信号穿越不同路径的有限传播延迟的效果。
图5B展示为了校正穿越“D形盒”结构的传播延迟的变化被调节的输入波形计时。
图6A展示谐振***随着寄生电路效应造成的变化改变的说明性频率响应。
图6B展示为校正寄生电路效应造成的频率响应的变化而计算的波形。
图6C展示当图6B所示的波形被当作电压输入使用的时候该***最终产生的“平坦的”频率响应。
图7A展示加到图7B所示的加速电极上的等振幅输入电压。
图7B展示加速电极几何结构的例子，其中所述电极之间的距离越接近中心越小。
图7C展示在随半径变化的电极间隙中预期通过把图7A所示的电压输入加到图7B所示的电极几何结构上实现带电粒子稳定有效加速的合成电场强度。
图7D展示作为半径的函数输入的输入电压，该输入电压直接对应于预期的能使用数字式波形发生器产生的电场强度。
图7E展示加速电极的平行几何结构，该几何结构使外加电压和电场强度成正比。
图7F展示在随半径变化的电极间隙中预期通过把图7D所示的输入电压加到图7E所示的电极几何结构上实现带电粒子稳定有效加速的合成电场强度。
图8A展示可编程波形发生器所产生的加速电压波形的例子。
图8B展示离子注射器计时信号的例子。
图8C展示离子注射器计时信号的另一个例子。
具体实施方式
这项发明涉及用来在同步回旋加速器中产生横跨“D形盒”间隙的复数的精确计时的加速电压的装置和方法。这项发明包括通过产生特定的波形驱动横跨“D形盒”间隙的电压的装置和方法，其中振幅、频率和相位是以这样的方式控制的，以便在给定个别加速器的实际配置、磁场分布图和其它事先可能知道也可能不知道的变量的情况下产生最有效的粒子加速。为了维持粒子束的聚焦，同步回旋加速器需要逐渐减少磁场，借此修正预期的频率扫描形状。外加电信号对D形盒上的有效点有可预期的有限传播延迟，在这种情况下加速粒子串经历导致连续加速的电场。用来放大驱动横跨D形盒间隙的电压的射频(RF)信号的放大器也可能有随频率变化的相位偏移。一些效应可能是事先不知道的，只有在整个同步回旋加速器整合之后才可能观察到。除此之外，按纳秒计时的粒子注入和抽提的计时能提高加速器的抽提效率，因此减少在操作的加速和抽提阶段粒子遗失造成的杂散辐射。
参照图1A和1B，本发明的同步回旋加速器包括在为产生磁场配置的两个隔开的金属磁极4a和4b周围的通电线圈2a和2b。磁极4a和4b是用两个相对的轭状物部分6a和6b(在剖视图中展示)限定的。磁极4a和4b之间的空间限定真空室8或一个单独的真空室可以安装在磁极4a和4b之间。磁场强度通常是距真空室8中心的距离的函数而且主要由线圈2a和2b的几何结构选择和磁极4a和4b的形状和材料决定。
加速电极包括“D形盒”10和“D形盒”12，其间有间隙13。D形盒10与交变电压电位连接，该交变电压电位的频率在加速周期期间从高到低变化，以便考虑到带电粒子逐渐增加的相对论性质量和由线圈2a和2b和磁极部分4a和4b产生的沿径向逐渐减少的磁场(从真空室8中心测量)。D形盒10和12中的交变电压的特征分布图展示在图2中，而且下面将被详细地讨论。D形盒10是里面空心的半圆筒结构。D形盒12(也被称为“虚拟D形盒”)不需要是空心的圆筒形结构，因为它在真空室壁14接地。图1A和1B所示的D形盒12包括一金属条，例如，铜条，该金属条有形状与D形盒10上的狭缝实质上相似的狭缝。D形盒12可以有形成D形盒10的表面16的镜像的形状。
离子源18包括位于真空室8中心的离子源电极20，该离子源是为注射带电粒子准备的。抽提电极22准备把带电粒子抽提到管道24中，借此形成带电粒子束26。该离子源也可能安装在外面并且把离子实质上沿轴向注射到加速区域。
D形盒10和12和其它组成回旋加速器的硬件限定可调谐的谐振电路，该谐振电路在振荡电压输入下产生横跨间隙13的振荡电场。这个谐振电路能在频率扫描期间通过使用调谐装置调谐保持高Q-因数。
如本文中所使用的，Q-因数是谐振***对与谐振频率接近的频率的响应“质量”的度量。Q-因数被限定为：
Q＝1/R×√V(L/C)，
其中R是谐振电路的有效电阻、L是电感，而C是这个电路的电容。
调谐装置可以是可变电感线圈或可变电容。可变电容装置可以是振动簧片或旋转电容器。在图1A和1B所示的例子中，调谐装置是旋转电容器28。旋转电容器28包括用马达31驱动的旋转叶片30。在马达31的每个四分之一周期期间，随着叶片30与叶片32逐渐重叠，包括“D形盒”10、12和旋转电容器28的谐振电路的电容逐渐增加而谐振频率逐渐减少。随着叶片逐渐脱离重叠，该过程相反。因此，谐振频率是通过改变谐振电路的电容改变的。这服务于大倍率减少产生高电压加到“D形盒”上所需要的和给射束加速必不可少的功率的目的。叶片30和32的形状可以根据所需要的谐振频率对时间的依从关系机械加工。
