CN103124692B - Inner enhancing structural composite material and relevant manufacture method - Google Patents

Inner enhancing structural composite material and relevant manufacture method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103124692B
CN103124692B CN201080048888.6A CN201080048888A CN103124692B CN 103124692 B CN103124692 B CN 103124692B CN 201080048888 A CN201080048888 A CN 201080048888A CN 103124692 B CN103124692 B CN 103124692B
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China
Prior art keywords
precursor
graphite crystal
peel
layer
exfoliant
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN201080048888.6A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN103124692A (en
Inventor
罗伊·E·麦卡利斯特
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McAlister Technologies LLC
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McAlister Technologies LLC
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Priority claimed from US12/707,651 external-priority patent/US8075748B2/en
Priority claimed from PCT/US2010/024498 external-priority patent/WO2010096504A1/en
Priority claimed from US12/707,656 external-priority patent/US8075749B2/en
Application filed by McAlister Technologies LLC filed Critical McAlister Technologies LLC
Publication of CN103124692A publication Critical patent/CN103124692A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N5/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting from exhaust energy
    • F01N5/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting from exhaust energy the devices using heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
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    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/22—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
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    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/20—Graphite
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    • C01B32/225—Expansion; Exfoliation
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    • C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
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    • C10L3/108—Production of gas hydrates
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    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
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    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
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    • C25B13/02—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by shape or form
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    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C50/00—Obtaining minerals from underwater, not otherwise provided for
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    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
    • F03B13/14—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy
    • F03B13/16—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy using the relative movement between a wave-operated member, i.e. a "wom" and another member, i.e. a reaction member or "rem"
    • F03B13/18—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy using the relative movement between a wave-operated member, i.e. a "wom" and another member, i.e. a reaction member or "rem" where the other member, i.e. rem is fixed, at least at one point, with respect to the sea bed or shore
    • F03B13/1885—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy using the relative movement between a wave-operated member, i.e. a "wom" and another member, i.e. a reaction member or "rem" where the other member, i.e. rem is fixed, at least at one point, with respect to the sea bed or shore and the wom is tied to the rem
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    • F03G3/00—Other motors, e.g. gravity or inertia motors
    • F03G3/08—Other motors, e.g. gravity or inertia motors using flywheels
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Abstract

The inner Suitable applications strengthening structural composite material, this matrix material is disclosed herein, and relevant manufacture method.In one embodiment, manufacture the method strengthening construction package and comprise formation precursor and peel off described precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer.As a result, the distance between the phase adjacency pair of described multiple lattice layer is expanded.Described method also comprises and uses surface support material to peel off precursor around the coated at least partially of periphery of each lattice layer peeled off in precursor.

Description

Inner enhancing structural composite material and relevant manufacture method
The cross reference of related application
This application claims right of priority and the rights and interests of following patent application: the name submitted on February 13rd, 2010 is called the U.S. Provisional Application No.61/304 of FULLSPECTRUMENERGYANDRESOURCEINDEPENDENCE, 403; The name submitted on February 17th, 2010 is called the U.S. Patent application No.12/707 of ELECTROLYTICCELLANDMETHODOFUSETHEREOF, 651; The name submitted on February 17th, 2010 is called the PCT application No.PCT/US10/24497 of ELECTROLYTICCELLANDMETHODOFUSETHEREOF; The name submitted on February 17th, 2010 is called the U.S. Patent application No.12/707 of APPARATUSANDMETHODFORCONTROLLINGNUCLEATIONDURINGELECTROL YSIS, 653; The name submitted on February 17th, 2010 is called the PCT application No.PCT/US10/24498 of APPARATUSANDMETHODFORCONTROLLINGNUCLEATIONDURINGELECTROL YSIS; The name submitted on February 17th, 2010 is called the U.S. Patent application No.12/707 of APPARATUSANDMETHODFORGASCAPTUREDURINGELECTROLYSIS, 656; The name submitted on February 17th, 2010 is called the PCT application No.PCT/US10/24499 of APPARATUSANDMETHODFORCONTROLLINGNUCLEATIONDURINGELECTROL YSIS; And the name of submission on August 27th, 2009 is called the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/237 of ELECTROLYZERANDENERGYINDEPENDENCETECHNOLOGIES, 476.Each mode quoted in full of these applications is incorporated to.
Technical field
The present invention relates to the inner Suitable applications strengthening structural composite material, this matrix material, and relevant manufacture method.
Background technology
In whole human history, there is the lasting promotion of the material of construction to strong, durable and light weight.But this material is difficult to obtain.Such as, steel is very strong and durable, but heavier.On the other hand, timber relative lightweight and durable, but be not very strong.The other materials be considered comprises cast iron, aluminium, glass, concrete and polymkeric substance.
A solution of foregoing problems is that lightweight is durable, but is not that very strong material carries out structure enhancing.Such as, U.S. Patent No. 3,404,061 discloses a kind of graphite material, and it has the swellable particles that is compressed together and without jointing material.But this graphite material is enough not strong, and quality is very changeable.In another example, U.S. Patent No. 3,935,354 disclose a kind of strong fine and close carbon-carbon composite.But the shortcoming of this carbon-carbon composite is the large investment of its need of production equipment and energy, and produce the low-yield with every quality carbon results needed.Therefore, the several improvement strengthening sandwich may be required.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 illustrates the schema of a kind of manufacture according to the method for the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment of described technology.
Fig. 2 A-2C is the skeleton view of the precursor in some stage of the method experienced in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is configured to manufacture the cross-sectional view according to the reactor of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment of described technology.
Fig. 4 A and 4B is a kind of skeleton view of elongated structure, and described elongated structure is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.
Fig. 5 A and 5B is a kind of skeleton view of racket, and described racket is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.
Fig. 6 is a kind of cross-sectional view of pressurized vessel, and described pressurized vessel is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.
Fig. 7 is another cross-sectional view of the pressurized vessel in Fig. 6.
Fig. 8 is a kind of cross-sectional view of fuel injector, and described fuel injector is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.
Fig. 9 is a kind of cross-sectional view of pipe valve, and described pipe valve is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.
Figure 10 is at the cross-sectional view according to the pipe valve opened in the embodiment of described technology in (inwardopen) application.
