CN101946323B - 新型热电转换材料及其制备方法,以及使用该新型热电转换材料的热电转换元件 - Google Patents

新型热电转换材料及其制备方法,以及使用该新型热电转换材料的热电转换元件 Download PDF

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CN101946323B
CN101946323B CN2008801266927A CN200880126692A CN101946323B CN 101946323 B CN101946323 B CN 101946323B CN 2008801266927 A CN2008801266927 A CN 2008801266927A CN 200880126692 A CN200880126692 A CN 200880126692A CN 101946323 B CN101946323 B CN 101946323B
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converting material
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朴哲凞
孙世姬
洪承泰
权元锺
金兑训
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Abstract

本发明涉及由以下通式表示的热电转换材料:Bi1-xMxCu1-wOa-yQ1yTeb-zQ2z。在此,M为选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb中的至少一种元素;Q1和Q2为选自S、Se、As和Sb中的至少一种元素;x、y、z、w、a和b为0≤x<1、0≤w<1、0.2<a<4、0≤y<4、0.2<b<4和0≤z<4。这些热电转换材料可用于热电转换元件,其中它们可以取代常规使用的热电转换材料,或者与常规使用的热电转换材料一起使用。

Description

新型热电转换材料及其制备方法,以及使用该新型热电转换材料的热电转换元件
技术领域
本发明提供了一类新型热电转换材料及其制备方法,以及使用该新型热电转换材料的热电转换元件。
背景技术
热电转换元件应用于热电转换发电或热电转换冷却。例如,对于热电转换发电,在热电转换元件上施加温度差以产生温差电动势,然后此温差电动势用于将热能转换为电能。
热电转换元件的能量转换效率取决于热电转换材料的性能指标ZT值。ZT值取决于塞贝克系数(Seebeck coefficient)、电导率和热导率。更具体地说,ZT值与电导率和塞贝克系数的平方成正比,与热导率成反比。因此,为了提高热电转换元件的能量转换效率,需要开发具有高塞贝克系数、高电导率或低热导率的热电转换材料。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的一个目的是提供一类具有优异的热电转换性能的热电转换材料。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种制备上述新型热电转换材料的方法。
此外,本发明的再一目的是提供一种使用该新型热电转换材料的热电转换元件。
技术方案
作为热电转换材料的研究结果,本发明提出了通式1的组合物。结果发现,这些新型化合物可以用作热电转换元件的热电转换材料等。
通式1
Bi1-xMxCu1-wOa-yQ1yTeb-zQ2z
其中,M为选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb中的至少一种元素,Q1和Q2为选自S、Se、As和Sb中的至少一种元素,且0≤x<1、0≤w<1、0.2<a<4、0≤y<4、0.2<b<4、0≤z<4、b>z且x+y+z+w>0。
根据本发明,通式1中的x、y和z满足x+y+z>0,且优选地,a、y、b和z分别为a=1、0≤y<1、b=1和0≤z<1。
在其他情况下,x、w、a、y、b和z分别优选为0≤x<0.15、0≤w≤0.2、a=1、0≤y<0.2、b=1和0≤z<0.5。在此,M优选为选自Sr、Cd、Pb和Tl中的任意一种,且Q1和Q2分别优选为Se或Sb。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,提供了一种通过加热Bi2O3、Bi、Cu和Te的混合物制备由以上通式1表示的热电转换材料的方法。
