Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
  • B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
  • B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
  • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
  • B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
  • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
  • B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
  • B22F1/0545—Dispersions or suspensions of nanosized particles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
  • B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
  • B22F1/107—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing organic material comprising solvents, e.g. for slip casting
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
  • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
  • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
  • B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
  • B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
  • B22F2007/042—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal characterised by the layer forming method
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
  • B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
  • B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
  • B22F2007/042—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal characterised by the layer forming method
  • B22F2007/047—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal characterised by the layer forming method non-pressurised baking of the paste or slurry containing metal powder
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
  • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
  • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
  • B22F2009/245—Reduction reaction in an Ionic Liquid [IL]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
  • B22F2301/25—Noble metals, i.e. Ag Au, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru
  • B22F2301/255—Silver or gold
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2304/00—Physical aspects of the powder
  • B22F2304/05—Submicron size particles
  • B22F2304/054—Particle size between 1 and 100 nm
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
  • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for producing a layer structure comprising the steps: El. Providing a composition comprising i. Gold Au particles in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 50% by weight; ii. Remainder to 100% by weight of a polar, protic organic solvent; iii. less than 5% by weight of water, the weight%, based in each case on the total mass of the composition, being 100% by weight; E2. Applying the composition to a substrate to obtain a precursor; E3. Heating the precursor to a temperature in a range of 25 to 200 ° C to obtain the coated layer structure.
• the invention relates to a precursor of a layer structure obtainable after the steps El. and E2. of the method described above and a layer structure obtainable by the method described above.
• the invention relates to a composition comprising: zl. Gold (Au) particles in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 50 Au wt.%, Based on the total weight of the composition; z2. Water in a range of 0 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition; z3. a polar, protic, organic solvent as balance to 100% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
• the invention relates to an article comprising a layer structure according to the invention or a layer structure obtainable by the process according to the invention.
• Another object is to form gold particles at low temperature on a substrate to a shiny layer.
• Another object is to provide a most environmentally friendly method for producing a layer structure.
• an object is to be able to provide a layer structure with a gold layer, the thickness of which can be varied over a wide range. Furthermore, it is an object to provide a method to produce a layer structure with an adherent gold coating as possible.
• a first subject of the present invention is a method for producing a layer structure comprising the steps:
• the weight% based in each case on the total mass of the composition, being 100% by weight
• Providing the composition in step El. may be done in any way that the skilled person would choose to provide the composition for such a process.
• the composition is provided in a container suitable for applying the composition in step E2. suitable is.
• the container is a container having a valve for metered dispensing of the composition.
• the composition includes gold (Au) particles in an amount in a range of 0.1 to 50 wt%, preferably in a range of 0.5 to 40 wt%, or preferably in a range of 1 to 20 Wt .-%, based on the total mass of the composition. Furthermore, the composition contains less than 5 wt .-%, preferably less than 4 wt .-%, or preferably less than 3 wt .-% water based on the total weight of the composition.
• the composition may additionally comprise at least one further component.
• the composition contains as balance to 100% by weight, based on the total mass of the composition, of a polar, protic, organic solvent, the weight%, based in each case on the total mass of the composition, being 100% by weight.
• the polar, protic, organic solvent can be any polar, protic, organic solvent which the skilled person would use for the procedure.
• protic solvents contain hydrogen atoms which are bonded to more electronegative elements and therefore can be easily cleaved off.
• the polar, protic, organic solvent has carbon atoms in a number in the range of 2 to 20.
• the polar, protic, organic solvent has at least one polar, protic radical, such as -OH, -SH, -NH, -NH 2, -COOH.
• polar, protic, organic solvents are alcohols, amines (amines are aliphatic and cycloaliphatic amines), acid amides and carboxylic acids.
• the polar, organic, organic solvents may be selected from the group consisting of a glycol, an amine, an acid amide and a carboxylic acid or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the glycol may be selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol), 1,2-butanediol,
• the amine can be selected from the group consisting of ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, i-propylamine, n-butylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, di-n-propylamine, di-n-butylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, Piperazine, N-methylpiperazine, N-ethylpiperazine, morpholine, ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, di (2-cyanoethyl) amine, di- (2-aminoethyl) amine, tri- (2 -aminoethyl) amine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, propanolamine, dipropanolamine and tripropa nolamin or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the acid amide can be selected from the group consisting of formamide, acetamide, propionamide, butanamide, pentanamide, hexanamide, heptanamide, octanamide or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the carboxylic acid may be selected from the group consisting of formic, acetic, acrylic, oxalic, citric, benzoic, nicotinic, succinic, maleic, salicylic or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the designated alcohols are to be regarded as preferred.
