CN110063112B - High-quality high-yield fertilization method for continuous cropping planting of greenhouse watermelons - Google Patents
High-quality high-yield fertilization method for continuous cropping planting of greenhouse watermelons Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
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- C05B17/00—Other phosphatic fertilisers, e.g. soft rock phosphates, bone meal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-quality high-yield fertilization method for continuous cropping planting of greenhouse watermelons, which comprises the steps of (1) applying a high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, a high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and a humic acid trace element organic fertilizer at the bottom, (2) dressing the high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer during the period of watermelon vine climbing, and (3) dressing the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer after the young watermelon seat is stable. The bottom fertilizer has high humic acid content and large using amount, the watermelon root system is developed and does not grow vigorously, foliar fertilizer does not need to be sprayed, the yield per mu of watermelon reaches 8000 kg, the sugar content is 15-30% higher than that of the grafted watermelon, the soil structure is effectively improved, and the soil ecological function is optimized and improved; the method has the advantages that the high yield is realized, the topdressing times and the pesticide spraying times are reduced, the purpose of simplifying the farm operation is realized, the cost is saved, the efficiency is improved, the environmental threat of unreasonable application of the fertilizer is reduced, and the guarantee is provided for the grain farmer income increase and the agricultural sustainable development.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a high-quality and high-yield fertilization method for continuous cropping planting of greenhouse watermelons.
Background
The watermelon is one of favorite melons and fruits, contains abundant saccharides, amino acid substances and vitamins, has the effects of promoting the production of body fluid to quench thirst, diminishing inflammation, relieving summer heat, promoting urination, reducing blood pressure and the like, and has large market demand and large planting area. However, in recent ten years, the taste of the watermelon is changed, and the watermelon is not tasty and juicy to eat. The obvious reduction of the watermelon quality is related to continuous cropping and grafting, but the fundamental reason is that the fertilizing method is unscientific and can not meet the habit and management requirements of the watermelon.
Continuous cropping of all crops has the problems of more diseases, poor quality and low yield or reduction, which are called continuous cropping obstacles and also called continuous cropping problems. Through research, the root cause of continuous cropping obstacles is that the continuous cropping plants inevitably have germ accumulation, self-toxicity accumulation and malnutrition in different degrees. Continuous cropping is forbidden for watermelons, blight is seriously generated during continuous cropping planting, the phenomenon of death is difficult to control, watermelon seedlings are grafted by pumpkin roots and gourd roots, the occurrence of cypress wilt is reduced, the phenomena of seedling death and melon rotting caused by gummy stem blight, epidemic disease, anthracnose and the like are more, the mouthfeel and the taste are obviously poor, and the mature time to market is delayed; the watermelon seedlings are not grafted and planted, the seedlings are seriously killed, the taste and flavor are better than those of grafted seedlings, and the natural taste and sweet taste of the watermelon cannot be achieved. In recent years, in order to improve the quality and reduce the diseases, the watermelon grower changes the single application of the inorganic compound fertilizer into the application of the inorganic compound fertilizer and the organic compound fertilizer such as chicken manure or pig manure on the greenhouse watermelon planting, so that the quality of the watermelon is improved, the salinization and acidification of greenhouse soil are accelerated, various physiological and invasive diseases are more, and the chance of pesticide spraying pollution and the labor cost are increased. The watermelon grower feels more difficult and helpless to plant the watermelon in the greenhouse. These problems all reflect that new fertilization methods must be sought for watermelon planting, especially greenhouse watermelon continuous cropping planting.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the method for fertilizing the greenhouse watermelons in the continuous cropping mode is high in quality and yield, continuous cropping obstacles of the greenhouse watermelons are prevented and controlled, growth habits and fertilizer requirement rules of the greenhouse watermelons are met, continuous high-quality and high-yield continuous cropping planting is achieved, pesticide spraying pollution and manpower are reduced, input-output ratio is improved, and income is increased.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a high-quality high-yield fertilization method for continuous cropping planting of greenhouse watermelons comprises the following steps:
(1) the method comprises the steps of combining soil preparation and bottom application before sowing watermelons in a greenhouse, applying 60-80 kg of high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, 70-80 kg of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and 40-80 kg of humic acid trace element organic fertilizer to each mu of field, independently spreading or mixing the high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and the humic acid trace element organic fertilizer to the ground surface, and ploughing the ground after uniform spreading;
(2) in the vine climbing period of watermelons, 15-20 kg of high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied to each mu;
(3) after the young watermelon seats are stable, 20-40 kg of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied to each mu.