叶片旋转可以与RF频率生成同步，以致回旋加速器所限定的谐振电路的谐振频率可以通过改变RF谐振腔的Q-因数保持接近加到“D形盒”10和12上的交变电压电位的频率。
叶片的旋转可以用下面参照图3和图4描述的数字式波形发生器以维持谐振电路的谐振频率接近该数字式波形发生器产生的电流频率的方式控制。作为替代，数字式波形发生器可以借助电容器旋转轴33上的角位传感器(未展示)控制，以便控制波形发生器的时钟频率，维持最佳谐振条件。如果旋转电容器的旋转叶片的轮廓与所述轴的角位精确地相关，则可以使用这个方法。
探测峰值谐振条件的传感器(未展示)也能用来把反馈提供给数字式波形发生器的时钟，维持对谐振频率的最高匹配。用来探测谐振条件的传感器能测量谐振电路中的振荡电压和电流。在另一个例子中，该传感器可能是电容传感器。这个方法能适应在旋转电容器的旋转叶片轮廓和所述轴的角位之间的关系中的小的不规则。
真空泵***40使真空室8维持在非常低的压力下，为了消除加速射束的散射。
为了在同步回旋加速器中实现一致的加速，横跨“D形盒”间隙的电场的频率和振幅需要改变，以便考虑到相对论性质量增加和磁场半径(作为距带电粒子的螺旋轨道的中心的距离测量的)的变化以及维持粒子束的聚焦。
图2是为了使带电粒子在同步回旋加速器中加速可能需要的理想波形的例证。这张图只展示几个波形周期而不必表现理想的频率和幅度调制轮廓。图2举例说明改变在给定的同步回旋加速器中使用的波形的振幅和频率性质的时间。当粒子速度以相当大的分数比例接近光速的时候，因为粒子的相对论性质量逐渐增加，所以频率从高向低变化。
本发明使用一组高速数模转换器(DAC)，这组数模转换器能从高速存储器产生所需的按纳秒计时的信号。参照图1A，驱动横跨D形盒间隙13的电压的射频(RF)信号和驱动注射电极20和抽提电极22上的电压的信号两者都能借助这些DAC从存储器产生。加速器信号是可变的频率和振幅波形。注射器和抽提器信号可能是至少三种类型之一：连续信号；在与加速器波形同步方面可以在加速器波形的一个或多个周期里操作的离散信号，例如，脉冲信号；在与加速器波形同步方面可以在加速器波形频率扫描期间按精确计时的例证操作的离散信号，例如。脉冲信号。(见下面参照图8A-C)
图3描绘本发明的同步回旋加速器300的方框图，该同步回旋加速器包括粒子加速器302、波形发生器***319和放大***330。图3也展示包括优化装置350的自适应反馈***。非必选的可变电容器28和马达31的驱动子***未被展示。
参照图3，粒子加速器302实质上类似于图1A和1B所描述的***并且包括“虚拟D形盒”304、“D形盒”306和轭状物308、与离子源312连接的注入电极310和抽提电极314。射束监控器316监测射束318的强度。
同步回旋加速器300包括数字式波形发生器319。数字式波形发生器319包括一个或多个数-模转换器(DAC)320，这些转换器把储存在存储器322中的波形的数字表达转换成模拟信号。控制器324控制存储器322的选址，以便输出适当的数据，和控制DAC 320在任何时刻及时接收数据。控制器324也往存储器322中写数据。接口326为外面的计算机(未展示)提供数据传输。接口326可能是光纤接口。
控制“模-数”转换过程的计时的时钟信号能用作给数字式波形发生器的输入。这个信号能与旋转电容器(见图1A和1B)上的轴位编码器(未展示)或谐振条件探测器相结合用来微调所产生的频率。
图3举例说明三个DAC 320a、320b和3 20c。在这个例子中，来自DAC 320a和3 20b的信号分别被放大器328a和3 28b放大。来自DAC 320a的放大信号驱动离子源312和/或注入电极310，而来自DAC 320b的放大信号驱动抽提电极314。
DAC 320c产生的信号被传送到在射频放大器控制***332的控制下操作的放大***330。在放大***330中，来自DAC 320c的信号被射频驱动器334加到射频分离器336上，后者传送将用射频功率放大器338放大的射频信号。在图3所示的例子中，使用四个功率放大器，338a、b、c和d。所用的放大器338的数目取决于预期的放大程度。放大后的信号经RF组合器340组合和滤波器342滤波之后通过定向耦合器344离开放大***330，该定向耦合器保证RF波不向后反射进入放大***330。用来操作放大***330的功率是由电源346供应的。
在离开放大***330时，来自DAC 320c的信号经过匹配网络348传送到粒子加速器302。匹配网络348使负载(粒子加速器302)和来源(放大***330)的阻抗匹配。匹配网络348包括一组可变的无功元件。
同步回旋加速器300可以进一步包括优化装置350。优化装置350能使用射束监控器316实测的射束318的强度测量结果在可编程处理器的控制下调节DAC 320a、b和c产生的波形和它们的计时，优化同步回旋加速器300的操作和实现带电粒子的最佳加速。
