CN109220144B - Nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds - Google Patents

Nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds Download PDF

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CN109220144B
CN109220144B CN201811378403.4A CN201811378403A CN109220144B CN 109220144 B CN109220144 B CN 109220144B CN 201811378403 A CN201811378403 A CN 201811378403A CN 109220144 B CN109220144 B CN 109220144B
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nitrogen
potassium
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廖道龙
刘子凡
陈贻诵
胡艳平
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INSTITUTE OF VEGETABLE HAINAN ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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    • A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers

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Abstract

The invention discloses a nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds, which comprises the following steps of spreading decomposed farmyard manure and bagasse active carbon when ploughing the land, wherein the pure nitrogen content of the decomposed farmyard manure spread in each mu is 12kg and accounts for 50 percent of the total pure nitrogen content; when ridging and bed-making, spreading an Entace controlled-release fertilizer per mu, wherein the pure nitrogen content is 7.2kg and accounts for 30 percent of the total pure nitrogen content; and (2) post-transplanting a white gourd grafted seedling, wherein the white gourd grafted seedling adopts a sea rootstock No. 1 pumpkin as a rootstock, an iron pillar black-skinned white gourd as a scion, and is obtained by soaking a root system in gibberellin solution after grafting, and 6 topdressing is carried out by utilizing a drip tube under a film at the vine extending period, the flowering period, the fruit setting period and the fruit expanding period of the white gourd plant, wherein the applied pure nitrogen accounts for 4.0kg, and the pure nitrogen accounts for 20 percent of the total applied pure nitrogen. By adopting the fertilizing method, the yield reaches 9000 kg/mu, and the yield can be increased by 34.03%; the usage amount of the nitrogen fertilizer per mu is reduced by 5-10kg, the absorption and utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer reaches 40.61%, and the quality of the wax gourd fruits is obviously improved.

Description

Nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds
Technical Field
The invention relates to an agricultural planting technology, in particular to a nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds.
Background
The wax gourd is an important supply variety for transporting the wax gourd and the vegetable in the north of Hainan province in winter, has obvious economic benefit, is an important means for local farmers to get rid of poverty and get rich, and has the annual planting area of the wax gourd reaching 0.8 ten thousand hm at present2The yield of the white gourd per mu can reach more than 75000kg, and the nitrogen fertilizer is a main yield increasing factor of the white gourd and has larger influence on the yield of the white gourd compared with other large-amount nutrient elements. In order to pursue high yield, the phenomenon of excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer and unreasonable application of fertilizer often exists in the production of growers, so that the nutrient of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is seriously imbalanced, not only is the fertilizer wasted, but also the soil is acidified, the organic matter is low, the content of soil microorganisms is low, so that the soil is seriously degraded, and the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer is further reduced; seriously restricting the improvement of the yield and the quality of the white gourd. According to survey and statistics, the using amount of the wax gourd nitrogen fertilizer in the city county in the western part of Hainan province is more than 35 kg/mu, the wax gourd nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is only 21.53 percent and is far lower than the average level of nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency in China, the waste of the nitrogen fertilizer is extremely serious, and the excessive use of the nitrogen fertilizer causes environmental pollution, the production cost is improved, the economic efficiency is low, and the like.
At present, the research of high-yield cultivation of wax gourd is carried out domestically, for example, patent CN201711137430.8 discloses a wax gourd planting method, when the black-peel wax gourd is planted for 7 days from root seedling leaves, additional fertilizer is applied, each hole 20cm away from the root and stem is sprayed with diluted human excrement or livestock excrement, the spraying amount is controlled, after the fruit grows to 0.25kg, 50 kg/mu of compound fertilizer is used for prepared fertilizer holes 20cm away from the root and stem. The yield is improved to a certain extent through the improvement of the cultivation method, but the problem of the dependence of the low utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer and the yield of the white gourd on the nitrogen fertilizer is not solved.
