DE102004003790A1 - Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-/Kühlmittel-Kühler - Google Patents

Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-/Kühlmittel-Kühler Download PDF

Info

Publication number
DE102004003790A1
DE102004003790A1 DE102004003790A DE102004003790A DE102004003790A1 DE 102004003790 A1 DE102004003790 A1 DE 102004003790A1 DE 102004003790 A DE102004003790 A DE 102004003790A DE 102004003790 A DE102004003790 A DE 102004003790A DE 102004003790 A1 DE102004003790 A1 DE 102004003790A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
plate
base plate
outermost
plates
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
DE102004003790A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Rüdiger Dr. Kölblin
Jens Richter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Behr GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Behr GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Behr GmbH and Co KG
Priority to DE102004003790A priority Critical patent/DE102004003790A1/de
Priority to MXPA06008292A priority patent/MXPA06008292A/es
Priority to US10/585,971 priority patent/US20080257536A1/en
Priority to JP2006549901A priority patent/JP2007518958A/ja
Priority to PCT/EP2004/013828 priority patent/WO2005071342A1/de
Priority to BRPI0418440-8A priority patent/BRPI0418440A/pt
Priority to EP04803538A priority patent/EP1711768A1/de
Publication of DE102004003790A1 publication Critical patent/DE102004003790A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/02Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
    • F28F3/04Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D9/0031Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other
    • F28D9/0043Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having openings therein for circulation of at least one heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another
    • F28D9/005Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having openings therein for circulation of at least one heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another the plates having openings therein for both heat-exchange media
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0246Arrangements for connecting header boxes with flow lines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
    • F28D2021/0089Oil coolers

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
DE102004003790A 2004-01-23 2004-01-23 Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-/Kühlmittel-Kühler Withdrawn DE102004003790A1 (de)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004003790A DE102004003790A1 (de) 2004-01-23 2004-01-23 Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-/Kühlmittel-Kühler
MXPA06008292A MXPA06008292A (es) 2004-01-23 2004-12-06 Cambiador de calor, especialmente enfriador de aceite/refrigerante.
US10/585,971 US20080257536A1 (en) 2004-01-23 2004-12-06 Heat Exchanger, Especially Oil/Coolant Cooler
JP2006549901A JP2007518958A (ja) 2004-01-23 2004-12-06 熱交換器、特に油・冷却材冷却器
PCT/EP2004/013828 WO2005071342A1 (de) 2004-01-23 2004-12-06 Wärmetauscher, insbesondere öl-/kühlmittel-kühler
BRPI0418440-8A BRPI0418440A (pt) 2004-01-23 2004-12-06 trocador de calor, em particular, resfriador de meio de resfriamento e de óleo
EP04803538A EP1711768A1 (de) 2004-01-23 2004-12-06 Wärmetauscher, insbesondere öl-/kühlmittel-kühler

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004003790A DE102004003790A1 (de) 2004-01-23 2004-01-23 Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-/Kühlmittel-Kühler

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE102004003790A1 true DE102004003790A1 (de) 2005-08-11

Family

ID=34745107

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE102004003790A Withdrawn DE102004003790A1 (de) 2004-01-23 2004-01-23 Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-/Kühlmittel-Kühler

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20080257536A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP1711768A1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2007518958A (ja)
BR (1) BRPI0418440A (ja)
DE (1) DE102004003790A1 (ja)
MX (1) MXPA06008292A (ja)
WO (1) WO2005071342A1 (ja)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005034305A1 (de) * 2005-07-22 2007-01-25 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Plattenelement für einen Plattenkühler
EP1855074A2 (de) 2006-05-13 2007-11-14 Modine Manufacturing Company Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler
EP1931932A1 (en) * 2005-10-05 2008-06-18 Dana Canada Corporation Reinforcement for dish plate heat exchangers
EP2257757A1 (en) * 2008-04-04 2010-12-08 Alfa Laval Corporate AB A plate heat exchanger
EP2295916A2 (de) * 2009-07-29 2011-03-16 Behr GmbH & Co. KG Stapelscheiben-Kühler, Verwendung des Stapelscheiben-Kühlers und Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Stapelscheiben-Kühler
EP2466241A1 (de) * 2010-12-15 2012-06-20 Mahle International GmbH Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-Wasser-Wärmetauscher, mit verstärkter Anschlussplatte
DE102011080828A1 (de) * 2011-08-11 2013-02-14 Mahle International Gmbh Plattenwärmetauscher
DE102013220212A1 (de) 2013-10-07 2015-04-09 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Wärmeübertrager
DE102015200657A1 (de) * 2015-01-16 2016-08-04 Mahle International Gmbh Brennkraftmaschine
US9528773B2 (en) 2009-07-16 2016-12-27 Mahle International Gmbh Plate heat exchanger having a plurality of plates stacked one upon the other
EP3203171A1 (de) * 2016-02-04 2017-08-09 Mahle International GmbH Stapelscheibenwärmetauscher, insbesondere für ein kraftfahrzeug
DE102016203951A1 (de) * 2016-03-10 2017-09-14 Mahle International Gmbh Wärmeübertrager

