TW201448428A - 開關式電容器電力轉換器保護技術 - Google Patents

開關式電容器電力轉換器保護技術 Download PDF

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TW201448428A
TW201448428A TW103109643A TW103109643A TW201448428A TW 201448428 A TW201448428 A TW 201448428A TW 103109643 A TW103109643 A TW 103109643A TW 103109643 A TW103109643 A TW 103109643A TW 201448428 A TW201448428 A TW 201448428A
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voltage
switching elements
current
power converter
terminal
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TW103109643A
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Aichen Low
David Giuliano
Gregory Szczeszynski
Jeff Summit
Oscar Blyde
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Arctic Sand Technologies Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/06Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
    • H02M3/07Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/1203Circuits independent of the type of conversion
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/1203Circuits independent of the type of conversion
    • H02H7/1206Circuits independent of the type of conversion specially adapted to conversion cells composed of a plurality of parallel or serial connected elements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/1213Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for DC-DC converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0009Devices or circuits for detecting current in a converter
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/06Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
    • H02M3/07Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
    • H02M3/073Charge pumps of the Schenkel-type
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/06Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
    • H02M3/07Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
    • H02M3/073Charge pumps of the Schenkel-type
    • H02M3/075Charge pumps of the Schenkel-type including a plurality of stages and two sets of clock signals, one set for the odd and one set for the even numbered stages

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

一種開關式電容器電力轉換器之暫態或故障條件藉由量測與多個開關元件(例如,電晶體)或相位節點相關聯之內部電壓及/或電流或者該轉換器之多個端子處的電壓或電流中之一或多者來偵測,且基於此等量測結果而偵測到,當該等量測偏離一預定範圍時一條件已發生。在偵測到該條件後,控故障制電路即(例如)藉由使用一高壓開關來使該等開關元件中的至少一些與該轉換器之一或多個端子電氣斷開連接或藉由變更相位信號之時序特性來變更該轉換器之操作。

Description

開關式電容器電力轉換器保護技術 參考相關申請案
本申請案主張2013年3月15日申請之美國申請案第13/838,681號的優先權,該案之內容據此以全文引用之方式被併入。
本發明係關於開關式電容器電力轉換器保護技術。
開關式電容器電力轉換電路的各種組配經由電荷在電路中之電容器之間的受控轉移而提供高側電壓與低側電壓之間的電壓轉換(亦即,升壓、降壓或雙向)。Dickson(迪克森)電荷泵為此轉換電路的實例。對電容器之間的電荷轉移的控制通常利用充當「開關」(例如,二極體或FET電晶體)的電路元件。
開關元件及電容器的一些組配在正常操作中限制開關元件上的典型最大電壓。此等受限電壓准許使用未必需要適應全高側電壓或高側電壓與低側電壓之間的差的開關元件,藉此准許使用「低壓」元件。舉例而言,在以4個階段執行在20伏特與5伏特之間的轉換的習知Dickson電 荷泵中,開關元件在操作中通常經受10伏特的最大值,且因此需要10伏特的額定值(例如,擊穿電壓額定值)。
電荷泵藉由跨越各電容器儲存一分率之輸入電壓而使輸入電壓上升或下降。隨著電壓轉換的量值增加,所需要的電容器的數目增加。各電容器之兩個端子上的開關有必要執行電荷轉移,以及組配電荷泵以提供所要電壓轉換比率。