The application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer for the existing wax gourd cultivation exceeds 35 kg/mu, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is small, about 400-600 kg/mu, the chemical fertilizers in the base fertilizer and the top dressing both use common compound fertilizers, most of the top dressing adopt balanced compound fertilizers, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is disordered, and the environmental nutrient supply and the wax gourd nutrient demand are not matched in time, space and quantity. Therefore, the yield of the white gourd is not high, the absorption and utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer is low, the soil nutrient is unbalanced, and the soil quality is continuously deteriorated. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method capable of increasing the yield of wax gourds and reducing the use amount of nitrogen fertilizers while improving the sustainable development of soil conditions.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds, and solves the problems of low wax gourds yield and low absorption and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the existing wax gourds planting.
The technical means adopted by the invention are as follows: a nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds is characterized in that the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 24kg in total per mu, the total phosphorus amount is 13kg, and the total potassium amount is 30kg, and comprises the following steps:
s101, applying base fertilizer
During land preparation, 1000kg of decomposed farmyard manure is broadcast on each mu of planting land, and 400kg of bagasse activated carbon is applied, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 12kg and 50% of the total nitrogen applied, and the pure phosphorus accounts for 8kg and 61.5% of the total phosphorus applied; the pure potassium amount is 10.0kg, which accounts for 33.3 percent of the total potassium amount applied; the organic fertilizer is adopted to replace a chemical fertilizer technology, so that soil organic matters can be increased, and the microbial diversity of the soil is increased; the bagasse activated carbon not only has the functions of improving the soil property, promoting the formation of soil aggregates and regulating and controlling the microbial ecology of the soil, but also improves the pH of the soil by utilizing the characteristic that the bagasse activated carbon is alkaline, and prevents soil acidification; the two improve the soil condition and improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer;
s102, slow and controlled release fertilizer
When ridging and ridging are carried out, 32.8kg of Entace sustained-release fertilizer is spread on each mu of planting land, wherein the pure nitrogen accounts for 7.2kg and accounts for 30 percent of the total nitrogen applied; 2.3kg of pure phosphorus accounting for 17.7 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the pure potassium accounts for 3.6kg, and accounts for 12.0 percent of the total potassium applied; the method comprises the following steps of (1) spraying Entak slow controlled release fertilizer and transplanting grafted seedlings, wherein the white gourd grafted seedlings adopt sea rootstock No. 1 pumpkins as rootstocks, iron pillar black-skinned white gourd as scions, grafting is carried out by adopting a top-inserting method when two cotyledons of the rootstocks are flat and unfolded and heart leaves are in a fusiform and the cotyledons of the black-skinned white gourd scions turn green and flat, after grafting, the white gourd grafted seedlings grow to the center of two leaves and one heart, and transplanting is carried out after soaking the root system with 30mg/L gibberellin solution, and the root system is pretreated by gibberellin, so that the growth inhibition effect of seedlings generated by adopting azole substances during high-temperature seedling culture can be removed, and on the other hand, the grafted seedlings can be induced to improve the activity of nitrogen metabolism related enzymes, thereby; the Entach sustained-release fertilizer can reasonably provide nitrogen nutrition for crops, the fertilizer efficiency is as long as 2-4 months, the fertilizing times are reduced, the labor force is saved, and meanwhile, the effectiveness of phosphorus and trace elements in soil can be improved;
s103, topdressing
And (3) performing topdressing 6 times by using a drip tube under film water-fertilizer integrated technology in a white gourd growing plant expanding period, a plant flowering period, a white gourd fruit setting period and a white gourd fruit expanding period, wherein the content of a nitrogen fertilizer applied in each mu of planting land is 4.8kg and accounts for 20% of the total nitrogen fertilizer applied, the content of a phosphate fertilizer accounts for 2.7kg and accounts for 20.8% of the total phosphorus applied, and the content of pure potassium accounts for 16.5kg and accounts for 55.0% of the total potassium applied.
