CN113475304A - Single-trunk three-main-branch open-core type tree form of apocarya and shaping and trimming method thereof - Google Patents
Single-trunk three-main-branch open-core type tree form of apocarya and shaping and trimming method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
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- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 claims description 12
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/04—Supports for hops, vines, or trees
- A01G17/10—Holders for boughs or branches
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G23/00—Forestry
- A01G23/02—Transplanting, uprooting, felling or delimbing trees
- A01G23/04—Transplanting trees; Devices for grasping the root ball, e.g. stump forceps; Wrappings or packages for transporting trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
A single-trunk three-main-branch open-center type tree form of apocarya and a shaping and trimming method thereof are disclosed, wherein the tree form is characterized in that: the fixed dry height is 1.5-2.5 m; selecting and reserving 3 main branches, growing on the central trunk at the same height in a rotation mode, wherein the angle is about 120 degrees, the main branches incline upwards, the opening angle is 45-60 degrees, more than 8 lateral branches growing outwards in an inclined mode are cultivated on each main branch, bearing branch groups are attached to the lateral branches, the distance between the lateral branches is about 30 centimeters, the main branches fall off in time when the distance is more than 2.5 meters, and the height of the main branches is not more than 3.5 meters. The tree shape has no central trunk above the branch point, and the three main branches are uniformly distributed to the periphery of the crown without crossing and overlapping. The tree form can be formed in 2-3 years, the forming is fast, the early-maturing and high-yield performance is good, the shaping is easy, the later trimming is simple, the tree form is convenient to master, and the tree form is a novel high-quality, early-maturing and high-yield cultivation tree form for apocarya, saves labor and is beneficial to mechanization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a shaping and trimming method of apocarya, in particular to a single-trunk three-main-branch open-center tree form of the apocarya and a shaping and trimming method thereof, belonging to the technical field of economic forest cultivation.
Background
Carya illinoensis [ Carya illinoensis (wanech.) k. Koch ], named as pecan and pecan in America, is a high-volume arbor plant of hickory (Carya Nutt) in Juglandaceae (Julandaceae), is native to North America, and is an ecological economic tree species integrating high-quality nuts, woody oil, landscaping and precious wood. For the 20 th century, more and more countries in the world have introduced the planting of apocarya. China's Jiangsu, Yunnan, Anhui and so on are planted and popularized in large area. In recent 20 years, the scientific research of the apocarya has made a great breakthrough, and the introduction and screening of excellent varieties are completed. The applicant of the patent aims at the bottleneck problems of difficult survival of grafted seedlings, extremely low seedling transplanting survival rate and the like in the industrialized development of the carya illinoensis which restrict the industrial development, combines with key technologies of root-rich container cultivation of the carya illinoensis, obtains a series of innovative scientific and technological achievements, and discloses a method for accelerating germination of carya illinoensis seeds in late winter and early spring (CN 102823357), a method for promoting lateral roots of seedlings of current-year carya illinoensis (CN 102823358), a method for grafting skin of carya illinoensis (CN 103039277), a method for cultivating seedlings of carya illinoensis (CN 103039254), a method for grafting high-grafting and head-changing of carya illinoensis (CN 103202182), a method for promoting adventitious roots of branches of carya illinoensis (CN 103238492), a method for cutting hard branches of carya illinoensis (CN 103299812), a method for breeding excellent variety of carya illinoensis (CN 103988715) and a method for seedling cultivation of carya illinoensis (CN 103988697), the method integrates the efficient breeding technology of the excellent variety of the apocarya, realizes the large-scale, standardized and intensive development of seedlings, ensures the supply of seedlings and promotes the rapid development of the apocarya across the country.
