CN104145756A - Method for covering dry-land apple grove with black and white microporous membrane for rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation - Google Patents
Method for covering dry-land apple grove with black and white microporous membrane for rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation Download PDFInfo
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- CN104145756A CN104145756A CN201410418192.8A CN201410418192A CN104145756A CN 104145756 A CN104145756 A CN 104145756A CN 201410418192 A CN201410418192 A CN 201410418192A CN 104145756 A CN104145756 A CN 104145756A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for covering a dry-land apple grove with a black and white microporous membrane for rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation, and belongs to the technical field of fruit growing. According to the method, the membrane covering technology and the rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation technology are reasonably improved, the black and white membrane replaces part of black mulching membranes, laser punching is properly carried out on the black and white membrane, the ventilation property is improved, the water absorption and the fertilizer absorption capability of a root system are enhanced, the warming effect is improved, the white face is upward to reflect part of sunshine, the too high temperature of soil around the fruit trees cannot affect the alimentation of the root system, the membrane covering fertilizer escaping condition is reduced, the fertilizer efficiency plays a role in a durable and balanced mode, a rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation system is obviously enhanced, a black membrane and a rainwater harvesting sheet are arranged in a rainwater harvesting ditch and on an operation way respectively to reduce leakage, and water and soil losses of the apple grove and sedimentation in an impounding reservoir are reduced. The membrane covering drop irrigation method can achieve zero tillage and weed killing, manpower investment is reduced, the cost of the apple grove is reduced, both production and income are increased, apples are promoted to be in the market as soon as possible, and the income of orchard workers is improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to fruit tree planting technique field, relate to the dry-land cultivation method of a planting fruit-trees, black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall cultivation method is covered in the nonirrigated farmland that relates to particularly a kind of apple tree.
Background technology
In recent years, China's apple shifts to the eugenic district of loess plateau apple gradually, shift to western, northern,, for apple production, there are good ecotope, photo-thermal resource and sufficient soil and labour in these regions, but become the limiting factor of these regional development apple cultivation industries because precipitation is on the low side, particularly precipitation anniversary distribution inequality, precipitation is few, and evaporation discharge is large, is having a strong impact on the development of industry.For this reason, orchard is greatly developed water conservation and moisture-holding measure becomes key technology, shows through a large amount of practices, takes to cover grass, overlay film, covers the covering soil moisture conservation technology such as husky at orchard, can reach the object of water saving soil moisture conservation.
Orchard overlay film has multiple benefit: the first, and mulch film can prevent that soil moisture from evaporating in a large number, and the moisture that soil is accumulated summer preserves, and for the fruit tree anniversary, in general, overlay film can be economized on water over half; The second, black film has good endothermic effect, therefore covers black film and can improve ground temperature, promotes fruit tree growth; The 3rd, covering black film can also keep the sun off, and makes to set lower weeds few, need not hoe up weeds; The 4th, overlay film after fertilising, can improve soil, prevents that fertility runs off, and improves utilization rate of fertilizer; The 5th, covering with plastic film can effectively prevent and isolated heart-eating worm, chafer, the first-class insect of big gourdshaped weevil survive the winter with entering, and minimizing sick worm in the coming year is had to positive effect.Overlay film generally carries out in spring or autumn, and before spring, soil thawed, surface layer has gathered soil rising in winter aqueous vapor, and its water content is more, catch this optimistic time, pushes up to insult and topdresses and overlay film.Film Mulching in Autumn is just being caught up with fruit tree root system summit of growth for the third time, now covering with plastic film, the effect showing is most can delay ground temperature to decline, drought-resistant moisture-preserving, extends vegetative activity phase of root system, obviously increases the new radical of fruit tree, after overlay film, also can improve autumn basal dressing effect, promote microbial activities, increase the available nutrient of soil, be conducive to the nutrient accumulation in fruit tree later stage.Film Mulching in Autumn has generally been executed after base manure in late September to early winter, take advantage of water or rain after overlay film.Before overlay film, should first branches and leaves, weeds, rubble under tree crown be cleaned out, it is thin that soil block is harrowed broken rake, make smooth in high outer low Gansu Province shape, when overlay film, make film close proximity to ground, then use fine earth compacting, with Anti-blow-open.Around noting trunks of fruit trees, sky is opened certain distance, and real by soil pressure, prevents hot gas burn trunk under film.Want at ordinary times diligent inspection, especially strong wind Sometimes When It Rains, in case mulch film breakage affects coverage effect.At mulch film edge in the ranks, excavate ditches wide, dark approximately 30 centimeters, and in ditch, cover grass, to collect unnecessary rainwater and to save.