现在将参照图4讨论数字式波形发生器319和自适应反馈***350的操作原则。
波形的初始条件能依据控制带电粒子在磁场中运动的物理原理、描述带电粒子质量行为的相对论力学和在真空室中磁场随半径变化的理论描述计算出来。这些计算在步骤402完成。在D形盒间隙的电压理论波形RF(ω，t)(其中ω是横跨D形盒间隙的电场的频率，t是时间)是根据回旋加速器的物理原理、带电粒子运动的相对论力学和磁场在理论上与半径的依从关系计算的。
当同步回旋加速器在这些初始条件下操作的时候，实践背离理论的程度能被测量，而且波形能被校正。举例来说，如同下面将参照图8A-C描述的那样，能改变离子注射器相对于加速波形的计时，使捕获到粒子加速串中的注入粒子数量最大。
加速器波形的计时能如同下面描述的那样逐个周期进行调节和优化，以便校正出现在射频配线的实际安排中的传播延迟；在D形盒的安置或制造中出现的不对称能在有效地形成不对称的正弦波时通过把较接近的峰值正电压及时地放到后来的峰值负电压上得到校正，反之亦然。
一般地说，硬件特性造成的波形扭曲可以使用视装置而定的转移函数A通过预先扭曲理论波形RF(ω，t)来校正，从而导致预期的波形出现在加速电极上的特定点，在此质子处在加速周期中。因此，再次参照图4，在步骤404，转移函数A(ω，t)是基于该装置对电压输入的通过实验实测的响应计算的。
在步骤405，对应于表达式RF(ω，t)/A(ω，t)的波形被计算出来和储存在存储器322中。在步骤406，数字式波形发生器319生成来自存储器的RF/A波形。在步骤408，驱动信号RF(ω，t)/A(ω，t)被放大，而在步骤410，被放大的信号通过整个装置300传播，以便在步骤412，产生横跨D形盒间隙的电压。代表性的转移函数A(ω，t)的更详细的描述将在下面参照图6A-C给出。
在射束达到预期的能量之后，精确计时的电压能被加到抽提电极或产生预期的射束轨道的装置上，以便从该加速器中抽提在步骤414a用射束监控器测量的射束。RF电压和频率是在步骤414b用电压传感器测量的。关于射束强度和RF频率的信息被转发回到数字式波形发生器319，现在该数字式波形发生器能在步骤406调节信号RF(ω，t)/A(ω，t)的形状。
整个程序能在步骤416受优化装置350控制。优化装置350能执行为优化波形和波形的相对计时设计的半自动或全自动算法。模拟韧化是可能使用的一类优化算法的例子。在线诊断工具能在不同的加速阶段探查射束，为优化算法提供反馈。在已经找到最佳条件的时候，存储器保存的已优化的波形可以确定下来并且做好备份供在一些时间周期里继续稳定操作使用。这种针对个别加速器的性质调节精确波形的能力减少操作时设备之间的易变性而且能补偿制造公差和在回旋加速器结构中使用的材料特性的变化。
为了探测谐振条件峰值，可以通过测量RF波形的电压和电流把旋转电容器(例如，图1A和1B所示的电容器28)的概念整合到数字控制方案中。对谐振条件的偏离可以反馈给数字式波形发生器319(见图3)，以便调节储存波形的频率，在加速周期中始终保持峰值谐振条件。在使用这个方法的时候，振幅仍然能得到精确的控制。
旋转电容器28(见图1A和1B)的结构可以非必选地与给加速器内腔抽真空的涡轮分子真空泵(例如，图1A和1B所示的真空泵40)整合。这种整合将导致高度整合的结构和节省费用。用于涡轮泵的马达和驱动器可以备有反馈元件(例如，旋转编码器)，以便对旋转叶片30的速度和角位置提供精细控制，而且马达驱动的控制将与波形发生器319的控制电路整合在一起，以确保加速波形适当的同步。
如上所述，能调节振荡电压输入的波形的计时来校正装置中出现的传播延迟。图5A举例说明由于从输入点504分别到加速电极500的加速表面502上的点506和508的距离R1和R2的差异造成的波传播误差的例子。距离R1和R2的差异导致影响沿着以点506为中心的螺旋形路径(未展示)加速的粒子的信号传播延迟。如果用曲线510代表的输入波形不把由逐渐增加的距离引起的额外的传播延迟考虑进去，粒子可能不再与加速波形同步。在加速电极500的点504处的输入波形510因为粒子从中心点506向外加速将经历可变的延迟。这个延迟造成电压输入在点506有波形512，而在点508有时序不同的波形514。波形514展示相对于波形512的相位偏移而且这能影响加速过程。当加速结构的实际尺寸(大约0.6米)以相当大的分数比例接近加速频率的波长(大约2米)的时候，在加速结构的不同部分之间将出现显著的相位偏移。
在图5B中，相对于用波形510描述的输入电压预先调节有波形516的输入电压，使之有相同的幅度但延时符号相反。结果，穿越加速电极500的不同路径长度所引起的相位滞后得到校正。由此产生的波形518和520现在精确地对齐，为的是提高粒子加速过程的效率。这个例子举例说明容易预测的几何效应引起传播延迟的简单情况。可能有现实加速器中使用的更复杂的几何结构产生的其它的波形时序效应，这些效应如果能被预测或测量就能通过同样使用在这个例子中举例说明的原则得到补偿。