• the composition preferably includes at least one other non-protic solvent.
• the non-protic solvent may be selected from the group consisting of a ketone, an aldehyde and a sulfoxide or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the ketone may be selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-ethylpyrrolidone, cyclohexanone.
• the aldehyde may be selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, caprylaldehyde or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the sulfoxide may be, for example, dimethylsulfoxide.
• the composition preferably has the non-protic solvent in a range of 0.1 to 10% by weight, or preferably in a range of 0.2 to 9% by weight, in a range of 0.5 to 5% by weight. -%, based on the total mass of the composition.
• the application of the composition to the substrate to obtain the precursor can be accomplished in any manner that would be appreciated by those skilled in the art for applying the composition in such a process.
• the substrate hereinafter also referred to as the substrate layer, is preferably superimposed at least in part with the composition.
• the application may be a deposition of the composition or a dip in the composition or a combination of the two.
• the application by depositing the composition may, for. Example by spin coating, impregnation, pouring, dripping, spraying, spraying, knife coating, brushing or printing, for example via a metering pump or inkjet, screen, gravure, offset or pad printing done on the substrate layer.
• the composition is preferably used via a metering pump, an inkjet printing, a screen printing or gravure printing applied to the substrate layer.
• the composition in a wet film thickness of 0.01 ⁇ to 250 ⁇ , preferably applied in a wet film thickness of 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ 50 ⁇ .
• Deposition according to the invention is understood to mean that the composition used for application, preferably also called liquid or printing material, is applied by means of an aid in the form of the nozzle on the surface to be overlaid. This can be done by different aids.
• the printing material used for applying or superimposing can be sprayed onto the substrate layer through a nozzle, sprayed or deposited through a slot nozzle. Other methods are curtain casting and spin coating.
• the printing material used for applying or superimposing can be applied or printed onto the surface of the substrate, for example via a roller or roller.
• a spraying or spraying process for example, the micro-dosing or digital printing via a nozzle are known. In this case, pressure can be exerted on the pressure mass used for application or superposition or the pressure mass used for application is simply applied dropwise to the surface through the nozzle.
• a screen printing method can be preferably used.
• a sieve consisting of a dimensionally stable as possible material, such as wood; Metal, preferably steel; a ceramic or a plastic with a selected mesh size on the object to be overlaid or over the object to be overlaid, such as the substrate arranged here.
• On this sieve is applied via the nozzle used for applying or superimposing pressure mass and pressed with a squeegee through the mesh. In this case, due to a pattern in the screen at different locations different amounts of pressure applied for application or superimposition can be applied.
• a uniform film of the printing material used for overlaying can be applied or areas with little or no pressure applied for application can alternate with areas with a large amount of pressure applied for application.
• a uniform film of the printing material used for superimposing is transferred to the surface.
• the screen meshes can also be partially covered by appropriately applied materials (copy layers, screen printing stencils). be concluded, so that the print mass is transferred only in defined areas with open meshes on the substrate, so as to obtain, for example, a defined structure as a pattern.
• screening thin films with defined openings can be used to superimpose the print mass.
• layers of different thicknesses can be applied to the desired surface of the substrate layer.
• the layer applied during application or superposition is preferably applied with a thickness in a range from 0.5 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably in a range from 1 to 50 ⁇ m, particularly preferably in a range from 2 to 30 ⁇ m.
• the thickness of the layer applied during the application is referred to below as the wet layer thickness.
• the wet layer thickness depends on the particular material that is applied when superposing.
• the wet film thickness is measured directly after the overlaying step.
• the surface to be coated is drawn through a bath having the composition used for application.
• the surface may also be simply dipped into the composition used for application and withdrawn, as practiced in dip coating.
• the thickness of the coating depends on the choice of composition used for application, as mentioned above. In this way, wet layer thicknesses of the respective coating when applied in a range between 0.5 to 100 ⁇ , preferably in a range of 1 to 50 ⁇ , particularly preferably in a range of 2 to 30 ⁇ can be achieved. It is also conceivable to carry out a combination of the depositing and dipping processes.
• the applied composition is applied by an application opening provided over the respective surface of the layer to be overlaid, such as the substrate.
• the application opening is preferably connected to the surface via the composition used for application.
• This procedure Ren, also known as micro-dosing has the special property that this makes it possible to easily apply different thicknesses of the overlying coating on objects, such as here the substrate surface.
• the application opening can be of any shape and size. It can, for example, be an application opening with a shape selected from the group of round, oval, angular and star-shaped or combinations thereof.