Embodiment
The application in full way of reference is incorporated to the theme of following application: the name that on November 9th, 2004 submits to is called MULTIFUELSTORAGE, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.60/626 of METERINGANDIGNITIONSYSTEM, the name submitted in 021 (attorney 69545-8013US) and on February 17th, 2009 is called the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/153 of FULLSPECTRUMENERGY, 253 (attorney 69545-8001US).The mode that the application also quotes in full is incorporated to the theme of each of the following U.S. Patent application simultaneously submitted on August 16th, 2010, and the title of described U.S. Patent application is as follows: METHODSANDAPPARATUSESFORDETECTIONOFPROPERTIESOFFLUIDCONV EYANCESYSTEMS (attorney 69545-8003US); COMPREHENSIVECOSTMODELINGOFAUTOGENOUSSYSTEMSANDPROCESSES FORTHEPRODUCTIONOFENERGY, MATERIALRESOURCESANDNUTRIENTREGIMES (attorney 69545-8025US); ELECTROLYTICCELLANDMETHODOFUSETHEREOF (attorney 69545-8026US); SUSTAINABLEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTTHROUGHINTEGRATEDPRODUCTIO NOFRENEWABLEENERGY, MATERIALSRESOURCES, ANDNUTRIENTREGIMES (attorney 69545-8040US); SYSTEMSANDMETHODSFORSUSTAINABLEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTTHROUG HINTEGRATEDFULLSPECTRUMPRODUCTIONOFRENEWABLEENERGY (attorney 69545-8041US); SUSTAINABLEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTTHROUGHINTEGRATEDFULLSPECT RUMPRODUCTIONOFRENEWABLEMATERIALRESOURCES (attorney 69545-8042US); METHODANDSYSTEMFORINCREASINGTHEEFFICIENCYOFSUPPLEMENTEDO CEANTHERMALENERGYCONVERSION (SOTEC) (attorney 69545-8044US); GASHYDRATECONVERSIONSYSTEMFORHARVESTINGHYDROCARBONHYDRAT EDEPOSITS (attorney 69545-8045US); APPARATUSESANDMETHODSFORSTORINGAND/ORFILTERINGASUBSTANCE (attorney 69545-8046US); ENERGYSYSTEMFORDWELLINGSUPPORT (attorney 69545-8047US); With ENERGYCONVERSIONASSEMBLIESANDASSOCIATEDMETHODSOFUSEANDMA NUFACTURE (attorney 69545-8048US).
Describe inner the enhancing various embodiments of structural composite material, the Suitable applications of this matrix material as follows, and manufacture method.Term used herein " peels off " and is often referred to close or folded state launches or open behavior or the operation of particle agglomeration (such as molecular layer).The described technology of understanding also can be had other embodiment by those skilled in the art, and can implement described technology under the some details not with reference to Fig. 1-10 embodiment as described below.
Fig. 1 illustrates the schema of a kind of manufacture according to the method for the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment of described technology.In following discussion, use graphite as the example for the manufacture of enhancing structural composite material.The embodiment understanding method as discussed below is also applicable to hexagonal boron nitride (BN) and/or has usually the other materials of similar crystalline structure by various equivalent modifications.
As shown in Figure 1, the starting stage of described method comprises formation front body structure parts (square frame 1).In one embodiment, form front body structure parts can comprise by following methane decomposition and/or other hydrocarbon and form monocrystalline precursor:
CH 4+ heat---> C+2H 2
C xh y+ heat--> XC+0.5YH 2
In other embodiments, described monocrystalline precursor can obtain via graphite conversion and/or other suitable technology.
Be not limited by theory, the endothermic heat demand that it is believed that for previous reaction is about 18 to 20Kcal/mol of light paraffinic (such as methane).Required heat can be provided by the burning of same or similar hydrocarbon.In certain embodiments, heat-processed is by supplementing from the used heat of suitable energy conversion process.The intrinsic energy of the carbon material (such as graphite) produced is very low.Therefore, compared to preparing steel I-beam and truss, need less energy with the obtained structure with greater strength and rigidity.
In certain embodiments, described precursor can be the right circular cylinder with appropriate cross-sectional shape and length.Such as, described precursor can comprise right cylinder graphite crystal, and it has and limits multiple bases (or a-b) face of crystal cross-section, and along the c-axis line of cylindrical rotation, as discussed in more detail as follows with reference to Fig. 2 A-2C.In other embodiments, described precursor also can comprise square, trilateral, rectangle, hexagon, octagon, ellipse, and/or based on the erose cross section of specific design criteria.In a further embodiment, the cross section of described precursor can have fillet to reduce stress riser (stressriser).The several embodiments being applicable to be formed described precursor are open in the application of the common pending trial be as above incorporated to.
The present inventor observes, compared to other materials, can have excellent material character according to the precursor that preceding method is formed.Such as, described precursor at high temperature can have high strength.Described precursor can in up to the air of about 650 DEG C resistance to oxidation.Described precursor at room temperature can provide the thermal conductivity being usually similar to copper (Cu) in any direction in basal plane.Described precursor also can have along c-axis line the thermal conductivity being similar to pottery.Thermal expansion can be lower in basal plane, but at high temperature (such as 2200 DEG C) are variable greatly (such as large close to 12 times) along c-axis line.Described precursor can have high tensile in basal plane, but can have low tensile strength along c-axis line.It is believed that the bonding strength in basal plane is about 150-170Kcal/g atom.It is believed that the Van der Waals bond energy along c-axis line between basal plane is about 1.3 to 1.6Kcal/g atom.As a result, basal plane can be forced separately with the cleavage causing the crystalline structure in precursor.
In certain embodiments, form front body structure matrix material and also can comprise the precursor that based target structure construction and/or dimension mechanical workout formed.Such as, in one embodiment, described precursor can be machined to close to clean accurate-size, and polished to produce required smoothness and facing (finish).In other embodiments, described precursor can by milling, cutting, shaping, refinement, degreasing and/or mechanical alteration.
The subsequent stage of described method can comprise for the preparation of the precursor peeled off (square frame 2).In one embodiment, described precursor can stand Chemical Regulation and hydration subsequently.Such as, can about 80 DEG C to 100 DEG C under agitation precursor is immersed for some time (such as 8 hours) in suitable oxidizing medium (such as chromic acid, nitric acid, Potcrate, sulfuric acid and/or their combination).In certain embodiments, also (such as about 150 DEG C to 180 DEG C) described precursor can be pressurizeed (such as under 10 normal atmosphere or higher) at a higher temperature.Then described precursor can be washed in distilled water or deionized water, to remove oxidizing medium and precursor described in hydration.In other embodiments, described precursor can be made to stand hydration and/or other suitable operations do not carry out Chemical Regulation to implant gap molecule.In a further embodiment, described method also can comprise in and oxidizing medium and/or other suitable operations.In a further embodiment, the stage for the preparation of the precursor peeled off can be omitted.