如上所述，数字式波形发生器产生RF(ω，t)/A(ω，t)形式的振荡输入电压，其中RF(ω，t)是横跨D形盒间隙的预期电压和A(ω，t)是转移函数。代表性的装置专用转移函数A是用图6A中的曲线600举例说明的。曲线600表示作为频率的函数的Q-因数。曲线600有两处不想要的偏离理想转移函数的地方，即波谷602和604。这些偏离可能是由谐振电路零部件的实际长度造成的效应、不想要的零部件自谐振特性或其它的效应引起的。这个转移函数能被测量，而且补偿输入电压能被计算出来并且储存在波形发生器的存储器中。这个补偿函数610的表达展示在图6B中。当补偿输入电压610加到装置300上的时候，合成电压620与计算出来的预期的电压曲线一致，从而得到有效的加速。
能用可编程波形发生器控制的另一种效应的例子展示在图7中。在一些同步回旋加速器中，能选定用于加速的电场强度当粒子沿着螺旋形路径705向外加速的时候略微减少。这种电场强度的减少是通过把图7a所示的相对恒定不变的加速电压700加到加速电极702上实现的。电极704通常处在接地电位。间隙中的电场强度是外加电压除以间隙长度。如图7B所示，在加速电极702和704之间的距离随着半径R逐渐增加。作为半径R的函数的合成电场强度被展示为图7C中的曲线706。
在使用可编程波形发生器的情况下，加速电压708的振幅能按预期的方式调制，如图7D所示。这种调制允许保持加速电极710和712之间的距离恒定不变，如图7E所示。结果，图7F所示的作为半径714的函数的合成电场强度与如图7C所示的一样。这是另一种类型控制同步回旋加速器***各种效应的简单例子，但是电极的实际形状和加速电压随半径变化的分布图不可能仿效这个简单的例子。
如上所述，可编程波形发生器能用来通过精确地安排粒子注入时间控制离子注射器(离子源)实现带电粒子的最佳加速。图8A展示可编程波形发生器产生的RF加速波形。图8B展示精确计时的每个周期的注射器信号，该信号能以精确的方式驱动离子源把一小束离子按精确控制的时间间隔注入加速器内腔，以便与加速过程的接收相位角同步。所展示的这些信号近似地处在正确的对准位置，因为粒子串通常为了射束稳定以相对于射频电场波形大约30度的滞后角通过加速器行进。这些信号在某些外部的点(例如，数-模转换器的输出)的真实计时可能没有这种精确的关系，因为两个信号的传播延迟可能是不同的。采用可编程波形发生器，注射脉冲的计时可以相对于RF波形连续地变化，为的是优化注射脉冲与加速过程的结合。为了打开和关闭射束，这个信号能被激活或失去作用。该信号也能借助脉冲下落技术进行调制，以维持必需的平均射束电流。这种射束调节是通过选择一个包含数目比较大的(大约1000个)脉冲的宏观时间间隔和改变在这个间隔期间被激活的脉冲数目完成的。
图8C展示一个较长的注入控制脉冲，该脉冲对应于多个RF周期。这个脉冲是在一串质子被加速时产生的。周期性的加速过程只能捕获有限数目的已被加速到最终能量并被抽提的粒子。控制离子注入的计时能导致较低的气体负荷和较好的真空条件，这将降低抽真空的需求和在加速周期期间改善高电压和射束损失性。这可以用在由于离子源与射频波形相位角的可接受的结合不需要图8B所示的精确的注入计时的场合。这种方法在数目近似地与同步回旋加速器中的加速过程接受的“圈”数相对应的RF周期里注射离子。为了打开和关闭射束或调制平均射束电流，这个信号也被激活或失去作用。
虽然已经参照其优选实施方案具体地展示和描述了这项发明，但是熟悉这项技术的人将理解在形式和细节方面各种不同的改变可以在不脱离权利要求书所囊括的本发明的范围的情况下完成。
Claims (32)
1.一种同步回旋加速器，其中包括：
磁场发生器；
谐振电路，该谐振电路包括：
安排在磁极之间的其间有横跨磁场的间隙的电极；以及
在电路中用电极改变谐振电路的谐振频率的可变的无功元件；以及
给谐振电路的电压输入，该电压输入是在带电粒子加速期间被可编程的数字式波形发生器改变的振荡电压。
2.根据权利要求1的同步回旋加速器，其中电压输入的振幅被改变。
3.根据权利要求1的同步回旋加速器，其中电压输入的频率被改变。
4.根据权利要求1的同步回旋加速器，其中电压的振幅和频率被改变。
5.根据权利要求4的同步回旋加速器，进一步包括离子源，受来自可编程的数字式波形发生器的信号控制以将带电粒子注入同步回旋加速器。
6.根据权利要求4的同步回旋加速器，进一步包括抽提电极，安排在磁极之间受来自可编程的数字式波形发生器的信号控制从同步回旋加速器中抽提粒子束。
7.根据权利要求4的同步回旋加速器，进一步包括一个或多个探测谐振电路的谐振条件的传感器。