In a preferable mode, in the step (3), if the second batch of watermelon is left, 30-50 kg of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied after the young watermelon seat is stable.
As a preferable mode, the high-concentration balanced humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is a granular fertilizer, and the active ingredients and the mass percentage of the active ingredients in the fertilizer are as follows: humic acid content is 13.5-15%, organic matter content is 20-25%,
the content of nitrogen nutrient is 13.5-15%, the content of phosphorus nutrient is 13.5-15%, and the content of potassium nutrient is 13.5-15%.
As a preferable mode, the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is a granular fertilizer, and the effective components of the fertilizer are calculated by the nutrient content: the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 10 percent, the content of organic matter is more than or equal to 20 percent, the content of nitrogen nutrient is more than or equal to 15 percent, the content of phosphorus nutrient is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the content of potassium nutrient is more than or equal to 25 percent.
As a preferable mode, the humic acid trace element organic fertilizer is a granular fertilizer, and the effective components of the fertilizer are calculated by the nutrient content: 20-25% of humic acid, 50-55% of organic matter, more than or equal to 5% of trace elements and more than or equal to 5% of total content of nitrogen nutrient, phosphorus nutrient and potassium nutrient.
As a preferable mode, the high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is a granular fertilizer, is of a full-water-soluble flushing type, and comprises the following effective components in terms of nutrient content: the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 10 percent, the content of organic matter is more than or equal to 20 percent, the content of nitrogen nutrient is more than or equal to 25 percent, the content of phosphorus nutrient is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the content of potassium nutrient is more than or equal to 13 percent.
In a preferred mode, the nitrogen nutrient is obtained from urea, the phosphorus nutrient is obtained from phosphorus pentoxide or monocalcium phosphate, and the potassium nutrient is obtained from potassium oxide or potassium sulfate.
In a preferred mode, the trace elements include zinc, iron, manganese, copper and boron.
As a preferable mode, the fertilizing method is suitable for both grafted watermelons and non-grafted watermelons.
The method for fertilizing by utilizing the high-yield fertilizer effectively prevents and controls continuous cropping obstacles of greenhouse watermelons, improves the yield and quality of greenhouse watermelons and reduces diseases by the following mechanism:
1. every 1000 kg of watermelon is produced, 1.8 kg of nitrogen nutrient and P are needed205Nutrient 0.4 kg, k22 kg of O nutrient required by watermelonThe fertilizer is less in phosphate fertilizer, excessive application easily causes unsmooth and crisp watermelon pulp and poor in taste quality, so that the fertilizing method disclosed by the invention uses a large amount of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, the fertilizer proportion is reasonable and efficient, long-acting nutrition supply can be provided for the growth of crops, the labor input is reduced compared with the traditional fertilizer application, and the production cost is reduced.
2. After the young melon seat stably enters the expansion period, the water demand is large, the watering frequency needs to be increased, the soil is kept moist, water-saving irrigation can be carried out, and the irrigation water quantity is 70-80% of the traditional irrigation water quantity.
3. The first task of preventing and controlling continuous cropping obstacles is to supplement nutrient elements lacking in crops, stimulate beneficial bacteria, inhibit and kill harmful bacteria, improve the stress resistance of the crops, stimulate the vigorous development and deep pricking of root systems of the crops, and convert or weaken the self-toxicity harm; and secondly, the soil is improved, the soil fertility is improved, a good growing environment of crops is created, a fertilizer requirement rule is met, sufficient nutrition required by high quality and high yield is provided, and continuous and balanced supply is ensured. Experiments prove that proper amounts of humic acid, organic matters and medium and trace elements are applied to coordinate, and the humic acid, the organic matters and the large, medium and trace elements are effectively complexed together to realize the effects of high quality, high yield and more energy saving.
