CN100373693C - 空间填充小型天线 - Google Patents
空间填充小型天线 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
- H01Q5/20—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements characterised by the operating wavebands
- H01Q5/25—Ultra-wideband [UWB] systems, e.g. multiple resonance systems; Pulse systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
- H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
- H01Q5/307—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way
- H01Q5/342—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes
- H01Q5/357—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes using a single feed point
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
- H01Q9/40—Element having extended radiating surface
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
- H01Q9/42—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole with folded element, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of the operating wavelength
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Abstract
一种新颖几何结构,本发明对这种空间填充曲线(SFC)几何结构进行了定义,并且该几何结构可以用于成型部分天线。利用这种新颖技术,可以相对于现有技术,减小天线的尺寸,或者,相对于相同尺寸的传统天线,给定固定尺寸天线可以以更低频率运行。
Description
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及根据新颖几何结构减小尺寸的新型天线,将曲线几何结构称为空间填充曲线(SFC)。在天线可以被安装在比工作波长小的空间内时,将该天线称为小型天线。更具体地说,以弧度球面为基准将天线分类为小型天线。弧度球面是半径等于工作波长除以2π的虚球面;根据波长,在天线可以安装在所述弧度球面内时,将此天线称为小型天线。
本发明确定了一种新颖几何结构,即空间填充曲线(SFC)几何结构,并且该几何结构用于成型部分天线。利用这种新颖技术,与现有技术相比,可以减小天线的尺寸,或者说,与同样尺寸的传统天线相比,给定固定尺寸的天线可以在更低频率下工作。
本发明可以应用于通信领域,更具体地说,本发明可以应用于设计减小尺寸的天线。
背景技术
在二十世纪四十年代中期,H.Wheeler和L.J.Chu从理论对小型天线作了一些基本限定。他们主要认为,小型天线应该具有高品质因数(Q),因为与辐射功率相比,天线附加地区具有大量无效功率。这种高品质因数可以产生窄带宽,事实上,根据这种理论得到的基本原则是对特定尺寸小型天线施加给定最大带宽。
关于这种现象,众所周知,小型天线的特性在于具有大输入电抗(电容性的或电感性的),因此必须利用外部匹配电路或结构/加载电路或结构对其进行补偿。这还意味着,难以将谐振天线封装到相对于谐振波长的小空间内。小型天线的其它特性在于其辐射电阻小、效率低。
寻找可以由小空间进行有效辐射的结构具有巨大商业利益,特别是在移动通信设备(蜂窝式电话、蜂窝式寻呼机、便携式计算机以及数字处理器,这里仅列举几个例子)环境中,其中要求便携式设备的尺寸小和重量轻。根据R.C.Hansen(R.C.Hansen,“FundamentalLimitations on Antennas”,Proc.IEEE,vo1.69,no.2,February 1981),小型天线的性能依赖于其有效使用围绕天线的虚弧度球面内小可用空间的能力。
发明内容
