CN114051881B - Method for shaping narrow-crown low-stem walnut saplings - Google Patents
Method for shaping narrow-crown low-stem walnut saplings Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention relates to a shaping method of a narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling, which comprises the following steps: planting walnut seedlings in a planting field and carrying out cultivation management, generally checking the survival rate of the planted walnut seedlings, carrying out water and fertilizer control on the survival planted walnut seedlings, selecting strong buds as first extension branches to be trimmed and fixed, carrying out main branch cultivation and base angle control, continuously selecting and reserving first strong buds as extension branches, carrying out flat trimming on the strong buds and sealing the strong buds by using a healing agent, respectively carving buds on the main branches and the central branches, arranging bud carving belts at the bud carving positions, carrying out water and fertilizer reinforcement control on the walnut seedlings, continuously carrying out flat trimming on the extension heads of the main branches, selecting the strong buds as heads and coating the healing agent, repeating bud carving, water and fertilizer control and water and fertilizer reinforcement control, germinating branches to open base angles, reducing the stems and opening the hearts, continuously repeating water and fertilizer control and water and fertilizer reinforcement control, carrying out rejuvenation fruit branch groups, carrying out updating cultivation on the rejuvenated result groups, removing rejuvenescence, and finishing pruning; the shaping method can improve the yield and the quality of the walnuts.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of economic forest fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for shaping a narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling.
Background
Walnut (Juglas regia L.) is a perennial deciduous tree of Juglandaceae Juglans, the crown is tall and open, the branching force is strong and the germination force is weak, the top end advantage is obvious, the bore branch baldness is obvious, fruiting parts are easy to move outwards, all-round production technical problems such as mutual overlapping of crown layers after entering the full bearing period, closure of an orchard, deterioration of ventilation and light transmission conditions, heavy management, time and labor consumption, low benefit and the like easily occur, and the problems cause the reduction of the yield and the quality of the walnut, thereby directly influencing the economic benefit of a grower. Therefore, in order to produce a high-yield tree form, scientific shaping and trimming must be carried out in the young tree period, scientific frameworks and tree body structures are cultured, the preparation of the intervals of the main branches and the adjustment of the directions are coordinated, the configuration of the auxiliary branch and the culture of the fruiting branch group are well carried out, and the balance and harmony of vegetative growth and reproductive growth are adjusted, so that the purposes of saving labor, saving time, being high in quality, low in consumption, high in efficiency and facilitating cultivation and management of the walnut tree are achieved.
Chinese patent application No. CN103583298A discloses a method for pruning young walnut trees, comprising the following steps:
step 1, fixing the trunk, namely fixing the trunk of a young walnut according to the characteristics of variety and growth and development of the walnut tree, cultivating and adjusting the young walnut, keeping the fixed trunk height of early bearing walnuts at 60-80 cm, and performing bud picking operation after sprouting in the current year of field planting by using a trunk fixing method, namely completely removing lateral buds below the fixed trunk height; step 2, cultivating a tree form, wherein the cultivation of the tree form mainly comprises the steps of preparing bone branch branches of all levels, the walnut tree form adopts two types of evacuation layering and natural open heart, pruning is carried out in a natural open heart shape, namely, a shaping belt with 3-4 buds below a fixed trunk height is selected and reserved, 2-4 branches or germinated strong buds are selected and reserved in the shaping belt according to different directions as main branches, the vertical distance of the base part of each main branch is 30cm, after each main branch is selected, a first-level lateral branch is selected and reserved, 3 lateral branches are reserved on each main branch, the distance from a first lateral branch to a trunk is 60cm, 1-2 secondary lateral branches are selected and reserved on one lateral branch of a first main branch according to the growth condition of tree vigor, 2-3 primary lateral branches of a second main branch are reserved, and the distance between a lateral branch on the second main branch and a lateral branch on the first main branch is 60-80 cm; and 3, pruning early bearing walnuts, starting bearing in two years, having strong branching force, drawing secondary branches, and germinating spindly branches, wherein the secondary branches are mainly controlled during pruning in the stage, the spindly branches are utilized to remove dense branches, and the lower back branches are well treated.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a method for shaping a narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, planting walnut seedlings in a planting field and carrying out cultivation management;
step 2, carrying out survival rate general investigation on walnut seedlings within one week after field planting;
step 3, performing water and fertilizer control on the walnut seedlings after survival and field planting;
step 4, selecting strong buds as first prolonged branches before walnut seedlings sprout, carrying out horizontal shearing and fixing, and sealing by using a healing agent;
step 5, in the second year, main branch cultivation and base angle control are carried out;
step 6, continuously selecting and reserving a first strong bud as an extension branch at the position of 1.5m of the extension head of the trunk, carrying out flat shearing at the position of the strong bud, and sealing the shearing opening by using a healing agent;
step 7, bud carving is respectively carried out on the main branches and the central trunk, and bud carving belts of the main branches and bud carving belts of the central trunk are respectively arranged at the bud carving positions;
step 8, carrying out water and fertilizer enhancement management and control on walnut seedlings;
step 9, in the third year, continuing to perform flat shearing on the part 3m away from the trunk extension head, selecting the bud as the head, and smearing a healing agent at the shearing opening;
step 10, the bud carving of the main branches and the central trunks in the second year is repeated;
step 11, repeatedly carrying out water and fertilizer management and control in the first year and water and fertilizer enhancement management and control in the second year;
step 12, opening basal angles of the germinated branches;
step 13, in the fourth year, trunk descending and pistoning, and flattening the first extension branch by adopting a branch drawing method;
step 14, continuing to repeatedly perform water and fertilizer management and control in the first year and water and fertilizer enhancement management and control in the second year;
and step 15, rejuvenating the shrunken fruiting branch groups after the fruiting branch groups bear fruits for 3-4 years continuously, carrying out renewal culture on the rejuvenated fruiting branch groups, removing the rejuvenation, and finishing shaping and trimming.