4. The humic acid fertilizer has an aggravating effect on the activity of microorganisms in soil, and when the average content of humic acid and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the base fertilizer is close to that of the base fertilizer, efficient complexing protection can be performed on the base fertilizer, so that the utilization rate of the base fertilizer is improved to more than 70%, and the fertilizer effect is more durable; when the content of humic acid is close to but not more than 50% of the total nutrient of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the release strength of the nutrient of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is high, and the utilization rate is high, so that the fertilizer efficiency of the fertilizer is improved, and the fertilizer can be fully absorbed; when the trace element content of the bottom fertilizer is 1/5-1/4 of the total humic acid content, the activity utilization rate of the trace elements and the complexing amount of free humic acid are coordinated to be higher, which is more beneficial to decomposing soil residual toxicity and improving the soil structure.
5. The content of organic matters in the fertilizer adopted in the fertilizing method is detected by an NY525-2012 standard; humic acid is total humic acid, the content of which is detected by GB/T11957-2001 standard, the total humic acid is combined acid containing medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron and the like, and the higher the content of the total humic acid is, the more the medium and trace elements are contained.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the total humic acid content in the fertilizer reaches 10 percent, the organic matter content reaches more than 20 percent, and meanwhile, when the application amount per mu is not less than 100 kilograms, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the soil tends to be reasonable, the soil structure is effectively improved, namely soil aggregates are increased, the soil quality is loose, the air permeability and the water permeability are good, beneficial microorganisms in the soil are multiplied, soil-borne diseases are effectively inhibited, the ecological function of the soil is optimized and improved, the root system of crops is developed, the stress resistance is improved, the soil-borne diseases, continuous cropping diseases, physiological diseases and the like rarely occur, continuous cropping obstacles are prevented and controlled, and the quality and the yield of the crops are greatly improved.
2. The fertilizing method can meet the requirements of 5000-.
3. The invention applies the high-concentration balanced humic acid complexing organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexing organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and the humic acid microelement organic fertilizer in a matching way, applies the high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complexing organic-inorganic compound fertilizer in the vine climbing period of the watermelon, applies the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexing organic-inorganic compound fertilizer in each mu after the young watermelon seat is stable, can ensure that the yield of the continuous cropping greenhouse watermelon reaches more than 8000 kg, and has the sugar content which is 15 to 30 percent higher than that of the grafted watermelon in the traditional fertilizing method. The method has the advantages that the high yield is realized, the topdressing times and the pesticide spraying times are reduced, the fertilizer consumption and pesticide spraying pollution are reduced, the labor cost is reduced, the labor intensity is reduced, the purpose of simplifying the farm operation is realized, the cost is saved, the effect is improved, meanwhile, the environmental threat of unreasonable application of the fertilizer is reduced, and the guarantee is provided for the grain farmer income increase and the agricultural sustainable development.
Detailed Description
All of the features disclosed in this specification, or all of the steps in any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations of features and/or steps that are mutually exclusive.