• the application opening may have an area of 10 nm 2 to 1 mm 2 , preferably of 100 nm 2 to 0.5 mm 2 , particularly preferably of 100 nm 2 to 100 ⁇ m 2 .
• the composition used for the application by means of a pressure in a range of 2000 to 10,000 mbar, preferably applied in a range of 2500 to 5000 mbar, more preferably in a range of 3000 to 4000 mbar through the nozzle on the surface.
• the application of the composition preferably takes place by means of a screen printing method or a gravure printing method.
• the composition is applied during printing by a sieve or a printing cylinder.
• the sieve preferably includes a frame made of steel or stainless steel.
• a grid or sieve is preferably arranged, which also preferably consists of stainless steel wires or high-strength synthetic fibers.
• the sieve has a mesh size in a range from 1 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably in a range from 2 to 200 ⁇ m, or preferably in a range from 3 to 90 ⁇ m. This corresponds in each case to a number of stitches of approximately 70 to 635 mesh, or of approximately 100 to 600 mesh or of approximately 200 to 500 mesh, mesh corresponding to the unit of wire mesh / inch or wire mesh / 2.54 cm.
• any standard squeegee can be used as the squeegee.
• the doctor includes a plastic.
• the doctor has a doctor blade hardness in a range of 40 to 80 Shore A.
• the composition has preferably a viscosity in a range of 500 to 100,000 mPa * s, or preferably in a range of 700 to 50,000 mPa * s.
• the substrate may have any shape that allows application of the composition to the substrate.
• the substrate preferably has at least one coherent surface.
• the at least one contiguous surface preferably has an area in a range from 1 mm 2 to 10 m 2 , or preferably in a range from 10 mm 2 to 5 m 2 , or preferably in a range from 100 mm 2 to 1 m 2 .
• the substrate may be round, circular, angular, conical or oval.
• the shape of the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a sphere; a cone; a circle; a polygon such as a triangle, a square, a rectangle, a trapezoid, a pentagon, a hexagon, a heptagon, or an octagon; an oval or a combination of at least two of them.
• the substrate is preferred from the composition when applied in step E2. in a range of 5 to 100%, or preferably in a range of 10 to 100%, or preferably in a range of 15 to 100%, based on the entire contiguous surface of the substrate, superimposed.
• the composition can be applied flat on the surface of the substrate or in patterns. Thus, composition-overlapping regions on the substrate may alternate with non-overlapping regions.
• the pattern may have a regular shape, such as a checkered, honeycomb, or diamond pattern. Alternatively or additionally, the composition may be applied to the substrate in an irregular shape.
• heating of the precursor follows in step E3. to a temperature in a range of 25 to 200 ° C, preferably in a range of 40 to 180 ° C, or preferably in a range of 50 to 150 ° C at.
• the heating can be done in any way on the precursor which would be chosen by the skilled person for this purpose.
• the heating is preferably heating by a method selected from the group consisting of irradiation, heating in an oven, heating with hot gas, or a combination of at least two.
• the irradiation can be effected, for example, by means of IR radiation, laser radiation, UV radiation or a combination thereof.
• Heating in an oven such as a In a hot air oven, for example, can be discontinuous or continuous. Heating with a hot gas may be accomplished, for example, by passing a hot gas stream such as air, nitrogen, oxygen or a mixture thereof over the applied composition.
• the duration of heating in step E3. preferably takes place in a range of 0.5 to 10 hours, or preferably in a range of 0.5 to 5 hours, or preferably in a range of 0.5 to 3 hours.
• a layer structure is obtained, including at least the substrate and a gold-containing layer, also referred to below as the gold layer.
• the gold particles have a diameter in a range from 2 to 25 nm, preferably in a range from 3 to 20 nm, or preferably in a range from 4 to 18 nm.
• the diameter of the gold particles should be considered as the mean diameter of the particles.
• the diameter of the gold particles can be determined by microscopic observation of the mixture. For a precise determination of the size, a circle is fictitiously placed around the two furthest points of the particles. The diameter of the fictive circle corresponds to the diameter of the particles.
• the gold particles have a round to oval extent.
• the gold (Au) particles preferably have a particle size distribution D 50 of 20 nm, or preferably of 15 nm, or preferably of 12 nm, which means that not more than 50% of the particles are larger than the specified diameter.