Preferably, the top dressing specifically comprises:
s103, topdressing (20%)
Utilizing a drip tube under film water-fertilizer integrated technology to carry out 6 topdressing at 4 key periods of wax gourd growth, fully mixing and applying, wherein the pure nitrogen amount is 4.8kg and accounts for 20 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount applied, the phosphate fertilizer amount is 2.7kg, the pure potassium amount is 16.5kg, and the nitrogen fertilizer amount and the pure potassium amount are respectively as follows:
(1) in the vine growing period, when 6-7 true leaves grow, 6kg of high-nitrogen water flush fertilizer is applied per mu, wherein N, P, K is 30, 10;
(2) in the flowering period, when the plants bud, 6kg of balanced type water flush fertilizer can be applied per mu, wherein N, P, K of the balanced type water flush fertilizer is 20, 20 and 20;
(3) in the young fruit period, namely 8-15 days after pollination, 4kg of high-potassium water flush fertilizer and 3.0kg of potassium sulfate can be additionally fertilized per mu, the additional fertilization is performed once every 5 days and is continuously performed for 2 times, wherein the ratio of N to P to K of the high-potassium water flush fertilizer is 16 to 8 to 34;
(4) in the fruit rapid expansion period, namely 20 days after pollination until the fruit is mature, 4kg of high-potassium type water flush fertilizer and 5.0kg of potassium sulfate can be applied to each mu of the fruit, the water flush fertilizer is applied once every 5 days, and the water flush fertilizer is continuously applied for 2 times, wherein the N: P: K of the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is 16:8: 34.
Preferably, the farmyard manure contains 1.2% of nitrogen, 0.8% of phosphorus and 1.0% of potassium.
Preferably, the N: P: K ═ 22:7:11 of the Entack sustained and controlled release fertilizer.
Preferably, the total application ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is 24:13: 30.
Preferably, the compound sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin compound agent with the mass ratio of 0.3% is added before the fertilizer is used, and the mass ratio of the compound sodium nitrophenolate to the gibberellin is 3: 1.
By adopting the planting method provided by the invention, firstly decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer (50% of nitrogen application amount) and controlled release fertilizer (30% of nitrogen application amount) are adopted as base fertilizers, then the number 1 of sea stocks is used as stocks to cultivate wax gourd grafted seedlings, based on the nutrient requirement of the grafted wax gourd and the soil characteristics of tropical regions, enzyme activation pretreatment is firstly carried out on the root systems of the grafted seedlings, and finally, flushing compound fertilizers (20% of nitrogen application amount) with different nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratios are respectively applied in the wax gourd expanding period, flowering period, young fruit period and fruit expanding period by adopting a dropper-under-film water-fertilizer integrated fertilizer technology, so that the utilization efficiency and yield increase potential of the wax gourd nitrogen fertilizer are greatly improved, and when the nitrogen fertilizer application ratio of the farmyard organic fertilizer, the controlled release fertilizer and the top dressing compound fertilizer (flushing compound fertilizer) is 5: 3: 2, the total application amount proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer in the planting process is 24:13:30, the white gourd is increased to 9000 kg/mu, the yield is increased by 25.03 percent, the using amount of the nitrogen fertilizer per mu is reduced by 6-10kg, the absorption and utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer reaches 40.61 percent, and the fruit quality is obviously improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the results of a planted white gourd with black skin.
Detailed Description
The principles and features of this invention are described below in conjunction with examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed to limit the scope of the invention.