Further, in the step 1, walnut seedlings are planted in the field, treated, the damaged roots, the dense roots and the overgrowth roots are cut off, the roots of the seedlings are soaked in 2% copper sulfate solution, and then soaked and disinfected in 4% lime water.
Further, in the step 1, during the growth process of the young peaches, a bactericide is adopted to prevent and treat rot, branch blight, powdery mildew and bacterial black spot, and the bactericide is formed by mixing 100 parts of thiophanate methyl wettable powder, 1000 parts of mancozeb wettable powder and 1500 parts of iprodione wettable powder.
Further, the general investigation of the survival rate of the walnut seedlings within one week after the field planting in the step 2 comprises the following steps:
step 2.1, carrying out survival rate general survey on the fixedly planted walnut seedlings within one week of permanent planting, and carrying out initial maintenance on the surviving walnut seedlings;
and 2.2, removing the non-survived walnut seedlings, supplementing the transplanted walnut seedlings, and protecting wind, cold and sun in real time.
Further, carry out liquid manure management and control to the walnut seedling after surviving the field planting in step 3, include:
3.1, watering the planted walnut seedlings once every 15 days to ensure the water supply of the walnut seedlings, and stopping watering until 7 months;
step 3.2, spraying urea solution with the mass concentration of 0.3-0.4% once every 15 days when new branches of walnut seedlings continuously start to grow to spread leaves and the spread leaves reach 2cm, and applying fertilizer to the leaves, wherein the urea solution is sprayed for 4 times every year in the seedling stage;
step 3.3, after the root system of the walnut seedlings is firmly anchored, applying fertilizer once in the middle of 5 months with a fruit tree compound fertilizer which is enrichable by sprinkling, wherein the sprinkling can enrich 17% N, 17% P, 17% K, 0.2kg/plant.
Further, before the walnut seedlings germinate, strong buds are selected as first prolonged branch horizontal shearing in the step 4, and the method comprises the following steps:
step 4.1, selecting strong buds as heads when the trunks of the walnut seedlings grow to 50-70 cm;
step 4.2, horizontally cutting the part of the walnut seedling with the trunk larger than 70cm, and arranging 8-10 bud cutting belts below a cutting opening;
and 4.3, selecting and culturing a first main branch in the bud shearing belt, completely erasing redundant buds and the 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th buds below the selected and remained plump buds, and reserving the 1 st bud at the shearing port to obtain an external bud.
Further, the length of the bud shearing belt in the step 4.2 is 20-30 cm.
Furthermore, the strong buds serve as a first extension branch fixed stem in the step 4, the fixed stem adopts a tree-shaped support, the tree-shaped support is formed by welding a plurality of stainless steel tubes, the tree-shaped support comprises 1 vertical rod and 6 side arm rods, the height of the vertical rod is 3m, the length of each side arm rod is 2m, the 6 side arm rods are spirally arranged on the vertical rod in a hollow manner, the included angle between each side arm rod and the vertical rod is 70 degrees, the distance between the 1 st side arm rod and the ground is 50cm, the side arm rods are spirally arranged in the hollow manner in different directions, each spiral is lifted by 45cm, each side arm rod is arranged in a staggered manner in different directions, nuts and steel rings are arranged on the side arm rods, the nuts are connected with the vertical rods through the side arm rods, the steel rings are arranged between the nuts and the side arm rods, and hemp bag lines are arranged on the steel rings.