8.根据权利要求7的同步回旋加速器，其中可编程的数字式波形发生器通过调节电压输入的频率来维持谐振条件。
9.根据权利要求8的同步回旋加速器，进一步包括通过控制可变无功元件的电抗和调节谐振电路的谐振频率来维持谐振条件的装置。
10.根据权利要求9的同步回旋加速器，进一步包括用来测量粒子束的射束监控器，可编程波形发生器通过至少控制电压输入、离子源和抽提电极之一来补偿粒子束的变化。
11.根据权利要求10的同步回旋加速器，其中射束监控器测量粒子束强度。
12.根据权利要求10的同步回旋加速器，其中射束监控器测量粒子束计时。
13.根据权利要求10的同步回旋加速器，其中射束监控器测量粒子束的空间分布。
14.根据权利要求1的同步回旋加速器，进一步为探测谐振电路谐振条件包括一个或多个的传感器。
15.根据权利要求1的同步回旋加速器，进一步为探测粒子束的变化包括一个射束监控器。
16.根据权利要求1的同步回旋加速器，其中电压输入的频率被调节以维持谐振条件。
17.根据权利要求1的同步回旋加速器，进一步包括离子源和抽提电极，其中至少离子源和抽提电极之一是为了补偿粒子束的变化而受可编程波形发生器控制的。
18.一种用同步回旋加速器产生粒子束的方法，该方法包括：
用离子源将带电粒子注射到同步回旋加速器上；
把振荡电压输入加到包括其间有横跨磁场的间隙的加速电极的谐振电路上，驱动横跨间隙并且使带电粒子加速的振荡电场，该电压输入有由可编程的数字式波形发生器决定的可变的振幅和频率；以及
用抽提电极来抽提加速的带电粒子以形成粒子束。
19.根据权利要求18的方法，其中振荡电压输入的振幅被改变。
20.根据权利要求18的方法，其中振荡电压输入的频率被改变。
21.根据权利要求18的方法，其中电压的振幅和频率被改变。
22.根据权利要求21的方法，进一步包括测量电路中的振荡电压和/或电流以便探测谐振电路的谐振条件。
23.根据权利要求22的方法，其中电压输入的频率是为维持谐振条件而被调节的。
24.根据权利要求23的方法，进一步包括在有振荡电压输入和加速电极的电路中通过调节可变无功元件的电抗来维持谐振电路的谐振条件。
25.根据权利要求24的方法，进一步包括：
用射束监控器测量粒子束；以及
用数字式波形发生器至少控制电压输入、离子源和抽提电极之一，以便补偿粒子束的变化。
26.根据权利要求25的方法，其中射束监控器测量粒子束强度。
27.根据权利要求25的方法，其中射束监控器测量粒子束计时。
28.根据权利要求25的方法，其中射束监控器测量粒子束的空间分布。
29.根据权利要求18的方法，进一步包括探测谐振电路的谐振条件。
30.根据权利要求18的方法，进一步包括探测粒子束的变化。
31.根据权利要求18的方法，进一步包括调节数字式波形发生器所产生的电压输入的频率，以便维持谐振条件。
32.根据权利要求18的方法，进一步包括至少控制离子源和抽提电极之一，以便用数字式波形发生器补偿粒子束的变化。
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| US8952634B2 (en) | 2004-07-21 | 2015-02-10 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron |
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| US8916843B2 (en) | 2005-11-18 | 2014-12-23 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Inner gantry |
| US8970137B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2015-03-03 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Interrupted particle source |
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| US9301384B2 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2016-03-29 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Adjusting energy of a particle beam |
| US9545528B2 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2017-01-17 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Controlling particle therapy |
