CN103749224A - Double-cropping rice based ecological ditch cultivation method for triple-cropping winter crops - Google Patents
Double-cropping rice based ecological ditch cultivation method for triple-cropping winter crops Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a double-cropping rice based ecological ditch cultivation method for triple-cropping winter crops, aiming to solve the problem about crop straw returning to field, soil aeration and water and fertilizer coupling. The double-cropping rice based ecological ditch cultivation method includes the steps of 1), executing ditching engineering in a late rice field; 2), performing water management before harvesting late rice; 3), treating late rice stalks; 4), utilizing a chained ditcher to clean ditches and spread out mud; 5), planting winter crops; 6), performing field management; 7), harvesting the winter crops. The double-cropping rice based ecological ditch cultivation method has the advantages that an arable layer structure of soil is changed; full amount field returning and deep burying treatment of the crop straws can be realized at one step, and meanwhile, fertilizer is deeply applied, utilization rate of the fertilizer can be increased; water content of ditch soil is lowered, soil aeration is improved, and utilization rate of natural precipitation can be improved; no-tillage and non-straw burning of the winter crops are realized, and ecological effect is obvious in that operation energy consumption, haze and irrigation water can be reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of crop cultivation methods, be specially a kind of triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice to make ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method.
Background technology
The present invention relates to winter crops cultivation field, the ecological railway carriage or compartment of especially a kind of triple-cropping system winter crops based on double cropping rice ditch is transplanted cultivation method, background technology
According to statistics, within 2013, national total output of grain surpasses 6.0 hundred million tons, by grain stalk, than 1:1.2, estimate, add other crops straws, the whole nation year produces stalk and exceedes 7.2 hundred million tons, contains a large amount of organic matters in stalk, nitrogen phosphorus potassium and trace element, in 7.2 hundred million tons of stalks, npk nutrient content is equivalent to more than 576 ten thousand tons of urea, more than 840 ten thousand tons of superphosphate, more than 840 ten thousand tons of potassium sulfates.Research shows that crops straw turns over and field or mulching and returning are effective well stimulations, generally can increase production more than 10%, but China's agricultural straw resource major part is used as peasant household's life fuel or in field, burns or thrown aside and huddles, not only cause the serious waste of stalk resource, but also caused the pollution of environment.Therefore, how to realize and simplify stalk effectively and field is one of current bottleneck problem that must solve.
Chinese patent CN200910272552.7 discloses a kind of fixed compartment ditch semilate rice no-tillage cast-transplanted overall aerobic cultivation method, and in detail the advantage of the no-tillage cultivation methods of cultivation has been described in detail, be conducive to improve soil aeration, reduce the advantages such as greenhouse gas emission, but this invention does not relate to straw fertile, the improvement of soil fertility cultivation step of effectively processing, economize on water, this invention, take semilate rice-rape double cropping as object, can not be applied to the triple-cropping system based on double cropping rice.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, in order to solve the problem of Returning Application of Crop Straw, soil aeration and water and fertilizer coupling, the present invention aims to provide a kind of triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice and makes ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, this cultivation method can be realized fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, water resource three's efficient coupling, reach the object of water conservation, fertilizer conservation, volume increase, realize three exempts from simultaneously: no-tillage, exempt from stubble-cleaning, unburned straw, ecological benefits are obvious: can reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.
To achieve these goals, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
The triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice is made an ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, comprises the steps:
1) late rice excavation railway carriage or compartment ditch: late rice shoot transplanting equipment or seed rice are live is frontly organized into railway carriage or compartment face by field, railway carriage or compartment face width 50 ~ 100cm; Between adjacent wing-rooms on either side of a one-story house, open railway carriage or compartment ditch, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 30 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 40cm; Late rice is planted on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
2) water management before late rice results: shine hard railway carriage or compartment face, do not retain water layer in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, make railway carriage or compartment face and railway carriage or compartment ditch keep dry and comfortable;
3) late rice stem stalk processing: after late rice ripe and harvested, late rice stem stalk and stem stalk chip uniform spreading are sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
4) railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning stand mud: do not turn over, do not pour water after late rice results, keep field face dry; In railway carriage or compartment, face spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer, then the earth in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is turned over and is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face, and the earth in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is evenly paved on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
5) winter crops plantation:
A) bask seeds: before winter crops plantation, select sunny weather that seed is shone 2 ~ 3 days;
B) planting patterns: select live or transplanting method that winter crops is planted to the face of railway carriage or compartment;
C) water management after plantation: water in time after plantation or pour water;
6) field management: manage in the usual way liquid manure, disease and pest control;
7) winter crops harvesting: after winter crops ripe and harvested, by crops straw chopping or Direct Uniform spreading on the face of railway carriage or compartment.