It is believed that graphite crystal (at least alpha-form) has laminate structure.In every one deck (or basal plane), carbon atom arranges with hexagonal lattice, and interatomic distance is 0.142nm.The adjacent layers of described hexagonal lattice separates the distance of 0.335nm.It is believed that by with aforementioned oxidation media processes graphite crystal, basal plane can be expanded, and small molecules (such as water, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, silicon, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, metal etc.) can " be clipped in " between the layer of described hexagonal lattice.The graphite crystal with " sandwiching " molecule is commonly referred to intercalated graphite.
As shown in Figure 1, another stage of described method can comprise based target density and/or intensity and peels off described precursor and strengthen structural composite material (square frame 3) to be formed.In one embodiment, the precursor in the stove under high temperature (such as 900 DEG C) obtained by rapid heating can peeled off in an inert atmosphere, and continue to remove discharge (such as water vapour) from precursor.
It is believed that the rapid and uniform heating of precursor can at least be promoted by the high thermal conductivity in the basal plane of graphite crystal.High thermal conductivity in basal plane allows the rapid heating of water and/or other gap molecules.As a result, water and/or other gap molecules (being generically and collectively referred to as exfoliant) expand suddenly, evaporate and/or volume increases, and cause basal plane significantly to expand (such as about 100 to 300 times) along c-axis line thus.Therefore, described precursor can be expanded to form enhancing structural composite material greatly, and described enhancing structural composite material has low density and the little unrelieved stress in expansion basal plane.In certain embodiments, described precursor can comprise centre hole, and can insert in described centre hole by pin and/or other supporting structures, to assist to keep basal plane stacking in exfoliation operation process.Described pin and/or other supporting structures also can be used as central heat source in exfoliation operation process, for the heat trnasfer improved to precursor.In other embodiments, described precursor can peel off via radio-frequency radiation, resistive heating and/or other suitable heating techniques.
In certain embodiments, exfoliation operation can comprise based on the target density strengthening structural composite material, specific heat, thermal conductivity, structure and other character and peel off every a basal plane, peels off every next but two basal plane, peels off every three basal planes etc.Such as, in one embodiment, by regulating the concentration of exfoliant, average criterion can be obtained and peel off per-cent (such as 50%, 33.3%, 25% and/or other suitable percent value).In other embodiments, exfoliation operation also can comprise regulate exfoliation temperature based on the destination properties strengthening structural composite material, peel off in time length and/or other suitable operating parameterss at least one.
In other embodiments, exfoliation operation also can comprise based on strengthening the target density of structural composite material and/or other character and described precursor is cooled to required processing temperature (such as 600 DEG C), and via the compression moulding along c-axis line closed expansion crystal.Depend on the target strength strengthening structural composite material, gained strengthens the density that structural composite material can have about 0.08g/cc or less, maybe can have the density up to about 2.00g/cc or larger.Usually, it is believed that density is higher, the tensile strength and the compressive strength that strengthen structural composite material are larger.In a further embodiment, stove fixture can be provided and/or there is the center pin of backstop (stop), to limit initial extension degree and density needed for directly producing in exfoliation operation process.
After formation strengthens structural composite material, described method optionally comprises the enhancing structural composite material (square frame 4) that aftertreatment is formed.In certain embodiments, the enhancing structural composite material formed can be provided with heat exchanger sleeve pipe, axially strengthen rod and/or other suitable parts.Several example at U.S. Patent application No.08/921,134 and No.09/370431 in describe, the mode that the disclosure of described application is quoted in full is incorporated to herein.
In other embodiments, by forming surface support material and by formed enhancing structural composite material stabilization on enhancing structural composite material.Described surface support material can based on the absorption of the maximization of application-specific result (as pressure containment vessel (containment)), section modulus/gained truss weight, load distribution and surging force, to the heat trnasfer inside and outside the volume between basal plane, and/or other suitable results and selecting.
In one embodiment, described surface support material can comprise by the glass fibre of epoxy resin and/or other suitable adhesive coated or carbon fiber.This surface support material can along c-axis line or in the 60 ° of inner stacks of c-axis line strengthening structural composite material, for stablizing isolated basal plane.In another embodiment, described surface support material can comprise one or more layers (such as thickness is the pyrolytic graphite film of the bonding coating of about 5-50 μm) of graphite film.Because pyrolytic graphite film has high strength in all directions, therefore gained composite structure can have low binder content and low surface film anisotropy.
Graphite film can have various surface property.Such as, when needs high strength, high-temperature and/or high heat-transfer performance, graphite film can be coated with by diamond-like carbon, suitable braze metal or metal alloy (such as copper, nickel, cobalt, aluminium or their combination).Then the enhancing structural composite material through coating can be heat-treated, so that enhancing structural composite material diffusion-bonded or soldering are bonded to graphite film.Diffusion-bonded provides graphite film high integrality each other, and the good heat transfer strengthened between structural composite material and graphite film and load transfer.
Graphite film comprises in the embodiment of diamond like carbon coating wherein, is heat-treated to be included in heat treatment process by the enhancing structural composite material through coating diamond-like carbon is rearranged to graphite.As a result, diamond like carbon coating can be used for the short strips of graphite film to be bonded to the long strip with target length.Be that graphite also can be provided for surface support diffuse to be bonded to the activation energy strengthening structural composite material by diamond-like carbon spontaneous rearrangement in heat treatment process.
Precursor gases can be used to be applied on graphite film by diamond-like carbon via chemical vapour deposition and/or other suitable technology.The chemistry of precursor gases is adjustable as by oxygen, fluorine, hydrogen, phosphorus, silicon and/or other suitable doping agent doped diamond coatings.As a result, diffusion-bonded process can be controlled based on the target physical of the finished product and electrical property.In other embodiments, can via direct ion electron gun formation of deposits diamond-like coating.In a further embodiment, suitable organic or ceramic closed-cell foam or rigid plastics can be used to strengthen the outside surface insulation of structural composite material.In at least some of previous embodiment, when strengthen structural composite material under vacuo simultaneously surface support material under stress time, surface support material can be formed on enhancing structural composite material.