With the development of the carya illinoensis industry, on the basis of excellent variety breeding and mature seedling breeding research, how to realize high yield, premature delivery and stable yield of carya illinoensis becomes a main direction which needs to be faced and researched at present and in a future period of time. The carya illinoensis forms female flower bud results from terminal buds of short branches (length less than 30 cm). In production, the management of the apocarya young trees is extensive, the trimming is not focused, the fruit bearing is carried out for 7 to 8 years, the time of more than 15 years is needed when the apocarya young trees enter the high-yield period, and the production efficiency is too low. The main reasons are that the top advantages of the apocarya are very obvious, the branches are strong in uprightness, the vegetative branches are dominant in growth, the germination rate of lateral buds is low, the short branches are formed late, the number of the short branches is small, and the early fruiting and the high yield are not facilitated. Therefore, the pecan has long childhood period and slow effect and becomes a main bottleneck restricting the development of the industry. How to break the top advantages of the tree body and cultivate a large number of short branches into bearing branches so as to realize early fruiting and high yield is a main problem to be solved urgently. The applicant of the patent researches a method (CN 104542159) for rapidly culturing carya illinoensis crown by taking measures of summer short-circuit pruning to promote the germination and the branching of buds in earlier period, and lays a foundation for the research of the patent. Meanwhile, the applicant of the present patent researches a hedge-wall-shaped tree form of apocarya and a shaping method (CN 104584974) and
a spindle-shaped tree form of apocarya and a shaping method (CN 110476691) thereof, however, both the tree forms are suitable for dwarfing and densely planting tree forms, long-term observation and research are carried out, and along with the increase of biological cognition degree of the apocarya, high and big trees in the apocarya are known to have poor bud branching capability, but branches grow vigorously, short branches are formed rarely, hedge arm type and spindle-shaped tree forms are closed in a short time due to high planting density, flower bud differentiation is seriously influenced, yield is low, and the trees enter a big-and-small-year cycle in a short time (5-6 years), and the two tree forms have large trimming workload, and fruit ripening is not beneficial to mechanical picking in the later period of tree form dwarfing, and time and labor are wasted. The technology with high labor intensity is not suitable for the development of the industry in the future. Therefore, how to cultivate tree forms suitable for mechanization, labor saving, early fruiting and high yield and a corresponding shaping and trimming method thereof is an urgent problem to be solved at present. Therefore, on the basis of a grafting method of top grafting and head changing of apocarya in the earlier patent (CN 103202182), a single-trunk three-main-branch open-heart tree form is researched and formed. The tree form has 3 main branches which are arranged on the trunk in a rotation mode, no obvious central trunk exists, a large number of fruiting short branches are promoted to be formed on each main branch, the number of the fruiting short branches is increased by times compared with that of the single-trunk tree form, and early-maturing and high-yield carya illinoensis are facilitated. The cultivation tree is simple in structure, good in ventilation condition and convenient in field management, and is a novel high-quality, early-maturing and high-yield cultivation tree form for the carya illinoensis.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to form a single-trunk three-main-branch open-core type tree form, and provides a novel high-quality, early-fruiting and high-yield cultivation tree form of apocarya and a corresponding cultivation method thereof, wherein the cultivation tree form is easy to mechanize and save labor.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
the three-main-branch open-core tree shape of apocarya is characterized in that: the fixed dry height is 1.5-2.5 m; selecting and reserving 3 main branches, wherein the main branches grow on the central trunk in a rotation manner at the same height, the angle is about 120 degrees, the main branches incline upwards, the opening angle is 45-50 degrees, more than 8 side branches are cultivated on each main branch, fruiting branch groups are attached to the side branches, the distance of the fruiting branch groups is 30cm, the main branches fall off in time when the height is more than 2.5m, and the height of the main branches is not more than 3.5 m. The method is characterized in that the shaping method and the garden building method comprise the following steps:
1) planting: selecting a land with flat topography, digging pits with the length, width and height of 1.5m respectively by using a digging machine, paving corn straws and the like at the bottom of a ditch, returning soil to a position 1m away from the ground, uniformly stirring decomposed organic fertilizer and soil, backfilling, and backfilling to a position 20cm away from the ground. The root-rich seedlings with obvious central trunk growing for 5 years are selected for planting, the row spacing of the seedlings is 5 multiplied by 10m, and water is irrigated for 1 time after planting.
2) Grafting: selecting annual branches of a good variety ' Bony ' cado ' in months from 2 months to 3 months, cutting the branches into spike strips with the length of about 20cm, sealing the joints with wax, and refrigerating in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ for more than 1 month. And (3) connecting the seedlings with the height of 1.5-2.5m in the beginning of 4 months to form a 'stump' cut, grafting by adopting a cleft grafting method, uniformly grafting 3 scions on the central stem, and enabling the buds to face to the row direction. Then, binding a kraft paper bag at the grafting opening, wherein the size of the paper bag depends on the thickness of the stock, filling sawdust in the paper bag, the kraft paper bag and the filled sawdust are higher than the scion, pricking the upper opening of the paper bag, and finally wrapping the paper bag with a plastic bag.