根据本发明,引入一组被称为空间填充曲线(space-filling curve)(以下简称SFC)的新颖几何结构用于设计和构造小型天线,这样可以提高现有技术中说明的其它传统天线的性能(例如:线性单极天线、偶极天线以及圆环形天线和方环形天线)。
本发明描述的某些几何结构是诸如Giusepe Peano和David Hilbert的几位数学家在二十世纪的几何学研究过程中产生的。在所有所述情况中,根据数学观点对这些曲线所做的研究从来未实际应用于工程应用。
通常,利用维数(D)来表征本发明描述的非常复杂几何曲线和结构。关于维数,有许多种不同的数学定义,但是在本发明中,利用方框计数维数(数学理论方面的熟练技术人员众所周知)来表征一系列设计。数学理论方面的熟练技术人员会注意到,可以选择利用Iterated Function System(IFS)、Multireduction Copy Machine(MRCM)或Networked Multireduction Copy Machine(MRCM)算法构造某些空间填充曲线,如上所述。
本发明的要点在于将部分天线(例如:至少偶极天线的部分臂部、至少单极天线的部分臂部、补片式天线的补片环形、隙缝天线中的隙缝、环形天线内的环形周边、喇叭形天线的喇叭剖面、或者反射器天线内的反射器周边)成形为空间填充曲线,即相对于物理长度大,但相对于可以包括该曲线的面积小的曲线。更确切地说,以下是空间填充曲线的定义:至少有10段以这样的方式连接在一起组成的曲线,以致每段与其相邻段形成某个角度,即没有一对相邻段可以形成更大直段,并且其中当且仅当由至少10个连接段构成的非周期性曲线定义该周期并且没有一对所述相邻连接段确定更长直线段时,沿空间固定直线方向,曲线具有选择性周期。此外,无论如何设计此SFC,它永远不会与自己在起始点和终止点之外的任何点相交(即可以将整个曲线排列为封闭曲线或环形,但是曲线的各部分却不变成封闭环形)。可以将空间填充曲线安排在平面或曲面上,并且因为各段之间具有拐角,所以该曲线的物理长度总是比适于所述空间填充曲线的同一个区域(表面)的任何直线长。此外,为了根据本发明正确成型小型天线的结构,SFC曲线的各段必须比自由空间工作波长的十分之一短。
根据成型过程和曲线几何结构,从理论上说,可以设计某种无限长SFC,其特征是Haussdorf维数大于其拓扑维数。也就是说,根据传统欧氏几何学,通常认为,曲线始终是一维对象,然而,在曲线高度盘旋并且其物理长度非常长时,该曲线趋向于填充其所在的部分表面,在这种情况下,通过该曲线(或者至少是其近似,利用方框计数(box-counting)算法)可以计算Haussdorf维数,并且结果数值比1大。用物理方法不可能构造这种理论的无限长曲线,但是可以提出对它们进行SFC设计。图2和图5所示的曲线8和17是这种SFC的一些例子,它们接近D=2维的理想无限长曲线。
在天线的物理成型过程中采用SFC曲线的优势有两个方面:
(a)给定特定工作频率或波长,则相对于现有技术,可以减小所述SFC天线的尺寸。
(b)给定SFC天线的物理尺寸,则与现有技术相比,所述SFC天线可以在更低的频率下工作。
根据本发明,这里提供一种天线,该天线的各辐射元件之中至少一部分被成形为一条空间填充曲线,所述空间填充曲线被定义是一条至少包括10个连接的直线段的曲线,其特征在于,所述的连接段比自由空间工作波长的十分之一短,并以这样的方式在空间上对它们进行排列,即所述相邻连接段之中的任何一个都不形成另一个较长的连接直线段,其中除了在所述空间填充曲线的头之外,所述段之中的任何一个都不互相交叉,其中由每对所述相邻段形成的夹角可以变圆或平滑,以及其中如果并且仅当周期是由至少10个连接段构成的非周期性曲线定义并且没有一对所述相邻连接段定义一个较长的直线段时,所述的空间填充曲线在沿着空间的固定直线的方向上可以是具有周期性的,和其中所述的空间填充曲线表征方框计数维数大于1,所述方框计数维数被计算为双对数坐标图直线部分的斜率,其中这样的一个直线部分被定义为在双对数坐标图的水平轴上至少8倍比例的一条直线段。
附图说明
图1示出SFC曲线的某些特殊情况。从起始曲线(2)开始,可以形成具有10个连接段的其它曲线(1)、(3)和(4)。以下将此特殊曲线系列称为SZ曲线。
图2示出两条现有技术弯曲线与由图1所示SZ曲线构造的两条SFC周期性曲线之间的相互比较;
图3示出SFC天线的特殊配置,它在不同树形配置中包括偶极天线,其中其两个臂中的每个臂被完全成形为SFC曲线(1)。
图4示出SFC天线的其它特殊情况,它们包括在单极天线上。
图5示出SFC隙缝天线的例子,其中将隙缝成形为图1所示的SFC形。
图6示出根据Hilbert曲线产生的另一组SFC曲线(15-20),并在以下将它们称为Hillbert曲线;为了进行比较,(14)内示出标准、非SFC曲线。
图7示出根据图6所示的SFC曲线(17)的SFC隙缝天线的另一个例子。