Fig. 2 A-2C is the skeleton view of the precursor 5 in some stage of the method experienced in Fig. 1.As shown in Figure 2 A, precursor 5 comprises the multiple basal planes 6 (being labeled as first, second, and third basal plane 6a, 6b and 6c respectively separately) extended along c-axis line.Basal plane 6 is usually parallel to each other.Adjacent basal plane 6a, 6b and 6c have the first space D 1(such as 0.142nm).For illustrative purposes, illustrate that there are round-shaped three basal planes 6a, 6b and 6c separately in figs. 2 a-2 c.In other embodiments, precursor 5 can comprise the basal plane of any suitable number.
As shown in Figure 2 B, use optional after front Chemical Regulation carries out hydration in experience, multiple exfoliant 7 that precursor 5 can comprise " being clipped in " between adjacent basal plane 6.As discussed above, exfoliant 7 can comprise water, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, silicon, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, metal and/or their combination.In certain embodiments, concentration and/or the composition of exfoliant 7 is controlled by least one regulating in other suitable operating parameterss of hydration time, Chemical Regulation cycle, Chemical Regulation composition and/or precursor preparation manipulation.
As shown in Figure 2 C, after exfoliation operation, exfoliant 7 expands, and optionally removes from the clearance space precursor 5.The expansion of exfoliant 7 causes basal plane 6 to have and is greater than the first space D 1the second space D 2.In certain embodiments, the second space D 2comparable first space D 1large 300 times, 200 times or 100 times.In other embodiments, the second space D 2can with the first space D 1there is other relations.As above with reference to Fig. 1 discuss, spacing between adjacent basal plane 6 can be regulated based on strengthening the target density of structural composite material, tensile strength, compressive strength, shearing resistance, yield strength, fragility, specific heat, thermal conductivity, structure and other character.
Fig. 3 is configured to manufacture the cross-sectional view according to the reactor 100 of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment of described technology.As shown in Figure 3, reactor 100 can comprise ceramics bracket 104, resistance tube 106 and two coolships 110 (in order to clear, an only coolship 110 shown in Figure 3).Although only show specific parts in figure 3, in other embodiments, reactor 100 can comprise other suitable machineries and/or electric assembly.
As shown in Figure 3, resistance tube 106 can comprise the first end 106a being configured to receive precursor 102 and support 104.Resistance tube 106 also can comprise the second end 106b being attached to coolship 110.Suitable resistance tube material comprises carbon, polycrystalline graphite, molybdenum disilicide, silicon carbide, single crystal graphite, and/or there is enough heat-shock resistances and can continuous heating to about 1, the other materials of the suitable material of 000 DEG C.In certain embodiments, by arranging the paper tinsel of reflecting material around resistance tube 106 and/or passing through to make resistance tube 106 thermal isolation with the coated resistance tube 106 of pyroceramic wool.
Resistance tube 106 also comprises conductor 108 (such as copper, aluminium etc.).By making port one 20 in coolship 110 of water or other suitable refrigerants and passage 122 and cooling conductor 108.Water or other suitable refrigerants can be sealed by O type ring 112 and 114.By the port one 16 in coolship 110, protective atmosphere is provided to the inside of resistance tube 106, described protective atmosphere can be vacuum or shielding gas (such as carbonic acid gas, argon gas and/or other rare gas elementes).By rinsing shielding gas and/or removing the exfoliant of discharging in the stripping process of precursor 102 to vacuum by removing.Protective atmosphere is by providing in the outside of resistance tube 106 through port one 24 injecting carbon dioxide, argon gas and/or other rare gas elementes; and by being kept in position around the insulating film 128 (ceramic blankets such as combined) of taking over a business the usual impermeability coated with chassis 110, and be kept in position by least one the circumferential fixture (not shown) on coolship 110.
In one embodiment, the high temperature superalloy bolt 117 (only showing) of three or any other desired number can be used to be remained between coolship 110 by resistance tube 106.Bolt 117 can with isolator 118 electrical isolation.Alternating-current or galvanic cable is transmitted by the attachment of suitable cable nut, packing ring and spring washer (not shown).Coupling screw thread 126 allows cable nut tightening, to guarantee the low resistance contact between cable and conductor 108.Reactor 100 also can comprise spring washer 130 (showing), to adapt to thermal expansion and the contraction of resistance tube 106.Spring washer 130 can be placed on isolator 118 and coolship 110.
In operation, precursor 102 (being such as usually similar to the precursor 5 in Fig. 2 A) can be arranged on support 104, and insert together in the endoporus of resistance tube 106 (as shown in phantom).Then heating resistor pipe 106 in the following way: another conductor 108 (not shown) electric current being reached the first end 106a close to resistance tube 106 from the conductor 108 of the second end 106b close to resistance tube 106 through resistance tube 106.
The several embodiments strengthening structural composite material with reference to Fig. 1-2 C as discussed above can have application in technical field widely.Such as, the several embodiments strengthening structural composite material can be used for building the component truss for traffic application.Compared to conventional material (as aluminium alloy, steel and conventional composites materials), this component truss can have the security of lower weight in working order, more long lifetime and improvement.In another example, the several embodiments strengthening structural composite material can be used for building aircraft wing, yaw rudder, wing flap, turbulence generator, nacelle parts, passenger seat assembly, inner panel and/or other aircraft components.Due to high fatigue life and high endurance strength, therefore this aircraft components weight gentlier, more strong, and lasting longer.Similarly, strengthen several embodiments of structural composite material and also can be used for nearly all haulage system's (from roller skates to track train), to produce more rigid, more high strength, more low weight and more long-life parts.Several specific exampless of the device using the several embodiments strengthening structural composite material to build are discussed as follows with reference to Fig. 4 A-10.
Fig. 4 A and 4B is a kind of skeleton view of elongated structure, and described elongated structure is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.In one embodiment, elongated structure 10 can be strut.In other embodiments, elongated structure 10 can be ski pole, pleasure trip on foot bar, golf club, shin guard, head shield, the helmet, bat, footwear and/or any other suitable structure.As shown in Figure 4 A, in certain embodiments, elongated structure 10 comprises the surface film 14 strengthening structural composite material 12 and be attached thereon.