3) Managing in the 1 st year after grafting: timely wiping off buds sprouting on a trunk after grafting to prevent nutrition competition with scions, timely removing a plastic bag after grafting for 1 month, tearing or removing a kraft paper bag, preventing wind on a stand column when the scions grow to 10cm, selecting 1 branch with vigorous growth on each scion, pinching when the branch grows to 30-50cm in 7-8 months, and promoting development of lateral branches.
4) Managing 2-3 years after grafting: when pruning is carried out in winter, according to the distribution condition of branches on main branches and different directions, bearing branches are reserved every 50-70cm, the bearing branches are subjected to short connection, 10-15 cm branches are reserved, and bearing branch groups are cultured. And in 6-7 months, pulling branches according to the opening angle of the main branches, pulling the branches to below 45 degrees, pinching newly-emerged twigs on the branches to quickly form bearing branch groups, timely eliminating thin and weak branches, shearing off upright branches, oblique branches, downward hanging branches, inward branches, overlapped branches, parallel branches, cross branches and merging branches, shaping in winter in 3 years, and timely performing head dropping treatment according to the growth condition of the main branches to control crowns.
5) Thinning the tree: the growth of the decorticated hickory is fast, thinning is carried out according to the growth condition of the tree vigor after the growth of 5 years, 1 tree is cut off or removed on a row every other 1, and the row spacing of the plants is changed to 10 multiplied by 10m so as to ensure sufficient space, ventilation and light transmission.
In the step (1), the rice diameter of the root-rich seedling with obvious central trunk of 5 years is more than 8cm, and the height is more than 3 m.
In the step (2), the pollinated variety is cado, and the ratio of the cado to the Boney is 1: 9.
And (3) the low-temperature refrigeration temperature in the step (2) is 4-10 ℃, and the low-temperature refrigeration time is 30-60 days.
The length of the falling head of the main branch in the step (4) is 2.5-3.0 m.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the single-trunk three-main-branch open-center type tree form, the forming time of the tree form is 3 years, the tree form is formed 5 years ahead of the traditional scattered layer type tree form, and the tree form enters a high-yield period 5 years ahead of the traditional scattered layer type tree form, so that the early-fruiting and high-yield of the carya illinoensis are realized, and the current situation that the carya illinoensis has long childhood period and is late in fruiting period is effectively solved; the tree shape of the single-trunk three-main-branch open-core type created by the invention can effectively control the growth of the crown, and simultaneously can open the interior of the tree body, thereby achieving the purposes of ventilation and light transmission, promoting the differentiation of flower buds, improving the fruit yield and reducing the phenomenon of big and small years. The single-trunk three-main-branch open-core type tree shape created by the invention has the advantages of high fixed trunk height, appropriately larger tree body, large plant-row spacing, suitability for mechanical harvesting, simple structure, easy tree shape culture, easy acceptance, popularization and application by fruit growers, and is a new tree shape for high-quality and labor-saving cultivation of carya illinoensis.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an exemplary diagram of a multi-main branch open-center tree form of Carya illinoensis.
Detailed Description
Example 1 conventional evacuation hierarchical Tree
Evacuation layering: the trunk is 40-60 cm high, 3 main branches are reserved in the first layer, the distance is about 80cm, 2 main branches are reserved in the second layer, and the head falling is relieved. Wherein each main branch is provided with 1-2 lateral branches and a central trunk. The specific shaping method comprises the following steps: the permanent-dry height of the field planting in the current year is 40-60 cm. In spring of the next year, the vertical branch with strong top growth vigor is selected as the central leading trunk, then 3 branches with good angles are selected on the main trunk as the main branch of the 1 st layer, the cut is about 1/3, and each main branch and the main trunk form 50-60 degrees. Other upright branches can be thinned, and middle and short branches are reserved as bearing branches. When pruning is carried out in spring of 3 years, branches with open angles are selected as lateral branches and extension branches from main branches selected in the last year, 2 main branches are selected from the central trunk as a 2 nd layer, the central branches and the 1 st layer of main branches are staggered, the distance between the two layers is 50-60 cm, and the central trunk is opened and the head falls. The shaping can be carried out after 6-8 years.
Example 2 the invention discloses a single-trunk three-main-branch open-heart type tree form of apocarya, which is completed in 3 years.
1) Planting: selecting a land with flat topography, digging pits with the length, width and height of 1.5m respectively by using a digging machine, paving corn straws and the like at the bottom of a ditch, returning soil to a position 1m away from the ground, uniformly stirring decomposed organic fertilizer and soil, backfilling, and backfilling to a position 20cm away from the ground. The root-rich seedlings with obvious central trunk growing for 5 years are selected for planting, the row spacing of the seedlings is 5 multiplied by 10m, and water is irrigated for 1 time after planting.