The examples of the invention were all carried out in the vegetable research institute field of academy of agricultural sciences, Hainan province, wherein the soil to be tested was loam, the pH value was 5.38, and the organic matter content was 1.69g.kg-1The alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (N) was 87mg.kg-1Quick-acting phosphorus (P)2O5)67.1mg.kg-1Quick-acting potassium (K)2O) 85.1mg.kg-1。
The first embodiment is as follows: a nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds totally applies 24kg of pure nitrogen, 13kg of pure phosphorus and 30kg of pure potassium per mu, and comprises the following steps:
s101, applying base fertilizer (50%)
When land preparation is carried out, 1000kg of decomposed farmyard manure (the pure nitrogen content is 1.2 percent, the pure phosphorus content is 0.8 percent and the potassium content is 1.0 percent) and 400kg of bagasse charcoal are applied to each mu of planting land, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer content is 12kg and accounts for 50 percent of the total nitrogen content applied, and the pure phosphorus content is 8kg and accounts for 61.5 percent of the total phosphorus content applied; the pure potassium amount is 10.0kg, which accounts for 33.3 percent of the total potassium amount applied;
s102, controlled release fertilizer (30%)
When ridging and ridging are carried out, 32.8kg of Entace sustained-release fertilizer (N: P: K: 22:7:11) is spread on each mu of planting land, wherein the pure nitrogen accounts for 7.2kg and accounts for 30 percent of the total nitrogen; 2.3kg of pure phosphorus accounting for 17.7 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the pure potassium accounts for 3.6kg, and accounts for 12.0 percent of the total potassium applied; after fertilizer is released by broadcasting, transplanting the wax gourd grafted seedling in the step S101, wherein the wax gourd grafted seedling adopts a sea rootstock No. 1 pumpkin as a rootstock and an iron pillar black-skinned wax gourd as a scion, when two cotyledons of the rootstock are spread and a central leaf is in a fusiform shape and the cotyledon of the black-skinned wax gourd scion turns green and spread, grafting is carried out by adopting a top-inserting method, when the wax gourd grafted seedling grows to two leaves and one heart and can be transplanted, a gibberellin solution with the concentration of 30mg/L is used for soaking a root system before transplanting, and the substrate is wet and thorough;
s103, topdressing (20%)
Performing topdressing 6 times in 4 key periods of wax gourd growth by using a drip tube under film water-fertilizer integration technology, wherein the pure nitrogen accounts for 4.8kg and accounts for 20% of the total nitrogen fertilizer applied, and the phosphate fertilizer accounts for 2.7kg and accounts for 20.7% of the total phosphorus fertilizer applied; the pure potassium amount is 16.5kg and accounts for 55 percent of the total potassium amount applied, the compound sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin compound agent with the mass ratio of 0.3 percent are fully mixed and applied before the application, the compound sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin compound agent with the mass ratio of 3:1 are respectively applied in each stage:
(1) in the plant expanding period (after transplanting, in the plant bud period and about 25-30 days after transplanting), namely when the plant grows to 6-7 true leaves, 6kg of high-nitrogen type flush fertilizer (N: P: K: 30:10:10) is applied to each mu, wherein the pure nitrogen accounts for 1.8kg and accounts for 7.5 percent of the total nitrogen applied; the pure phosphorus amount is 0.6kg and accounts for 4.6 percent of the total phosphorus amount applied; the amount of pure potassium was 0.6kg, which accounted for 2.0% of the total potassium applied.
(2) In the flowering period of the plant (the bud period of the plant-the third female flower is opened, 55-60 days after transplanting), when the bud of the plant appears, 4kg of balanced water flush fertilizer (N: P: K is 20:20:20) can be applied to each mu, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 0.8kg and accounts for 3.3 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; wherein the amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is 0.8kg, which accounts for 6.2 percent of the total amount of the applied phosphorus fertilizer; the amount of pure potassium was 0.8kg, which accounted for 2.7% of the total potassium applied.
(3) In the young fruit period of the white gourd (the pollination period of the white gourd is about 20 days later, and 70-75 days after transplanting), namely 10-15 days after pollination, 4kg of high-potassium type water flush fertilizer (N: P: K is 16:8:34) and 3.0kg of potassium sulfate (the potassium content is 60%) can be applied to each mu of the white gourd, the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is applied once every 5 days, and the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is continuously applied for 2 times, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 1.3kg and accounts for 5.3 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; the amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is 0.64kg, which accounts for 4.9 percent of the total amount of the phosphorus fertilizer; the amount of pure potassium was 6.3kg, which accounted for 21.1% of the total potassium applied.
(4) In the wax gourd fruit expanding period (20 days after pollination to the fruit mature period), 4kg of high-potassium water flush fertilizer (N: P: K: 16:8:34) and 5.0kg of potassium sulfate (the potassium content is 60%) can be applied to each mu of the wax gourd fruit, the water flush fertilizer is applied once every 5 days, and the water flush fertilizer is continuously applied for 2 times, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 1.3kg and accounts for 5.3 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; the amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is 0.64kg, which accounts for 3.3 percent of the total amount of the phosphorus fertilizer; the amount of pure potassium was 8.7kg, which accounted for 29.1% of the total potassium applied. The fruits of wax gourds planted according to the fertilizing method of the embodiment are shown in fig. 1, the fruits are tired, the branches and leaves are luxuriant, and the harvest is good.