Be below the technical scheme of further improvement of the present invention:
When step 3) is processed late rice stem stalk, adopt combine harvesting crop, if grain header carries broken careless function, crops straw is shredded to uniform spreading and be sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment; If grain header does not possess broken careless function, widen grain header discharge gate, expand the face that is scattered of stalk, stalk uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment.
In step 4), adopt chain ditcher ditch cleaning during to railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning stand mud, before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 50%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2.
30% of latter 7 ~ 15 days of crop transplanting or live rear 25~30 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts carry seed manure in the winter time; 30% of 15% and potash fertilizer total amount of latter 55 ~ 65 days of transplanting or live rear 75 ~ 85 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts made cured fertilizer or jointing fertilizer; 10% of 5% and potash fertilizer total amount of latter 85 ~ 100 days of transplanting or after planting 105 ~ 115 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts made a kind of sedge fertilizer or ear manuer; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2.
After winter crops plantation, water in time or pour water, if adopt transplanting method plantation, at the transplanting root and stem of certain plants water alive of pouring in time afterwards; If adopt direct-seeding plantation, along railway carriage or compartment ditch, to pour water, water irrigating depth is apart from railway carriage or compartment face 1 ~ 3cm; During field management, according to soil moisture content supplementary irrigation, guarantee that the relative water content of soil is 65% ~ 75%, relative air humidity is 70 ~ 80%.
Winter crops after planting 3 ~ 4 days, selects herbicide sprays control the 1st germination peak, and the follow-up foster duck of germination peak employing navigates between paddy rice two row and suppresses weeds.
Described winter crops is rape or wheat.
Preferably, described railway carriage or compartment face width 70 ~ 80cm, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 15 ~ 20 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm.
By said structure, due under triple-cropping system background due to anxiety in season, it is two bottlenecks during large area is produced that straw is processed with effective supply soaked field water, and the present invention has spatially realized with soil pressure stalk and not only realized unburned straw, exempted from the rice stubble that goes out, can also straw total crop return on the spot; With the sposh tiling railway carriage or compartment face in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, realized no-tillage, the time of also having saved whole ground; With straw, make railway carriage or compartment face base wad in time and not only realized that late rice harvesting is transplanted with winter crops or zero live agriculture consumption, also saved the time of processing straw.Simultaneously, In Middle And Lower Reaches of Changjiang River is generally carried out double cropping rice and is added the ripe cropping system of winter crops 1 year three, cropping index is high, soil fertility loss is serious, in the mode of firming capping, fresh total straw is also played an important role for minimizing haze, raising retention capacity of soil, the ground preservation of fertility of fostering and apply fertilizer in field.
Know-why of the present invention is: the present invention shreds stalk, fertilising, chain ditcher ditch cleaning and sheds sposh in railway carriage or compartment face, sposh layer, stalk (chemical fertilizer) layer and edaphic ecological railway carriage or compartment face have been formed from top to bottom, change soil plough horizon structure, also realized base manure deep placement simultaneously; Railway carriage or compartment ditch is accumulated the efficient draining of natural precipitation and narrow railway carriage or compartment, improves water use efficiency and soil aeration, realizes fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, water resource three's efficient coupling, reaches the object of water conservation, fertilizer conservation, volume increase.Adopting the technology of the present invention to realize three before crop genetics in the winter time exempts from: no-tillage, exempt from stubble-cleaning, unburned straw, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.Particularly, as shown in Figure 1, described ecological end structure has formed three layers of sposh layer, stalk (chemical fertilizer) layer and soil horizons from top to bottom, and described ecological railway carriage or compartment function is:
The one, water retaining function, second layer stalk is subject to upper strata sposh compressing to become the water conservation layer of similar cavernous body; The 2nd, oxygen-enriched function, the similar cavernous body that second layer stalk forms can be stored air for the metabolism of rice root breath; The 3rd is fertilizer conservation function, and first the chemical fertilizer mixing with stalk is absorbed and accumulate by stalk after dissolving, and upper strata also has sposh to hide non-volatile, and lower floor has the topsoil pad of not turning over to ooze under delaying; The 4th is clean stalk function, thereby total straw also causes mechanical rotary tillage or the operational difficulty of turning over to cause rice agriculture to burn straw to remove obstacles behind field, thereby the present invention is no-tillage and adopt sposh paving to press stalk that the basal plane of shoot transplanting equipment is provided, and forms stalk clean utilization function.Described ecological groove structure: the sposh of ditch bottom, the water layer that covers sposh are more than 1 centimetre; Described ecological ditch function: the one, drain function, gets rid of and is seeped into the excessive moisture ecological ditch from plow layer side;
The 2nd, oxygen supply function, forms air convection channel with the plow layer under the face of railway carriage or compartment, is the oxygen supply of crop root mass;
The 3rd, for stalk provides lid material, by helix ditching machine, the sposh in ditch and water are revolved and raised to railway carriage or compartment face, muddy water paving pressure stalk;
The 4th, breeding function, railway carriage or compartment ditch can breeding loach and yellow eel, forms breeding spaces.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1) change soil plough horizon structure, formed sposh layer, stalk layer and soil horizon from top to bottom;
2) disposable total crop return and the buried processing that realizes crops straw joined to fertilize simultaneously, is conducive to the utilization ratio of deep-fertilizing and raising fertilizer;
3) utilize drainability and the good water-holding capacity of zanjon that narrow railway carriage or compartment face is good, reduce on the one hand the water content of envelope soil, improve soil aeration, improve on the other hand the utilization ratio of natural precipitation;
4) realized winter crops and transplanted two exempting from: no-tillage, unburned stalk, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structure principle chart of one embodiment of the invention.