圖1A至圖1B展示兩個電荷泵。圖1A中的第一電荷泵為1:3降壓組配,且圖1B中的第二電荷泵為3:1升壓組配。各節點上的電壓標示具有兩個值,操作的各階段一個值:階段1期間的電壓值/階段2期間的電壓值。各開關需要在階段1或階段2期間以非重疊方式接通及關斷。對於升壓或降壓,標示為VX的節點為最低電荷泵電壓位準:VX通常為降壓組配的輸出,且相反地為升壓組配的輸入。在開關關斷時,VX亦設定各開關上的單位電壓降:電容器之底部處的開關各經歷VX的最大電壓降,而各電容器之頂部處的開關經歷2VX的最大電壓降。此情形意謂,選定為電容器之頂部處之開關的電晶體需要汲極至源極擊穿電壓(BVDSS)高於2VX以避免損害。一般而言,MOS電晶體的BVDSS愈高,則電晶體面積及給定導通電阻的電容愈大,此情形使晶粒成本及切換功率損耗增加。因此,需要使用如下電晶體:其BVDSS接近電晶體需要支援的最大電壓降。
圖2展示圖1A中之降壓電荷泵的交錯版本,其中各電容器之頂部處的開關現經歷僅VX的最大電壓降。應注 意,由於簡單地疊接頂部開關中的各者(或每頂部開關使用兩個串聯連接之電晶體),因此圖2之交錯拓撲可減少各開關上經歷的最大電壓降,但其他方法亦可達成此目的。對於大多數CMOS製程,使用相同之低BVDSS電晶體達成的效率及晶粒面積增益仍足夠有利以證明較高電晶體計數及複雜性。複雜性起因於必須以為VX之倍數的各種共模電壓來控制及操作此等低壓電晶體。參看圖2作為實例,將最頂端電容器連接至處於6V之VIN的開關可為3.3V電晶體,此係因為電晶體在不導通時經歷其汲極至源極端子上的2V的差而無關於在電晶體汲極端子及源極端子處的超出3.3V的絕對電壓位準(取決於操作階段而為4V或6V;4V為此開關的共模電壓位準)。此係因為BVDSS為跨越電晶體汲極至源極端子的差動電壓約束而非電晶體端子中之各者處的絕對約束。儘管汲極端子及源極端子各具有針對矽基板的絕對擊穿電壓,但此等絕對擊穿電壓通常遠高於BVDSS,且因此允許電晶體以高於BVDSS的共模電壓位準操作。
除BVDSS外,MOS電晶體之另一差動電壓約束為藉由閘極氧化物擊穿電壓判定的最大閘極至源極電壓(VGSmax)。具有小幾何形狀及低壓電晶體的現代CMOS製程需要較薄閘極氧化物來維持效能,此情形又導致較低VGSmax額定值。此情形進一步使使用低壓電晶體開關設計高壓轉換比率電荷泵複雜化,此係因為必須關注在開關操作期間避免超出閘極至源極電壓約束及汲極至源極電壓約束兩者。
常用的低壓電晶體偏好諸如1.8V、3.3V且偶爾5V電晶體,通常指定等於最大操作汲極至源極電壓額定值VDSmax的VGSmax額定值,其中VDSmax<BVDSS。對於操作範圍中之最小VX電壓充分高於電晶體臨限電壓的應用,將相同VX電壓位準用於電晶體閘極驅動器而非出於此目的產生單獨的內部供電軌變為實際且方便的。此係歸因於對於電荷泵操作自身所固有的以下事實:已在交錯式電荷泵中於各非開關節點(例如,在圖2中的電容器之間的VIN、VX、4V節點)之間產生及支援VX位準電壓。因此,如圖3中所展示,各電晶體之閘極驅動器可經位準移位至彼電晶體之共模電壓位準,使用相同的低壓電晶體,且將電晶體閘極至源極電壓驅動於0V與VX之間。交錯式電荷泵之第n區段展示電容器之頂部處的一對開關,其中n為整數。在右側展示等效電晶體層級表示,其中閘極驅動器用以接通及關斷電晶體。電晶體及閘極驅動器電路在其上經歷VX電壓的最大值。所展示之高側開關為PMOS電晶體,但在其閘極驅動器在所展示之電容器節點與在Vn+1與Vn+2之間切換的鄰近電容器節點之間自舉的情況下亦可為NMOS
電荷泵藉由跨越電容器儲存輸入電壓的一部分或多倍輸入電壓而使輸入電壓上升或下降。隨著變換量值增加,所使用的電容器的數目增加。各電容器有助於在操作循環的部分期間產生獨特的中間電壓。用以將電容器重新佈置成不同組配的開關需要由某一能量源供電。
在圖4A至圖4B中,展示1:5(降壓)組配(或5:1升 壓,在電力流經反轉的情況下)中的串並聯及Dickson電荷泵。各節點上的電壓標示具有兩個值:第一值為操作之階段1期間的電壓值;第二值為操作之階段2期間的電壓值。
在Dickson電荷泵中,各階段在電荷泵之高壓側僅經歷小分率之總電壓。此情形允許使用較低額定電壓裝置且改善效率。然而,若高壓側應突然快速升壓,則低壓開關有可能經受可導致損害的臨時過電壓應力。
一般而言,保護開關元件以免曝露至超出其擊穿電壓的電壓,從而防止對轉換電路之損害或電路之故障操作為重要的。
在一個態樣中,一般而言,一種開關式電容器電力轉換器之暫態或故障條件藉由量測與多個開關元件(例如,電晶體)或相位節點相關聯之內部電壓及/或電流或者該轉換器之多個端子處的電壓或電流中之一或多者來偵測,且基於此等量測結果而偵測到,當該等量測結果偏離一預定範圍時一條件已發生。在偵測到該條件後,故障控制電路即(例如)藉由使用一高壓開關使該等開關元件中的至少一些與該轉換器之一或多個端子電氣斷開連接或藉由變更相位信號之時序特性來變更該轉換器之操作。
在另一態樣中,一般而言,在電容器意外地短路連接至下一級、跨越其自身短路連接或短路連接至接地(諸如,其底板至接地)的情況下,可實施過電壓及欠電壓保護。給定電荷泵比率,監視電荷泵中之各電容器以確認電 容器是否在可接受範圍內。舉例而言,若電荷泵之輸出應為2V,相比最接近輸出之電容器亦應為大約2V。在絕熱充電中,電容器電壓在各循環期間可發生相當多的變化,因此在過電壓及欠電壓保護中需要足夠餘裕以考量正常電壓變化。
在另一態樣中,一般而言,一種開關式電容器電力轉換器具有:一第一端子,其用於耦接至實質上處於一高電壓的一第一外部電路;及一第二端子,其用於耦接至實質上處於低於該高電壓之一低電壓的一第二外部電路。在該電力轉換器之操作中,電荷在該第一端子與該第二端子之間的一電荷轉移路徑上傳遞。該轉換器包括多個半導體開關元件。此等開關元件包括該第一端子與該第二端子之間的該電荷轉移路徑上的開關元件之一第一集合,其中開關元件之該第一集合中的開關元件皆不與該第一端子或該第二端子串聯連接以攜載通過該端子的實質上所有電流,且其中開關元件之該第一集合中的各開關元件經組配以在多個電容器之一對應子集之間形成一可控制電荷轉移路徑。該等開關元件亦包括開關元件之一第二集合,其經組配以形成該等電容器中之至少一些至交流參考電壓的電氣連接。該等多個開關元件經組配以在操作中以連續狀態形成該等互連。該轉換器進一步包括量測電路,其經組配以量測開關元件之該第一集合或開關元件之該第二集合中的一或多個開關元件之一電壓及/或一電流特性;及故障控制電路,其耦接至該量測電路,該故障控制電路經組配以 在偵測到在該等開關元件之該等所量測特性偏離該等特性之一預定範圍時所判定的一條件後即變更該電力轉換器的操作。
態樣可包括以下特徵中的一或多者。
該等多個開關元件進一步包括與該第一端子或第二端子串聯連接的在該第一端子與該第二端子之間的該電荷轉移路徑上的開關元件之一第三集合。
開關元件之該第二集合包括在一些操作狀態期間(例如,在該轉換器之「相位節點」處)形成該等電容器中之至少一些至該低壓端子之電氣連接的開關元件。
該等操作階段包含時控階段的一重複序列。
該轉換器進一步包含該等多個電容器,其中各電容器具有耦接至該等多個開關元件中之至少一開關元件之一端子的一端子。在一些實例中,該等電容器及該等開關元件整合於一單體裝置中。
該轉換器包含一Dickson電荷泵。
該一或多個開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性屬於由以下各者組成的一群:●在開關元件之該第一集合中的一開關元件之端子上的一電壓;●通過開關元件之該第一集合中的一開關元件的一電流;●在開關元件之該第一集合中的一開關元件與該等多個電容器中之一電容器之間的一接面處的一電壓; ●在該等多個電容器中之耦接至該開關元件的一電容器之端子上的一電壓;●在開關元件之該第二集合中的一開關元件與該等多個電容器中之一電容器之間的一接面處的一電壓;以及●通過開關元件之該第一集合中的一開關元件的一電流。
