WO2020042577A1 - 一种锂离子电池硅基负极材料及其制备方法和电池 - Google Patents
一种锂离子电池硅基负极材料及其制备方法和电池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020042577A1 WO2020042577A1 PCT/CN2019/077119 CN2019077119W WO2020042577A1 WO 2020042577 A1 WO2020042577 A1 WO 2020042577A1 CN 2019077119 W CN2019077119 W CN 2019077119W WO 2020042577 A1 WO2020042577 A1 WO 2020042577A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- ion battery
- lithium
- negative electrode
- carbon nanotubes
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
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- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
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- 238000001237 Raman spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
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- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
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- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/82—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by IR- or Raman-data
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates to the technical field of lithium battery materials, in particular to a silicon-based negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery, a preparation method thereof, and a battery.
- Lithium-ion battery anode materials have gradually evolved from the initial coke to today's natural graphite, artificial graphite, etc.
- the technology of carbon-based anodes has been very mature, however, the theoretical specific capacity of 372mAh / g has been unable to meet people's increasing energy density. Requirements, the development of new anode materials has become a top priority.
- the silicon-based negative electrode material with a higher capacity is expected to be used in the next generation of high-energy density lithium-ion batteries. It has basically become the industry consensus, but the problems of volume expansion and unstable interface reactions during the cycle have not been completely resolved.
- the development direction of silicon-based anode materials includes nano-silicon carbon composite materials, silicon oxide materials, modified silicon oxide materials, amorphous silicon alloys, etc. In each development direction, carbon coating is a necessary process step. A continuous carbon film formed on the surface of the material can improve the conductivity of the silicon-based material and suppress the side reactions between the material and the electrolyte.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a silicon-based anode material for a lithium ion battery, a method for preparing the same and a battery.
- the provided silicon-based anode material has the characteristics of stable structure, good rate performance, and excellent cycle performance.
- an embodiment of the present invention provides a silicon-based negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery.
- the silicon-based negative electrode material is composed of 90% to 99.9% by weight of silicon-based materials and Composite of carbon nanotubes and / or carbon nanofibers;
- the silicon-based material is a powder material containing electrochemically active silicon, including one or a mixture of one or more of a nano-silicon-carbon composite material, a silicon oxide material, a modified silicon oxide material, and an amorphous silicon alloy; Electrochemically active silicon accounts for 0.1 wt% to 90 wt% of the silicon-based material;
- the carbon nanotubes include single-walled carbon nanotubes and / or multi-walled carbon nanotubes; the carbon nanotubes and / or carbon nanofibers have a diameter of 0.4-50 nm and a length of 10 nm-50 ⁇ m;
- the Raman spectrum of the silicon-based anode material of the lithium ion battery has an amorphous bulge at 475 ⁇ 10 cm -1 and / or a crystalline peak at 510 ⁇ 10 cm -1 ;
- the Raman pattern of the silicon-based anode material of the lithium-ion battery has a radial breathing mode RBM in the range of 100-400 cm -1 ;
- the X-ray diffraction XRD pattern of the silicon-based anode material of the lithium ion battery has a diffraction peak at 28.4 ° ⁇ 0.2 °.
- the single-walled carbon nanotubes have a diameter of 0.4 nm-10 nm and a length of 10 nm-20 ⁇ m;
- the multi-walled carbon nanotubes have a diameter of 0.4 nm-50 nm and a length of 10 nm-20 ⁇ m;
- the carbon nanofibers have a diameter of 0.4 nm-50 nm and a length of 10 nm-20 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the silicon-based negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery is between 50 nm and 40 m.
- an average particle diameter of the silicon-based negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery is between 1 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m.
- an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preparing a silicon-based negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery according to the first aspect, including:
- a silicon-based material is selected according to a desired mass ratio, and a catalyst is supported on the surface of the silicon-based material by a solid phase method or a liquid phase method to obtain a mixed material; wherein the silicon-based material is a powder material containing electrochemically active silicon, Including nano silicon carbon composite material, silicon oxide material, modified silicon oxide material and amorphous silicon alloy, or a mixture of one or more of them; the electrochemically active silicon accounts for 0.1 wt% to 90 wt of the silicon-based material %;
- the catalyst includes one or a combination of a metal element, an inorganic compound containing the metal element, and an organic compound containing the metal element; the metal element includes iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc Or more of aluminum, magnesium, lithium, gold, silver, ruthenium and platinum;
- the mixed material in a high-temperature reaction furnace, raise the temperature to 600 ° C-1200 ° C under a protective atmosphere, and pass in a carbon source gas in accordance with the required ratio, keep it for 0.5 hours to 8 hours, and then stop introducing the carbon source gas and lower the temperature.