Example two: a nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds totally applies 24kg of nitrogen fertilizer per mu, 11.4kg of total phosphorus and 27.2kg of total potassium, and comprises the following steps:
s101, applying base fertilizer (33.3%)
When land preparation is carried out, 665kg of decomposed farmyard manure (the pure nitrogen content is 1.2 percent, the pure phosphorus content is 0.8 percent and the potassium content is 1.0 percent) is applied to each mu of planting land; transplanting the grafted winter melon seedlings, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer content in the farmyard manure is 8kg, which accounts for 33.3 percent of the total nitrogen content applied, and the pure phosphorus content is 5.3kg, which accounts for 46.5 percent of the total phosphorus content applied; the amount of pure potassium was 6.7kg, which accounted for 24.3% of the total potassium applied.
S102, controlled release fertilizer (33.3%)
Before transplanting seedlings, 36kg Entack slow-release controlled-release fertilizer (N: P: K ═ 22:7:11) is applied to each mu of planting land, wherein the pure nitrogen amount is 8kg and accounts for 33.3 percent of the total nitrogen amount applied; 2.5kg of pure phosphorus, which accounts for 21.9 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the amount of pure potassium is 4.0kg, which accounts for 14.5% of the total potassium applied. Transplanting a white gourd grafted seedling after spreading, wherein the white gourd grafted seedling adopts a sea rootstock No. 1 pumpkin as a rootstock, a black-skinned white gourd of 168 variety is taken as a scion, when two cotyledons of the rootstock are spread out and heart leaves are in a fusiform, and when the cotyledons of the black-skinned white gourd scion turn green and spread out, top-inserting grafting is adopted, when the white gourd grafted seedling grows to two leaves and one heart and can be transplanted, a gibberellin solution with the concentration of 30mg/L is used for soaking a root system before transplanting, and the substrate is thoroughly wetted;
s103, topdressing (33.3%)
Performing topdressing 6 times in 4 key periods of wax gourd growth by using a drip tube under film water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein before the topdressing is used, a compound sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin compound agent (the mass ratio of the compound sodium nitrophenolate to the gibberellin is 3: 1) with the mass ratio of 0.3% is applied to each mu of planting land, wherein the content of a nitrogen fertilizer applied together is 8kg, the nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 33.3% of the total nitrogen fertilizer applied, the pure phosphorus accounts for 3.6kg, and the phosphorus accounts for 25.7% of the total phosphorus applied; the pure potassium content is 16.5kg, which accounts for 59.3 percent of the total potassium content applied, and the pure potassium content is respectively as follows:
(1) in the plant expanding period (after transplanting, in the plant bud period and about 25-30 days after transplanting), namely when the plant grows to 6-7 true leaves, 15.3kg of high-nitrogen type water flush fertilizer is applied to each mu (N: P: K is 30:10:10), wherein the pure nitrogen amount is 4.6kg and accounts for 17.2 percent of the total nitrogen amount applied; the pure phosphorus accounts for 1.53kg and accounts for 13.4 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the amount of pure potassium was 1.53kg, which accounted for 5.6% of the total potassium applied.
(2) In the flowering period of the plant (the bud period of the plant-the third female flower is opened, 55-60 days after transplanting), when the bud of the plant appears, 4kg of balanced water flush fertilizer (N: P: K is 20:20:20) can be applied to each mu, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 0.8kg and accounts for 3.3 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; wherein the amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is 0.8kg, which accounts for 7.0 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the amount of pure potassium was 0.8kg, which accounted for 2.9% of the total potassium applied.