The disclosed a kind of apple ridging of patent of invention CN101032212 is covered black film culture technique and has been adopted ridging, irrigation ditch, operation road, overlay film step, to play the effect of water saving soil moisture conservation.
, there is following defect in the disclosed main plastic-film-covered cultivation technology taking unregistered land film as coverlay of prior art: the first, unregistered land film because of high temperature easily aging, the common black film cover time only had about 80 days; The second, gas permeability is poor, and due to root respiration, the CO2 too high levels producing in soil under film, is unfavorable for fruit tree growth; The 3rd, heat effect slightly poor, there is the profit of weeding though cover black film, heat absorption heats up too fast, causes fruit tree surrounding soil excess Temperature, and in affecting the absorption of root system fertilizer efficiency, self has accelerated decomposition; The 4th, contaminated air, because root respiration, mulch film decomposes discharge the air in the pernicious gas contaminated soils such as Cl2, CO2, can not discharge in time, and fresh air can not enter soil, affects root water uptake, fertilizer sucting ability, thereby affects fruit tree growth; The 5th, easily de-fertile, due to the pyrolytic along with mulch film, fertilizer part nutrient releasing speed is too fast, later stage nutrient supply deficiency, the easy fertilizer deficiency early ageing of fruit tree.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of Dry Land Orchard and covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, and the method soil moisture conservation of can economizing on water, significantly improves water and fertilizer utilization, energy increasing both production and income, impel the precocious listing of apple, seize market, improve orchard worker's income.
To achieve these goals, the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
Dry Land Orchard covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, comprises following concrete steps:
(1) ridging: ditching ridging before frozen soil melts, before ridging, choose clean weeds fallen leaves, break up the clods, harrow petty leveling, trunk does not add native ridging in 3～5cm place around, 1.0～1.2m edge, tree crown both sides soil is overlying on to tree interline, makes tree go into ridge, identity distance trunk place, ridge is high, peripheral low, being an inclined-plane, is 10～15cm apart from trunk place height, 5 °～10 ° of the ridge gradients;
(2) trench digging: apart from trunk 5～7cm place, on ridge, open shallow ridges as drip irrigation pipe road along tree line direction, centered by every trunk, dig respectively annular fertilization hole, the distance of fertilising Keng He center trunk is 1.0～1.2m, its degree of depth is 15～20cm, width is 3-5cm, pastes fertilising hole outer rim, digs wide, to be deeply respectively 15～20cm, 10～12cm collection rain rill along tree line direction;
(3) overlay film: lay drip irrigation pipe road, in fertilising hole, impose after special apple tree fertilizer and fill and lead up with soil, on ridge, trunk both sides, respectively cover a black and white dichroic micropore mulch film, white is towards upper, bedding unregistered land film in collection rain rill, two kinds of films are evened up directly, not shrinkage, film surrounding middle and film is real by soil pressure, make mulch film and soil close contact, and on film every native horizontal pressure one strap for 2m, prevent that winter, spring, wind blew away greatly mulch film, on the level land between two Neighbor Set rain rills, lay collection rain sheet material, as operation road.
Described drip irrigation pipe road, lacks area at irrigation water and rainwater, can only be laid on the same side of tree row, with the soil moisture conservation of economizing on water.