- the carbon source gas includes one or more of acetylene, olefin, alkane, ketone, alcohol or aromatic gas.
- the solid-phase method specifically includes: sufficiently mixing the silicon-based material and the catalyst through a mixer, a ball mill, or a fusion machine;
- the liquid phase method specifically includes: fully mixing the silicon-based material with a solution containing the catalyst and drying; wherein the solution includes one or more types of water, alcohols, ketones, and amides. .
- a mass ratio of the silicon-based material to the catalyst is 90: 10-99.9999: 0.0001.
- the protective atmosphere is one or more of nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium, and neon;
- the volume ratio of the protective atmosphere to the carbon source gas is 0.1: 9.9-9.9: 0.1.
- an embodiment of the present invention provides a negative electrode sheet of a silicon-based negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery.
- an embodiment of the present invention provides a lithium battery of a silicon-based negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery.
- the lithium-ion battery silicon-based negative electrode material of the present invention covers the silicon-based material containing electrochemically active silicon by in-situ growth of carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers.
- the anode material has stable structural performance and can greatly improve the material. Cycle performance.
- the preparation method of the silicon-based negative electrode material is simple and efficient, and is easy for large-scale production.
- the lithium ion battery containing the material as a negative electrode has the characteristics of high energy density, high cycle performance, and high rate performance.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for preparing a silicon-based anode material for a lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Example 2 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the silicon-based anode material of the lithium ion battery obtained in Example 1 of the present invention
- Example 3 is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the silicon-based anode material of the lithium ion battery obtained in Example 1 of the present invention
- Example 4 is a partial enlarged view of a Raman spectrum of a silicon-based anode material of a lithium ion battery obtained in Example 1 of the present invention
- Example 5 is a partial enlarged view of a Raman spectrum of a silicon-based anode material of a lithium ion battery obtained in Example 1 of the present invention
- Example 6 is a cycle retention diagram of a silicon-based anode material of a lithium ion battery obtained in Example 1 of the present invention.
- Example 7 is a partially enlarged view of a Raman spectrum of a silicon-based anode material of a lithium ion battery obtained in Example 2 of the present invention.
- Example 8 is a SEM image of a silicon-based anode material for a lithium ion battery obtained in Example 2 of the present invention.
- Example 9 is a SEM image of a silicon-based negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery obtained in Example 3 of the present invention.
- Example 10 is a SEM image of a silicon-based anode material for a lithium ion battery obtained in Example 4 of the present invention.
- Example 11 is a SEM image of a silicon-based anode material of a lithium ion battery obtained in Comparative Example 1;
- FIG. 12 is a cycle diagram of a silicon-based anode material for a lithium ion battery obtained in Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 12 is a cycle diagram of a silicon-based anode material for a lithium ion battery obtained in Comparative Example 1.
- An embodiment of the present invention provides a silicon-based anode material for a lithium-ion battery.
- the silicon-based anode material comprises 90 wt% -99.9wt% silicon-based material and 0.1 wt% -10 wt% of carbon nanotubes grown in situ on the surface of the silicon-based material and / or Carbon nanofibers are composited; their average particle size is between 50 nanometers and 40 micrometers, preferably between 1 micrometer and 20 micrometers.
- Silicon-based materials are powder materials containing electrochemically active silicon, including one or a combination of nano-silicon-carbon composite materials, silicon oxide materials, modified silicon oxide materials, and amorphous silicon alloys; electrochemically active silicon 0.1% to 90% by weight of silicon-based materials;
- the carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers have a diameter of 0.4 nm-50 nm and a length of 10 nm-50 ⁇ m.
- the carbon nanotubes include single-walled carbon nanotubes and / or multi-walled carbon nanotubes; the diameter of the single-walled carbon nanotubes is preferably 0.4 nm-10 nm, and the length is preferably 10 nm-20 ⁇ m; the multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers The diameter is preferably 0.4 nm to 50 nm, and the length is preferably 10 nm to 20 ⁇ m.