(3) In the fruit setting period of the white gourd (about the pollination period of the white gourd and 20 days later, 70-75 days after transplanting), namely 12-15 days after pollination, 4kg of high-potassium type water flush fertilizer (N: P: K is 16:8:34) and 3.5kg of potassium sulfate (the potassium content is 60%) can be applied to each mu of the white gourd, the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is applied once every 5 days, and the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is continuously applied for 2 times, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 1.3kg and accounts for 5.3 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; the amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is 0.64kg, which accounts for 5.6 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the amount of pure potassium was 6.9kg, which accounted for 25.1% of the total potassium applied.
(4) In the wax gourd fruit expanding period (20 days after pollination to the fruit mature period), 4kg of high-potassium water flush fertilizer (N: P: K: 16:8:34) and 5.0kg of potassium sulfate (the potassium content is 60%) can be applied to each mu of the wax gourd fruit, the water flush fertilizer is applied once every 5 days, and the water flush fertilizer is continuously applied for 2 times, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 1.3kg and accounts for 5.3 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; the amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is 0.64kg, which accounts for 5.6 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the amount of pure potassium was 8.7kg, which accounted for 31.7% of the total potassium applied.
Example three: a nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds totally applies 24.5kg of nitrogen fertilizer per mu, 13.6kg of total phosphorus and 29.3kg of total potassium, and comprises the following steps:
s101, applying a base fertilizer (20%)
When land preparation is carried out, 400kg of decomposed farmyard manure (the pure nitrogen content is 1.2%, the pure phosphorus content is 0.8%, and the potassium content is 1.0%) is applied to each mu of planting land; transplanting the grafted winter melon seedlings, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer content in the farmyard manure is 4.8kg, which accounts for 20% of the total nitrogen content applied, and the pure phosphorus content is 3.2kg, which accounts for 23.5% of the total phosphorus content applied; the pure potassium content is 4.0kg, accounting for 13.6 percent of the total potassium content; the organic fertilizer is adopted to replace a chemical fertilizer technology to improve the physical and chemical conditions of the soil, improve the soil quality and improve the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer of the wax gourd.
S102, controlled release fertilizer (30%)
Before transplanting seedlings, 33kg Entack slow-release controlled-release fertilizer (N: P: K ═ 22:7:11) is applied to each mu of planting land, wherein the pure nitrogen amount is 7.3kg and accounts for 30 percent of the total nitrogen amount applied; 2.3kg of pure phosphorus accounting for 16.9 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the pure potassium accounts for 3.6kg, and accounts for 12.3 percent of the total potassium applied; a white gourd grafted seedling adopts a sea rootstock No. 1 pumpkin as a rootstock, a black-skinned white gourd of 168 variety of an iron column as a scion, when two cotyledons of the rootstock are spread and heart leaves are in a spindle shape and the cotyledons of the black-skinned white gourd scion turn green and spread, grafting is carried out by adopting a top-inserting method, after 15 days after grafting, when the white gourd grafted seedling grows to one heart with two leaves, and before transplanting, soaking a root system by using a 30mg/L gibberellin solution until the matrix is wet and thorough.
S103, topdressing (50%)
Performing topdressing 6 times at 4 key periods of wax gourd growth by using a drip tube under film water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein before the topdressing is used, a compound sodium nitrophenolate and gibberellin compound agent (the mass ratio of the compound sodium nitrophenolate to the gibberellin is 3: 1) in a proportion of 0.3% is applied to each mu of planting land, wherein the content of pure nitrogen applied to each mu of planting land is 12.4kg, accounting for 50% of the total nitrogen applied, the content of pure phosphorus is 8.1kg, and accounting for 59.5% of the total phosphorus applied; the pure potassium content is 21.7kg, which accounts for 74 percent of the total potassium content; respectively as follows:
(1) in the plant expanding period (after transplanting, in the plant bud period and about 25-30 days after transplanting), namely when the plant grows to 6-7 true leaves, 13kg of high-nitrogen type water flush fertilizer (N: P: K: 30:10:10) is applied to each mu, wherein the pure nitrogen accounts for 3.9kg and accounts for 15.9 percent of the total nitrogen applied; the pure phosphorus accounts for 1.3kg and accounts for 9.5 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the amount of pure potassium was 1.3kg, which accounted for 4.4% of the total potassium applied.