Further, in the step 4, nutrient solution is sprayed on the fixed and dried strong buds, and the nutrient solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 200 parts of water, 30 parts of potassium nitrate, 5 parts of urea, 15 parts of zinc sulfate, 8 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 10 parts of ferrous sulfate and 5 parts of magnesium sulfate.
Further, in step 5, the main branch control base angle comprises the following steps: selecting short branches with the thickness of 1.4-1.6 cm, cutting two ends of each short branch into horseshoe shapes, and opening the base angle to 60 degrees.
Further, in the step 6, a healing agent is used for sealing the cut, the healing agent is soybean oil copper agent and is prepared by 1 part of each of soybean oil, copper sulfate and hydrated lime, the copper sulfate and the hydrated lime are ground into fine powder, the soybean oil is poured into a pot to be boiled, the fine powder is added into the soybean oil to be uniformly stirred, after cooling for 2-3 hours, the mixture is uniformly coated on the cut, and the thickness of the coating of the healing agent is 5mm.
Further, the bud carving in the step 7 adopts a combination method of artificial bud carving and medicine coating, and comprises the following steps: using a small-tooth steel saw blade to transversely etch a bud once at a position 0.5-1 cm above the selected bud to reach the xylem deeply, using a mixed solution of 5 times of generation etched buds and 2000 times of polytrisiloxane card, dipping and applying a point on the bud eye by using a writing brush, erasing competitive buds and redundant buds after the bud, and performing core picking and vigorous control at 3-4 leaves for 2-3 times when the young tip grows to 40-50 cm in the same year for 5-6 months.
Further, in step 7, the carved bud of the main branch is taken at a position 30cm away from the base of the main branch, except for a position 20cm away from the tip of the main branch.
Further, in step 7, the central dry-carved bud belt is 20cm below the cut, except for 45cm away from the previous main branch.
Further, the walnut seedling carries out liquid manure and strengthens management and control in step 8, includes:
step 8.1, fertilizing once before the walnut trees bloom, and then fertilizing once every month, wherein the fertilizing is stopped for 0.3 kg/plant until 7 middle ten days;
and 8.2, applying a base fertilizer before falling leaves in autumn, wherein the base fertilizer mainly comprises fermented and decomposed farmyard manure, applying fertilizer by adopting inter-row strip-shaped ditches at a depth of 40-50 cm and at a rate of 2000 kg/mu, and performing simple dry chicken manure stacking type film covering fermentation.
Further, step 8.2 adopts simple dry chicken manure stacking type film-covering fermentation, which comprises the following steps: stacking chicken manure with the height of 1.5m, covering a layer of plastic film on the top of the chicken manure, lifting the plastic film when the air temperature of the chicken manure in the plastic film rises to 75 ℃, manually turning the chicken manure, repeating the process of stacking, turning and laminating for 4-5 times when the temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, and fermenting the chicken manure: fine sand: the weed segments are 3:1:0.5 and mixing.
Further, the 3m position of the trunk extension head in the step 9 is continuously cut, which comprises the following steps:
step 9.1, opening a waist angle after the robust branches are taken and softened, wherein the position of the opened angle is 10-15 cm away from the top of the young sprout, and the opening angle is 75-85 degrees;
step 9.2, wiping competitive branches and competitive buds, horizontally shearing 2-3 shrunken buds at the base part of the strong branches with the main branch/trunk ratio of more than 2.5-3, keeping short, and sealing by using a healing agent;
and 9.3, reserving one main branch in each spiral ascending direction of 45cm, reserving enough 6 main branches, and enabling the reserved main branches to be in the same direction as the side arm rods.
Further, the angle of opening in step 9.1 is preferably 80 °.
Further, the step 13 of reducing dryness and relieving heartburn comprises the following steps: controlling the height of the tree to be 3.5m, the crown diameter to be 2.5m, 6 main branches on the trunk, wherein the 6 main branches are arranged in a spiral inserting manner, the distance between every two main branches is 40-50 cm, 3-4 lateral branches are reserved on every two main branches, the distance between lateral branch groups is 30-40 cm, robust branches are selected during cultivation, and weak branches are removed.
Further, in step 13, the branch drawing method is adopted to draw the first prolonged branch flat, and the method comprises the following steps: the first extending branch is as long as 50-60 cm, the toothpick is used for spreading between the main trunk and the first extending branch to a horizontal angle, the branch is held by hands, the branch is repeatedly taken and softened in the up-down direction and the left-right direction, the first extending branch is pressed to a required angle while being softened, and the branch is pulled by a branch pulling device.