該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含在該開關元件之端子上的一電壓。
該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含通過該開關元件的一電流。
該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含該開關元件之一端子處的一電壓。
該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含在該等多個電容器中之耦接至該開關元件的一電容器之端子上的一電壓。
開關元件之該第二集合中的該等開關元件形成一相位產生器,且其中該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含由該相位產生器供應的一電壓及/或電流。
該等半導體開關元件中之各者包含用於耦接該等電容器中之至少兩者的一FET電晶體。
該等半導體開關元件中之至少一些包含多個FET電晶體的一網路。
開關元件之該第一集合或開關元件之該第二集合中的該等開關元件中之至少一些具有小於該高電壓的一 最大電壓額定值。
開關元件之該第一集合或開關元件之該第二集合中的該等開關元件中之至少一些具有小於該高電壓與該低電壓之間的差的一最大電壓額定值。
開關元件之該第一集合或開關元件之該第二集合中的該等開關元件中之至少一些具有不大於該高電壓與該低電壓之間的該差的一分率1/N的一最大電壓額定值,N>1。
該故障控制電路包含一或多個開關,該一或多個開關中之各者具有大於該等多個開關中之至少一些的電壓額定值的最大電壓額定值,該一或多個開關經組配以電氣斷開連接該等多個開關元件中之至少一些開關元件,或限制通過該等多個開關元件中之至少一些開關元件的電流。在一些實例中,該一或多個開關包含直接耦接至該第一端子的一開關。在一些實例中,該一或多個開關包含耦接於該等多個開關元件中之兩個開關元件之間的一開關。
該故障控制電路經組配以在偵測到該條件後即修改相位的特性。在一些實例中,該等相位之該等特性屬於由以下各者組成的一群:●時控相位的一工作循環;●該等相位的一時脈輸入頻率;及●時控相位之一或多個時脈循環的一跳過。
Cfilter、C1至CN‧‧‧電容器
CMP1、CMP2‧‧‧比較器
CP1、CP2、CP3‧‧‧電壓比較器
CS1、CS2、CS3、CS4、CS5、CS6、CS7、CS8‧‧‧電流感測及比較器電路
GM1、GM2‧‧‧跨導放大器
GND‧‧‧零伏特電位
HCS1至HCSN‧‧‧高側開關
HCS1至HCSN‧‧‧高側開關電流感測電路
HS1‧‧‧第一高側開關
HS2‧‧‧第二高側開關
I1、I2‧‧‧電流
ICP1‧‧‧單端電流比較器
ICP3‧‧‧電流比較器
ICPL1至ICPLN‧‧‧電流比較器
IOUT‧‧‧電流源
ISEN‧‧‧感測電流
ISEN1、ISEN2‧‧‧電流
ISEN3‧‧‧鏡像電流
ISENH_STATE1、ISENH_STATE2‧‧‧總高側開關電流
ISENH1至ISENHN‧‧‧電流輸出
ISENL_STATE1、ISENL_STATE2‧‧‧總低側開關電流
ISENHA1、ISENHB1‧‧‧電流複本
ISENLA1至ISENLAN‧‧‧經複製電流
ISENLB1至ISENLBN‧‧‧經複製電流
ISW‧‧‧開關電流
LCS1至LCSN‧‧‧低側開關
LCS1至LCSN‧‧‧低側開關電流感測電路
LS1‧‧‧第一低側開關
LS2‧‧‧第二低側開關
MP1‧‧‧PMOS裝置
OR1、OR2‧‧‧邏輯閘
OV、UV‧‧‧輸出
P1、P2‧‧‧相位節點
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6‧‧‧電阻器
S1、S2、S3、S4、S5、S8、S9、S10、SWINP、SW4‧‧‧開關
SR1‧‧‧設定-重設鎖存器
V1、V2、V3‧‧‧註釋電壓
VIN‧‧‧輸入電壓
VOUT‧‧‧輸出電壓
VREF‧‧‧參考電壓
VSEN‧‧‧共同分接電壓
VSEN1、VSEN2‧‧‧電壓
VTH1、VTH2、VTH3‧‧‧臨限電壓
VThuvlo、VThovlo‧‧‧臨限值
VUVLO‧‧‧電壓臨限值
VX‧‧‧節點
圖1A及圖1B分別為1:3電壓轉換比率(降壓)電荷 泵、3:1電壓轉換比率(升壓)電荷泵的示意圖。
圖2為圖1A中之降壓電荷泵之交錯版本的示意圖。
圖3為一對開關之電晶體層級表示的示意圖。
圖4A至圖4B分別為串並聯及Dickson電荷泵的示意圖。
圖5為故障指示器電路的示意圖。
圖6為電荷泵與故障偵測電路的示意圖。
圖7為電荷泵與疊接開關的示意圖。
圖8為電荷泵與疊接開關及偵測電路的示意圖。
圖9為電荷泵與輸入控制的示意圖。
圖10為電荷泵與輸入斷開連接的示意圖。
圖11A至圖11B分別為用於降壓及升壓之高側開關及低側開關的示意圖。
圖12A至圖12B為電流感測電路的示意圖。
圖13為故障偵測器與如展示於圖1A中之電荷泵的示意圖。
圖14至圖15為適用於圖13之電路中的電流感測及比較器電路的示意圖。
圖16為包括降壓電荷泵與故障偵測電路的示意圖。
圖17至圖20為各包括遺漏或斷開端子故障偵測器的示意圖。
1 綜述
下文描述用於偵測開關式電容器電力轉換器及/ 或耦接至此等轉換器之電路(例如,負載電路)之故障(或潛在故障或潛在失效、超出裝置額定值等)的數種相關方法,且在一些狀況下用於在偵測到此等故障之後控制轉換器之操作(例如)以避免電荷泵內及外部的失效的方法。此等故障或失效可在操作中或在關機(亦即,並不積極地作為電力轉換器操作)但供電狀態下發生。注意到,可獨立地使用且一般而言,可以各種組合一起使用下文所描述之方法。此外,應理解,儘管下文所描述之方法可在特定類型之轉換器(例如,串聯/並聯或Dickson)之情境中予以說明,但方法中的至少一些適用於更廣泛範圍的轉換器。
下文所描述之多種方法根據所量測之事項且根據如何減輕故障或失效而不同。量測結果可包括以下各者中的一或多者:
●在開關電晶體之源極及汲極上的電壓
●通過開關電晶體的電流;
●在轉換器之電容器的端子處(例如,在裝置之附接外部電容器的端子處、在裝置之附接開關電晶體的端子處等)的電壓
●在轉換器之高壓端子或低壓端子處的電壓及/或電流
●在相位節點之輸出端處或在電容器之附接至相位節點之端子處的電壓及/或電流
用以減輕故障或失效的方法可包括以下各者中的一或多者:
●暫時中止轉換器的操作(例如,暫時中止時控操作);
●(例如)藉由增加或減慢時脈輸入速率、改變工作循 環等來在不暫時中止操作的情況下修改轉換器的時脈輸入,以准許轉換器內的電壓平衡化,從而禁止所有切換;
●重新啟動轉換器(例如,執行啟動操作序列);
●控制轉換器之高壓端子處的高壓開關(電晶體)(例如)以限制通過轉換器的電流(例如,藉由斷開開關以停止電流,或使開關置於恆定電流模式);
●使通過轉換器的電氣路徑與可在轉換器中之內部路徑上的一或多個開關(例如,高壓開關)解耦;