In the drawings
1-sposh first season layer; 2-first order stalk or stem stalk layer; The 3-soil horizon first season;
4-second level stalk or stem stalk layer; The 5-soil horizon second season; 6-sposh second season layer;
7-third quarter soil horizon; 8-third level stalk or stem stalk layer; 9-third quarter sposh layer;
10-fertilizer.
Embodiment
The ecological railway carriage or compartment of triple-cropping system winter crops ditch based on double cropping rice is transplanted a cultivation method, comprises the following steps:
1) late rice is implemented railway carriage or compartment ditch engineering: late rice is transplanted or lively frontly field is organized into railway carriage or compartment face, the wide 70 ~ 80cm in railway carriage or compartment, furrow width 15 ~ 20 cm, ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm;
2) water management before late rice results: shine hard railway carriage or compartment face, do not retain water layer in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, keep railway carriage or compartment face and railway carriage or compartment ditch dry and comfortable;
3) late rice stem stalk processing: after late rice maturation, adopt combine harvesting crop, as grain header carries broken careless function, crops straw is evenly shredded; As grain header, be not with broken careless function, widen grain header discharge gate, expand the stalk face that is scattered, railway carriage or compartment face stalk spreads even substantially; During spreading, the late rice stalk uniform spreading on single railway carriage or compartment is sprinkling upon on the railway carriage or compartment face in this railway carriage or compartment.
4) chain ditcher ditch cleaning stand mud: do not turn over, do not pour water after late rice results, keep field face dry, before trench digging, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 50%, 60% and whole composite fertilizers of phosphate fertilizer or equivalent of potash fertilizer total amount, adopt chain ditcher that the soil in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face;
5) winter crops plantation: (1) winter crops: mainly take rape, barley as the main suitable crop in In Middle And Lower Reaches of Changjiang River plantation;
(2) bask seeds: before winter crops seed plantation, select bright day gas to carry out, seed is shone to 2 ~ 3 sun skies, but hot weather not directly basks seeds thin seed being spread out on cement court, prevent the excess Temperature embryo of burning; While basking seeds, notice that thin stand, duty turn over, prevent from mixing between seed breakage and kind;
(3) planting patterns: suit measures to local conditions, can select the modes such as live or transplanting to plant, and companion executes the plant growth regulator such as paclobutrazol and trace element;
(4) water management after plantation: will water in time or pour water after plantation, as adopted transplanting method plantation, the root and stem of certain plants water of living of pouring in time after needing to transplant, in order to keep root and fresh and alive near the stem of root; As adopt direct-seeding, and needing to pour water along zanjon, water irrigating depth stops pouring water during apart from railway carriage or compartment face 1 ~ 3cm, and slowly draining or not draining, and being beneficial to seed germination has the sufficient moisture can be for absorbing early stage;
6) field management: topdress (1): after transplanting, 30% of 7 ~ 15 days or after planting 25~30 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts carry seed manure, transplant after 55 ~ 65 days or after planting 75 ~ 85 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts 15% and potash fertilizer total amount 30% make cured fertilizer or jointing fertilizer, transplant latter 85 ~ 100 days or after planting 105 ~ 115 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts 5% and potash fertilizer total amount 10% make a kind of sedge fertilizer or ear manuer;
(2) Guan Shui: according to the suitable supplementary irrigation of soil moisture content, with growing of soil relative water content 70%, relative air humidity 70 ~ 80% optimum winter crops, improve the condition of field drought resisting water drainage;
(3) prevention and control of weeds: after planting 3 ~ 4 days, select suitable herbicide sprays, control the 1st germination peak, follow-up germination peak is take biological control as main, and foster duck navigates between paddy rice two row and suppresses weeds;
(4) sick, worm control: mainly anti-ly eliminate aphis, the damage by disease and insect such as white blister, wasting disease;
7) winter crops harvesting: after winter crops maturation, adopt combine harvesting late rice, as grain header carries broken careless function, crops straw is evenly shredded simultaneously, uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment; As grain header, be not with broken careless function, widen grain header discharge gate, expand the stalk face that is scattered, railway carriage or compartment face stalk spreads even substantially.