Further, the rejuvenating the condensation combination of the fruiting branch group in the step 15, the renewal culture of the rejuvenated fruiting branch group and the elimination of the rejuvenation comprise:
step 15.1, selecting a bearing branch group with the diameter of the base part of more than 3.5cm, and carrying out notching at a position 2cm away from the branch point of the base part of the bearing branch group, wherein the width of the notch is 5-8 mm, and the depth is 1/4-1/3 of the diameter of the base part;
and step 15.2, binding the wound by using a film tape after the nicking, wherein the nicked fruiting branch group normally fruiting for 1 year, and branches emitted by the hidden buds under the nicking of the base part are used as a new fruiting branch group.
Compared with the prior art, the method for shaping the walnut saplings has the following advantages:
1, before walnut seedlings are planted in a planting field, damaged roots, dense roots and overgrowth roots of the walnut seedlings are cut off, the roots of the seedlings are soaked in a 2% copper sulfate solution and then soaked in a 4% lime water solution for disinfection, so that the survival rate of the walnut seedlings after being transplanted in the planting field can be remarkably improved.
2, the shaping method of the invention adopts the cut to cut the skin flat, and can accelerate the callus of the cut to grow and heal quickly.
3, the shaping method of the invention can reduce the water loss, prevent the wound infection of the walnut seedlings and ensure the rapid growth recovery by smearing the healing agent at the cut.
4, according to the shaping method, the bud carving adopts a combination method of manual bud carving and medicine coating, so that the problems of low germination capacity of the walnut tree and baldness of branches in the interior are solved.
5, the shaping method of the invention can effectively prevent and treat diseases such as rot, branch blight, powdery mildew, bacterial black spot and the like of walnut young trees by using a bactericide formed by mixing 100 parts of thiophanate methyl wettable powder, 1000 parts of mancozeb wettable powder and 1500 parts of iprodione wettable powder, thereby improving the survival rate of walnut seedlings.
6, the shaping method of the invention sprays nutrient solution on the bud after stem fixing, accelerates the growth and growth of the bud after stem fixing, and effectively resists plant diseases and insect pests.
7. According to the shaping method, water and fertilizer management and control are carried out on the walnut seedlings, so that the mature and aging of branches are promoted, the cold resistance of seedlings is improved, and the walnut seedlings are prevented from being frozen in winter.
According to the shaping method, the tree-shaped support is used for fixing the main branches, the included angle between the vertical rod and the side arm rod in the tree-shaped support is 70 degrees, the base angle of the tree body is favorably opened, the waist angle of the main branches is fixed, the excessive upper branches are prevented, the tip angle is prevented from drooping, the illumination deterioration and premature closure of the tree body are improved, the mutual overlapping of crown layers is avoided, the management is heavy, and the result rate of the main branches is improved.
9, the shaping method can ensure that the walnut tree body is short to 3.5m, the crown width of the crown is reduced to 2.5m, the one-time main branch is successfully pulled and does not rebound, splitting of walnut young trees and easy inclined scraping of the walnut tree body with large wind can be effectively avoided, and meanwhile, the walnut young trees can be formed in an accelerated manner, so that the purposes of labor saving, labor saving and convenient management are achieved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the shaping method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The invention provides a shaping method of a narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling, which comprises the following steps of:
step 1, planting walnut seedlings in a planting field and carrying out cultivation management;
step 2, carrying out survival rate general investigation on walnut seedlings within one week after field planting;
step 3, performing water and fertilizer control on the walnut seedlings after survival and field planting;
step 4, selecting strong buds as first prolonged branches before walnut seedlings sprout, carrying out horizontal shearing and fixing, and sealing by using a healing agent;
step 5, in the second year, main branch cultivation and base angle control are carried out;
step 6, continuously selecting and remaining a first strong bud at a position 1.5m away from the extension head of the trunk as an extension branch, carrying out flat shearing at the position of the strong bud, and sealing a shearing opening by using a healing agent;
step 7, respectively carrying out bud carving on the main branches and the central trunk, and respectively arranging main branch bud carving belts and central trunk bud carving belts at the bud carving positions;
step 8, carrying out water and fertilizer enhancement management and control on walnut seedlings;
step 9, in the third year, continuing to perform flat shearing on the part 3m away from the trunk extension head, selecting the bud as the head, and smearing a healing agent at the shearing opening;
step 10, repeatedly carrying out bud carving on the main branches and the central trunks in the second year;
step 11, repeatedly carrying out water and fertilizer management and control in the first year and water and fertilizer enhancement management and control in the second year;
step 12, opening base angles of the germinated branches;
step 13, in the fourth year, trunk descending and pistoning, and flattening the first extension branch by adopting a branch drawing method;
step 14, continuing to repeatedly perform water and fertilizer management and control in the first year and water and fertilizer enhancement management and control in the second year;
and step 15, rejuvenating the shrunken fruiting branch groups after the fruiting branch groups bear fruits for 3-4 years continuously, carrying out renewal culture on the rejuvenated fruiting branch groups, removing the rejuvenation, and finishing shaping and trimming.