(2) In the flowering period of the plant (the bud period of the plant-the third female flower is opened, 55-60 days after transplanting), when the bud of the plant appears, 10kg of balanced water flush fertilizer (N: P: K is 20:20:20) can be applied to each mu, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 2.0kg, and accounts for 8.2% of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; wherein the pure phosphorus amount is 2.0kg, which accounts for 14.7 percent of the total phosphorus amount applied; the amount of pure potassium was 2.0kg, which accounted for 6.8% of the total potassium applied.
(3) In the fruit setting period of the white gourd (about the pollination period of the white gourd and 20 days later, 70-75 days after transplanting), namely 12-15 days after pollination, 10kg of high-potassium type water flush fertilizer (N: P: K is 16:8:34) and 3.0kg of potassium sulfate (the potassium content is 60%) can be applied to each mu of the white gourd, the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is applied once every 5 days, and the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is continuously applied for 2 times, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 3.2kg and accounts for 13.2 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; the pure phosphorus amount is 1.6kg, which accounts for 11.7 percent of the total phosphorus amount applied; the amount of pure potassium was 8.6kg, which accounted for 29.3% of the total potassium applied.
(4) In the wax gourd fruit expanding period (20 days after pollination to the fruit mature period), 10kg of high-potassium type water flush fertilizer (N: P: K: 16:8:34) and 5.0kg of potassium sulfate (the potassium content is 60%) can be applied to each mu of the wax gourd fruit, the water flush fertilizer is applied once every 5 days, and the water flush fertilizer is continuously applied for 2 times, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer amount is 3.2kg and accounts for 13.2 percent of the total nitrogen fertilizer amount; the amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is 1.6kg, which accounts for 11.7 percent of the total phosphorus applied; the amount of pure potassium was 9.8kg, which accounted for 33.4% of the total potassium applied.
Comparative example one: the difference between the first comparative example and the first example is that: the white gourd seedling in S102 is cultivated with white gourd seedling of iron pillar and black skin.
Comparative example two: the difference between the second comparative example and the first example is that: the wax gourd grafted seedling in S102 is not soaked in 30mg/L gibberellin solution.
Comparative example three: the difference between the third comparative example and the first example is that: 1500kg of decomposed farmyard manure is applied to each mu of planting land in S101, the nitrogen application amount accounts for 20% of the total nitrogen amount, 49.5kg of Entack controlled-release fertilizer (N: P: K: 22:7:11) is applied to S102, the nitrogen application amount accounts for 30% of the total nitrogen amount, the fertilizer used for S101 topdressing is increased to 1.5 times, the nitrogen application amount accounts for 50% of the total nitrogen amount, and the N: P: K applied in the planting process is 36:19.5: 45.
The production conditions (yield and quality) and nitrogen absorption efficiency of white gourd in the first to third examples and the first to third comparative examples were measured, wherein the nitrogen absorption utilization efficiency (NRE) is (nitrogen absorption amount of nitrogen-treated plants-nitrogen absorption amount of nitrogen-untreated plants)/nitrogen application amount × 100%, and the results are shown in tables 1 to 3.
TABLE 1 Effect of different treatments on plant Biomass, yield
Figure BDA0001871340850000091
As can be seen from Table 1, when the application ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer to the farmyard organic fertilizer, the controlled release fertilizer and the additional fertilizer (the compound fertilizer applied by flushing) is 5: 3: 2, the total application amount proportion of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer in the planting process is 24:13:30, after the grafted seedlings are pretreated by gibberellin, the fresh weight of a single fruit reaches 14.78kg, the yield is 9000 kg/mu, the absorption and utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer reaches 40.6%, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is increased from 24 kg/mu to 36 kg/mu, the yield is reduced, and the absorption and utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer is the lowest.
TABLE 2 influence of different treatments on the quality of wax gourd
Figure BDA0001871340850000101
As shown in Table 2, the nitrogen-reducing yield-increasing fertilization method for planting provided by the invention not only affects the yield of wax gourds, but also has substantial influence on the quality of the wax gourds, for example, the Vc content (mg/kg) and the protein content are reduced, and the nitrogen application amount is increased, so that the influence on the quality of the wax gourds is small.