In other embodiments, as shown in Figure 4 B, elongated structure 10 also can comprise port one 8 and strengthen the optional inner chamber (not shown) in structural composite material 12.In use, the internal space that formed by the surface film 14 strengthening structural composite material 12 and attachment by pressurization of the rigidity of described elongated structure and regulating.Charging bole 18 allows based target rigidity to increase or reduces internal pressure.In a further embodiment, the flexibility of elongated structure 10, intensity and/or other characteristics also control by regulating the spacing between the basal plane 6 (Fig. 2 A-2C) strengthening structural composite material.Ultimate strength and provide the ability of intensity to provide safety coefficient on all directions of basal plane 6, allows the characteristic based on local condition and/or other suitable parameter fine adjustment elongated structures 10 simultaneously.
Fig. 5 A and 5B is a kind of skeleton view of racket 20, and described racket 20 is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.In one embodiment, racket 20 can be tennis racket.In other embodiments, racket 20 can be the racket of racket and/or other suitable type.As shown in Figure 5A, the handle 21 that racket 20 comprises affixed heads 23 and/or is integrally formed with head 23, at least one in them can be built by the several embodiments strengthening structural composite material 22 as discussed above.In certain embodiments, fiber 24 (such as through epoxy resin coating) can be used for stable enhancing structural composite material 22.As a result, handle 21 and/or head 23 can have the high section modulus for tensioning string 26.In other embodiments, as shown in Figure 5 B, handle 21 can comprise the internal space 25 be communicated with load port 34 fluid.In use, fluid (such as air) can be used to pressurize the handle 21 of racket 20, the distance of traversing with the girth and every root string 26 by increasing matrix material and tensioning string 26.
Fig. 6 is a kind of cross-sectional view of pressurized vessel 80, and described pressurized vessel 80 is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.Fig. 7 is another cross-sectional view of the pressurized vessel 80 in Fig. 6.As shown in Figure 6, pressurized vessel 80 comprises enhancing structural composite material 87, and boring has the suitable perforated tube of perforation 86 or the centre hole 81 of wire cloth 78 by described enhancing structural composite material 87 to hold.Strengthen structural composite material 87 can comprise along endoporus 81 multiple basal planes 88 extending longitudinally.In stripping process, perforated tube or wire cloth 78 can make basal plane 88 remain on appropriate location, provide and strengthen the longitudinal direction of pressurized vessel 80, and make fluid circulation turnover basal plane 88 by perforation 86.Pressurized vessel 80 also can comprise the spaced accessory 82 and 84 of tool, and described spaced design is allow crystal to peel off to required basal plane spacing.Heat transfer in addition and/or fluid conveying can be provided by pipe (not shown), and described pipe is substantially perpendicular to basal plane 88 in pressurized vessel 80 to be passed through.
After peeling off, the neighboring of basal plane 88 can use tackiness agent or the coating of diffusion brazing formula (not shown), and is enclosed in suitable low-permeability film 90.Peel off basal plane 88 can thus shape pair of films 90 high strength radial direction strengthen.Suitable tackiness agent can comprise thermoset composition (such as epoxy resin, resol, terpolycyantoamino-formaldehyde resin, organosilicon and addition polyimide), the composition containing siloxanes, thermoplastics (such as aromatic polyester, unsaturated polyester and polyetherimide).The neighboring of basal plane 88 also can be applied for diffusion-bonded (such as diamond-like materials).Suitable material for film 90 comprises graphite foil, drawing or mould pressing (spinformed) titanium, aluminium, stainless steel, electroformed nickel, and/or other suitable materials.Film 90 also can comprise composite material film, and described composite material film has polyethylene terephthalate, ethene trifluorochloroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride) and polyolefinic metallized film.Suitable metallization material comprises iron, aluminium, titanium, chromium, nickel or their alloy.In a further embodiment, carbon deposits also can be used for basal plane 88 to be bonded to film 90, described carbon deposits comprise be described in " DualIonBeamDepositionofCarbonFilmswithDiamondLikePropert ies " (NASATM-83743) those, the mode that its disclosure is quoted in full is incorporated to herein.
In certain embodiments, by introducing the heat transfer that scatterer 92 controls to/from pressurized vessel 80 on film 90.As shown in Figure 7, scatterer 92 can comprise the corrugated fin covered by insulating film 94, to form the honeycomb of the passage 96 with entrance 89a and outlet 89b (Fig. 6).Heat-transfer fluid circulates by passage 96.Suitable heat-transfer fluid can comprise hydrogen, air, water, engine exhaust and other heat transfers.Such as, in certain embodiments, when fuel gas is as the individual layer absorbed and when being loaded in holder as " catching " gas between individual layer, filtered ambient temperature air can be cycled through passage 96 to remove heat from basal plane 88.The space between the individual layer that is often referred to and enters and peel off on basal plane 88 " caught " in term, delivers power to basal plane 88, and therefore have the gas of the vapour pressure of reduction.
The material being applicable to insulating film 94 comprise can be foamed, lamination, enhancing or the thermoplasticity do not strengthened and heat-curable compounds.In certain embodiments, scatterer 92 can be formed on the cylindrical part of film 90 via diffusion-bonded or metallurgical binding, and continues in a part for the end of film 90.In other embodiments, scatterer 92 can have other structures.
In certain embodiments, longitudinally basal plane 88 is strengthened by using high strength rove, yarn and/or fiber on film 90.In the embodiment with scatterer 92, can be applied on the running surface of scatterer 92 by axially strengthening rove 98, thus allow the running surface of scatterer 92 as the load distribution device be resisted against on film 90, and avoid hindering the heat exchange between film 90 and scatterer 92 simultaneously.Suitable high strength strengthens yarn and cable can be made up of boron, boron nitride, carbon, graphite, glass, silicon carbide, refractory metal and/or ceramic fiber.Epoxy resin, polymeric amide varnish and/or other suitable adhesions and matrix resin can be suitable for use as the adherent coating on yarn and cable.
Fig. 8 is a kind of cross-sectional view of fuel injector 400, and described fuel injector 400 is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.Several embodiments of fuel injector 400 overcome the difficult problem of many modern diesel engine, and the size limitations of diesel fuel injectors port to diameter is about 8.4mm (0.33 ") by modern diesel engine.As shown in Figure 8, fuel injector 400 comprises fixed ignition conductor 404 (such as Liz wire harness or conducting rod).In certain embodiments, cable group 406 (such as fiber optic cable) can be arranged in igniting conductor 404 to monitor burning activity.