Further, in step 1, walnut seedlings are planted in the field, treated, damaged roots, dense roots and overgrowth roots are cut off, 2% copper sulfate solution is used for soaking the roots of the seedlings, and then 4% lime water is used for soaking and disinfecting the roots.
Further, in the step 1, during the growth process of the walnut seedlings, a bactericide is adopted to prevent and treat rot, branch blight, powdery mildew and bacterial black spot, and the bactericide is formed by mixing 100 parts of thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 1000 parts of mancozeb wettable powder and 1500 parts of iprodione wettable powder.
Further, the general investigation of the survival rate of the walnut seedlings within one week after the field planting in the step 2 comprises the following steps:
step 2.1, carrying out survival rate general survey on the fixedly planted walnut seedlings within one week of permanent planting, and carrying out initial maintenance on the surviving walnut seedlings;
and 2.2, removing the non-survived walnut seedlings, supplementing the transplanted walnut seedlings, and protecting wind, cold and sun in real time.
Further, carry out liquid manure management and control to the walnut seedling after surviving the field planting in step 3, include:
3.1, watering the planted walnut seedlings once every 15 days to ensure the water supply of the walnut seedlings, and stopping watering until 7 months;
step 3.2, spraying urea solution with the mass concentration of 0.3-0.4% once every 15 days when new branches of walnut seedlings continuously start to grow to spread leaves and the spread leaves reach 2cm, and applying fertilizer to the leaves, wherein the urea solution is sprayed for 4 times every year in the seedling stage;
step 3.3, after the root system of the walnut seedlings is firmly anchored, applying fertilizer once in the middle of 5 months with a fruit tree compound fertilizer which is enrichable by sprinkling, wherein the sprinkling can enrich 17% N, 17% P, 17% K, 0.2kg/plant.
Further, before the walnut seedlings germinate, strong buds are selected as first prolonged branch horizontal shearing in the step 4, and the method comprises the following steps:
step 4.1, selecting strong buds as heads when the trunks of the walnut seedlings grow to 50-70 cm;
4.2, horizontally cutting the part of the main stem of the walnut seedling, which is larger than 70cm, and arranging 8-10 bud cutting belts under a cutting opening;
and 4.3, selecting and culturing the first main branch in the bud shearing and reserving belt, completely erasing redundant buds and 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th buds below the selected and reserved plump buds, and shearing the 1 st buds to reserve external buds.
Further, the length of the bud shearing belt in the step 4.2 is 20-30 cm.
Furthermore, the strong buds serve as a first extension branch fixed stem in the step 4, the fixed stem adopts a tree-shaped support, the tree-shaped support is formed by welding a plurality of stainless steel tubes, the tree-shaped support comprises 1 vertical rod and 6 side arm rods, the height of the vertical rod is 3m, the length of each side arm rod is 2m, the 6 side arm rods are spirally arranged on the vertical rod in a hollow manner, the included angle between each side arm rod and the vertical rod is 70 degrees, the distance between the 1 st side arm rod and the ground is 50cm, the side arm rods are spirally arranged in the hollow manner in different directions, each spiral is lifted by 45cm, each side arm rod is arranged in a staggered manner in different directions, nuts and steel rings are arranged on the side arm rods, the nuts are connected with the vertical rods through the side arm rods, the steel rings are arranged between the nuts and the side arm rods, and hemp bag lines are arranged on the steel rings.
Further, in the step 4, nutrient solution is sprayed on the bud after the bud is fixed and dried, and the nutrient solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 200 parts of water, 30 parts of potassium nitrate, 5 parts of urea, 15 parts of zinc sulfate, 8 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 10 parts of ferrous sulfate and 5 parts of magnesium sulfate.
Further, in step 5, the main branch controls the base angle, including: short branches with the thickness of 1.4-1.6 cm are selected, two ends of each short branch are cut into horseshoe shapes, and the opening base angle is 60 degrees.
Further, in the step 6, the shearing opening is sealed by using a healing agent, wherein the healing agent is soybean oil copper agent and is prepared by 1 part of each of soybean oil, copper sulfate and hydrated lime, the copper sulfate and the hydrated lime are ground into fine powder, the soybean oil is poured into a pot to be boiled, the fine powder is added into the soybean oil to be uniformly stirred, after cooling for 2-3 hours, the mixture is uniformly coated on the shearing opening, and the thickness of the coating of the healing agent is 5mm.