In conclusion, by adopting the nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds, the yield can be increased by 34.03 percent, and the yield reaches 9000 kg/mu; the using amount of the nitrogen fertilizer per mu is reduced by 6-10kg, the absorption and utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer reaches 40.61%, and the fruit quality is obviously improved.
The steps of land parcel selection, three-dimensional frame building, irrigation pesticide application, disease and insect prevention and control and the like in the wax gourd planting adopt the prior art, such as a vessel of Zhouwangding, a large swallow and a vessel of Liu Cheng. High-yield and high-quality cultivation technology for black white gourd in Hainan winter [ J ] Torrex agriculture in China, 2016(5):76-78, and is not described herein. The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds is characterized by comprising the following steps: comprises the following steps of (a) carrying out,
s101, applying base fertilizer
During land preparation, 1000kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer is firstly applied to each mu of planting land, and then 400kg of bagasse activated carbon is applied, wherein the pure nitrogen amount is 12kg, the pure phosphorus amount is 8kg, and the pure potassium amount is 10 kg;
s102, slow and controlled release fertilizer
When ridging and ridging are carried out, 32.8kg of Entace controlled-release fertilizer is spread on each mu of planting land, wherein the pure nitrogen amount is 7.2 kg; 2.3kg of pure phosphorus; the pure potassium content is 3.6kg, the white gourd grafted seedlings are transplanted after fertilizer is released by broadcasting, the white gourd grafted seedlings adopt a sea-stock No. 1 pumpkin as a stock, an iron-column black-skin white gourd as a scion, when two cotyledons of the stock are flat and heart leaves are fusiform, when the cotyledons of the black-skin white gourd scion turn green and flat, top-inserting grafting is adopted, when the white gourd grafted seedlings grow to one heart with two leaves, transplanting is carried out, and the root systems are soaked by gibberellin solution until the root systems are thoroughly wet before transplanting;
s103, topdressing
Topdressing is carried out on the white gourd in the plant vine growing period, the plant flowering period, the white gourd fruit setting period and the white gourd fruit expanding period by utilizing a drip tube under film water-fertilizer integrated technology, wherein the dosage of pure nitrogen applied to each mu of planting land is 4.8kg, the dosage of pure phosphorus is 2.7kg, and the dosage of pure potassium is 16.7 kg; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) in the vine growing period, when 6-7 true leaves grow, 6kg of high-nitrogen water flush fertilizer is applied per mu, wherein N, P, K is 30, 10;
(2) in the flowering period, when the plants bud, additionally applying 4kg of balanced type water flush fertilizer per mu, wherein N, P, K is 20, 20;
(3) in the young fruit period, namely 8-15 days after pollination, additionally applying 4kg of high-potassium type water flush fertilizer and 3.0kg of potassium sulfate per mu once every 5 days for 2 times continuously, wherein the ratio of N to P to K in the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is 16 to 8 to 34;
(4) in the fruit rapid expansion period, namely 20 days after pollination until the fruit is mature, 4kg of high-potassium type water flush fertilizer and 5.0kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu of the fruit, and the water flush fertilizer is applied once every 5 days for 2 times continuously, wherein the N: P: K of the high-potassium type water flush fertilizer is 16:8: 34.
2. The nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step S101, the nitrogen content of the farmyard organic fertilizer is 1.2%, the phosphorus content is 0.8%, and the potassium content is 1.0%.
3. The nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step S102, the Np: K: 22:7:11 of the Entach sustained-release fertilizer is released.
4. The nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds according to claim 1, characterized in that: the total application amount ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the planting and fertilizing process of the wax gourds is 24:13: 30.
5. The nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step S103, the top dressing is applied after fully mixing the compound sodium nitrophenolate and the gibberellin compound agent with the mass ratio of 0.3% before use, wherein the mass ratio of the compound sodium nitrophenolate to the gibberellin is 3: 1.
6. the nitrogen-reducing and yield-increasing fertilization method for wax gourds according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that: the concentration of the gibberellin solution is 30 mg/L.
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