或者,本发明提供了通过加热Bi2O3、Bi、Cu、Te和选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb元素或其氧化物中的至少一种的混合物制备由通式1表示的热电转换材料的方法。
又或者,本发明提供了通过加热Bi2O3、Bi、Cu、Te、选自S、Se、As和Sb元素或其氧化物中的至少一种、以及非必须地选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb元素或其氧化物中的至少一种的混合物制备由通式1表示的热电转换材料的方法。
在根据本发明的方法中,烧结工艺优选在400~570℃温度下进行。
有益效果
本发明的新型热电转换材料可以取代常规使用的热电转换材料,或者与常规使用的热电转换材料一起使用。特别地,该热电转换材料由于其优异的热电转换性能可用于热电转换元件。
附图说明
参照附图,从下面对实施方式的描述中,本发明的其他目的和技术方案将更明晰:
图1显示出比较X射线衍射图与由结构模型计算出的图的BiCuOTe的Rietveld精修图谱;
图2显示出BiCuOTe的晶体结构;
图3显示出比较X射线衍射图与由结构模型计算出的图的Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe的Rietveld精修图谱;
图4显示出Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe的晶体结构;
图5显示出Bi0.9Pb0.1CuOTe的X射线衍射图;
图6显示出Bi0.9Cd0.1CuOTe的X射线衍射图;
图7显示出Bi0.9Sr0.1CuOTe的X射线衍射图;
图8显示出比较X射线衍射图与由结构模型计算出的图的BiCuOSe0.5Te0.5的Rietveld精修图谱;
图9显示出BiCuOSe0.5Te0.5的晶体结构;
图10显示出Bi0.9Tl0.1CuOTe的X射线衍射图;
图11显示出BiCuOTe0.9Sb0.1的X射线衍射图;
图12显示出BiCuOTe在不同温度下的电导率、塞贝克系数、热导率和ZT值;
图13显示出Bi0.9Sr0.1CuOTe在不同温度下的电导率、塞贝克系数、热导率和ZT值;
图14显示出Bi0.9Cd0.1CuOTe在不同温度下的电导率、塞贝克系数、热导率和ZT值;
图15显示出Bi0.9Pb0.1CuOTe在不同温度下的电导率、塞贝克系数、热导率和ZT值;
图16显示出Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe在不同温度下的电导率、塞贝克系数、热导率和ZT值;
图17显示出Bi0.9Tl0.1CuOTe在不同温度下的电导率、塞贝克系数、热导率和ZT值。
具体实施方式
本发明的热电转换材料的组成由以下通式1表示。
通式1
Bi1-xMxCu1-wOa-yQ1yTeb-zQ2z
在通式1中,M为选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb中的至少一种元素,Q1和Q2为选自S、Se、As和Sb中的至少一种元素,且0≤x<1、0≤w<1、0.2<a<4、0≤y<4、0.2<b<4、0≤z<4、b>z且x+y+z+w>0。
在通式1中,x、y和z分别优选为0≤x≤1/2、0≤y≤a/2和0≤z≤b/2。
在通式1中,x、y和z可以分别为x=0、y=0和z=0。通式1的热电转换材料优选为BiCuOTe。
在通式1中,x、y和z满足x+y+z>0,且优选地,通式1中的a、y、b和z分别为a=1、0≤y<1、b=1和0≤z<1。在其他情况下,x、w、a、y、b和z可以分别为0≤x<0.15、0≤w≤0.2、a=1、0≤y<0.2、b=1和0≤z<0.5。在此,M优选为选自Sr、Cd、Pb和Tl中的任意一种,且Q1和Q2分别优选为Se或Sb。更优选地,通式1中的x、w、a、y、b和z分别为0≤x<0.15、0≤w≤0.2、a=1、0≤y<0.2、b=1和0≤z<0.5,M为选自Sr、Cd、Pb和Tl中的任意一种,且Q1和Q2分别为Se或Sb。
对于通式1的热电转换材料,更优选地,通式1中的x、w、a、y、b和z分别为0<x<0.15、w=0、a=1、y=0、b=1和z=0,且M为选自Sr、Cd、Pb和Tl中的任意一种。此外,在通式1中,当通式1中的x、w、y和z分别为x=0、w=0、a=1、y=0、b=1和0<z≤0.5,且Q2为Se或Sb时,更优选地,通式1中的x、w、a、y、b和z分别为0<x<0.15、w=0、a=1、y=0、b=1和z=0,且M为选自Sr、Cd、Pb和Tl中的任意一种。