Cable group 406 can insulate with fixing coaxial pipe 408.In one embodiment, insulation tube 408 can be built by the ceramics insulator disclosed in the application of the common pending trial be as above incorporated to.In other embodiments, insulation tube 408 can by other suitable material construction, and described material can hold 80KVDC or AC at up to the temperature of about 1000 °F.In a further embodiment, insulation tube 408 also can be used as low center of friction journal bearing surface, and it is for guiding the one-way movement of pipe valve 410 and coaxial plunger 414.Plunger 414 is normal closedown, remains on make-position to force pipe valve 410 at the flared region place against valve seat 412.Like this, external-open valve is formed.
In operation, the striking voltage being applied to inboardend 424 is conducted to igniting conductor 404, and to produce the plasma discharge blast of ionization fuel, when described ionization fuel is injected into combustion chamber 428, it is accelerated rapidly.Plasma generation igniting conductor 404 comprises center fixed electorde 406, and wherein plasma body starts by the internal diameter of needle-like member (such as pointed thread 440) and port endoporus 402.Be different from and use high frequency AC to eliminate plasma etching (disclosed in the application of the common pending trial be as above incorporated to), thin electrodes liner 403 can be used to protect endoporus 402.
In certain embodiments, in order to reduce inertia, obtain high strength and rigidity, and the object of high fatigue endurance intensity, pipe valve 410 can comprise enhancing structural composite material.Such as, Fig. 9 is the cross-sectional view of pipe valve 410, and it is shown as the pipe valve 600 in Fig. 9, and described pipe valve 600 is mixed with the embodiment of the enhancing structural composite material of the embodiment according to described technology.As shown in Figure 9, relatively low-density interval graphite-structure core 602 provides required geometry.Core 602 can at one end comprise valve seat 614, and comprises one or more equipment (provision) of the outside being bonded to surface 606 at the second end, as concentric tube 608 and/or 610.Core 602 also can be included in the suitable low-friction coating 604 (such as polyimide, PEEK, polyphenylene ethyl H or PTFE multipolymer) that the internal surface of tubular elastomer (such as fluorosilicone) is formed.Described elastomerics can be applied to the enlarging valve surface 612 operated for interior valve opening.High-strength material (polyimide strengthened as graphite filament or have the graphite tape of thermosetting adhesive) can be applied to outside surface 606.
With reference to Fig. 8 and 9, outer valve opening is operated, the elastomeric seal (such as fluorosilicone, Perfluoroelastomer, or other fluorinated elastomers) with integration (conforming) shape can be applied to valve seal 614.One or more equipment (as concentric tube 608 and/or 610) is bonded to the outside on surface 606 in the position of such as 432 and/or 430, thus for allowing plunger 414 to apply unidirectional force so that valve 410 is released valve seat 412 fast, and close pipe valve 410 when plunger 414 is back to normally closed position by compression spring 432.
Can by required delivery of fuel stream, comprise from accessory 442 through or around the system (as piezoelectricity or solenoid coil winding 426) for operating plunger 414, then through port 444 to enter concentric runner 446.Runner 446 supports and interval at suitable pottery or between polymer insulator 418 and isolator pipe 408 by long helical pitch spiral 422, and described long helical pitch spiral 422 is built by such as PTFE or PEEK monofilament.
When opening pipe valve 410 by plunger 414, flow in fuel to combustion chamber 428, and by part or substantially ionize.High-voltage can be produced to cause ionization between needle-like member (such as screw thread 440) at the ionization voltage of end 424, high-voltage cable assembly 436 and isolator 438.When producing much more ion in the plasma, ionize fast propagation subsequently.Then ion outwards can be advanced to promote fuel and be entered surplus air through interface to combustion chamber.Therefore, the insulation of adiabatic stratified-charge combustion more or less can be realized.
As shown in Figure 10, when needing fuel area density when responding the plunger 620 that impacts concentric parts 610, interior open pipe valve 500 system comprises core assembly 600, and described core assembly 600 provides the opening seals 612 from valve seat 618.At plunger 620 by moving across one-way distance D 1and after obtaining kinetic energy, concentric parts 610 is bonded to tube-surface 606 and opens valve 500 to be applied to by tension force.When plunger 620 moves further away from fixed permanent magnet 622D 2distance time, pipe valve 500 moves to the opening seals 612 (D from valve seat 618 2-D 1).Pottery 640 provides high-voltage reactor housing and supports vitrified pipe 408 '.Ceramic end cap 640 is remained on appropriate location by suitable metal alloy lid 642.
At least pipe valve 500 tubular portion 616 can by lightweight but strong graphite-structure core 616 build, described graphite-structure core 616 is strengthened by carbon-to-carbon layer.The structure of core 616 can be similar to the elongated structure 10 in Fig. 4 A usually.Described carbon-to-carbon layer can be used to the appropriate precursors of body (such as petroleum pitch, or thermoplastics, as polyolefine or PAN) and obtain by carbon.After the desired thickness producing carbon-to-carbon layer 630, screw thread can be gone up to provide the suitable attachment to screening cover 634 in end 632.Radio shielding and protection 650 provide by carbon-to-carbon skin 630.Protection is in addition set up by the plate surface 636 with suitable alloy (as nickelalloy), and described plate surface 636 is brazed to threaded portion 640 by suitable braze alloy composition.
In large engine, crowded intake & exhaust valves mechanism to require between port 402 (Fig. 8) and valve operator assembly 426 and 414 (Fig. 8) 12 " to 36 " spacing distance.Pipe 420 (Fig. 8) and shell 460 (Fig. 8) can be made the low density interval graphite-structure core for having carbon-to-carbon layer on internal diameter and external diameter.This parts combine by screw thread or by using suitable alloy brazed.
Several embodiments of fuel injector 400 as discussed above can be used in the engine of other fuel (such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen) (few 3000 times of the comparable diesel oil of its energy density) being configured to hydrogen combusted characteristic fuel (such as ammonia) or having low energy densities.Such as, when the engine of the ocean-going tanker of transport liquid methane, propane, ammonia, methyl alcohol and/or other commodity is equipped with several embodiment of fuel injector 400, it can save running cost.In one embodiment, the commodity of the used heat reformation delivery from engine can be used as follows:
2NH 3---＞3H 2+N 2
CH 3OH---＞CO+H 2
This is by following realization: puopulsion engine (is comprised Thermal Motor, as ignition diesel type engines, various rotary combustion engine and internal combustion turbine) be converted into the fuel operating and reset by this commodity by thermo-negative reaction, wherein use the heat of being discharged by this Thermal Motor to drive this reaction.In other embodiments, several embodiments of fuel injector 400 also can be used for power plant, chemical plant, and/or have other suitable places of heat production engine.