Further, the bud carving in the step 7 adopts a combination method of artificial bud carving and medicine coating, and comprises the following steps: using a small-tooth steel saw blade to transversely cut a bud once at a position 0.5-1 cm above the selected bud and deeply reaching xylem, using a mixed solution of 5 times of cut bud and 2000 times of polytrisiloxane card, dipping and applying a point on a bud eye by using a writing brush, erasing competitive buds and redundant buds after the bud, and performing pinching and vigorous growth control at 3-4 leaves for 2-3 times in 5-6 months of the year when a young tip grows to 40-50 cm.
Further, in step 7, the carved bud of the main branch is located at a position 30cm away from the base of the main branch, except a position 20cm away from the tip of the main branch.
Further, in step 7, the central dry-carved bud belt is 20cm below the cut, except for 45cm away from the previous main branch.
Further, the walnut seedling carries out liquid manure and strengthens management and control in step 8, includes:
step 8.1, fertilizing once before the walnut trees bloom, and then fertilizing once every month, wherein the fertilizing is stopped for 0.3 kg/plant until 7 middle ten days;
and 8.2, applying a base fertilizer before falling leaves in autumn, wherein the base fertilizer mainly comprises fermented and decomposed farmyard manure, applying fertilizer by adopting inter-row strip-shaped ditches, wherein the fertilizer is 2000 kg/mu and the depth is 40-50 cm, and the fermentation adopts simple dry chicken manure stacking type film covering fermentation.
Further, step 8.2 adopts simple dry chicken manure stacking type film-covering fermentation, which comprises the following steps: stacking chicken manure with the height of 1.5m, covering a layer of plastic film on the top of the chicken manure, lifting the plastic film when the air temperature of the chicken manure in the plastic film rises to 75 ℃, manually turning the chicken manure, repeating the process of stacking, turning and laminating for 4-5 times when the temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, and fermenting the chicken manure: fine sand: the weed segments are 3:1:0.5 mixing.
Further, the 3m position of the trunk extension head in the step 9 is continuously cut, which comprises the following steps:
step 9.1, opening a waist angle after the robust branches are taken and softened, wherein the position of the opening angle is 10-15 cm away from the top of the young sprout, and the opening angle is 75-85 degrees;
step 9.2, removing competitive branches and competitive buds, cutting and keeping 2-3 shrunken buds at the base parts of the strong branches with the main branch-trunk ratio of more than 2.5-3, and sealing by using a healing agent;
and 9.3, reserving one main branch in each spiral ascending direction of 45cm, reserving enough 6 main branches, and reserving the reserved main branches in the same direction as the side arm rods.
Further, the angle of opening in step 9.1 is preferably 80 °.
Further, the step 13 of reducing dryness and relieving heartburn comprises the following steps: the height of the tree is controlled to be 3.5m, the crown diameter is 2.5m, 6 main branches are arranged on a trunk in a spiral type inserting mode, the distance between every two main branches is 40-50 cm, 3-4 lateral branches are reserved on every two main branches, the distance between lateral branch groups is 30-40 cm, robust branches are selected during cultivation, and weak branches are removed.
Further, in step 13, the branch drawing method is adopted to draw the first prolonged branch flat, and the method comprises the following steps: the first extending branch is as long as 50-60 cm, the toothpick is used for opening between the main trunk and the first extending branch to a horizontal angle, the branch is held by hands, the branch is repeatedly taken and softened in the up-down direction and the left-right direction, the first extending branch is pressed down to a required angle while the branch is taken and softened, and a branch pulling device is used for pulling the branch.
Further, the rejuvenating the condensation combination of the fruiting branch group in the step 15, the renewal culture of the rejuvenated fruiting branch group and the elimination of the rejuvenation comprise:
step 15.1, selecting a bearing branch group with the diameter of the base part of more than 3.5cm, and carrying out notching at a position 2cm away from the branch point of the base part of the bearing branch group, wherein the width of the notch is 5-8 mm, and the depth is 1/4-1/3 of the diameter of the base part;
and step 15.2, binding the wound by using a film tape after the nicking, wherein the nicked fruiting branch group normally fruiting for 1 year, and branches emitted by the hidden buds under the nicking of the base part are used as a new fruiting branch group.