• the particle size can be determined by various methods. The particle size is preferably determined by means of laser diffraction, light microscopy, optical single particle counting or a combination of at least two of these. Furthermore, the determination of the particle size as well as the particle size distribution is preferably carried out on the basis of individual optical evaluation of images by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
• TEM transmission electron microscopy
• the viscosity of the composition is selected in a range from 1 to 100,000 mPas, preferably in a range from 10 to 90,000 mPas, or preferably in a range from 20 to 50,000 mPas.
• the viscosity was determined at a shear rate of 1/500 s.
• the protic polar organic solvent comprises at least 20% by weight of a polyhydric alcohol.
• the polyhydric alcohol is an organic compound having at least two alcoholic groups.
• the polyalcohol has alcoholic radicals in an amount ranging from 2 to 10.
• the polyhydric alcohol may have further functional groups.
• the polyhydric alcohol has carbon atoms in a number in the range of 2 to 20.
• the polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol), 1,2- Butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 1, 3-dihydroxybenzene, 1, 4-dihydroxybenzene, 1,2, 3-trihydroxybenzene, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dinitrobenzene, L-adrenaline, a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a monosaccharide or disaccharide in admixture with a liquid polyol, I, I, I Tris (hydroxymethyl) propane, 2,2, -dimethylpropanedi
• the composition further comprises a mercapto-carboxyl compound of the general formula (I),
• Ri is a substituted, unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic or polycyclic C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical, or at least one salt of this mercapto-carboxyl compound.
• the substituted, unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic or polycyclic C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical has at least one, preferably two or all of the following properties: el.
• At least one of the C atoms of the Ci - C2o hydrocarbon radical by at least one nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a phosphorus atom, a sulfur atom, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a halide, an amine, an amide, a phosphate group, a sulfate group or a combination of at least two have been replaced; or
• the C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical may be substituted or branched with further substituted, unsubstituted, branched or unbranched C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radicals; or
• At least one of the C atoms of the Ci - C2o hydrocarbon radical is replaced by an aromatic radical or a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heteroaromatic ring with 1, 2, 3 or 4 nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms, wherein the heteroaromatic radical having halogen atoms, hydroxyl, nitro, amino groups, protected amino radicals, cyano, trifluoromethyl groups, hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms may be substituted.
• An unsubstituted C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical is to be understood as meaning a hydrocarbon radical consisting of 1 to 20 -CH 2 - or -CH groups.
• a substituted C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical is to be understood as meaning a hydrocarbon radical consisting of 1 to 20 -CH 2 groups in which at least one -CH 2 - or -CH- group is an H atom by another type Atom or another atomic group is replaced.
• the different atom may be selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a phosphorus atom, a sulfur atom, a halide, or a combination of at least two thereof.
• the different atomic group may be selected from the group consisting of a substituted hydrocarbon radical, a non-substituted hydrocarbon radical, a branched hydrocarbon radical, an unbranched hydrocarbon radical, a saturated hydrocarbon radical, a hydrocarbon radical, an unsaturated hydrocarbon radical, a cyclic hydrocarbon radical, a polycyclic hydrocarbon radical, an aromatic hydrocarbon radical, a non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical, an acyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, an amide, a phosphate group, a sulfate group, a sulfonate group, a thiol group or a combination of at least two thereof.
• Ci - C 2 o-hydrocarbon radical is a straight hydrocarbon radical comprising from 1 to 20 -CH 2 - or -CH understand groups.
• Ci - C 2 o-hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 20 a hydrocarbon radical consisting - CH 2 - or -CH-groups to understand, in which at least one CH 2 - or -CH-group, a H atom by replaced another hydrocarbon radical.
• This further hydrocarbon radical may likewise be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, but also cyclic or polycyclic.
• a cyclic Ci - C 2 o-hydrocarbon radical a hydrocarbon radical consisting of 1 to 20 -CH 2 - or -CH-groups to understand, in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring.
• a polycyclic Ci - C 2 o-hydrocarbon radical a hydrocarbon radical consisting of 1 to 20 -CH 2 - or -CH-groups to understand, in which the carbon atoms are annularly arranged in two or more rings.
• the cyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbon radicals may also have aromatic rings.
• the substituted, unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic or polycyclic C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical may have the properties mentioned in one of the following combinations:
• L5 unsubstituted, branched C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical
• L6 unsubstituted, unbranched C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical
• LI 4 unsubstituted, unbranched, polycyclic C 1 -C 20 -hydrocarbon radical.
• the substituted hydrocarbon radicals can again have the abovementioned properties or combinations of properties.
• the composition includes the mercapto-carboxyl compound in a range of 0, 1 to 4 wt .-%, preferably in a range of 0.5 to 3.5 wt .-%, or preferably in one Range of 0.3 to 3.0 wt .-%, based on the total mass of the composition.