同时,由通式1表示的热电转换材料可以通过混合Bi2O3、Bi、Cu和Te粉末,然后真空烧结该混合物来制备,但本发明并不限于此。
此外,由通式1表示的热电转换材料可以通过在真空石英管中加热Bi2O3、Bi、Cu、Te和选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb或其氧化物中的至少一种的混合物以制备,然而本发明并不限于此。
此外,由通式1表示的热电转换材料可以通过在真空石英管中加热Bi2O3、Bi、Cu、Te、选自S、Se、As和Sb或其氧化物中的至少一种、以及非必须地选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb或其氧化物中的至少一种的混合物以制备,然而本发明并不限于此。
本发明的热电转换材料可以通过在流动气体(如部分包括氢或不包括氢的Ar、He或N2)中烧结混合物以制备。烧结工艺优选在400~750℃,更优选在400~570℃下进行。
实施例
以下将基于实施例详述本发明的优选实施方式。然而,本发明的实施方式可以以不同方式修改,且本发明的范围不应解释为限于这些实施例。本发明提供的实施方式仅用于向所属领域的技术人员更完善的解释本发明。
实施例1
BiCuOTe
为了制备BiCuOTe,通过使用玛瑙研钵充分混合1.1198g的Bi2O3(Aldrich,99.9%,100目)、0.5022g的Bi(Aldrich,99.99%,<10m),0.4581g的Cu(Aldrich,99.7%,3m)和0.9199g的Te(Aldrich,99.99%,约100目),然后在510℃真空石英管中加热15小时,以获得BiCuOTe粉末。
在室温下在Bragg-Brentano衍射仪(Bruker Advance D8XRD)上用Cu X射线管(
Figure GDA00002555533900051
50kV,40mA)测定粉末X射线衍射(XRD)数据。步长为0.02度。
使用TOPAS程序(R.W.Cheary,A.Coelho,J.Appl.Crystallogr.25(1992)109-121;Bruker AXS,TOPAS 3,Karlsruhe,Germany(2000))以测定得到的材料的晶体结构。分析结果示于表1和图2中。
【表1】
  原子   位置   x   y   z   占有率   Beq
  Bi   2c   0.25   0.25   0.37257(5)   1   0.56(1)
  Cu   2a   0.75   0.25   0   1   0.98(3)
  O   2b   0.75   0.25   0.5   1   0.26(12)
  Te   2c   0.25   0.25   0.81945(7)   1   0.35(1)
由BiCuOTe的Rietveld精修[空间群I4/nmm(No.129),
Figure GDA00002555533900052
Figure GDA00002555533900053
Figure GDA00002555533900054
]得到的结晶学数据。
图1显示出比较观察到的BiCuOTe的X射线衍射图与由结构模型计算出的X射线衍射图的Rietveld精修图谱。图1显示出测量的图与根据表1计算的图良好吻合,这说明此实施例中得到的材料为BiCuOTe。
如图2所示,BiCuOTe显示出天然超晶格结构,其中,Cu2Te2层和Bi2O2层沿c晶轴重复。
实施例2
Bi 0.98 Pb 0.02 CuOTe
为了制备Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe,通过使用玛瑙研钵充分混合2.5356g的Bi2O3(Aldrich,99.9%,100目)、1.1724g的Bi(Aldrich,99.99%,<10m),1.0695g的Cu(Aldrich,99.7%,3m)、0.0751g的PbO(Canto,99.5%)和2.1475g的Te(Aldrich,99.99%,约100目),然后在510℃真空石英管中加热15小时,以获得Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe粉末。
在室温下在Bragg-Brentano衍射仪(Bruker D4-Endeavor XRD)上用Cu X射线管(
Figure GDA00002555533900061
50kV,40mA)测定粉末X射线衍射(XRD)数据。步长为0.02度。