Families Citing this family (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2846397B1 (fr) * 2002-10-29 2007-04-13 Air Liquide Structure de raccordement pour la connexion d'un troncon de circuit de fluide a une chambre, et cellule de pile a combustible en comportant
SE528886C2 (sv) * 2005-08-26 2007-03-06 Swep Int Ab Ändplatta
SE531472C2 (sv) * 2005-12-22 2009-04-14 Alfa Laval Corp Ab Värmeväxlare med värmeöverföringsplatta med jämn lastfördelning på kontaktpunkter vid portområden
JP4740064B2 (ja) * 2006-08-15 2011-08-03 株式会社マーレ フィルターシステムズ オイルクーラ
JP4966633B2 (ja) * 2006-12-06 2012-07-04 株式会社マーレ フィルターシステムズ オイルクーラ
SE532489C2 (sv) * 2007-02-26 2010-02-02 Alfa Laval Corp Ab Plattvärmeväxlare
DE102007011762B4 (de) * 2007-03-10 2015-12-10 Modine Manufacturing Co. Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler für Kraftfahrzeuge
DE102007030563A1 (de) 2007-06-30 2009-01-02 Modine Manufacturing Co., Racine Plattenwärmetauscher und Montageverfahren
SE0802203L (sv) * 2008-10-16 2010-03-02 Alfa Laval Corp Ab Hårdlödd värmeväxlare och metod att tillverka hårdlödd värmeväxlare
CN102245992B (zh) * 2008-12-17 2014-06-25 舒瑞普国际股份公司 加强的热交换器
JP5882739B2 (ja) * 2008-12-17 2016-03-09 スウェップ インターナショナル アクティエボラーグ 半島部上の高圧ポート
DE102009030095A1 (de) * 2009-06-22 2010-12-23 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Stapelscheibenkühler
US20110024095A1 (en) * 2009-07-30 2011-02-03 Mark Kozdras Heat Exchanger with End Plate Providing Mounting Flange
DE102009041524A1 (de) 2009-09-15 2011-03-24 Mahle International Gmbh Plattenwärmetauscher
WO2011117988A1 (ja) * 2010-03-25 2011-09-29 三菱電機株式会社 プレート熱交換器及びプレート熱交換器の製造方法及びヒートポンプ装置
SE534918C2 (sv) 2010-06-24 2012-02-14 Alfa Laval Corp Ab Värmeväxlarplatta och plattvärmeväxlare
JP5298100B2 (ja) 2010-11-15 2013-09-25 トヨタ自動車株式会社 車両用熱交換器
FR2978538B1 (fr) * 2011-07-25 2015-06-19 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Plaque d'echangeur de chaleur.
DE102011080829A1 (de) * 2011-08-11 2013-02-14 Mahle International Gmbh Plattenwärmetauscher
WO2013159172A1 (en) * 2012-04-26 2013-10-31 Dana Canada Corporation Heat exchanger with adapter module
US20140196870A1 (en) * 2013-01-17 2014-07-17 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Plate heat exchanger
JP5855611B2 (ja) * 2013-07-11 2016-02-09 アルファ ラヴァル コーポレイト アクチボラゲット プレート熱交換器
CN103423873A (zh) * 2013-07-29 2013-12-04 无锡方盛换热器制造有限公司 大型油冷却器用加热装置
JP6376836B2 (ja) 2013-08-22 2018-08-22 株式会社マーレ フィルターシステムズ 熱交換器
DE102013220313B4 (de) * 2013-10-08 2023-02-09 Mahle International Gmbh Stapelscheiben-Wärmetauscher
JP6192564B2 (ja) * 2014-02-18 2017-09-06 日新製鋼株式会社 プレート式熱交換器およびその製造方法
DE102014212942A1 (de) * 2014-07-03 2016-01-07 Mahle International Gmbh Stapelscheibenkühler
DE102014110459A1 (de) * 2014-07-24 2016-01-28 Mahle International Gmbh Wärmeübertrager
SE541284C2 (en) * 2016-05-30 2019-06-11 Alfa Laval Corp Ab A plate heat exchanger
DE102017216819B4 (de) * 2017-09-22 2021-03-11 Hanon Systems Abgaskühler und Abgasrückführsystem mit einem Abgaskühler
IL255877B (en) 2017-11-23 2019-12-31 Dulberg Sharon A device for extracting water from the air, and for drying the air using high energy and methods for its production
FR3080444B1 (fr) * 2018-04-19 2020-05-29 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Echangeur thermique comprenant des tubulures de raccordement pour l'alimentation et l'evacuation d'un fluide caloporteur
US11274884B2 (en) 2019-03-29 2022-03-15 Dana Canada Corporation Heat exchanger module with an adapter module for direct mounting to a vehicle component
DE102020201131A1 (de) * 2020-01-30 2021-08-05 Mahle International Gmbh Wärmeübertrager-Platte für einen Wärmeübertrager, insbesondere für einen Stapelscheiben-Wärmeübertrager oder für einen Platten-Wärmeübertrager