2) Grafting: selecting annual branches of a good variety ' Bony ' cado ' in months from 2 months to 3 months, cutting the branches into spike strips with the length of about 20cm, sealing the joints with wax, and refrigerating in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ for more than 1 month. And (3) connecting the seedlings with the height of 1.5-2.5m in the beginning of 4 months to form 'stumping' cuts, grafting by adopting a cutting and grafting method, uniformly grafting 3 scions on the central stem, and enabling the buds to face to the row direction. Then, binding a kraft paper bag at the grafting opening, wherein the size of the paper bag depends on the thickness of the stock, filling sawdust in the paper bag, the kraft paper bag and the filled sawdust are higher than the scion, pricking the upper opening of the paper bag, and finally wrapping the paper bag with a plastic bag.
3) Managing in the 1 st year after grafting: and after grafting, timely wiping off buds sprouting on the trunk to prevent nutrition competition with the scions, after grafting for 1 month, timely removing the plastic bag, tearing or removing the kraft paper bag, preventing the stand column from wind when the scions grow to 10cm, selecting and reserving 1 branch with vigorous growth on each scion, and pinching when the branches grow to 30-50cm in 7-8 months to promote the development of lateral branches.
4) Managing 2-3 years after grafting: when pruning is carried out in winter, according to the distribution condition of branches on main branches and different directions, bearing branches are reserved every 50-70cm, the bearing branches are subjected to short connection, 10-15 cm of the branches are reserved, and bearing branch groups are cultured. In months of 6-7, branch pulling is carried out according to the opening angle of the main branch, the branch is pulled to be below 45 degrees, newly-developed twigs on the branch are subjected to pinching, fruiting branch groups are quickly formed, thin and weak branches are eliminated in time, upright branches, oblique branches, downward hanging branches, inward branches, overlapped branches, parallel branches, cross branches and merging branches are cut off, and head falling treatment is carried out in time according to the growth condition of the main branch after shaping in winter in 3 year, and the crown is controlled.
5) Thinning the tree: the growth of the decorticated hickory is fast, thinning is carried out according to the growth condition of the tree vigor after the growth of 5 years, 1 tree is cut off or removed on a row every other 1, and the row spacing of the plants is changed to 10 multiplied by 10m so as to ensure sufficient space, ventilation and light transmission.
The tree-shaped fixed-stem height is 1.5-2.5 m; selecting and reserving 3 main branches, and growing on the central trunk at the same height in a rotation way, wherein the angle is about 120 degrees, the main branches incline upwards, the opening angle is 45-50 degrees, each main branch is used for cultivating more than 8 side branches, a fruiting branch group is attached to each side branch, and the distance of the fruiting branch group is 30 cm.
Compared with the traditional evacuation hierarchical tree form, the tree form can be formed 5 years ahead of time, considerable yield is obtained in 3 years after planting, the early yield of the single-trunk three-main-branch open-core tree form is remarkably higher than that of the conventional evacuation hierarchical tree form, the early-fruiting and high-yield performance is remarkable, the current situations that the pecans are long in childbearing period and late in fruiting period are effectively solved, and the method has important guiding significance for promoting the development of pecan industrialization.