●產生邏輯故障指示符,其引起引腳轉變或外部中斷信號,使得使用者被通知且可採取校正行動(例如,減少外部負載,暫時中止轉換器操作)
●根據偵測到之故障之類型改變內部暫存器中之一或多個位元的邏輯狀態,以在此內部暫存器之內容經讀回時輔助使用者對故障進行除錯
在以下論述中,FET電晶體用作半導體開關元件的實例。其他類型之裝置(例如,其他類型之電晶體)及多個裝置的網路(例如,電晶體的串聯及/或並聯連接)可用以形成此等開關。
注意到,在一些實施中,轉換器可包括彼此異相地操作的數個並聯轉換器(例如,異相180度的兩個並聯轉換器、具有重疊相位的異相120度的三個轉換器等),且偵測及減輕方法可針對各相位獨立地執行,或可經協調。舉例而言,在並聯轉換器中之一者的恢復/重新啟動期間,其他轉換器可經重新組配而以一方式操作以提供不中斷的電力轉換(例如,藉由經由時脈輸入速率合適地調整其相對相位等)。
2 端子處的過電壓/欠電壓感測
如上文所介紹,一種方法通常使用在轉換器之端子處感測到的電壓來偵測過電壓或欠電壓條件。在數個實施例中,電荷泵經組配以防止在將為以下各者的非典型或故障條件下的電荷泵操作:
a)超出開關電晶體、其閘極驅動器及相關聯控制電路的VGSmax及VDSmax額定值
b)在可發生功能性或參數性不良行為之弱狀態下操作電晶體
c)使與VX串聯連接之子系統在正常範圍外操作
若事件(a)發生,則對電荷泵之損害可為即刻或長期的,藉此零件可繼續但以降低之穩健性及效能等級操作。事件(b)及(c)可引起異常操作行為,其亦可使零件穩健性及效能降級。此等事件可發生,此係因為VX可能為封裝引腳,藉此被曝露且易於被使用者實體接觸。此外,組裝程序自身可使得在封裝引腳或外部組件上發生短路或開路,或在鄰近引腳或組件之間產生短路。舉例而言,使用者在操作降壓電荷泵的同時探測封裝或板上的各種節點可使VX無意地短路連接至接地或供電軌。或者,使用者可非故意地將大於指定負載的電流施加於VX上,從而使得VX電壓下降至低於正常操作範圍。當電容器在電荷泵晶粒及封裝外部時,組裝程序缺陷可不考慮電容器或使至電荷泵之電容器連接中的一者斷開。若電荷泵藉由遺漏或斷開電容器操作,則VX電壓亦將下降。
在電荷泵與諸如LDO之另一子系統或另一開關轉換器(基於電感器或電容器)串聯地操作的應用中,VX可 為向此子系統供電的輸入或向電荷泵供電的子系統輸出。在兩種狀況下,VX處之欠電壓或過電壓事件對於子系統之效能及穩健性亦可為非所要的。
2.1 VX欠電壓及過電壓感測及鎖定
在一些實施例中,在操作期間或在關機但供電狀態下感測VX電壓,且只要VX電壓移至預定義電壓窗外,便藉由電荷泵中或與電荷泵相關聯的電路產生內部指示符,以在啟用(鎖定)後即停用操作或防止電荷泵操作。當VX下降至低於該窗之下限時,VX為欠電壓;而在VX上升至高於該窗之上限時,VX為過電壓。VX欠電壓(UVLO)及過電壓(OVLO)感測及鎖定藉由在超出電晶體之絕對最大電壓額定值的情況下或在電晶體歸因於不足之閘極驅動而無法可靠地切換的情況下防止電荷泵操作來實施用於高壓轉換比率電荷泵中之低壓電晶體的一階保護。
OVLO臨限值或VX感測窗之上限應設定為高於應用所需要之最大操作VX位準,但低於電晶體的VDSmax額定值,以在OVLO電路及VX電壓暫態中給出容限餘裕。UVLO臨限值或VX感測窗的下限設定為(例如)低於包括跨越應用空間將發生的最大VX漣波振幅的最小操作VX位準,但高於滿足以下情形之位準:基本電晶體功能將失效或降級至將不利地影響電荷泵及/或與VX串聯連接之子系統之效能的點。後一約束之實例為閘極驅動器輸出未能根據閘極驅動器輸入而轉變或閘極驅動器之傳播延遲增加至在電荷泵中別處將引起不良行為之程度的電壓。取決於應用空間,在設定VLO臨限值對OVLO臨限值方面通常存在更 多靈活性,此係因為後者主要受電荷泵電晶體之電壓額定值約束。若此資訊經由所感測輸入或經內部規劃之設定而可用於電荷泵,則替代固定電壓位準,UVLO臨限值可依據VX電壓位準及VX漣波振幅而可變。舉例而言,電荷泵開關頻率及電容器值可為經內部規劃之設定,且此等設定直接管控VX漣波振幅。
圖5展示在VX節點處實施UVLO及OVLO感測的電路實例。該實例使用兩個比較器,該等兩個比較器之輸出藉由「或(OR)」閘組合以產生邏輯故障指示符。至比較器之輸入為使用內部分壓器產生的VX或某分率之VX以及臨限值VTHuvlo及VTHovlo,VTHuvlo及VThovlo係藉由與至比較器之基於VX的輸入相同之分率自UVLO及OVLO臨限值按比例調整。實際上,VTHovlo>VTHuvlo。當VX電壓位於UVLO臨限值與OVLO臨限值之間時,比較器之輸出皆為低,且因此故障指示符亦為邏輯低。否則,故障指示符將為邏輯高,且此邏輯狀態可用以停用電荷泵操作或啟用電荷泵操作。
注意到,雖然大多數以上電荷泵說明係針對降壓組配,但此方法亦可以類似方式應用於升壓組配,此係因為其中之一者為另一者之反向電力流版本。
3 內部電壓偏離的偵測
另一方法偵測轉換器中之電容器上之電壓偏離至其預期操作範圍外。
3.1 偵測方案1
圖6展示應用於電容器C1上之故障條件之偵測的基本技術。需要類似電路來監視C2、C3及C4上的電壓。 此實例展示5:1降壓Dickson電荷泵,但作為其他實例,可類似地應用於升壓組配、所有可能的電荷泵比率及串並聯電荷泵拓撲。
在添加PMOS裝置MP1(其必須經選定而以C1上的較高電壓操作)的情況下,電荷泵與電阻器R1及R2以及開關S10及比較器CMP1及CMP2一起以實質上習知之方式操作。
電流I1與C1上之電壓大致成比例(誤差為MP1的源極至閘極電壓)。電流I2與I1幾乎相同。藉由R2之適當選擇,此電阻器上之電壓大致為C1上之電壓的類比值,且可按需要按比例調整。開關S10連同電容器Cfilter一起用以僅在開關S8接通(開關S9迫使R2電壓為0)時才偵測允許R2上之電壓。CMP1及CMP2連同欠電壓及過電壓參考電壓一起形成被稱作窗比較器的比較器。經確證之OV或UV輸出指示接著觸發所實施之保護機制中之一或若干者的故障條件。
3.2 偵測方案2
圖7展示5:1Dickson電荷泵之可能更實際的實施例。需要額外開關,此係因為參看圖6,開關S2、S3及S4在處於關斷狀態時經曝露至處於關斷狀態之開關S1及S5上的電壓之兩倍。
對於給定電荷泵比率及固定VIN,所註釋(annotated)電壓V1、V2及V3並不顯著地改變。圖8展示偵測方案,其依賴於針對各電容器借助於窗比較器偵測跨越電荷泵之電壓的大改變超過限值(上文先前所描述)。至此窗比 較器的輸入為電荷泵電容器電壓自身的衰減版本。電阻器比率R1/R2、R3/R4及R5/R6經選取以便適當地按比例調整彼等電容器電壓。比較器輸出信號OV_及UV_可用以觸發經實施之保護機制中的任一者或全部。
4 高側暫態保護
參看圖9,保護以免受暫態故障的另一方式為使用在暫態事件期間作為電壓或電流限制裝置執行之高壓斷開連接(SWINP)開關。在圖9之電路中實施的方法藉由若干操作模式中的一者或組合來控制SWINP開關。
●一個可能的模式係作為低壓差(LDO)調節器。
●第二模式為電流限制(CL)開關。
●第三模式為暫態電壓抑制器(TVS)。