It should be understood that the above-described embodiments are merely exemplary of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A shaping method of a narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, planting walnut seedlings in a planting field, carrying out cultivation management, treating the walnut seedlings, cutting off damaged roots, dense roots and long roots, soaking the roots of the seedlings in a copper sulfate solution with the concentration of 2%, and soaking and disinfecting the roots of the seedlings in lime water with the concentration of 4%;
during the growth process of the walnut seedlings, a bactericide is adopted to prevent and treat rot, branch blight, powdery mildew and bacterial black spot, and the bactericide is formed by mixing 100 parts of thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 1000 parts of mancozeb wettable powder and 1500 parts of iprodione wettable powder;
step 2, carrying out survival rate general investigation on walnut seedlings within one week after field planting;
step 3, performing water and fertilizer control on the walnut seedlings after the survival and field planting;
step 4, selecting strong buds as first extension branches before walnut seedlings germinate, shearing the strong buds to be fixed dry, and sealing the branches by using a healing agent;
step 5, in the second year, culturing the main branches and controlling the base angle;
step 6, continuously selecting and reserving a first strong bud as an extension branch at the position of 1.5m of the extension head of the trunk, carrying out flat shearing at the position of the strong bud, and sealing the shearing opening by using a healing agent;
step 7, bud carving is respectively carried out on the main branches and the central trunk, and bud carving belts of the main branches and bud carving belts of the central trunk are respectively arranged at the bud carving positions;
step 8, carrying out water and fertilizer enhancement management and control on walnut seedlings;
step 9, in the third year, continuing to perform flat shearing on the part 3m away from the trunk extension head, selecting the bud as the head, and smearing a healing agent at the shearing opening;
step 10, repeatedly carrying out bud carving on the main branches and the central trunks in the second year;
step 11, repeatedly performing water and fertilizer management and control in the first year and water and fertilizer enhancement management and control in the second year;
step 12, opening basal angles of the germinated branches;
step 13, in the fourth year, the dryness is reduced and the mind is relieved, comprising the following steps: controlling the height of a tree to be 3.5m, the crown diameter to be 2.5m, 6 main branches on a trunk, wherein the 6 main branches are arranged in a spiral inserting manner, the distance between every two main branches is 40-50 cm, 3-4 lateral branches are reserved on every two main branches, the distance between lateral branch groups is 30-40 cm, robust branches are selected during cultivation, weak branches are removed, and a branch pulling method is adopted to pull a first extension branch flat, and the method comprises the following steps: the first extending branch is as long as 50-60 cm, a toothpick is used for propping open between the main trunk and the first extending branch to a horizontal angle, the branch is held by hands, the branch is repeatedly taken and softened in the up-down direction and the left-right direction, the first extending branch is pressed to a required angle while the branch is softened, and a branch pulling device is used for pulling the branch;
step 14, continuing to repeatedly perform water and fertilizer management and control in the first year and water and fertilizer enhancement management and control in the second year;
and step 15, rejuvenating the shrunken fruiting branch groups after the fruiting branch groups bear fruits for 3-4 years continuously, carrying out renewal culture on the rejuvenated fruiting branch groups, removing the rejuvenation, and finishing shaping and trimming.
2. The method for shaping the narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling as claimed in claim 1, wherein the general investigation of the survival rate of the walnut seedlings within one week after the planting in step 2 comprises:
step 2.1, carrying out survival rate general survey on the fixedly planted walnut seedlings within one week of permanent planting, and carrying out initial maintenance on the surviving walnut seedlings;
and 2.2, removing the non-survived walnut seedlings, supplementing the transplanted walnut seedlings, and protecting wind, cold and sun in real time.
3. The method for shaping the narrow-crown low-stem walnut saplings according to claim 1, wherein the step 3 of performing water and fertilizer management and control on the survival and fixed walnut seedlings comprises the following steps:
3.1, watering the planted walnut seedlings once every 15 days to ensure the water supply of the walnut seedlings, and stopping watering until 7-month last ten days;
step 3.2, spraying a urea solution with the mass concentration of 0.3-0.4% once every 15 days when new branches of the walnut seedlings continuously start to grow to spread leaves and when the leaves are spread to 2cm, and performing foliar fertilization, wherein the urea solution is sprayed for 4 times every year in the seedling stage;
step 3.3, after the root system of the walnut tree seedling is firmly fixed, fertilizing once by using a fruit tree compound fertilizer in 5 middle of the month, and enriching the fruit tree compound fertilizer by adopting scattering, wherein the scattering can be enriched by 17 percent N, 17 percent P, 17 percent K, 0.2kg/plant.