The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively in the present invention: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2.
The content that above-described embodiment is illustrated should be understood to these embodiment only for being illustrated more clearly in the present invention, and be not used in, limit the scope of the invention, after having read the present invention, those skilled in the art all fall within the application's claims limited range to the modification of the various equivalent form of values of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. the triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice is made an ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, it is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
1) late rice excavation railway carriage or compartment ditch: late rice shoot transplanting equipment or seed rice are live is frontly organized into railway carriage or compartment face by field, railway carriage or compartment face width 50 ~ 100cm; Between adjacent wing-rooms on either side of a one-story house, open railway carriage or compartment ditch, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 30 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 40cm; Late rice is planted on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
2) water management before late rice results: do not retain water layer in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment, make railway carriage or compartment face and railway carriage or compartment ditch keep dry and comfortable;
3) late rice stem stalk processing: after late rice ripe and harvested, late rice stem stalk and stem stalk chip uniform spreading are sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
4) railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning stand mud: do not turn over, do not pour water after late rice results, keep field face dry; In railway carriage or compartment, face spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer, then the earth in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is turned over and is threaded to railway carriage or compartment face, and the earth in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment is evenly paved on the face of railway carriage or compartment;
5) winter crops plantation:
A) bask seeds: before winter crops plantation, select sunny weather that seed is shone 2 ~ 3 days;
B) planting patterns: select live or transplanting method that winter crops is planted to the face of railway carriage or compartment;
C) water management after plantation: water in time after plantation or pour water;
6) field management: manage in the usual way liquid manure, disease and pest control;
7) winter crops harvesting: after winter crops ripe and harvested, by crops straw chopping or Direct Uniform spreading on the face of railway carriage or compartment.
2. the triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 is made ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, it is characterized in that, when step 3) is processed late rice stem stalk, adopt combine harvesting crop, if grain header carries broken careless function, crops straw is shredded to uniform spreading and be sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment; If grain header does not possess broken careless function, widen grain header discharge gate, expand the face that is scattered of stalk, stalk uniform spreading is sprinkling upon on the face of railway carriage or compartment.
3. the triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 is made ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, it is characterized in that, step 4) adopts chain ditcher ditch cleaning when railway carriage or compartment ditch ditch cleaning is spread out to mud, before trench digging, on the face of railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer total amount 50%, 60% and whole phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2.
4. the triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 is made ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, it is characterized in that, 30% of latter 7 ~ 15 days of winter crops transplanting or live rear 25~30 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts carried seed manure; 30% of 15% and potash fertilizer total amount of latter 55 ~ 65 days of transplanting or live rear 75 ~ 85 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts made cured fertilizer or jointing fertilizer; 10% of 5% and potash fertilizer total amount of latter 85 ~ 100 days of transplanting or after planting 105 ~ 115 days nitrogen fertilizer application total amounts made a kind of sedge fertilizer or ear manuer; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 225.0kg/hm
2, potash fertilizer K
2o is 150.0kg/hm
2~ 180.0kg/hm
2, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 75.0kg/hm
2~ 112.5kg/hm
2.
5. the triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 is made ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, it is characterized in that, waters in time or pours water, if adopt transplanting method plantation, at the transplanting root and stem of certain plants water alive of pouring in time afterwards after winter crops plantation; If adopt direct-seeding plantation, along railway carriage or compartment ditch, to pour water, water irrigating depth is apart from railway carriage or compartment face 1 ~ 3cm; During field management, according to soil moisture content supplementary irrigation, guarantee that the relative water content of soil is 65% ~ 75%, relative air humidity is 70 ~ 80%.
6. the triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice according to claim 1 is made ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, it is characterized in that, winter crops after planting 3 ~ 4 days, selects herbicide sprays control the 1st germination peak, and the follow-up foster duck of germination peak employing navigates between paddy rice two row and suppresses weeds.
7. according to the triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice one of claim 1 ~ 6 Suo Shu, make ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, it is characterized in that, described winter crops is rape or wheat.
8. according to the triple-cropping system winter based on double cropping rice one of claim 1 ~ 6 Suo Shu, make ecological railway carriage or compartment ditch cultivation method, it is characterized in that, described railway carriage or compartment face width 70 ~ 80cm, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 15 ~ 20 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm.
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WO2022028010A1 (en) * | 2020-08-06 | 2022-02-10 | 湖南农业大学 | Micro-ridge mixed sowing cultivation method for dryland crops |
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