Example 1
Planting 1000 non-grafted self-rooted seedlings per mu, culturing in a creeping pasture, applying 80 kg of high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, 70 kg of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and 80 kg of humic acid trace element organic fertilizer at the bottom, mixing the high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and the humic acid trace element organic fertilizer, spraying the mixture on the ground surface, and ploughing the land after uniform spraying; in the watermelon growing period (five-leaf period), 20 kilograms of high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied along with water; the young melon seat stably enters the expansion period, and 40 kilograms of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied to each mu along with water. The technical indexes of the fertilizer are as follows:
the technical indexes of the high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer are as follows: the total humic acid content is 15 percent; the organic content is 25%; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 45%, wherein N, P2O5、K2The content of O is 15 percent respectively;
② high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer: the total humic acid content is 10 percent; the organic matter content is 20%; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 45%, wherein N, P2O5、K2The contents of O are respectively 15%, 5% and 25%; a fully water-soluble granular fertilizer;
③ humic acid trace element organic fertilizer technical indexes: the total humic acid content is 25 percent; the organic content is 55%; the content of trace elements is 5 percent; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 5 percent;
fourthly, the technical indexes of the high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer are as follows: the total humic acid content is 10 percent; the organic matter content is 20%; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 43%, wherein N, P2O5、K2The contents of O are respectively 25%, 5% and 13%; a fully water-soluble granular fertilizer.
In the bottom fertilizer, the humic acid content is high, the use amount of the humic acid is large, the watermelon root system is developed and does not grow vigorously, no foliar fertilizer needs to be sprayed, the yield per mu of the watermelon breaks through 7165 kilograms, the sugar content is 22 percent higher than that of the grafted watermelon, the soil structure is effectively improved, and the soil ecological function is optimized and improved; the method has the advantages that the high yield is realized, the topdressing times and the pesticide spraying times are reduced, the fertilizer consumption and pesticide spraying pollution are reduced, the labor cost is reduced, the labor intensity is reduced, the purpose of simplifying the farm operation is realized, the cost is saved, the effect is improved, meanwhile, the environmental threat of unreasonable application of the fertilizer is reduced, and the guarantee is provided for the grain farmer income increase and the agricultural sustainable development.
Example 2
Planting 850 self-rooted seedlings which are not grafted per mu, culturing in a creeping pasture, applying 60 kilograms of high-concentration balanced humic acid complexing organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, 80 kilograms of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexing organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and 40 kilograms of humic acid trace element organic fertilizer to the bottom, respectively and independently spreading the high-concentration balanced humic acid complexing organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexing organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and the humic acid trace element organic fertilizer to the ground surface, and ploughing the land after uniform spreading; in the watermelon rooting stage (five-leaf stage), 15 kilograms of high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied along with water; the young melon seat stably enters the expansion period, and 40 kilograms of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied to each mu along with water. The technical indexes of the fertilizer are as follows:
the technical indexes of the high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer are as follows: the total humic acid content is 13.5 percent; the organic matter content is 20%; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 40.5%, wherein N, P2O5、K2The contents of O are respectively 13.5%;
② high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer: the total humic acid content is 10 percent; the organic matter content is 20%; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 45%, wherein N, P2O5、K2The contents of O are respectively 15%, 5% and 25%; a fully water-soluble granular fertilizer;
③ humic acid trace element organic fertilizer technical indexes: the total humic acid content is 25 percent; the organic content is 55%; the content of trace elements is 5 percent; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 5 percent;
fourthly, the technical indexes of the high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer are as follows: the total humic acid content is 10 percent; the organic matter content is 20%; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 43%, wherein N, P2O5、K2The contents of O are respectively 25%, 5% and 13%; a fully water-soluble granular fertilizer.
In the bottom fertilizer, the humic acid content is high, the watermelon root system is developed and does not grow vigorously, foliar fertilizer does not need to be sprayed, the yield per mu of watermelon breaks through 8160 kilograms, the sugar content is 28 percent higher than that of grafted watermelon, the soil structure is effectively improved, and the soil ecological function is optimized and improved; the method has the advantages that the high yield is realized, the topdressing times and the pesticide spraying times are reduced, the fertilizer consumption and pesticide spraying pollution are reduced, the labor cost is reduced, the labor intensity is reduced, the purpose of simplifying the farm operation is realized, the cost is saved, the effect is improved, meanwhile, the environmental threat of unreasonable application of the fertilizer is reduced, and the guarantee is provided for the grain farmer income increase and the agricultural sustainable development.