The regeneration of the heat-chemistry of the heat of being discharged by engine is used to provide attractive conservation of fuel, because compared to the raw material of hydrogen characteristic fuel, the energy of the hydrogen characteristic fuel output many 15 to 30% of generation.In addition, the embodiment of fuel injector 400 allows hydrogen characteristic fuel ratio diesel oil or bunker fuel burning soon up to 12 times, considerably improves motor efficiency thus and eliminates the particulate in engine exhaust.
According to aforementioned, should be appreciated that for illustrative purposes at the specific embodiment that this document describes described technology, but do not departing under the present invention and can carry out various amendment.Except the element of other embodiments or replace the element of other embodiments, many elements of an embodiment can combine with other embodiments.Therefore, except limiting except the present invention by appended claims, the present invention is unrestricted.

Claims (27)

1. prepare the method strengthening construction package, it comprises:
Form precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer;
Gap exfoliant is implanted between at least some of described multiple lattice layer;
Under exfoliation temperature, use the gap exfoliant of described implantation to peel off described precursor, formed thus and strengthen construction package; And
Based on strengthening the target material character of construction package, control exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and peel off in the cycle at least one;
Wherein:
Described formation precursor comprises:
Form graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described graphite crystal has the usual cylindrical shape with longitudinal center line;
Hole along the central zone of described longitudinal center line by described graphite crystal;
Pin is inserted in described hole by the central zone of described graphite crystal; And
Describedly peel off the pin that described precursor comprises via described insertion and heat described graphite crystal.
2. prepare the method strengthening construction package, it comprises:
Form precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer;
Gap exfoliant is implanted between at least some of described multiple lattice layer;
Under exfoliation temperature, use the gap exfoliant of described implantation to peel off described precursor, formed thus and strengthen construction package; And
Based on strengthening the target material character of construction package, control exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and peel off in the cycle at least one;
Wherein:
Described formation precursor comprises:
Form graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described graphite crystal has the usual cylindrical shape with longitudinal center line;
Hole along the central zone of described longitudinal center line by described graphite crystal;
Pin is inserted in described hole by the central zone of described graphite crystal; And
Describedly peel off the pin that described precursor comprises via described insertion and heat described graphite crystal, and in heat-processed the described carbon atomic layer of support stack structure.
3. prepare the method strengthening construction package, it comprises:
Form precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer;
Gap exfoliant is implanted between at least some of described multiple lattice layer;
Under exfoliation temperature, use the gap exfoliant of described implantation to peel off described precursor, formed thus and strengthen construction package; And
Based on strengthening the target material character of construction package, control exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and peel off in the cycle at least one;
Wherein:
Described formation precursor comprises formation graphite crystal, and described graphite crystal has the multiple carbon atomic layers along longitudinal center line arrangement; And
Describedly peel off described precursor and comprise based target and peel off per-cent and peel off different carbon atomic layers.
4. prepare the method strengthening construction package, it comprises:
Form precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer;
Gap exfoliant is implanted between at least some of described multiple lattice layer;
Under exfoliation temperature, use the gap exfoliant of described implantation to peel off described precursor, formed thus and strengthen construction package; And
Based on strengthening the target material character of construction package, control exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and peel off in the cycle at least one;
Wherein:
Described formation precursor comprises formation graphite crystal, and described graphite crystal has the multiple carbon atomic layers along longitudinal center line arrangement; And
Describedly peel off described precursor and comprise based target and peel off per-cent and peel off every a carbon atomic layer.
5. prepare the method strengthening construction package, it comprises:
Form precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer;
Gap exfoliant is implanted between at least some of described multiple lattice layer;
Under exfoliation temperature, use the gap exfoliant of described implantation to peel off described precursor, formed thus and strengthen construction package; And
Based on strengthening the target material character of construction package, control exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and peel off in the cycle at least one;
Wherein:
Described formation precursor comprises formation graphite crystal, and described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance;
By the extended distance between adjacent layers for being greater than 0.335nm; And
Based on strengthen construction package target density compression moulding described in precursor, described precursor has the extended range along longitudinal center line.
6. prepare the method strengthening construction package, it comprises:
Form precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer;
Gap exfoliant is implanted between at least some of described multiple lattice layer;
Under exfoliation temperature, use the gap exfoliant of described implantation to peel off described precursor, formed thus and strengthen construction package; And
Based on strengthening the target material character of construction package, control exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and peel off in the cycle at least one;
Wherein:
Described formation precursor comprises formation graphite crystal, and described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance;
By the extended distance between adjacent layers for being greater than 0.335nm; And
Target interval distance between described control exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and at least one of peeling off in the cycle comprise based on the adjacent layers in graphite crystal and at least one that regulates exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and peel off in the cycle.
7. the method according to any one in claim 1 to 6, wherein:
Formation precursor comprises:
Following methane decomposition and/or other hydrocarbon:
CH 4+ heat---> C+2H 2
C xh y+ heat--> XC+0.5YH 2
To form graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has the carbon atomic layer of multiple usual plane, and every one deck has multiple carbon atoms of six side's structures, and interatomic distance is 0.142nm, and the distance between adjacent layers is 0.335nm;
Implant described gap exfoliant to comprise:
Under agitation described graphite crystal to be immersed at 80 DEG C to 100 DEG C at least one in chromic acid, nitric acid, Potcrate and sulfuric acid 8 hours;
The graphite crystal using deionized water wash to immerse, implants the water molecules as gap exfoliant thus between adjacent carbon atomic layer;
Peel off described precursor to comprise:
The graphite crystal through washing is heated under an inert atmosphere under the exfoliation temperature of 900 DEG C;
The water molecules as steam is removed from described graphite crystal;
Continue to remove the water vapour through removing from described inert atmosphere; With
By the extended distance between adjacent layers for being greater than 0.335nm;
Control exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and at least one of peeling off in the cycle to comprise based on the target density strengthening structural composite material, tensile strength, compressive strength, shearing resistance, yield strength, fragility, specific heat, thermal conductivity and at least one that controls exfoliant concentration, exfoliation temperature and peel off in the cycle.