在LDO模式中,N1處的電壓具有最大值。CONTROL(控制)並不允許N1上之電壓超出電荷泵可保持的最大電壓。在VIN小於最大電壓的條件下,開關SWINP將處於低阻抗狀態。舉例而言,N1上的最大允許電壓為22伏特。在正常操作中,VIN上的電壓為20伏特。N1上的電壓為將近20伏特。VIN供應值上升至22伏特。N1上的電位保持於20伏特。
在CL模式中,存在SWINP將允許以自VIN傳遞至N1的最大電流。在N1處於或低於由LDO設定之最大電壓的條件下,SWINP之輸出電流受到限制。舉例而言,在正常操作下,VIN=16伏特,且N1上之電壓為將近16伏特。通過SWINP的電流<1安培。發生通過SWINP之電流將需要供應3安培以將節點N1維持於16伏特的情形。此3安培高於關於 開關的安全操作範圍。CONTROL將使SWINP電流限於2安培,且N1上的電壓將減小。注意到,此模式亦對間接減輕暫態電壓對端子之影響有用。
在TVS模式中,不允許N1上的電壓改變大於預定義速率。N1上的電壓低於LDO允許的最大值,電流低於CL允許的最大值。TVS將允許電荷泵在電容器C_上適當地重新分佈來自N1的電壓。舉例而言,在正常操作中,VIN=16伏特。通過SWINP的電流<1安培。發生VIN上之電壓在10-6秒(1μs)內上升至18伏特的情形。N1上之最大電壓轉換速率經設計為0.100伏特/μs。N1上之電壓將上升至18伏特,但CONTROL將使得花費20us來在N1上達到此新電壓位準。
4.1高側保護
在習知Dickson電荷泵(參見例如圖4B)中,各階段在電荷泵之高壓側(VIN)處經歷小分率之總電壓。在穩定狀態操作中,SW_中之任一者上的電壓並不超出VOUT。此情形允許使用較低額定電壓開關且改善效率。
在將電力施加至電路之前,所有節點處於零伏特(GND)電位。當首次將電壓VIN施加至電路時,電容器C1、C2、C3、C4上的電壓仍為零伏特。此情形需要開關SW4經設計以支援VIN之全電壓。
所有開關SW_以預定義序列在低阻抗狀態與高阻抗狀態之間規則地捺跳。各開關SW_具有閘極電容。閘極電容之充電及放電為電力損耗。當開關捺跳時,存在有限電力損耗。此電力損耗降低電荷泵的效率。該電力損耗取決於開關設計。
較高額定電壓開關通常將具有大得多之閘極電容。高壓設計開關的捺跳電力損耗顯著大於來自具有相同低阻抗值之低壓設計開關的電力損耗。
如圖10中所展示,有利的是,在針對高壓設計之高壓側上使用額外斷開連接開關(SWINP)。由於此開關在電荷泵正操作時並不週期性地捺跳,因此其大的閘極電容並不影響效能。
在上電期間,開關SWINP能夠管理施加至剩餘開關的電壓。N1上的電壓經管理,使得電容器C_可逼近穩定狀態電壓而在開關SW_上無過多應力。此情形允許剩餘開關皆保持低壓設計開關。
對於電荷泵電力轉換器,存在若干個可能的故障。故障包括內部裝置及外部裝置兩者。故障可在施加電力之前或在供電操作期間發生。電容器可變為電氣斷開的,或任何兩個節點可經電氣短路連接。常見故障包括由於在印刷電路板連接處具有過多或不足焊料的組裝錯誤。當故障確實發生時,此SWINP開關可接著限制電流或使高壓側與電荷泵斷開連接,且有助於保護SWINP開關不損害電流位準。
5 相位節點監視
數種其他方法利用監視在轉換器之相位節點處的電流。
此等n種方法的實施例在下文予以描述,且提供偵測可影響電荷泵及其電容器兩者的眾多類型之故障事件的有效方式。偵測到之故障事件包括:相位節點短路連接 至固定軌(接地或相位泵供應器);電容器的正端子短路連接至固定軌(接地或輸入電壓VIN)或電荷泵輸出電壓VOUT;第一電容器的正端子短路連接至第二電容器的正端子(第一電容器最接近輸入電壓VIN);遺漏電容器或斷開電容器端子;以及電荷泵輸出端短路連接至接地或輸出過電流。
此等故障事件最可能在電荷泵使用外部或非積體電容器時發生,此係因為此等組件及其連接經曝露,且易於被使用者實體接觸。此外,組裝程序自身可使得短路或斷開發生於引腳或組件上,或產生鄰近引腳或組件之間的短路。故障事件可在啟動或正常操作期間發生。
下文所描述之實施例至少部分地依賴於以下認識:以有效方式(依據晶粒面積、靜態電流)對電荷泵之廣泛故障涵蓋可藉由感測電荷泵相位節點中的電流來達成。藉由在各開關導通時感測通過該開關的電流,可基於開關電流量值及極性來偵測故障事件。
亦有可能藉由感測通過輸入電壓VIN或通過各電容器之正端子處之開關的電流來偵測前述故障事件中的一些。然而,輸入電壓VIN及各電容器的正端子可取決於電荷泵組配而以高電壓操作,藉此需要使用高壓裝置來設計電流感測電路或在高壓軌之間對電流感測電路供電。
如將在此處所描述之方法中使用,相較於自最低電荷泵電壓位準供電的等效電路,針對高壓操作之設計通常需要更多晶粒面積及更多靜態電流。此外,相較於在節點或引腳共用皆不可能的各電容器之正端子之開關處的電 流感測,此方法可在共用操作狀態共同之相位節點時導致顯著較高之晶粒面積及靜態電流節省,此係因為每電荷泵將存在僅兩個相位節點。然而,此共用對於獲得該方法之益處並非為必需的(例如,在針對各電容器具有單獨相位節點的情況下)。
圖11A界定通過降壓電荷泵之高側及低側開關的電流極性。類似地,圖11B界定通過升壓電荷泵之高側及低側開關的電流極性。正常操作期間的電流極性藉由實線箭頭說明,而可在故障事件後發生的相反電流極性藉由虛線箭頭來說明。
對於一些故障事件,相較於無故障時的量值,導通之高側或低側開關僅經歷電流量值的非典型增加。在其他事件中,導通之高側或低側開關經歷電流極性之反轉及電流量值之增加兩者。由於電荷泵中各開關之狀態(導通或不導通)始終為已知的並受到良好控制,因此比較開關電流量值及/或極性與用信號通知有效故障事件之預定義位準並不困難。若此資訊可用於電荷泵,則此預定義位準對於電荷泵之所有操作條件可為固定的,使用者可規劃的,或追蹤類似於輸出負載電流的特定信號。在偵測到故障事件後,可藉由即刻關斷所有相位節點開關且使相位節點變成高阻抗來防止零件損害或「煙火」發生。注意到,為了保護而不受某些類型之故障影響,控制相位節點之開關必須具有高壓額定值。
表1概述針對以下故障事件的通過降壓電荷泵之高側及低側開關的電流極性:相位節點短路連接至接地、 相位節點短路連接至相位泵供應器、電容器的正端子短路連接至接地、電容器的正端子短路連接至輸入電壓VIN、電容器的正端子短路連接至輸出電壓VOUT、第一電容器的正端子短路連接至第二電容器的正端子,以及電荷泵輸出端短路連接至接地或輸出過電流。對於升壓電荷泵,高側及低側開關電流極性將為降壓電荷泵之相反極性,唯藉由星號指明的故障事件除外。
除輸出過電流外,在表1中列出的故障在以下情況時不太可能發生:電容器整合於與電荷泵相同之晶粒上、使用矽穿孔製程連接至電荷泵晶粒,或由共同封裝於 單一模組內之電荷泵晶粒頂部上的離散組件組成。然而,當製程缺陷(例如,鄰近晶載電容器之間的金屬短路或開路)或共同封裝錯誤發生時,故障偵測仍可用作診斷工具或用於防止煙火事件。
圖12A至圖12B說明可用以執行開關電流感測的兩個電路。兩個電路利用跨導放大器GM1來將開關或與開關串聯之感測電阻器上的電壓降轉換成感測電流ISEN,感測電流ISEN的量值與開關電流ISW成比例。進出放大器GM1之感測電流ISEN的極性遵循開關電流ISW的極性。感測電流ISEN可接著與量值及極性與待偵測之故障事件一致的電流直接進行比較,以產生邏輯位準輸出故障指示符。