4. The method for shaping the narrow-crown low-stem walnut saplings according to claim 1, wherein the step 4 of selecting strong buds as first prolonged branch pruning before the walnut seedlings sprout comprises the following steps:
step 4.1, selecting strong buds as heads when the trunks of the walnut seedlings grow to 50-70 cm;
step 4.2, horizontally cutting the part of the walnut seedling with the trunk larger than 70cm, and arranging 8-10 bud cutting belts below a cutting opening;
4.3, selecting and culturing a first main branch in the bud shearing belt, completely erasing redundant buds and the 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th buds below the selected and remained plump buds, and reserving the 1 st bud at the shearing port;
the tree-shaped support is formed by welding a plurality of stainless steel tubes, and comprises 1 vertical rod and 6 side arm rods, wherein the height of the vertical rod is 3m, the length of each side arm rod is 2m,6 side arm rods are spirally arranged on the vertical rod in a hollow way, the included angle between each side arm rod and the vertical rod is 70 degrees, the distance between the 1 st side arm rod and the ground is 50cm, the side arm rods are spirally arranged in the hollow way in different directions, each spiral ascends for 45cm and is provided with one side arm rod in a staggered way in different directions, each side arm rod is provided with a nut and a steel ring, the nut is connected with the vertical rod through the side arm rod, the steel ring is arranged between the nut and the side arm rod, and a gunny bag line is arranged on the steel ring;
spraying nutrient solution on the bud after drying, wherein the nutrient solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 200 parts of water, 30 parts of potassium nitrate, 5 parts of urea, 15 parts of zinc sulfate, 8 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 10 parts of ferrous sulfate and 5 parts of magnesium sulfate.
5. The method for shaping the young narrow-crown low-dry walnut trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein the healing agent is soybean oil copper agent and is prepared from 1 part of each of soybean oil, copper sulfate and hydrated lime, the copper sulfate and the hydrated lime are ground into fine powder in the step 6, the soybean oil is poured into a pot and boiled to be boiled, the fine powder is added into the soybean oil and uniformly stirred, after being cooled for 2-3 h, the mixture is uniformly coated at the cut, and the thickness of the healing agent coated is 5mm.
6. The method for shaping the narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bud carving in the step 7 adopts a combination method of artificial bud carving and medicine coating, comprising: using a small-tooth steel saw blade to transversely etch a bud once at a position 0.5-1 cm above the selected bud to reach the xylem deeply, using a mixed solution of 5 times of generation etched buds and 2000 times of polytrisiloxane card, dipping and applying a point on the bud eye by using a writing brush, erasing competitive buds and redundant buds after the bud, and performing core picking and vigorous control at 3-4 leaves for 2-3 times when the young tip grows to 40-50 cm in the same year for 5-6 months.
7. The method for shaping the narrow-crown low-stem walnut young tree according to claim 1, wherein the step 8 of water and fertilizer enhancement management and control of the walnut seedlings comprises the following steps:
step 8.1, fertilizing once before the walnut trees bloom, and then fertilizing once every month, wherein the fertilizing is stopped for 0.3 kg/plant until 7 middle ten days;
and 8.2, applying a base fertilizer before falling leaves in autumn, wherein the base fertilizer mainly comprises fermented and decomposed farmyard manure, applying fertilizer by adopting inter-row strip-shaped ditches, wherein the fertilizer is 2000 kg/mu and the depth is 40-50 cm, and the fermentation adopts simple dry chicken manure stacking type film covering fermentation.
8. The method for shaping the narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 9 of continuing the flat shearing at the position 3m from the trunk extension head comprises:
step 9.1, opening a waist angle after the robust branches are taken and softened, wherein the position of the opened angle is 10-15 cm away from the top of the young sprout, and the opening angle is 75-85 degrees;
step 9.2, wiping competitive branches and competitive buds, horizontally shearing 2-3 shrunken buds at the base part of the strong branches with the main branch/trunk ratio of more than 2.5-3, keeping short, and sealing by using a healing agent;
and 9.3, reserving one main branch in each spiral ascending direction of 45cm, reserving enough 6 main branches, and enabling the reserved main branches to be in the same direction as the side arm rods.
9. The method for shaping the narrow-crown low-stem walnut sapling as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 15 of rejuvenating the fruiting branch group by scaling and combination, and the rejuvenating of the rejuvenated fruiting branch group by renewed cultivation and elimination comprises:
step 15.1, selecting a bearing branch group with the diameter of the base part of more than 3.5cm, and carrying out notching at a position 2cm away from the branch point of the base part of the bearing branch group, wherein the width of the notch is 5-8 mm, and the depth is 1/4-1/3 of the diameter of the base part;
and step 15.2, binding the wound by using a film tape after the nicking, wherein the nicked fruiting branch group normally fruiting for 1 year, and branches emitted by the hidden buds under the nicking of the base part are used as a new fruiting branch group.
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