图8示出另一组SFC曲线(24、25、26、27),以下将它们称为ZZ曲线;为了进行比较,示出传统直角锯齿形曲线(23)。
图9示出在引线配置(顶部)中基于曲线(25)环形天线;下面是,在介质衬底(10)上印刷环形天线29。
图10示出基于图8所示SFC(25)的隙缝天线。
图11示出补片式天线,其中根据SFC(25)成型其补片环形。
图12示出开口天线,其中在导电结构或超导结构(31)上实现开口(33),利用SFC(25)成型所述开口。
图13示出在基于SFC(25)的补片环形上具有开口的补片式天线。
图14示出基于Giusepe Peano曲线的SFC曲线系列(41、42、43)的另一个特殊例子。
图15示出具有基于SFC(41)的SFC隙缝的补片式天线。
图16示出波导隙缝天线,其中矩形波导(47)有一个侧壁具有SFC曲线(41)隙缝。
图17示出喇叭形天线,其中根据SFC(25)成型喇叭的开口和剖面。
图18示出反射器天线的反射器,其中所述反射器的环形被成形为SFC(25)。
图19示出基于Giusepe Peano曲线的系列SFC曲线(51、52、53);为了进行比较,示出仅由9段形成的非SFC曲线。
图20示出另一个系列SFC曲线(55、56、57、58);为了进行比较,示出仅由5段构成的非SFC曲线(54)。
图21示出由SFC(57)构成的SFC环形(59、60)的两个例子。
图22示出在此称为HilbertZZ曲线的系列SFC曲线(61、62、63、64) 。
图23示出在此称为Peanodec曲线的系列SFC曲线(66、67、68);为了进行比较,示出仅由9段构成的非SFC曲线(65)。
如24示出在此称为Peanoinc曲线的系列SFC曲线(70、71、72);为了进行比较,示出仅由9段构成的非SFC曲线(69)。
图25示出在此称为PeanoZZ曲线的系列SFC曲线(73、74、75);为了进行比较,示出仅由9段构成的非SFC曲线(23)。
具体实施方式
图1和图2示出SFC曲线的一些例子。图1中的曲线图(1)、(3)和(4)示出被称为SZ曲线的3条SFC曲线例子。为了进行比较,曲线图(2)示出由于它仅包括6段所以不属于SFC曲线的曲线。图2中的曲线图(7)和(8)示出包括SFC曲线(1)在内、由周期性重复运动形成的SFC曲线的另外两个特殊例子。重要的是要注意,这些SFC曲线的例子与周期性、弯曲的非SFC曲线(例如图2中曲线图(5)和曲线图(6)所示的曲线)之间的实质差别。尽管曲线(5)和(6)由10段以上构成,但是实质上,仍将它们看作沿直线方向(水平方向)是周期性的并且确定周期或重复单元的运动少于10段(曲线图(5)内的周期仅包括4段,而曲线(6)内的周期包括9段),它们违背了本发明引入的SFC曲线定义。实际上,SFC曲线更复杂并且将更长的长度封装在更小的空间内;此事实与构成SFC曲线的每段在电方面是短的事实结合(比自由空间工作波长的十分之一短,正如本发明所要求的那样),在减小天线尺寸方面非常重要。此外,在设计小型天线过程中,获得本发明所述特殊SFC曲线所使用的折弯机的等级非常重要。
图3示出SFC天线的优选实施例。这三个曲线图示出同一个基本偶极子的不同配置。所构造的双臂天线偶极子包括两个导电部分或超导部分,将每个部分分别成型为SFC曲线。为了简洁起见,而且又不丧失一般性,在此选择特殊SFC曲线(图1所示SZ曲线(1)),例如,也可以替代使用图1、2、6、8、14、19、20、21、22、23、24或25所示的其它SFC曲线。两个臂的两个最接近塞尖形成偶极子的输入端(9)。输入端(9)被示为导电环或超导环,但是,显然,对于本技术领域内的熟练技术人员,也可以将此输入端成型为以下任何其它图形,只要相对于工作波长,它们保持小就可以。此外,可以以不同方式旋转和转弯偶极子臂从而精调输入阻抗或天线的辐射特性,例如,极性。图3还示出SFC偶极子的另一个优选实施例,其中在介质衬底(10)上印刷导电SFC臂和超导SFC臂;在SFC曲线长时,根据成本和机械鲁棒性,此方法特别方便。众所周知的任何印刷电路制造技术均可以应用于在介质衬底上印刷SFC曲线图形。例如,所述介质衬底可以是玻璃纤维板、基于聚四氟乙烯的衬底(例如Cuclad)或者其它标准射频和微波衬底(例如:Rogers 4003或Kapton)。如果将天线安装在交通工具(例如:轿车、火车或飞机)内以发送或接收无线电、电视、蜂窝式电话(GSM 900、GSM 1800、UMTS)或其它通信业务的电磁波,则介质衬底可以仅是窗玻璃的一部分。当然,还可以在偶极子的输入端连接或集成平衡-不平衡网络以平衡两个偶极子臂之间的电流分布。