舉例而言,若圖12A中之放大器GM1的跨導經設計以與開關傳導率成正比,則感測電流ISEN可為開關聯流ISW之正倍數且無至第一階的其他變數。替代地,在圖12B中,與開關串聯之感測電阻器可由開關與封裝引腳之間的金屬互連件組成,其數量級可與開關的接通電阻之數量級相同。
圖13展示故障偵測器之實例可如何與圖1A中之電荷泵耦接。電流感測及比較器電路跨越相位節點P1P2處之四個開關中的各者:CS1感測相位節點P1處的高側開關電流,CS2感測相位節點P2處的高側開關電流,CS3感測相位節點P1處的低側開關電流,且CS4感測相位節點P2處的低側開關電流。四個電流感測及比較器電路中之各者具有邏輯輸出,該邏輯輸出基於開關電流之量值及極性改變而在未偵測到故障時為邏輯低,且在偵測到故障時為邏輯 高。若四個電流感測及比較器電路CS1CS4中之任何一或多者在電荷泵操作中間具有邏輯高輸出時,邏輯閘OR1將輸出設定一設定-重設鎖存器SR1的邏輯高信號,藉此產生經鎖存的邏輯信號,該經鎖存的邏輯信號可用以使所有開關閉合,即刻使電荷泵關機,且產生匯流排中斷,或捺跳輸出故障指示符引腳。電荷泵接著保持關機,直至故障重設信號由設定-重設鎖存器SR1接收到,在該點處,電荷泵操作可重新繼續。故障重設信號可來自供應欠電壓鎖定或對電荷泵啟用輸入的捺跳。
圖14及圖15說明實施圖13中之電流感測及比較器電路的兩個電路,其中相同實施可應用於所有四個電流感測及比較器電路CS1CS4。可使用圖12A或圖12B中之電路來實施圖14至圖15之電流感測部分,但僅展示圖12A中的電路。在圖14中,使用電流鏡或電流放大器將量值及極性遵循開關電流的感測電流ISEN鏡像複製至三個單獨電流ISEN1ISEN3,該等電流各等於感測電流ISEN或其倍數。可使用電阻器將電流ISEN1ISEN2個別地轉換成電壓VSEN1VSEN2,接著分別使用電壓比較器CP1CP2將電壓VSEN1VSEN與臨限電壓VTH1VTH2進行比較。將電流ISEN3饋入至用以判定電流極性的單端電流比較器ICP1(諸如,Traff電流比較器)中:當開關電流極性正常時,感測電流ISEN流出跨導放大器GM2,且鏡像電流ISEN3流入至單端電流比較器ICP1的輸入端子中,從而使得ICP1之輸出電壓為邏輯低;相反,當開關電流極性在故障事件後反轉時,感測電流ISEN亦使極性反轉,且鏡像電 流ISEN3流出單端電流比較器ICP1的輸入端子,從而使得ICP1之輸出電壓為邏輯高。電壓比較器CP1CP2用以判定正常極性開關電流的量值是否超出與故障事件一致的位準。不同故障事件可與不同開關電流量值相關聯,且可藉由使用一個以上比較器輸入電壓臨限值來偵測並區分(VTH1VTH2)。電壓比較器CP1CP2ICP1之輸出藉由邏輯閘OR2以邏輯OR運算組合,從而產生邏輯故障指示符,只要比較器輸出中的任何一或多者為邏輯高,則該邏輯故障指示符為邏輯高。注意到,比較器CP1CP2並非必須為電壓比較器,而是亦可為差動電流比較器,在該狀況下,不再需要電阻器,且電壓臨限值VTH1VTH2應由與待偵測之各故障事件一致的電流臨限位準替換。
圖15展示圖4A中之電流感測及比較器電路的替代實施,其中替代使用類似於圖4B中之ICP1的單端電流比較器來感測開關電流極性之反轉,使用類似於電壓比較器CP1CP2的電壓比較器CP3。將感測電流ISEN饋入至使參考電壓VREF斷開的電阻分壓器網路,而離開電阻分壓器網路之共同分接電壓VSEN藉由三個電壓比較器CP1CP3進行比較。分接電壓VSEN之量值隨感測電流ISEN之量值及極性兩者而變:當開關電流極性正常時,感測電流ISEN流出跨導放大器GM2且在電壓分接點VSEN處流動至電阻分壓器網路中,藉此使VSEN之量值增加至高於定義為VDIV的位準,該VDIV一般將由電阻分壓器比率的值及參考電壓VREF來判定。因此,對應於開關電流量值非典型地升高的故障事件之臨限電壓VTH1VTH2應設定為高於VDIV。在 開關電流極性反轉的故障事件後,感測電流ISEN即流入至跨導放大器GM2的輸出端,從而將分接電壓VSEN拉至低於VDIV。因此,臨限電壓VTH3應設定為低於VDIV。如同圖4B一樣,電壓比較器CP1CP3之輸出藉由邏輯閘OR2以邏輯OR運算進行組合,從而產生邏輯故障指示符,只要比較器輸出中的任何一或多者為邏輯高,則該邏輯故障指示符為邏輯高。
遺漏電容器或斷開電容器端子故障事件通常並不導致即刻的電荷泵損害或煙火事件。然而,需要偵測此故障發生且採取防範性措施,諸如使電荷泵關機,否則在最終超出指定容限之前電荷泵將繼續操作歷時若干個循環。
圖16說明降壓電荷泵50與用以在操作中間偵測外部電容器之斷開端子連接的故障偵測電路。外部電容器在本文中定義為最接近輸入電壓VIN或輸出電壓VOUT的電容器。只要電荷泵如圖1A至圖1B中所展示具有兩個或兩個以下電容器,則所有電容器為外部電容器。
電荷泵50具有N個電容器C 1 C N ,其中N為偶整數。奇數編號之電容器C 1 C 3 、...C N-1 共用第一相位節點P1,且偶數編號之電容器C 2 C 4 、...C N 共用第二相位節點P2。第一高側開關HS1及第二高側開關HS2將第一相位節點P1及第二相位節點P2分別耦接至輸出電壓VOUT。類似地,第一低側開關LS1及第二低側開關LS2分別將第一相位節點P1及第二相位節點P2耦接至接地。在此實例中,外部電容器為C 1 C N 。在描述為軟充電的程序中,電荷泵50之 輸出端處的負載為電流源IOUT,其使得電容器之間的電荷轉移經由與IOUT成比例的平滑且穩定之充電電流發生。
在關於軟充電之正常穩定狀態操作中,各狀態下通過導通之相位開關的電流的量值相等。舉例而言,在第一狀態下,第一高側開關HS1及第二低側開關LS2傳導電流,其中兩個開關攜載相同量值的電流。同樣,在第二狀態下,第二高側開關HS2及第一低側開關LS1導通電流,其中兩個開關攜載相同量值的電流。
若外部電容器C 1 C N 之一個端子在操作中間斷開連接,則以下情形在電荷泵輸出最終崩潰之前的若干個開關循環內發生:相位節點電流在所有其他狀態下變得不平衡,或通過一個導通高側開關之電流量值不再與通過其他同時導通之低側開關的電流量值匹配。此故障可接著藉由以下操作來偵測:在各狀態期間同時感測並比較相位節點切換電流;及只要電流量值之失配量變得大於預定偏移,則產生邏輯旗標。為了避免誤報,此邏輯旗標應僅在當前失配量在至少多個連續循環中超出預定義偏移且預定義偏移應足夠大以忽略可由外部電容器值之失配引起的非故障失配的情況下予以設定。
圖16亦展示各跨越四個相位開關中之一者的四個電流感測及比較器電路CS5、CS6、CS7、CS8。各電流感測及比較器電路的特定實施類似於圖14或圖15中的實施。為了在各狀態下偵測高側開關電流與低側開關電流之間的失配,圖14或圖15的電壓臨限值VTH1VTH2中之一者可經設計為該狀態下的開關電流的函數。舉例而言,在 第一狀態下,當第一高側開關HS1及第二低側開關LS2導通時,電流感測及比較器電路CS5中的電壓臨限值VTH1應與低側開關LS2的電流量值成比例,以便感測高側開關HS1與低側開關LS2之間的電流失配量值。類似地,在第二狀態下,當第二高側開關HS2及第一低側開關LS1導通時,電流感測及比較器電路CS6中的電壓臨限值VTH1應與低側開關LS1的電流量值成比例,以便感測高側開關HS2與低側開關LS1之間的電流失配量值。用以產生電壓臨限值VTH1之相位開關電流量值的比例判定預定義偏移,藉由該預定義偏移,可偵測到斷開之外部電容器端子故障且將其與非故障失配進行區分。此外,比較器CP1應具有對稱之輸入偏移或滯後,或為窗比較器以便偵測雙向電流失配。