Layered evacuation form | Single trunk three main branches open heart type tree form | |
Plant row spacing (m) | 6×8 | 5×10 |
Planting trees per mu (plant) | 14 | 13 |
Tree type cultivation time (year) | 8 | 3 |
Height of constant dryness (m) | 0.4~0.6 | 1.5~2.5 |
The number of fruits per mu in 3 rd year after planting | Sporadic, unable to calculate | Average 5 bundles per plant, 4 bearing fruits per bundle, 20 plants The number of nuts is 360 per mu, about 5 jin. |
The number of fruits per mu in 4 th year after planting | Average 1 bunch per plant, 4 bearing fruits per bunch, 4 plants The number of nuts is 56 per mu, about 1 jin. | Average 12 bundles per plant, 4 bearing fruits per bundle and 48 plants 620 nuts are produced per mu, about 12 jin. |
The number of fruits per mu in 5 th year after planting | Average 3 bundles per plant, 4 bearing fruits per bundle, 12 plants per plant Each acre of nuts has 168 fruits, about 3 jin. | Average 30 bundles per plant, 4 bearing fruits per bundle, 120 plants per plant 1560 nuts per mu, about 30 jin. |
Thinning tree time (year) | After 10 years of planting | Planting for 6 years |
Sparse Density of trees (m) | 12×8m | 10×10m |
After thinning out the tree, each mu of the tree (plant) | 6.95 | 6.67 |
Claims (5)
1. A single-trunk three-main-branch open-center type tree form of apocarya and a shaping and trimming method thereof are disclosed, wherein the tree form is characterized in that: the fixed dry height is 1.5-2.5 m; selecting and reserving 3 main branches, growing on a central trunk at the same height in a rotation mode, wherein the angle is about 120 degrees, the main branches incline upwards, the opening angle is 45-60 degrees, each main branch is used for cultivating more than 8 lateral branches which grow outwards in an inclined mode, fruiting branch groups are attached to the lateral branches, the distance between the lateral branches is about 30 centimeters, the main branches fall off in time when the distance is more than 2.5 meters, and the height of the main branches is not more than 3.5 meters, and the shaping method and the garden building method are characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) planting: selecting a land with flat terrain, digging pits with the length, width and height of 1.5m respectively by using a digging machine, paving corn straws and the like at the bottom of a ditch, returning soil to a position 1m away from the ground, uniformly stirring decomposed organic fertilizer and soil, backfilling the soil to a position 20cm away from the ground, selecting 5-year-old root-rich seedlings with obvious central stems for planting, wherein the plant-row spacing is 5 multiplied by 10m, and irrigating water for 1 time after planting;
2) grafting: selecting annual branches of a good variety ' Bony ' cado ' in 2-3 months, cutting the branches into scions with the length of about 20cm, sealing wax at a connector, refrigerating at low temperature for more than 1 month, connecting the seedlings by a rod with the height of 1.5-2.5m at the beginning of 4 months, forming ' stump ' cuts, grafting by adopting a cutting method, uniformly grafting 3 scions on a central stem, and enabling scion buds to face the row direction; then binding a kraft paper bag at the grafting opening, wherein the size of the paper bag is determined according to the thickness of the stock, filling saw dust in the paper bag, the kraft paper bag and the filled saw dust are higher than the scion, pricking the upper opening of the paper bag, and finally wrapping the paper bag with a plastic bag;
3) managing the grafted plants in the first year: timely wiping off buds sprouting on a trunk after grafting to prevent nutrition competition with scions, timely removing a crushed material bag after grafting for 1 month, tearing or removing a kraft paper bag, preventing the stand column from wind when the scions grow to 10cm, selecting 1 branch with vigorous growth on each scion, pinching when the branch grows to 30-50cm in 7-8 months to promote development of lateral branches;
4) managing 2-3 years after grafting: when pruning is carried out in winter, according to the distribution condition of branches on main branches and different directions, retaining bearing branches at intervals of 50-70cm, carrying out short connection on the bearing branches, retaining the branches by 10-15 cm, and culturing bearing branch groups; in the 6 th month to 7 th month, branch pulling is carried out according to the opening angle of the main branch, the branch is pulled to be below 45 degrees, newly-developed twigs on the branch are subjected to pinching, fruiting branch groups are quickly formed, thin and weak branches are eliminated in time, upright branches, oblique branches, downward hanging branches, inward branches, overlapped branches, parallel branches, cross branches and parallel branches are cut off, head falling treatment is carried out in time according to the growth condition of the main branch after shaping in winter in the 3 rd year, and the crown is controlled;
5) thinning the tree: the pecan tree grows fast, after the pecan tree grows for 5 years, thinning is carried out according to the growth condition of the tree vigor, 1 pecan is cut off or removed every 1 pecan in the row, the row spacing of the pecan is changed into 10 multiplied by 10m, so that sufficient space is provided, ventilation and light transmission are realized, flower bud differentiation and fruit development are facilitated, and the yield and the quality of nuts are improved.
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that step 1) selects root-rich seedlings with apparent trunk at 5 years of growth with a diameter of more than 8cm and a height of more than 3 m.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the pollinated variety in step 2) is cado, and the ratio of cado to boni is 1: 9.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the low-temperature refrigeration in step 2) is carried out at a temperature of 4-10 ℃ for 30-60 days.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the main branch in step 4) has a falling head length of 2.5 to 3 m.
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CN115250820A (en) * | 2022-08-15 | 2022-11-01 | 成县兴丰农林科技有限责任公司 | Planting process for promoting differentiation of walnut flower buds |
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