使用TOPAS程序(R.W.Cheary,A.Coelho,J.Appl.Crystallogr.25(1992)109-121;Bruker AXS,TOPAS 3,Karlsruhe,Germany(2000))以测定得到的材料的晶体结构。分析结果示于表2和图4中。
【表2】
  原子   位置   x   y   z   占有率   Beq
  Bi   2c   0.25   0.25   0.37225(12)   0.98   0.59(4)
  Pb   2c   0.25   0.25   0.37225(12)   0.02   0.59(4)
  Cu   2a   0.75   0.25   0   1   1.29(10)
  O   2b   0.75   0.25   0.5   1   0.9(4)
  Te   2c   0.25   0.25   0.81955(17)   1   0.55(5)
由Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe的Rietveld精修[空间群P4/nmm(No.129),
Figure GDA00002555533900062
Figure GDA00002555533900063
Figure GDA00002555533900064
]得到的结晶学数据。
图3显示出比较观察到的Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe的X射线衍射图与由结构模型计算出的图的Rietveld精修图谱。图3显示出测量的图与根据表2计算的图良好吻合,这说明此实施例中得到的材料为Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe。
如图4所示,Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe显示出天然超晶格结构,其中,Cu2Te2层和由Pb部分取代了Bi的(Bi,Pb)2O2层沿c晶轴重复。
实施例3
Bi 0.9 Pb 0.1 CuOTe
为了制备Bi0.9Pb0.1CuOTe,通过使用玛瑙研钵充分混合1.2721g的Bi2O3(Aldrich,99.9%,100目)、0.6712g的Bi(Aldrich,99.99%,<10m),0.6133g的Cu(Aldrich,99.7%,3m)、0.215g的PbO(Canto,99.5%)和1.2294g的Te(Aldrich,99.99%,约100目),然后在510℃真空石英管中加热15小时,以获得Bi0.9Pb0.1CuOTe粉末。
此样品的X射线衍射分析以与实施例2相同的方法进行。如图5所示,在实施例3中得到的材料被鉴定为Bi0.9Pb0.1CuOTe。
实施例4
Bi 0.9 Cd 0.1 CuOTe
为了制备Bi0.9Cd0.1CuOTe,通过使用玛瑙研钵充分混合1.3018g的Bi2O3(Aldrich,99.9%,100目)、0.6869g的Bi(Aldrich,99.99%,<10m),0.6266g的Cu(Aldrich,99.7%,3m)、0.1266g的CdO(Strem,99.999%)和1.2582g的Te(Aldrich,99.99%,约100目),然后在510℃真空石英管中加热15小时,以获得Bi0.9Cd0.1CuOTe粉末。
此样品的X射线衍射分析以与实施例2相同的方法进行。如图6所示,在实施例4中得到的材料被鉴定为Bi0.9Cd0.1CuOTe。
实施例5
Bi 0.9 Sr 0.1 CuOTe
为了制备Bi0.9Sr0.1CuOTe,通过使用玛瑙研钵充分混合1.0731g的Bi2O3(Aldrich,99.9%,100目)、0.5662g的Bi(Aldrich,99.99%,<10m),0.5165g的Cu(Aldrich,99.7%,3m),1.0372g的Te(Aldrich,99.99%,约100目)和0.0842g的SrO。在此,SrO是通过在1125℃下在空气中热处理SrCO3(Alfa,99.994%)12小时制备的。通过热处理获得的材料由X射线衍射分析被确定为SrO。
然后将该混合物在510℃的真空石英管中加热15小时,以获得Bi0.9Cd0.1CuOTe粉末。
在室温下在Bragg-Brentano衍射仪(Bruker D8Advance XRD)上用Cu X射线管(
Figure GDA00002555533900071
50kV,40mA)测定粉末X射线衍射(XRD)数据。步长为0.02度。图7显示出在实施例5中得到的材料为Bi0.9Sr0.1CuOTe。
实施例6
BiCuOSe 0.5 Te 0.5