Described fertilising hole can scrape out bar shaped fertilising hole, and apart from trunk 1.0～1.2m, along tree line direction, the bar shaped hole that to dig the degree of depth 15～20cm, width be 3-5cm, can save labour, conveniently topdresses.
It is the forms such as U-shaped, V-type, Qian type that described collection rain rill can scrape out cross section, preferred U-shaped opening.
Described black and white dichroic micropore mulch film is that black and white mulch film is before covering, with laser boring, by 300～500 holes/m
2standard, when covering, white is towards upper, black flour is downward.
The thickness of described unregistered land film is 0.07mm, covers and completely collects after rain rill, and both sides are each Yu 3～5cm, is pressed under black and white dichroic micropore mulch film on one side, and another side is pressed on and collects below rain sheet material.
Described operation road flattens before laying collection rain sheet material, and both sides are slightly low, and centre is slightly high, is beneficial to rainwater and flows in collection rain rill, and its width is 0.5～1.0m.
Described collection rain rill all crosses at tree row end, is communicated with cistern, and cistern is connected with drip irrigation system by filter-press equipment.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
(1) the present invention is in conjunction with film coating technique and drip irrigation technique, and the soil moisture conservation of can effectively economizing on water, reduces transpiration, alleviates the pressure of Dry Land Orchard shortage of water resources;
(2) compared with prior art, the present invention improves covering membrane and drop irrigation technology, replace part unregistered land film with black and white Double-color film, and suitably laser boring on black and white Double-color film, improve gas permeability, root water uptake fertilizer sucting ability is strengthened, improve and heated effect, fine flour is reflecting part sunlight upwards, make the fruit tree surrounding soil temperature can Yin Taigao and affect root system nutrition and absorb, reduce the de-fertile situation of overlay film, fertilizer efficiency is balancedly played a role lastingly, significantly strengthen drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall system, in collection rain rill and on operation road, cover respectively black film and collection rain sheet material to reduce seepage, reduce orchard water and soil loss and cistern silting.
(3) covering membrane and drop irrigation method of the present invention can realize no-tillage weed eradication, reduces manually and drops into, and reduces orchard cost, and increasing both production and income, impels apple and early go public, and seizes market, improves orchard worker's income.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 Dry Land Orchard overlay film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method implementation result schematic diagram.
Embodiment
Preferred embodiment
Implement water-saving fertilizer-preserving high-yield culture technique in Jingning County, Gansu Province rich agriculture and animal husbandry fruits and vegetables Science and Technology Ltd. apple test garden, concrete grammar is as follows:
Ditching ridging before frozen soil melts, before ridging, choose clean weeds fallen leaves, break up the clods, harrow petty leveling, trunk does not add native ridging in 4cm place around, 1.2m edge, tree crown both sides soil is overlying on to tree interline, makes tree go into ridge, identity distance trunk place, ridge is high, peripheral low, being an inclined-plane, is 15cm apart from trunk place height, 10 ° of the ridge gradients; Apart from trunk 7cm place, on ridge, open shallow ridges as drip irrigation pipe road along tree line direction, centered by every trunk, dig respectively annular fertilization hole, the distance of fertilising Keng He center trunk is 1.1m, its degree of depth is 20cm, width is 4cm, pastes fertilising hole outer rim, digs wide, to be deeply respectively 20cm, 12cm U-shaped collection rain rill along tree line direction; Lay drip irrigation pipe road, in fertilising hole, impose after special apple tree fertilizer and fill and lead up with soil, on ridge, trunk both sides, respectively cover the black and white dichroic micropore mulch film of a laser boring in advance, white is towards upper, bedding unregistered land film in collection rain rill, two kinds of films are evened up directly, not shrinkage, film surrounding middle and film is real by soil pressure, make mulch film and soil close contact, and on film every native horizontal pressure one strap for 2m, prevent that winter, spring, wind blew away greatly mulch film, on the level land between two Neighbor Set rain rills, lay collection rain plate, as operation road.