- the Raman spectrum of silicon-based anode materials for lithium ion batteries is around 475cm -1 , with a typical value in the range of 475 ⁇ 10cm -1 , and amorphous bulges are visible, and / or around 510cm -1 , with a typical value of 510 ⁇ 10cm In the range of -1 , crystalline peaks are visible; when the single-walled carbon nanotubes are included in the silicon-based anode material of the lithium ion battery, the Raman spectrum of the silicon-based anode material of the lithium ion battery is in the range of 100-400 cm -1 Radial Breathing Mode (RBM) exists.
- RBM Radial Breathing Mode
- the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of a silicon-based anode material for a lithium-ion battery is around 28.4 °, and a typical value is in a range of 28.4 ° ⁇ 0.2 °, and a diffraction peak is visible.
- An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preparing the foregoing silicon-based anode material for a lithium ion battery. As shown in the flowchart in FIG. 1, the steps include:
- Step 110 Select a silicon-based material according to a required mass ratio, and load a catalyst on the surface of the silicon-based material by a solid phase method or a liquid phase method to obtain a mixed material;
- silicon-based materials are powder materials containing electrochemically active silicon, including one or a combination of nano-silicon-carbon composite materials, silicon oxide materials, modified silicon oxide materials, and amorphous silicon alloys; Chemically active silicon accounts for 0.1% to 90% by weight of silicon-based materials;
- the catalyst includes one or more of metal elements such as iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, lithium, gold, silver, ruthenium, and platinum, inorganic compounds containing the above metal elements, and organic compounds containing the above metal elements. Kind of mix.
- the solid phase method refers to the complete mixing of silicon-based materials and catalysts in high-speed VC machines, cone mixers, ball mills, fusion machines and other equipment.
- the liquid phase method refers to mixing and drying of a silicon-based material and a solution containing a catalyst; the solution includes one or more of water, alcohols, ketones, and amides.
- the mass ratio of the silicon-based material to the catalyst is 90: 10-99.9999: 0.0001.
- step 120 the mixed material is placed in a high-temperature reaction furnace, and the temperature is raised to 600-1200 ° C under a protective atmosphere, and a carbon source gas is passed in according to a required ratio, and the temperature is maintained for 0.5-8 hours, and then the carbon source gas is stopped and the temperature is decreased.
- the carbon source gas includes one or a mixture of acetylenes such as acetylene, olefins such as ethylene, alkanes such as methane, ketones such as acetone, alcohols such as ethanol, and aromatic gases such as toluene.
- acetylenes such as acetylene
- olefins such as ethylene
- alkanes such as methane
- ketones such as acetone
- alcohols such as ethanol
- aromatic gases such as toluene.
- the protective atmosphere is one or more of nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium, and neon;
- the volume ratio of the protective atmosphere to the carbon source gas is 0.1: 9.9-9.9: 0.1.
- the silicon-based negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery of the present invention covers the silicon-based material containing electrochemically active silicon by carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers grown in situ, and uses the structure of carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers to make After the silicon-based material expands and contracts, carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers are still connected to each other, thereby ensuring the connection of the conductive network.
- the negative electrode material has stable structural performance and can greatly improve the cycle performance of the material.
- the preparation method of the silicon-based negative electrode material is simple and efficient, and is easy for large-scale production.
- the lithium ion battery containing the material as a negative electrode has the characteristics of high energy density, high cycle performance, and high rate performance.
- the silicon-based negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery and the preparation method thereof of the present invention have been described above, and are further detailed below through some specific examples.
- the commercial silicon oxide powder is thoroughly mixed with an aqueous solution of ferric chloride, and then spray-dried to obtain a catalyst-supported silicon oxide powder; wherein the weight fraction of the ferric chloride is five ten thousandths;
- the SEM experiment of the present invention is performed on a S-4800 scanning electron microscope, and the following examples are the same.
- FIG. 2 The SEM image of the silicon oxide composite material with the carbon nanotubes grown in situ obtained in this example is shown in FIG. 2. It can be seen that the carbon nanotubes grow in situ on the surface of the material.
- the XRD experiment in the present invention is performed on a Bruke D8 Advance x-ray diffractometer, using Cu-K ⁇ radiation, and a scanning 2 ⁇ angle range of 10-90 degrees.
- the following embodiments are the same.
- the XRD pattern of the material obtained in this example is shown in Fig. 3, and there are characteristic peaks of silicon at 28.5 degrees.
- the Raman experiment described in the present invention is performed on a ThermoFisher DXR laser micro Raman spectrometer, and the collection range is 100-3000 cm -1 , and the following examples are the same.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 The Raman spectra of the materials obtained in this example are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. It can be seen from FIG. 4 that there is a characteristic peak of silicon at 512 cm -1 degree; and it can be seen from FIG. 5 that there is an RBM peak within the range of 100-400 cm -1 .