遺漏或斷開電容器端子故障偵測器的實例亦可應用於相位節點及開關不由共同狀態電容器共用的電荷泵,諸如展示於圖17中的電荷泵60A。如同電荷泵50A一樣,在電荷泵60A中存在N個電容器C 1 C N ,其中N為偶整數。各電容器具有其自身之一對相位開關,該對開關將電容器負端子連接在接地與輸出電壓VOUT之間。存在總共N個高側開關及N個低側開關,而非用於圖13及圖16中之電荷泵的僅2個高側開關及2個低側開關。電流感測電路跨越各相位開關,該電流感測電路在圖17中展示為用於高側開關之HCS 1 HCS N 及用於低側開關之LCS 1 LCS N 。相位節點電流感測方案現以晶粒面積及靜態電流為代價而應用於大量開關,但提供關於通過各電容器之電流的多得多的資訊及更廣泛的故障涵蓋。在此狀況下,可藉由向實際上為零 或顯著低於其他電容器電流位準之電流位準的每電容器電流位準加旗標來偵測電容器中之任一者而非僅外部電容器中的斷開電容器端子故障。
圖18展示針對圖17中之高側開關之故障偵測器的特定實施。可使用圖12A或圖12B中的電路來實施跨越各相位開關之電流感測電路。如先前所描述,各電流感測電路之輸出為表示對應開關電流之量值及極性的電流。在圖18中,首先使用電流鏡或電流放大器將第一高側開關電流感測電路HCS 1 之電流輸出複製成兩個電流複本ISEN HA1 ISEN HB1 。奇數編號之高側開關電流感測電路HCS 3 HCS 5 ...HCS N-1 的剩餘電流輸出與ISEN HA1 加總在一起以產生第一狀態下的總高側開關電流ISEN H_STATE1 ,其等於圖16中的高側開關HS1的電流。可接著使用第二電流鏡或電流放大器複製ISEN H_STATE1 以實施先前描述於圖4B至圖4C中的比較器方案,以感測引起開關電流量值及極性改變的故障事件。ISEN HB1 用以偵測電容器C 1 處的遺漏或斷開端子故障,此係因為通過第一高側開關的電流量值及(擴展地)ISEN HB1 的電流量值在故障後將減小至零:藉由將ISEN HB1 連接至電流比較器ICP3之輸入端,比較器輸出邏輯位準在ISEN HB1 偵測為接近零的情況下將為高,且在ISEN HB1 之數量級與其他電流輸出ISEN H1 ISEN H3 ISEN H5 ...ISEN HN-1 之數量級相同的情況下將為低。
類似地,在第二狀態下,圖18展示偶數編號之高側開關電流感測電路HCS 2 、HCS 4 ...HCS N 的電流輸出加總在一起以產生第二狀態下的總高側開關電流 ISEN H_STATE2 ,其等於圖16中的高側開關HS2的電流。使用ISEN H_STATE2 之所得故障偵測實施接著類似於用於ISEN H_STATE1 的故障偵測實施,且各狀態下之個別邏輯故障信號可以OR運算邏輯組合。
圖19展示圖17中低側開關之故障偵測器的特定實施。在第一狀態期間,首先使用電流鏡或電流放大器將偶數編號之低側開關電流感測電路LCS 2 、LCS 4 、LCS 6 ...LCS n 的電流輸出複製成兩個複本。在第二狀態期間,使用電流鏡或電流放大器類似地複製奇數編號之高側開關電流感測電路LCS 1 、LCS 3 、LCS 5 ...LCS N-1 的電流輸出。對於任一操作狀態,對應於各狀態之經複製電流的第一集合(第一狀態下之ISEN LA2 、ISEN LA4 、ISEN LA6 ...ISEN LAN ;第二狀態下之ISEN LA1 、ISEN LA3 、ISEN LA5 ...ISEN LAN-1 )加總在一起以產生總低側開關電流ISEN L_STATE1 ISEN L_STATE2 ,其分別等於圖5之低側開關LS2LS1中的電流。可接著使用ISEN L_STATE1 ISEN L_STATE2 來應用先前描述於圖14至圖15中的比較器方案。
遺漏或斷開電容器端子故障偵測器稍微不同於用於如先前說明於圖18中之高側開關的電容器端子故障偵測器。對應於各狀態之經複製電流的第二集合(第一狀態下之ISEN LB2 、ISEN LB4 、ISEN LB6 ...ISEN LBN ;第二狀態下之ISEN LB1 、ISEN LB3 、ISEN LB5 ...ISEN LBN-1 )各連接至電流比較器ICP L1 ICP LN ,以藉由偵測電流量值何時為零或接近零來偵測任何電容器處之遺漏或斷開端子故障。此零電流 偵測器亦可實際上用於高側開關實施(圖18),但未必將零電流偵測器用於所有高側及低側開關,此係因為圖17之電容器C 2 C N 在第一狀態及第二狀態兩者下始終與低側開關串聯連接;僅外部電容器C 1 在第一狀態期間不與低側開關串聯連接。因此,如圖18中由電流比較器ICP3所展示,僅針對第一高側開關需要零電流偵測器。相反,圖17之電容器C 1 C N-1 在第一狀態及第二狀態兩者下始終與高側開關串聯連接;在第一狀態期間僅外部電容器C N 不與高側開關串聯連接。作為一實例,圖18至圖19展示零電流偵測器用於所有低側開關及僅連接至電容器C 1 的第一高側開關,其中兩個實施一起能夠偵測圖17之電荷泵中之任何電容器且並非僅外部電容器處的遺漏或斷開端子故障。
圖20展示用以偵測圖1A中之電荷泵的任何電容器處之遺漏或斷開電容器端子故障的替代方法,但此方法亦可以相同方式應用於圖1B、圖16及圖17中的電荷泵。此方法之一個優點為,電荷泵不必在軟充電情況下操作以供故障偵測器工作。在於電荷泵操作中間或在電荷泵操作開始之前發生遺漏或斷開電容器端子故障事件後,電荷泵將不能夠調節輸出VOUT至藉由泵轉換比率設定的目標,且VOUT在連續開關循環上下降得較低。藉由使用電壓比較器CP8比較VOUT電壓位準與電壓臨限值VUVLO,電壓比較器CP8的輸出可用作邏輯故障指示符,該邏輯故障指示符在VOUT下降至低於電壓臨限值VUVLO時停用電荷泵操作。電壓臨限值VUVLO在應用中應設定為低於最小操作VOUT位準,包括跨越應用空間將發生但高於基本電晶體 功能性將失效或降級至將不利地影響電荷泵及/或與VOUT串聯連接之子系統的效能之點的位準的最大VOUT漣波振幅。電壓臨限值VUVLO可為固定電壓位準,或VOUT電壓位準及VOUT漣波振幅在經由所感測輸入或內部規劃設定而可用於電荷泵的情況下依據此資訊而可變。舉例而言,電荷泵開關頻率及電容器值可為內部規劃設定,且此等設定直接管控VOUT漣波振幅。
6 實施
可使用積體及/或外部(例如,離散)電容器將上文所描述之方法的實施整合至單體裝置中。可將用於偵測及處理偵測到之狀態的控制邏輯完全整合於裝置上,或可至少部分使用外部電路來實施該控制邏輯。此積體及/或外部電路可使用專用邏輯電路(例如,特殊應用積體電路(ASIC))及/或包括控制器、處理器或某一其他軟體受控元件的軟體實施邏輯。此軟體可儲存於有形機器可讀媒體(例如,半導體記憶體、光碟等)上。用於控制實施上文所描述之方法的裝置之設計及製造的至少某階段的指令亦可儲存於有形電腦可讀媒體上。
應理解,前述描述內容意欲說明且不限制本發明的包括附加申請專利範圍之範疇的範疇。其他實施例係在以下申請專利範圍之範疇內。