Comparative experiment:
background of control experiment:
1. the experiment is carried out in the town of Yao Jiu county in Zhoumu province in 2017 in 2-5 months;
2. the watermelon varieties are Zhengza 5, and are transplanted in 21 days of 2 months and harvested in 25 days of 5 months.
TABLE 1 comparison table of conventional fertilization method and fertilization method of examples
Therefore, the fertilizer application method can greatly improve the yield of greenhouse watermelons, the yield of the greenhouse watermelons in the embodiment 1 and the embodiment 2 is increased by 36.9 percent and 80.5 percent respectively compared with the control, the fertilizer application times and the pesticide spraying times are reduced while high yield is realized, the fertilizer using amount and pesticide spraying pollution are reduced, the labor cost is reduced, the labor intensity is reduced, the cost is saved, the effect is improved, the control field gummy stem blight, anthracnose and leaf spot are serious, and the experimental field has almost no diseases.
Claims (7)
1. A high-quality high-yield fertilization method for continuous cropping planting of greenhouse watermelons is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the method comprises the steps of combining soil preparation and bottom application before sowing watermelons in a greenhouse, applying 60-80 kg of high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, 70-80 kg of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and 40-80 kg of humic acid trace element organic fertilizer to each mu of field, independently spreading or mixing the high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer, the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and the humic acid trace element organic fertilizer to the ground surface, and ploughing the ground after uniform spreading; the high-concentration balanced humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer comprises the following effective components in percentage by nutrient content: the humic acid content is 13.5-15%, the organic matter content is 20-25%, the nitrogen nutrient content is 13.5-15%, the phosphorus nutrient content is 13.5-15%, and the potassium nutrient content is 13.5-15%; the high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer comprises the following effective components in terms of nutrient content: the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 10 percent, the content of organic matters is more than or equal to 20 percent, the content of nitrogen nutrients is more than or equal to 15 percent, the content of phosphorus nutrients is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the content of potassium nutrients is more than or equal to 25 percent;
(2) in the vine climbing period of watermelons, 15-20 kg of high-concentration high-nitrogen humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied to each mu;
(3) after the young watermelon seats are stable, 20-40 kg of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied to each mu.
2. The method for continuous cropping planting, high quality and high yield fertilization of greenhouse watermelons according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), if two batches of watermelons are left, 30-50 kg of high-concentration high-potassium humic acid complex organic-inorganic compound fertilizer is applied after the young watermelon seats are stable.
3. The method for high-quality and high-yield fertilization in continuous cropping planting of greenhouse watermelons as claimed in claim 1, wherein the effective components of the humic acid trace element organic fertilizer are calculated according to the nutrient content: 20-25% of humic acid, 50-55% of organic matter, more than or equal to 5% of trace elements and more than or equal to 5% of total content of nitrogen nutrient, phosphorus nutrient and potassium nutrient.
4. The method for high-quality and high-yield fertilization in continuous cropping greenhouse watermelon according to claim 1, wherein the high-concentration and high-nitrogen humic acid complexed organic-inorganic compound fertilizer comprises the following effective components in terms of nutrient content: the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 10 percent, the content of organic matter is more than or equal to 20 percent, the content of nitrogen nutrient is more than or equal to 25 percent, the content of phosphorus nutrient is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the content of potassium nutrient is more than or equal to 13 percent.
5. The method for fertilizing greenhouse watermelons in a continuous cropping manner with high quality and high yield as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 4, wherein the nitrogen nutrient is obtained from urea, the phosphorus nutrient is obtained from phosphorus pentoxide or monocalcium phosphate, and the potassium nutrient is obtained from potassium oxide or potassium sulfate.
6. The method for high-quality and high-yield fertilizer application in continuous cropping greenhouse watermelons according to claim 3, wherein the trace elements comprise zinc, iron, manganese, copper and boron.
7. The method for fertilizing the greenhouse watermelon continuous cropping planting high-quality and high-yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fertilizing method is used for grafting watermelon root seedlings and non-grafting watermelon root seedlings.
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