- This embodiment provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material, including:
- the commercial silicon dioxide powder and nano-iron oxide are thoroughly mixed in a high-speed VC machine to obtain a catalyst-supported silicon dioxide powder; wherein the weight fraction of the nano-iron oxide is five ten thousandths;
- the Raman spectrum of the material obtained in this example is shown in FIG. 7. It can be seen from FIG. 7 that there is a bulge of amorphous silicon at 475 cm -1 degree;
- the SEM image of the silicon oxide composite material with the carbon nanotubes grown in situ obtained in this example is shown in FIG. 8, and it can be seen that there are carbon nanotubes grown in situ on the surface of the material.
- the material obtained in this example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1.
- This embodiment provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material, including:
- the commercial silicon dioxide powder and nano-metal copper are fully mixed in a high-speed VC machine to obtain a catalyst-supported silicon oxide powder; wherein the weight fraction of the nano-metal copper is five ten thousandths;
- the SEM image of the silicon oxide composite material with the carbon nanotubes grown in situ obtained in this example is shown in FIG. 9. It can be seen that the carbon nanotubes grown in situ exist on the surface of the material.
- the material obtained in this example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1.
- This embodiment provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material, including:
- the commercial nano-silicon-carbon material powder is sufficiently mixed with an aqueous solution of nickel nitrate, and then spray-dried to obtain a catalyst-supported nano-silicon-carbon material powder; wherein the weight fraction of nickel nitrate is 5 / 10,000;
- the catalyst-supported nano-silicon-carbon material powder was placed in a high-temperature rotary furnace, and the temperature was raised to 800 ° C. in an Ar atmosphere, and an acetylene gas equivalent to argon gas was passed in, kept for 4 hours, and then stopped.
- the nano-silicon-carbon composite material in which carbon nanotubes were grown in situ was cooled down.
- the SEM image of the nano-silicon-carbon composite material with the carbon nanotubes grown in situ obtained in this example is shown in FIG. 10, and it can be seen that there are carbon nanotubes grown in situ on the surface of the material.
- the nano-silicon-carbon composite material in which carbon nanotubes were grown in situ obtained in this example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1. .
- This embodiment provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material, including:
- the commercial nano-silicon-carbon material powder and nano-nickel oxide are thoroughly mixed in a high-speed VC machine to obtain a catalyst-supported nano-silicon-carbon material powder; wherein the weight fraction of the nano-nickel oxide is one thousandth;
- the nano-silicon-carbon composite material in which carbon nanotubes were grown in situ obtained in this example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1. .
- This embodiment provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material, including:
- the commercial nano-silicon-carbon material powder is mixed with a mixed alcohol solution of ferric chloride and aluminum chloride in a high-speed VC machine to obtain a catalyst-supported nano-silicon-carbon material powder; the weight fraction of the nano-nickel oxide is thousands One part
- the nano-silicon-carbon composite material in which carbon nanotubes were grown in situ obtained in this example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1. .
- This embodiment provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material, including:
- the in-situ-grown carbon nanotube-modified modified silicon oxide composite material and graphite were mixed at a ratio of 450 mAh / g in the composite material, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in the table. 1 in.
- This embodiment provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material, including:
- the commercial silicon-based alloy powder is thoroughly mixed with an aqueous solution of ferric chloride, and then spray-dried to obtain a modified silicon oxide powder carrying a catalyst; wherein the weight fraction of ferric chloride is five ten thousandths;
- the material obtained in this example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1.
- This comparative example provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material in comparison with Example 1, including:
- the SEM image of the silicon oxide composite material obtained in this example is shown in Fig. 11, and it can be seen that the surface of the material is covered with a continuous carbon film.
- the material obtained in this example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1. The cycle performance is shown in FIG. 12. It can be seen that the cycle performance of the material prepared in Comparative Example 1 is much lower than the cycle performance obtained in Example 1.
- This comparative example provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material in comparison with Example 5, including:
- the material obtained in this comparative example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1.
- This comparative example provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material compared with Example 7, including:
- the material obtained in this comparative example was mixed with graphite at a ratio of 450 mAh / g, and the electrochemical performance was evaluated according to the method described in Example 1. The data are recorded in Table 1.