VThuvlo、VThovlo‧‧‧臨限值

Claims (23)

  1. 一種開關式電容器電力轉換器,其包含:一第一端子,其用於耦接至實質上處於一高電壓的一第一外部電路;一第二端子,其用於耦接至實質上處於低於該高電壓之一低電壓的一第二外部電路,其中在該電力轉換器之操作中,電荷在該第一端子與該第二端子之間的一電荷轉移路徑上傳遞;多個半導體開關元件,其包括該第一端子與該第二端子之間的該電荷轉移路徑上的開關元件之一第一集合,其中開關元件之該第一集合中的開關元件皆不與該第一端子或該第二端子串聯連接,以攜載通過該端子的實質上全部電流,且其中開關元件之該第一集合中的各開關元件經組配以在多個電容器之一對應子集之間形成一可控制電荷轉移路徑,以及開關元件之一第二集合,其經組配以形成該等電容器中之至少一些至交流參考電壓的電氣連接,其中該等多個開關元件經組配以在操作中以連續狀態形成該等互連;量測電路,其經組配以量測開關元件之該第一集合或開關元件之該第二集合中的一或多個開關元件之一電壓及/或一電流特性;以及 故障控制電路,其耦接至該量測電路,該故障控制電路經組配以在偵測到在該等開關元件之該等所量測特性偏離該等特性之一預定範圍時所判定之一條件後即變更該電力轉換器的操作。
  2. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該等多個開關元件進一步包括:與該第一端子或第二端子串聯連接的在該第一端子與該第二端子之間的該電荷轉移路徑上的開關元件之一第三集合。
  3. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中開關元件之該第二集合包括在一些操作狀態期間形成該等電容器中之至少一些至該低壓端子的電氣連接的開關元件。
  4. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該等操作階段包含時控階段的一重複序列。
  5. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其進一步包含多個電容器,各電容器具有耦接至該等多個開關元件中之至少一開關元件之一端子的一端子。
  6. 如請求項5之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該等電容器及該等開關元件係整合於一單體裝置中。
  7. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該轉換器包含一Dickson電荷泵。
  8. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該一或多個開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性屬於由以下各者組成的一群: 在開關元件之該第一集合中的一開關元件之端子上的一電壓;通過開關元件之該第一集合中的一開關元件的一電流;開關元件之該第一集合中的一開關元件與該等多個電容器中之一電容器之間的一接面處的一電壓;在該等多個電容器中之耦接至該開關元件的一電容器之端子上的一電壓;開關元件之該第二集合中的一開關元件與該等多個電容器中之一電容器之間的一接面處的一電壓;以及通過開關元件之該第一集合中的一開關元件的一電流。
  9. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含在該開關元件之端子上的一電壓。
  10. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含通過該開關元件的一電流。
  11. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含該開關元件之一端子處的一電壓。
  12. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含在該等多個電容器中之耦接至該開關元件的一電容器之端子上的一電壓。
  13. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中開關元件之該第二集合中的該等開關元件形成一相位產生器,且其中該開關元件之該等電壓及/或電流特性包含由該相位產生器供應的一電壓及/或電流。
  14. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該等半導體開關元件中之各者包含用於耦接該等電容器中之至少兩者的一FET電晶體。
  15. 如請求項14之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該等半導體開關元件中之至少一些包含多個FET電晶體的一網路。
  16. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中開關元件之該第一集合或開關元件之該第二集合中的該等開關元件中之至少一些具有小於該高電壓的一最大電壓額定值。
  17. 如請求項16之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中開關元件之該第一集合或開關元件之該第二集合中的該等開關元件中之至少一些具有小於該高電壓與該低電壓之間的差的一最大電壓額定值。
  18. 如請求項17之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中開關元件之該第一集合或開關元件之該第二集合中的該等開關元件中之至少一些具有不大於該高電壓與該低電壓之間的該差的一分率1/N的一最大電壓額定值,N>1。
  19. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該故障控制電路包含一或多個開關,該一或多個開關中之各者具 有大於該等多個開關中之至少一些的該電壓額定值的最大電壓額定值,該一或多個開關經組配以電氣斷開連接該等多個開關元件中之至少一些開關元件,或限制通過該等多個開關元件中之至少一些開關元件的電流。
  20. 如請求項19之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該一或多個開關包含直接耦接至該第一端子的一開關。
  21. 如請求項19之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該一或多個開關包含耦接於該等多個開關元件中之兩個開關元件之間的一開關。
  22. 如請求項1之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該故障控制電路經組配以在偵測到該條件後即修改相位的特性。
  23. 如請求項22之開關式電容器電力轉換器,其中該等相位之該等特性屬於由以下各者組成的一群:時控相位的一工作循環;該等相位的一時脈輸入頻率;以及時控相位之一或多個時脈循環的一跳過。
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