SFC天线的另一个优选实施例是如图4所示的单极天线配置。在这种情况下,一个偶极子臂由导电平衡网络或超导平衡网络或接地板(12)构成。手持电话外壳甚或轿车、火车的部分金属结构可以用作地平衡网络。象通常在现有技术单极天线内那样,例如,利用传输线(11)激励地和单极天线臂(在此,用SFC曲线(1)表示臂,但是也可以用任何其它SFC曲线代替)。所述传输线由两个导体构成,一个导体与接地平衡网络相连,而另一个导体与SFC导电结构或SFC超导结构的点相连。在图4所示的曲线图中,同轴电缆(11)作为传输线的特殊外壳,但是,显然,本技术领域内的熟练技术人员还可以采用其它传输线来激励单极天线。在图3所示线路之后,选择性地将SFC曲线印刷在介质衬底(10)上。
例如,如图5、7和10所示,隙缝天线是SFC天线的另一个优选实施例。在图5中,两个连接SFC曲线(在图1所示的图形(1)之后)形成隙缝或间隙,该隙缝和间隙被印刷在导电板或超导板(13)上。例如,这种板可以是印刷电路板配置中介质衬底上的板、透明导电薄膜(例如:沉淀在玻璃窗上用于防止轿车内部被红外线辐射的薄膜)、或者仅是手持电话、轿车、火车、轮船或飞机的部分金属结构。激励方法可以是传统隙缝天线中使用的任何众所周知方法,并且这不属于本发明实质内容。在所有所述三个附图中,通过隙缝,利用其一个导体与导电板的一端相连,其另一个导体与该板的另一端相连的同轴电缆(11)激励天线。例如,也可以使用微带传输线,而不使用同轴电缆。
为了对根据本发明上述实质原理实现的天线的几个变换例进行说明,图7示出类似例子,其中利用另一条曲线(Hilbert系列内的曲线(17))来代替。请注意,既不在图5中,也不在图7中,隙缝到达导电板的边缘,但是在另一个实施例中,还可以设计隙缝到达所述板的边缘,将所述板分割为两个单独导电板。
图10示出隙缝SFC天线的另一个可能实施例。它也是闭环配置方式的隙缝天线。例如,通过连接图8中SFC(25)图形之后的4个SFC间隙,可以构造此环(显然,根据本发明实质内容,可以利用其它SFC曲线来代替)。结果闭环确定被导电板或超导板围绕的导电岛或超导岛的边缘。利用众所周知的传统技术可以激励该隙缝;例如,可以使用同轴电缆,将其外部导体之一连接到外部导电板,而将其内部导体连接到SFC间隙围绕着的内部导电岛。此外,例如,这种板可以是印刷电路板配置中介质衬底上的板、透明导电薄膜(例如:沉淀在玻璃窗上用于防止轿车内部被红外线辐射的薄膜)、或者仅是手持电话、轿车、火车、轮船或飞机的部分金属结构。此隙缝可以仅由两个接近、但是非共面导电岛与导电板之间的隙缝形成。例如,这可以通过将内部导电岛安装在选择介质层表面之上并在所述衬底的另一个表面上围绕导体,利用物理方法实现。
当然,隙缝配置并不是实现SFC环形天线的唯一方式。由超导材料或导电材料制造的封闭SFC曲线可以用于实现导线SFC环形天线,正如图9示出的另一个优选实施例所示。在这种情况下,将部分曲线断开,例如,曲线的两个结果端形成环形天线的输入端(9)。还可以选择将环形印刷在介质衬底(10)上。如果采用介质衬底,则通过在所述衬底上蚀刻基准SFC图形,构造介质天线,所述介质的介电常数比所述衬底的介电常数大。
图11示出另一个优选实施例。它在补片式天线上具有表征SFC环形的导电补片或超导补片(30)(在此采用SFC(25)的特殊情况,显然还可以利用其它SFC曲线代替)。补片式天线的环形属于本发明的实质部分,例如,作为天线的剩余部分与其它传统补片式天线相符,补片式天线包括:导电接地板或超导接地板(31)或接地平衡网络;导电补片或超导补片,平行于所述接地板或接地平衡网络。补片与地线之间的间隔通常低于(但并不局限于)四分之一波长。可以将低损耗介质衬底(10)(例如:玻璃纤维、诸如Culad聚四氟乙烯衬底或诸如Rogers4003的其它市售材料)设置在所述补片与接地平衡网络之间。天线反馈方法可以采用现有技术补片式天线使用的任何一种众所周知的方法,例如:在要求输入阻抗点,其外部导体与接地板相连,其内部导体与补片相连的同轴电缆(当然,也可以采用包括位于补片上、围绕同轴连接点或围绕设置在与补片平行的距离、与同轴电缆的内部导体相连的电容器板的电容性间隙的典型变换例,等等)。利用电容性连接到补片并位于补片之下某个距离的带(或者在另一个实施例中,利用设置在接地板之下、通过隙缝与补片相连的带),微带传输线与天线共用同一个接地板。甚至具有该带的微带传输线与补片共面。所有这些机制在现有技术中众所周知,并且不属于本发明实质内容。本发明的实质内容是可以相对于现有技术配置减小天线尺寸的天线形状(在这种情况下,即补片的SFC环形)。
图13和图15示出同样基于补片配置SFC天线的其它优选实施例。它们包括在传统补片式天线上具有多边形补片(30)(正方形、三角形、五边形、六边形、矩形、甚或圆形,在此仅举这么几个例子)、具有在补片上成型间隙的SFC曲线。这种SFC线可以在补片上形成隙缝或齿线(44)(如图15所示),因此这种方式可以降低天线尺寸并可以对多频带运行过程引入新谐振频率,或者在另一个优选实施例中,SFC曲线(例如(25))确定补片(30)上开口(33)的周边(如图13所示)。相对于固定补片情况,此开口明显有助于降低补片的第一谐振频率,这样有助于显著降低天线尺寸。当然,所述两种配置,即SFC隙缝情况和SFC开口情况可以在SFC环形补片式天线内用作补片(30),例如,图11所示。