- This comparative example provides a specific method for preparing a silicon-based anode material in comparison with Example 8, including:
Abstract
Description
充电比容量 | 首次效率 | 50周保持 | 300周保持 | |
实施例1 | 455 | 88.5 | 95% | 90% |
实施例2 | 450 | 88 | 94% | 89% |
实施例3 | 457 | 88.5 | 94% | 89.5% |
实施例4 | 450 | 89 | 96% | 91% |
实施例5 | 445 | 89.5 | 95% | 85% |
实施例6 | 443 | 90 | 93% | 83% |
实施例7 | 450 | 90.5 | 98% | 90% |
实施例8 | 453 | 90 | 93% | 80% |
对比例1 | 455 | 88.5 | 90% | 80% |
对比例2 | 445 | 89.5 | 95% | 75% |
对比例3 | 450 | 90.5 | 95% | 85% |
对比例4 | 453 | 90 | 90% | 75% |
Claims (10)
- 一种锂离子电池硅基负极材料,其特征在于,所述锂离子电池硅基负极材料由90wt%-99.9wt%的硅基材料与0.1wt%-10wt%的在所述硅基材料表面原位生长的碳纳米管和/或碳纳米纤维复合而成;所述硅基材料为含有电化学活性硅的粉体材料,包括纳米硅碳复合材料、氧化亚硅材料、改性氧化亚硅材料和无定型硅合金的一种或者几种的混合;所述电化学活性硅占所述硅基材料的0.1wt%-90wt%;所述碳纳米管包括单壁碳纳米管和/或多壁碳纳米管;所述碳纳米管和/或碳纳米纤维的直径为0.4nm-50nm,长度为10nm-50μm;所述锂离子电池硅基负极材料的拉曼图谱中在475±10cm -1具有非晶鼓包,和/或在510±10cm -1具有晶态峰;当所述锂离子电池硅基负极材料中包括单壁碳纳米管时,所述锂离子电池硅基负极材料的拉曼图谱中在100-400cm -1范围内存在径向呼吸模RBM;所述锂离子电池硅基负极材料的X射线衍射XRD图谱中在28.4°±0.2°具有衍射峰。
- 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池硅基负极材料,其特征在于,所述单壁碳纳米管的直径为0.4nm-10nm,长度为10nm-20μm;所述多壁碳纳米管的直径为0.4nm-50nm,长度为10nm-20μm;所述碳纳米纤维的直径为0.4nm-50nm,长度为10nm-20μm。
- 根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池硅基负极材料,其特征在于,所述锂离子电池硅基负极材料的平均粒径在50nm-40μm之间。
- 根据权利要求3所述的锂离子电池硅基负极材料,其特征在于,所述锂离子电池硅基负极材料的平均粒径在1μm-20μm之间。
- 一种上述权利要求1-4任一所述的锂离子电池硅基负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括:按所需质量比选取硅基材料,通过固相法或液相法在所述硅基材料表 面负载催化剂,得到混合材料;其中,所述硅基材料为含有电化学活性硅的粉体材料,包括纳米硅碳复合材料、氧化亚硅材料、改性氧化亚硅材料和无定型硅合金的一种或者几种的混合;所述电化学活性硅占所述硅基材料的0.1wt%-90wt%;所述催化剂包括金属单质、含所述金属单质的无机化合物、含所述金属单质的有机化合物中的一种或者几种的混合;所述金属单质包括铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、铝、镁、锂、金、银、钌和铂中的一种或多种;将所述混合材料置于高温反应炉内,在保护气氛下升温至600℃-1200℃,按照所需比例通入碳源气体,保温0.5小时-8小时,然后停止通入碳源气体并降温,得到所述硅基负极材料;其中,所述碳源气体包括炔类、烯类、烷类、酮类、醇类或芳香类气体中的一种或者几种的混合。
- 根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述固相法具体包括:将所述硅基材料与所述催化剂通过混合机、球磨机或融合机进行充分混合;所述液相法具体包括:将所述硅基材料与含有所述催化剂的溶液充分混合后干燥;其中,所述溶液包括水、醇类、酮类、酰胺类的一种或几种的混合。
- 根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述硅基材料与所述催化剂的质量比为90:10-99.9999:0.0001。
- 根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述保护气氛为氮气、氩气、氢气、氦气、氖气中的一种或者几种的混合;所述保护气氛与碳源气体的体积比为0.1:9.9-9.9:0.1。
- 一种包括上述权利要求1-4任一所述的锂离子电池硅基负极材料的负极极片。
- 一种包括上述权利要求1-4任一所述的锂离子电池硅基负极材料的锂电池。
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