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19519740A1 (de) * 1995-06-02 1996-12-05 Mann & Hummel Filter Wärmetauscher
US20020104645A1 (en) * 2001-02-07 2002-08-08 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Heat exchanger for fuel cell system
EP1241428A2 (en) * 2001-03-16 2002-09-18 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Heat exchanger for cooling oil with water
EP1411311A1 (en) * 2002-10-17 2004-04-21 Jean Luc Deloy Heating device comprising a heat exchanger system

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH064224Y2 (ja) * 1987-01-30 1994-02-02 株式会社土屋製作所 プレート型熱交換器
US4872578A (en) * 1988-06-20 1989-10-10 Itt Standard Of Itt Corporation Plate type heat exchanger
JPH0326231U (ja) * 1989-07-24 1991-03-18
DD286857A5 (de) * 1989-07-31 1991-02-07 Veb Messgeraetewerk,De Plattenwaermeaustauscher
JP2521328Y2 (ja) * 1990-08-06 1996-12-25 カルソニック株式会社 自動変速機用オイルクーラ
JPH0674672A (ja) * 1992-08-25 1994-03-18 Hisaka Works Ltd プレート式熱交換器
JPH08159685A (ja) * 1994-12-08 1996-06-21 Toyo Radiator Co Ltd 積層型熱交換器コア
DE19511991C2 (de) * 1995-03-31 2002-06-13 Behr Gmbh & Co Plattenwärmetauscher
JP3341075B2 (ja) * 1996-09-20 2002-11-05 本田技研工業株式会社 自動車用オイルクーラ
DE19711258C2 (de) * 1997-03-18 1999-09-02 Behr Gmbh & Co Stapelscheiben-Ölkühler
DE19722074A1 (de) * 1997-05-27 1998-12-03 Knecht Filterwerke Gmbh Plattenwärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl/Kühlmittel-Kühler für Kraftfahrzeuge
FR2795165B1 (fr) * 1999-06-21 2001-09-07 Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa Echangeur de chaleur a plaques, en particulier refroidisseur d'huile pour vehicule automobile
FR2795167B1 (fr) * 1999-06-21 2001-09-14 Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa Echangeur de chaleur a plaques, notamment pour refroidir une huile d'un vehicule automobile
DE10021481A1 (de) * 2000-05-03 2001-11-08 Modine Mfg Co Plattenwärmetauscher
KR100389699B1 (ko) * 2001-01-17 2003-06-27 삼성공조 주식회사 수냉식 열교환기
DE10328638A1 (de) * 2003-06-26 2005-01-20 Modine Manufacturing Co., Racine Wärmetauscher in gehäuseloser Plattenbauweise

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19519740A1 (de) * 1995-06-02 1996-12-05 Mann & Hummel Filter Wärmetauscher
US20020104645A1 (en) * 2001-02-07 2002-08-08 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Heat exchanger for fuel cell system
EP1241428A2 (en) * 2001-03-16 2002-09-18 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Heat exchanger for cooling oil with water
EP1411311A1 (en) * 2002-10-17 2004-04-21 Jean Luc Deloy Heating device comprising a heat exchanger system