In the present embodiment, the punching standard of black and white dichroic micropore mulch film is 400 holes/m
2; Unregistered land film thickness is 0.07mm, and width is 50cm;
In the present embodiment, the actual tree line space in apple orchard is 300 ± 10cm.
Result of implementation:
Compare with the adjacent clear orchard of ploughing, locality, plough clearly not covering with plastic film of orchard, the influence power of the covering membrane and drop irrigation method that mensuration above-described embodiment adopts to orchard:
A. the impact on soil moisture content
Early July, determining soil moisture is found, ploughing clearly orchard rhizosphere district soil moisture content and be rhizosphere district, the orchard soil moisture content that 10.77%, embodiment covers black and white dichroic micropore film is 16.82%.
B. the impact on soil moisture content seasonal variation
Select fine day, cloudy day to ground temperature diurnal variation measure respectively, covers black and white dichroic micropore film and can significantly improve ground temperature, and fine day ground temperature changes more cloudy violent.Before rudiment, late Febuary～mid-April, overlay film 5～25cm soil layer mean temperature was 12.57 DEG C, contrasts high by 18.35% when fine day; When cloudy day, the mean ground temperature under overlay film is 8.25 DEG C, contrasts high by 19.32%; 4～July, ground temperature raise gradually along with the temperature rises, 22.46 DEG C of ground temperature average out under fine day film, higher by 7.58% than contrast, when the cloudy day, 18.86 DEG C of ground temperature average out under film, overlay film impels ground temperature rising in early spring, new root occurs early, is conducive to moisture, nutrient absorbs in time, supplies with overground part rudiment, the Zhan Ye of blooming is required, in addition, improve ground temperature and make soil microbial activity vigorous, for growth and the absorption nutrient of root system have been created local environment.
C. ground black and white dichroic micropore film covers the impact of evaporating between strain
Investigation finds that plastic mulching can reduce evaporation discharge between the strain of orchard, wherein be subject to the impact that rainfall is few and temperature is lower April～June, between strain, evaporation discharge is low, between contrast strain, be evaporated to 0.618mm/d, overlay film 0.192mm/d, at arid season, reducing evaporation from land surface is the principal mode of water conservation, and the soil moisture conservation of overlay film is better; In June～August, rainfall increases, and higher soil moisture content and temperature have increased evaporation discharge between strain, and between contrast strain, evaporation discharge is increased to 2.107mm/d by 0.826mm/d, higher by 283.9% than overlay film; Between different disposal strain in September, evaporation slightly reduces; In 4～September, between the per day strain of overlay film, evaporation discharge is only 24.36% of contrast, can effectively alleviate the water deficient problem in orchard, drought-hit area.
D. ground black and white dichroic micropore film covers the impact on fruit tree young sprout amount of growth
Overlay film orchard, ground young sprout amount of growth average out to 26.1cm, blinds is heavily 111.3g, and respectively than contrast high 191.7% and 118.4%, and leaf look dark green, and tree vigo(u)r is prosperous.
E. ground black and white dichroic micropore film covers the impact on output of the fruit tree and quality
Ground black and white dichroic micropore film covers orchard 80mm fruit rate more than 78.2%, and contrast garden 80mm fruit rate is about 42.8%, and in the situation that fruit number is constant, per mu yield can improve more than 35%; Soluble solid content average out to 15.4%, contrast is 13.8%.
Comprehensive said determination found that, apple orchard ridging covers black and white dichroic micropore film can improve fruit tree rhizosphere district soil moisture content, the soil temperature of 2～3 DEG C of 5～10cm soil temperature raisings in April, 10～20cm improves 1～2 DEG C, 4～September, orchard soil average evaporation capacity significantly reduced, young sprout amount of growth and blinds heavily increase, the significantly raising of fruit transverse diameter 80mm above fruit number, individual plant and average yield per mu improve, and soluble solid content improves, and can alleviate apple sapling stripping rate.