到此为止,本技术领域内的熟练技术人员明白,本发明实质范围是什么,以及可以以新颖方式将同样的SFC几何原理应用于所有众所周知的现有技术配置中。图12、16、17和18示出更多例子。
图12示出SFC天线的另一个优选实施例。其要点在于,在开口天线上,其SFC周边表征所述开口,在导电接地面或接地平衡网络(34)上压印所述开口,接地平衡网络的所述接地面的要点在于,例如,位于波导或空腔谐振器的壁或交通工具(例如轿车、卡车、飞机或坦克)的部分结构上。利用传统技术可以进入该开口,例如:同轴电缆(11),或者平面微带或带状线传输线,这里仅举几个例子。
图16示出另一个优选实施例,其中在任意截面波导(47)的壁上对SFC曲线(41)切缝。利用SFC曲线的尺寸压缩属性优势,可以实现这种方式,并形成切缝波导阵列。
图17示出另一个优选实施例,在这种情况下,在喇叭形天线(48)中,天线的截面是SFC曲线(25)。在这种情况下,益处不仅源于SFC几何结构的尺寸减小属性,而且源于通过成型喇叭形截面可以实现的宽带特性。已经以Ridge喇叭形天线的形式,对这些原始技术进行了开发。在所述现有技术情况下,在喇叭的至少两个相对壁上引入一个直角齿,可以提高天线的带宽。相对于现有技术,SFC曲线的更好的规模结构有助于提高带宽。
图18示出利用新披露的、利用SFC曲线成型反射器环形的新方法的典型天线配置,即反射器天线(49)。根据应用方法或馈电方法,反射器可以是平面的,也可以是曲面的(例如,在反射阵列配置中,SFC反射器优先是平坦的,而在焦点馈电抛物面反射器内,SFC曲线围绕的平面优先被弯曲到接近抛物面)。此外,在SFC反射面内,利用SFC曲线还可以建立选频面(FSS),在这种情况下,SFC用于在FSS上成型重复图形。在所述FSS配置中,相对于现有技术,使用SFC单元具有优势,因为减小SFC图形的尺寸可以使所述单元之间具有更紧密间隔。在SFC单元用于天线反射阵列内的天线阵列时,也可以实现同样优势。
已经根据本发明的几个优选实施例,对本发明原理进行了说明和描述,显然,在此原理范围内,本技术领域内的熟练技术人员可以容易地对其设置和细节进行调整。并且所有调整均使用所附权利要求所述的本发明实质范围。
Claims (17)
1.一种天线,该天线的各辐射元件之中至少一部分被成形为一条空间填充曲线,所述空间填充曲线被定义是一条至少包括10个连接的直线段的曲线,其特征在于,所述的连接段比自由空间工作波长的十分之一短,并以这样的方式在空间上对它们进行排列,即所述相邻连接段之中的任何一个都不形成另一个较长的连接直线段,其中除了在所述空间填充曲线的头之外,所述段之中的任何一个都不互相交叉,其中由每对所述相邻段形成的夹角可以变圆或平滑,以及其中如果并且仅当周期是由至少10个连接段构成的非周期性曲线定义并且没有一对所述相邻连接段定义一个较长的直线段时,所述的空间填充曲线在沿着空间的固定直线的方向上可以是具有周期性的,和
其中所述的空间填充曲线表征方框计数维数大于1,所述方框计数维数被计算为双对数坐标图直线部分的斜率,其中这样的一个直线部分被定义为在双对数坐标图的水平轴上至少8倍比例的一条直线段。
2.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述的至少一部分被成形为Hilbert或Peano曲线。
3.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述的至少一部分被成形为SZ、ZZ、HilbertZZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec或PeanoZZ曲线。
4.根据上述权利要求之中任一项所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线包括:一个网络,位于辐射单元与输入连接器或传输线之间,所述网络可以是匹配网络、阻抗变换网络、平衡-不平衡转换网络、滤波器网络、双工器网络或者天线共用器网络。
5.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个偶极天线,包括:两个导电臂或超导臂,其中所述的至少一部分是所述的偶极天线的天线臂之中至少一个臂,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