| US8791656B1 (en) | 2013-05-31 | 2014-07-29 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Active return system |
| US10258810B2 (en) | 2013-09-27 | 2019-04-16 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Particle beam scanning |
| US9962560B2 (en) | 2013-12-20 | 2018-05-08 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Collimator and energy degrader |
| US9950194B2 (en) | 2014-09-09 | 2018-04-24 | Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. | Patient positioning system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102036461B (zh) | 2012-11-14 |
| EP1790203A2 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
| CA2574122A1 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
| AU2005267078B2 (en) | 2009-03-26 |
| EP1790203B1 (en) | 2015-12-30 |
| ES2654328T3 (es) | 2018-02-13 |
| EP2259664A3 (en) | 2016-01-06 |
| WO2006012467A3 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
| US7626347B2 (en) | 2009-12-01 |
| CN101061759A (zh) | 2007-10-24 |
| US8952634B2 (en) | 2015-02-10 |
| US20070001128A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
| EP2259664A2 (en) | 2010-12-08 |
| WO2006012467A2 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
| ES2720574T3 (es) | 2019-07-23 |
| AU2005267078A1 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
| USRE48047E1 (en) | 2020-06-09 |
| EP3294045B1 (en) | 2019-03-27 |
| US20080218102A1 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
| EP3294045A1 (en) | 2018-03-14 |
| US20100045213A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
| ES2558978T3 (es) | 2016-02-09 |
| AU2005267078B8 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
| CN102036461A (zh) | 2011-04-27 |
| US20130127375A1 (en) | 2013-05-23 |
| EP3557956A1 (en) | 2019-10-23 |
| EP2259664B1 (en) | 2017-10-18 |
| JP5046928B2 (ja) | 2012-10-10 |
| JP2008507826A (ja) | 2008-03-13 |
| US7402963B2 (en) | 2008-07-22 |
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