Therefore, orchard high ridge covers black and white dichroic micropore film, can useful storage preserve soil moisture, and improves ground temperature, and fertilizer conservation water conservation, improves fruit tree growth amount; Can retain moisture, increase output, improve fruit quality; Effectively utilize invalid rainfall, improve precipitation availability; Concentrate rich water, using water wisely, improves rich water availability; No-tillage weed eradication, reduces manually and drops into, and reduces orchard cost; Can increase tree body moisture, prevention fruit tree stripping,
Wideling popularize application high ridge in dry farming apple production district and cover black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall technology, is the effective measures that improve orchard management level and quality and benifit.
Claims (8)
1. Dry Land Orchard covers a black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, it is characterized in that: comprise following concrete steps:
(1) ridging: ditching ridging before frozen soil melts, before ridging, choose clean weeds fallen leaves, break up the clods, harrow petty leveling, trunk does not add native ridging in 3～5cm place around, 1.0～1.2m edge, tree crown both sides soil is overlying on to tree interline, makes tree go into ridge, identity distance trunk place, ridge is high, peripheral low, being an inclined-plane, is 10～15cm apart from trunk place height, 5 °～10 ° of the ridge gradients;
(2) trench digging: apart from trunk 5～7cm place, on ridge, open shallow ridges as drip irrigation pipe road along tree line direction, centered by every trunk, dig respectively annular fertilization hole, the distance of fertilising Keng He center trunk is 1.0～1.2m, its degree of depth is 15～20cm, width is 3-5cm, pastes fertilising hole outer rim, digs wide, to be deeply respectively 15～20cm, 10～12cm collection rain rill along tree line direction;
(3) overlay film: lay drip irrigation pipe road, in fertilising hole, impose after special apple tree fertilizer and fill and lead up with soil, on ridge, trunk both sides, respectively cover a black and white dichroic micropore mulch film, white is towards upper, bedding unregistered land film in collection rain rill, two kinds of films are evened up directly, not shrinkage, film surrounding middle and film is real by soil pressure, make mulch film and soil close contact, and on film every native horizontal pressure one strap for 2m, prevent that winter, spring, wind blew away greatly mulch film, on the level land between two Neighbor Set rain rills, lay collection rain sheet material, as operation road.
2. a kind of Dry Land Orchard as claimed in claim 1 covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, it is characterized in that: described drip irrigation pipe road, lack area at irrigation water and rainwater, and can only be laid on the same side of tree row.
3. a kind of Dry Land Orchard as claimed in claim 1 covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, it is characterized in that: described fertilising hole can scrape out bar shaped fertilising hole, apart from trunk 1.0～1.2m, along tree line direction, the bar shaped hole that to dig the degree of depth 15～20cm, width be 3-5cm.
4. a kind of Dry Land Orchard as claimed in claim 1 covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, it is characterized in that: it is the forms such as U-shaped, V-type, Qian type that described collection rain rill can scrape out cross section, preferred U-shaped opening.
5. a kind of Dry Land Orchard as claimed in claim 1 covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, it is characterized in that: described black and white dichroic micropore mulch film is that black and white mulch film is before covering, with laser boring, by 300～500 holes/m
2standard.
6. a kind of Dry Land Orchard as claimed in claim 1 covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, it is characterized in that: the thickness of described unregistered land film is 0.07mm, cover and completely collect after rain rill, both sides are each Yus 3～5cm, be pressed under black and white dichroic micropore mulch film on one side, another side is pressed on below collection rain sheet material.
7. a kind of Dry Land Orchard as claimed in claim 1 covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, it is characterized in that: described operation road flattens before laying collection rain sheet material, and both sides are slightly low, and centre is slightly high, be beneficial to rainwater and flow in collection rain rill, its width is 0.5～1.0m.
8. a kind of Dry Land Orchard as claimed in claim 1 covers black and white dichroic micropore film drip irrigation with catchment of rainfall method, it is characterized in that: described collection rain rill all crosses at tree row end, is communicated with cistern, and cistern is connected with drip irrigation system by filter-press equipment.
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