6.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个单极天线,包括:辐射臂和接地平衡网络,其中所述的至少一部分是所述辐射臂的一部分,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
7.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个隙缝天线,至少包括:导电表面或超导表面,其中所述表面包括隙缝,和其中所述隙缝的至少一部分被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线,其中所述隙缝可由介质衬底填平,和其中包括所述隙缝的所述导电表面或超导表面可以是波导的壁、空腔谐振器的壁、交通工具窗玻璃上的导电薄膜、或交通工具的部分金属结构。
8.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个环形天线,包括:导线和超导线,其中所述的至少一部分是形成环形的线的一部分,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线之中任何一个。
9.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个环形天线,包括:导电表面或超导表面,并在所述导电表面或超导表面上具有压印的隙缝或间隙环,其中所述的至少一部分是所述的隙缝或间隙环的一部分,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
10.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个补片式天线,至少包括:导电接地面或超导接地面以及平行于所述接地面的导电补片或超导补片,其中所述的至少一部分是所述的补片的周边,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
11.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个补片式天线,其中所述的至少一部分是所述补片上的隙缝或开口,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
12.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个开口天线,至少包括:导电表面或超导表面以及位于所述表面上的一个开口,其中所述的至少一部分是所述开口的周边,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线,并且其中包括所述开口的所述导电表面或超导表面是波导的壁、空腔谐振器的壁、交通工具窗玻璃上的透明导电薄膜、或交通工具的部分金属结构,其中所述的开口由介质衬底填平或衬托。
13.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个喇叭形天线,其中所述的至少一部分是喇叭的横截面,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
14.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线是一个反射器天线,其中所述的至少一部分是反射器的周边,被成形为Hilbert、Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
15.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线用作一个选频面,该光频面包括:导电表面或超导表面,其中所述的表面被压印带有至少一个隙缝,其中所述的至少一部分是隙缝,被成形为Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
16.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其特征在于,所述天线用作一个选频面,所述选频面包括:介质表面,其中导电结构或超导结构利用现有技术中公知的任何制造技术被印制,所述印制结构的形状至少被部分被成形为Peano、HilbertZZ、SZ、Peanoinc、Peanodec、PeanoZZ或ZZ曲线。
17.根据权利要求1至3或5至16之中任一项的一组空间填充天线,其特征在于,所述天线组的至少两个天线以不同频率工作,以覆盖不同通信业务,其中任何上述配置形式的所述天线分别利用分配网络或双工器网络,同时被馈电。
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