为了制备BiCuOSe0.5Te0.5,通过使用玛瑙研钵充分混合1.9822g的Bi2O3(Aldrich,99.9%,100目)、0.889g的Bi(Aldrich,99.99%,<10m),0.811g的Cu(Aldrich,99.7%,3m)、0.5036g的Se(Aldrich,99.99%)和0.8142g的Te(Aldrich,99.99%,约100目),然后在510℃真空石英管中加热15小时,以获得BiCuOSe0.5Te0.5粉末。
在室温下在Bragg-Brentano衍射仪(Bruker D4-Endeavor XRD)上用Cu X射线管(40kV,40mA)测定粉末X射线衍射(XRD)数据。步长为0.02度。同时,使用可变的6mm狭缝作为发散狭缝。其结果示于图8中。晶体结构分析以与实施例2相同的方法进行。分析结果示于表3和图9中。
【表3】
  原子   位置   x   y   z   占有率   Beq
  Bi   2c   0.25   0.25   0.36504(9)   1   0.86(2)
  Cu   2a   0.75   0.25   0   1   2.00(9)
  O   2b   0.75   0.25   0.5   1   1.9(3)
  Te   2c   0.25   0.25   0.82272(14)   0.5   0.61(4)
  Se   2c   0.25   0.25   0.82252(14)   0.5   0.55(5)
由BiCuOSe0.5Te0.5的Rietveld精修[空间群P4/nmm(No.129),
Figure GDA00002555533900081
Figure GDA00002555533900082
Figure GDA00002555533900083
]得到的结晶学数据。
图8显示出测量的图与根据表3计算的图良好吻合,因此,在此实施例中得到的材料被鉴定为BiCuOSe0.5Te0.5
如图9所示,BiCuOSe0.5Te0.5显示出天然超晶格结构,其中,Cu2(Te,Se)2层和Bi2O2层沿c晶轴重复。
实施例7
Bi 0.9 Tl 0.1 CuOTe
为了制备Bi0.9Tl0.1CuOTe,通过使用玛瑙研钵充分混合1.227g的Bi2O3(Aldrich,99.9%,100目)、0.7114g的Bi(Aldrich,99.99%,<10m),0.6122g的Cu(Aldrich,99.7%,3m),1.2293g的Te(Aldrich,99.99%,约100目)和0.22g的Tl2O3(Aldrich)。
然后将该混合物在510℃的真空石英管中加热15小时,以获得Bi0.9Tl0.1CuOTe粉末。
此样品的X射线衍射分析以与实施例2相同的方法进行。如图10所示,在实施例7中得到的材料被鉴定为Bi0.9Tl0.1CuOTe。
实施例8
BiCuOTe 0.9 Sb 0.1
为了制备BiCuOTe0.9Sb0.1,通过使用玛瑙研钵充分混合1.4951g的Bi2O3(Aldrich,99.9%,100目)、0.6705g的Bi(Aldrich,99.99%,<10m),0.6117g的Cu(Aldrich,99.7%,3m),1.1054g的Te(Aldrich,99.99%,约100目)和0.1172g的Sb(Kanto chemical,Cat.No.01420-02)。
然后将该混合物在510℃的真空石英管中加热15小时,以获得BiCuOTe0.9Sb0.1粉末。
此样品的X射线衍射分析以与实施例2相同的方法进行。如图11所示,在实施例8中得到的材料被鉴定为BiCuOTe0.9Sb0.1
热电转换性能的评价
通过使用CIP在200MPa的压力下将粉末样品成型以得到直径4mm且长度15mm的圆柱形(以测量电导率及塞贝克系数),以及直径10mm且厚度1mm的圆盘形(以测量热导率)。随后,将得到的圆盘和圆柱在510℃真空石英管中加热10小时。
对于烧结的圆柱,通过使用ZEM-2(Ulvac-Rico有限公司)测量电导率和塞贝克系数。测量结果示于图12~17中。例如,在346K下,测得BiCuOTe和Bi0.98Pb0.02CuOTe的热导率分别为0.25W/m/K和0.35W/m/K,其显著低于典型的热电转换材料Bi2Te3的热导率(1.9W/m/K,T.M.Tritt,M.A.Subramanian,MRS Bulletin 31(2006)188-194)和Co4Sb12:In0.2(2W/m/K,T.He,J.Chen,D.Rosenfeld,M.A.Subramanian,Chem.Mater.18(2006)759-762)。