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005034305A1 (de) * 2005-07-22 2007-01-25 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Plattenelement für einen Plattenkühler
EP1931932A1 (en) * 2005-10-05 2008-06-18 Dana Canada Corporation Reinforcement for dish plate heat exchangers
EP3276291A1 (en) * 2005-10-05 2018-01-31 Dana Canada Corporation Reinforcement element for dish plate heat exchangers
EP1931932A4 (en) * 2005-10-05 2013-07-31 Dana Canada Corp REINFORCEMENT FOR HEAT SHRINK HEAT EXCHANGERS
EP1855074A2 (de) 2006-05-13 2007-11-14 Modine Manufacturing Company Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler
DE102006022445A1 (de) * 2006-05-13 2007-11-15 Modine Manufacturing Co., Racine Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler
EP1855074A3 (de) * 2006-05-13 2010-04-21 Modine Manufacturing Company Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler
EP2257757A4 (en) * 2008-04-04 2013-05-22 Alfa Laval Corp Ab Plate heat exchanger
EP2257757A1 (en) * 2008-04-04 2010-12-08 Alfa Laval Corporate AB A plate heat exchanger
US9103597B2 (en) 2008-04-04 2015-08-11 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Plate heat exchanger
US9528773B2 (en) 2009-07-16 2016-12-27 Mahle International Gmbh Plate heat exchanger having a plurality of plates stacked one upon the other
EP2295916A3 (de) * 2009-07-29 2014-12-31 Behr GmbH & Co. KG Stapelscheiben-Kühler, Verwendung des Stapelscheiben-Kühlers und Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Stapelscheiben-Kühler
DE102009035239A1 (de) * 2009-07-29 2011-04-14 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Stapelscheiben-Kühler, Verwendung des Stapelscheiben-Kühlers und Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Stapelscheiben-Kühler
EP2295916A2 (de) * 2009-07-29 2011-03-16 Behr GmbH & Co. KG Stapelscheiben-Kühler, Verwendung des Stapelscheiben-Kühlers und Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Stapelscheiben-Kühler
EP2466241A1 (de) * 2010-12-15 2012-06-20 Mahle International GmbH Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-Wasser-Wärmetauscher, mit verstärkter Anschlussplatte
US9863715B2 (en) 2011-08-11 2018-01-09 Mahle International Gmbh Plate heat exchanger with flanged base or connecting plate
DE102011080828A1 (de) * 2011-08-11 2013-02-14 Mahle International Gmbh Plattenwärmetauscher
WO2013020828A1 (de) 2011-08-11 2013-02-14 Mahle International Gmbh Plattenwärmetauscher
DE102013220212A1 (de) 2013-10-07 2015-04-09 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Wärmeübertrager
WO2015052132A1 (de) 2013-10-07 2015-04-16 Mahle International Gmbh Wärmeübertrager
DE102015200657A1 (de) * 2015-01-16 2016-08-04 Mahle International Gmbh Brennkraftmaschine
US9732708B2 (en) 2015-01-16 2017-08-15 Mahle International Gmbh Internal combustion engine
DE102016201712A1 (de) * 2016-02-04 2017-08-10 Mahle International Gmbh Stapelscheibenwärmetauscher, insbesondere für ein Kraftfahrzeug
EP3203171A1 (de) * 2016-02-04 2017-08-09 Mahle International GmbH Stapelscheibenwärmetauscher, insbesondere für ein kraftfahrzeug
DE102016203951A1 (de) * 2016-03-10 2017-09-14 Mahle International Gmbh Wärmeübertrager

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2007518958A (ja) 2007-07-12
BRPI0418440A (pt) 2007-05-22
MXPA06008292A (es) 2007-01-26
WO2005071342A1 (de) 2005-08-04
US20080257536A1 (en) 2008-10-23
EP1711768A1 (de) 2006-10-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE102004003790A1 (de) Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Öl-/Kühlmittel-Kühler
EP1654508B1 (de) Wärmeübertrager sowie verfahren zu dessen herstellung
EP1910764B2 (de) Plattenelement für einen plattenkühler
DE60011616T2 (de) Wärmetauscher mit mehrkanalrohren
EP1725824B1 (de) Stapelscheiben-wärmetauscher
DE69612664T2 (de) Plattenwärmetauscher mit gewellten oberflächen
EP1856734B1 (de) Mikrowärmeübertrager
DE69911131T2 (de) Wärmetauscher
EP1571407A2 (de) Plattenwärmeübertrager
EP1739378A1 (de) Wärmeaustauschelement und damit hergestellter Wärmeaustauscher
EP1842020B1 (de) Stapelscheiben-wärmetauscher
DE10220532A1 (de) Wärmetauscher
DE10347181A1 (de) Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Ölkühler
DE19814050A1 (de) Geschichteter Wärmetauscher
DE202011052186U1 (de) Wärmeaustauscher
DE69504564T2 (de) Plattenwärmeaustauscher
EP1640684A1 (de) Wärmeübertrager aus Flachrohren und Wellrippen
EP3027981A1 (de) Adsorptionsmodul
DE202008013351U1 (de) Wärmeaustauschernetz und damit ausgerüsteter Wärmeaustauscher
DE112004000481T5 (de) Wärmetauscher mit Seitenplatten-Oberflächenkühlung
DE202017104743U1 (de) Wärmetauscher mit Mikrokanal-Struktur oder Flügelrohr-Struktur
DE202010003080U1 (de) Plattenwärmetauscher
DE102022103720A1 (de) Wärmeübertrager mit optimiertem Druckverlust
DE102010050519A1 (de) Wärmetauscher
EP2789962A1 (de) Stapelscheiben-Wärmetauscher

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
OM8 Search report available as to paragraph 43 lit. 1 sentence 1 patent law
8139 Disposal/non-payment of the annual fee