8. the method according to any one in claim 1 to 6, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, the separate certain distance of described layer;
Peel off described precursor to comprise:
The graphite crystal through washing is heated under an inert atmosphere under the exfoliation temperature of 900 DEG C; And
Distance between extending neighboring carbon atomic layer.
9. the method according to any one in claim 1 to 6, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, the separate certain distance of described layer; And
Peel off described precursor to comprise adjacent carbons layer between extended distance for being greater than 0.335nm.
10. the method according to any one in claim 1 to 6, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, the separate certain distance of described layer; And
Peel off described precursor to comprise:
The graphite crystal through washing is heated under an inert atmosphere under the exfoliation temperature of 900 DEG C;
The water molecules as steam is removed from described graphite crystal;
Continue to remove the water vapour through removing from described inert atmosphere; With
By the extended distance between adjacent layers for being greater than 0.335nm.
Prepare the method strengthening construction package for 11. 1 kinds, it comprises:
Form precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer;
Gap exfoliant is implanted between at least some of described multiple lattice layer;
Under exfoliation temperature, use the gap exfoliant of described implantation to peel off described precursor; And
Around the material of formation surface support at least partially of the periphery of the multiple lattice layers peeled off in precursor.
12. methods according to claim 11, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance; And
Formation surface support material comprises use tackiness agent and glass fibre is attached to going up at least partially of the periphery of multiple lattice layer.
13. methods according to claim 11, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance; And
Form surface support material to comprise one or more layers of graphite film are attached to going up at least partially of the periphery of multiple lattice layer.
14. methods according to claim 11, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance; And
One or more layers that formation surface support material comprises pyrolytic graphite film bonding be coated with are attached to going up at least partially of the periphery of multiple lattice layer.
15. methods according to claim 11, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance;
One or more layers that formation surface support material comprises pyrolytic graphite film bonding be coated with are attached to going up at least partially of the periphery of multiple lattice layer; And
At least one that described method also comprises in use diamond-like carbon, braze metal and braze metal alloy is coated with one or more graphite film.
16. methods according to claim 11, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance;
One or more layers that formation surface support material comprises pyrolytic graphite film bonding be coated with are attached to going up at least partially of the periphery of multiple lattice layer; And
At least one that described method also comprises in use diamond-like carbon and braze metal material is coated with one or more graphite film, and described braze metal material comprises at least one in copper, nickel, cobalt and aluminium.
17. methods according to claim 11, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance; And
Form surface support material to comprise the graphite film diffusion-bonded through coating to the precursor formed.
18. methods according to claim 11, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance;
One or more layers that formation surface support material comprises pyrolytic graphite film bonding be coated with are attached to going up at least partially of the periphery of multiple lattice layer;
Described method also comprises use diamond-like carbon and is coated with one or more graphite film; And
Described method also comprises diamond-like carbon is rearranged to graphite.
19. methods according to claim 11, wherein:
Form precursor and comprise formation graphite crystal, described graphite crystal has multiple carbon atomic layer, and described layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and separate certain distance;
One or more layers that formation surface support material comprises pyrolytic graphite film bonding be coated with are attached to going up at least partially of the periphery of multiple lattice layer;
Described method also comprises use precursor gases and is coated with one or more graphite film via chemical vapour deposition diamond-like carbon; And
Described method also comprises the chemistry regulating described precursor gases, and to adulterate described diamond-like carbon by least one in oxygen, fluorine, hydrogen, phosphorus and silicon.
Prepare the method strengthening construction package for 20. 1 kinds, it comprises:
Form precursor, described precursor has the crystalline structure comprising multiple lattice layer;
Peel off described precursor, the distance between the phase adjacency pair expanding multiple lattice layer thus; And
Surface support material is used to peel off precursor around the coated at least partially of periphery of each lattice layer peeled off in precursor.
21. methods according to claim 20, wherein coated peel off precursor comprise use tackiness agent glass fibre is attached to going up at least partially of the periphery of multiple lattice layer.
22. methods according to claim 20, wherein the coated precursor that peels off comprises going up coated for one or more layers of the graphite film periphery to multiple lattice layer at least partially.
23. methods according to claim 20, wherein the coated precursor that peels off comprises via diffusion-bonded going up coated for one or more layers of the graphite film periphery to multiple lattice layer at least partially.
24. 1 kinds strengthen construction package, and it comprises:
Multiple lattice layer, described lattice layer has multiple carbon atoms of Hexagonal array separately, and the phase adjacency pair of described lattice layer separates the distance being greater than 0.335nm; And
Surface support material, described surface support material around each lattice layer periphery at least partially, and described surface support material comprises one or more graphite film.
25. enhancing construction packages according to claim 24, wherein said multiple lattice layer arranges along longitudinal center line, and wherein said enhancing construction package also comprises the hole extended along described longitudinal center line.
26. enhancing construction packages according to claim 24, wherein:
Described multiple lattice layer arranges along longitudinal center line;
Described enhancing construction package also comprises the hole extended along described longitudinal center line; And
Described enhancing construction package also comprises pressure fluid in the hole.
27. enhancing construction packages according to claim 24, wherein:
Described multiple lattice layer arranges along longitudinal center line;
Described enhancing construction package also comprises the hole extended along described longitudinal center line; And
Described enhancing construction package also comprises:
At the flaring structure at the first end place of described enhancing construction package;
Around at least one concentric ring of the outside surface of the enhancing construction package at the second end place relative with described first end; And
Low-friction coating on the internal surface of described enhancing construction package, described low-friction coating comprises at least one in polyimide, PEEK and PTFE.
CN201080048888.6A 2009-08-27 2010-08-16 Inner enhancing structural composite material and relevant manufacture method Expired - Fee Related CN103124692B (en)

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US12/707,651 2010-02-17
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US12/707,651 US8075748B2 (en) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Electrolytic cell and method of use thereof
US12/707,653 2010-02-17
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PCT/US2010/024497 WO2010096503A1 (en) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Electrolytic cell and method of use thereof
US12/707,656 US8075749B2 (en) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Apparatus and method for gas capture during electrolysis
US12/707,653 US8172990B2 (en) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Apparatus and method for controlling nucleation during electrolysis
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