同时,对于烧结的圆盘,通过使用TC-9000(Ulvac-Rico有限公司)测量热导率。测量结果示于图12~17中。
使用测得的值计算各个样品的ZT值。计算结果示于图12~17中。

Claims (18)

1.由以下通式1表示的热电转换材料:
通式1
Bi1-xMxCu1-wOa-yQ1yTeb-zQ2z
其中,M为选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb中的至少一种元素;Q1和Q2为选自S、Se、As和Sb中的至少一种元素;x、y、z、w、a和b为0≤x<1、0≤w<1、0.2<a<4、0≤y<4、0.2<b<4、0≤z<4、b>z且x+y+z+w>0。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的x、y和z分别为0≤x≤1/2、0≤y≤a/2和0≤z≤b/2。
3.根据权利要求1所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的x、y和z分别为x=0、y=0和z=0。
4.根据权利要求1所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的x、y和z为x+y+z>0。
5.根据权利要求4所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的a、y、b和z分别为a=1、0≤y<1、b=1和0≤z<1。
6.根据权利要求4所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的x、w、a、y、b和z分别为0≤x<0.15、0≤w≤0.2、a=1、0≤y<0.2、b=1和0≤z<0.5。
7.根据权利要求4所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的M为选自Sr、Cd、Pb和Tl中的任意一种。
8.根据权利要求4所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的Q1和Q2分别为Se或Sb。
9.根据权利要求4所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的x、w、a、y、b和z分别为0≤x<0.15、0≤w≤0.2、a=1、0≤y<0.2、b=1和0≤z<0.5;M为选自Sr、Cd、Pb和Tl中的任意一种;且Q1和Q2分别为Se或Sb。
10.根据权利要求9所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的x、w、a、y、b和z分别为0<x<0.15、w=0、a=1、y=0、b=1和z=0,且M为选自Sr、Cd、Pb和Tl中的任意一种。
11.根据权利要求9所述的热电转换材料,
其中,通式1中的x、w、y和z分别为x=0、w=0、a=1、y=0、b=1和0<z≤0.5,且Q2为Se或Sb。
12.一种制备热电转换材料的方法,
其中,混合然后烧结Bi2O3、Bi、Cu和Te的粉末以制备由权利要求1中的通式1表示的热电转换材料。
13.一种制备热电转换材料的方法,
其中,混合然后烧结Bi2O3、Bi、Cu、Te和选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb或其氧化物中的至少一种以制备由权利要求1中的通式1表示的热电转换材料。
14.一种制备热电转换材料的方法,
其中,将Bi2O3、Bi、Cu和Te与选自S、Se、As和Sb或其氧化物中的至少一种混合,然后选择性地向其中进一步混入选自Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Cs、K、Na、Cd、Hg、Sn、Pb、Mn、Ga、In、Tl、As和Sb或其氧化物中的至少一种,然后烧结以制备由权利要求1中的通式1表示的热电转换材料。
15.根据权利要求12所述的制备热电转换材料的方法,
其中,所述烧结工序在400~570℃的温度下进行。
16.根据权利要求13所述的制备热电转换材料的方法,
其中,所述烧结工序在400~570℃的温度下进行。
17.根据权利要求14所述的制备热电转换材料的方法,
其中,所述烧结工序在400~570℃的温度下进行。
18.一种热电转换元件,其包括权利要求1所述的热电转换材料。
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