• the mercapto-carboxyl compound is selected from the group consisting of L-cysteine, D-cysteine, ⁇ -L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione), (RS) -N- (2 -Mercapto-l-oxopropyl) -glycine (tiopronine), mercaptosuccinic acid, N-acetylcysteine, thiosalicylic acid, dimercaptosuccinic acid, L-methionine, D-methionine, thiourea, 2-mercaptopropionic acid, thioglycerol, thiodipropionic acid, cystine, methyl-3-mercaptopropionate , Na thioglycolate or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the composition comprises at least one further metal selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), rhodium (Rh) or a combination of at least two thereof ,
• the at least one further metal may be present as metal particles or present as a further organometallic complex.
• the composition contains the additional metal preferably in a range of 0.1 to 5 wt .-%, or preferably in a range of 0.2 to 4.5 wt .-%, or preferably in a range of 0.5 to 4 wt .-%, based on the total mass of the composition.
• the organic component of the organometallic complex preferably includes a molecule having at least one, at least two or more carbon atoms, preferably in a range of 2 to 100, or preferably in a range of 4 to 50, or preferably in a range of 5 to 20 carbon atoms. It is preferable that the organic component includes one or two or more non-metallic atoms other than carbon. It is further preferred that at least one of the at least one non-metallic atoms interact at least coordinatively, preferably ionically, with the metallic component of the organic compound. It is also possible to form a covalent bond between at least one nonmetallic atom and the metallic component.
• the non-metallic atoms are preferably selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, a halogen or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the at least one carbon atom preferably forms an organic compound together with the at least one non-metallic atom in the organic component of the organometallic compound.
• the organometallic compound comprises an organic component selected from the group consisting of a carbonate, an oxalate, an ester, a carboxylate, a halocarboxylate, a hydroxycarboxylate, an acetonate, a ketonate, a phosphate, a phosphite, a Phosphide, a phosphine, a sulfonate and a sulforesinate or a mixture of at least two of them.
• the organic component is preferably selected from the group consisting of acetate, propionate, butanoate, isobutanoate, ethyl butyrate, pentanoate, hexanoate, heptanoate, octanoate, isooctanoate, nonanoate, decanoate, isononate, pivalate, cyclohexane butyrate, acetylacetonate, ethylhexanoate, hydroxypropionate, trifluoroacetate Hexafluoro-2,4-pentadionate; Neodecanoates, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonates, sulfurized unsaturated natural and / or synthetic resins, for example, turpentine, rosin and copaiba
• the composition may contain at least one further component in addition to the components already mentioned.
• the at least one further component is preferably selected from the group consisting of a binder, a further solvent, a crosslinker, another additive or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the binders used can be, for example, polyurethane, polyacrylates, polyesters, polyvinyl alcohols, polysulfones or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the further solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), ammonia, an alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol or hexanol, ethoxyethanol, methoxyethanol, methoxypropanol, ethoxyethanol or a mixture of at least two of them.
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
• ammonia an alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol or hexanol, ethoxyethanol, methoxyethanol, methoxypropanol, ethoxyethanol or a mixture of at least two of them.
• the crosslinker may be, for example, a silane.
• the further additive can be selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants, such as polyalkylene glycol ethers or alkyl polyglucosides, ionic surfactants, such as alkyl carboxylates, alkylbenzenesulfonates or alkanesulfonates, or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the composition preferably contains the at least one further component in a range from 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably in a range from 0.5 to 4.5% by weight, or preferably in a range from 1 to 4 wt .-%, based on the total mass of the composition.
• the composition has a pH in a range from 3 to 8, or preferably in a range from 4 to 7.
• the composition further comprises a surface-active substance.
• the composition preferably contains the surfactant in a range of 0.001 to 5 wt%, preferably in a range of 0.005 to 4 wt%, or preferably in a range of 0.0 to 3 wt%.
• the surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant and an amphoteric surfactant, or a mixture of at least two thereof. All surfactants mentioned include a non-polar part and a polar part.
• the non-polar part may be selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkylbenzene group or a combination thereof.
• the polar portion of the nonionic surfactants may be selected from the group consisting of an alcohol group, an ether group, an acrylate group, or a combination of at least two thereof.
• the polar portion of the anionic surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate, a sulfonate, a sulfate or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the polar part of the cationic surfactant may be, for example, a quaternary ammonium group.
• the polar portion of the amphoteric surfactant may be selected from a combination of at least one polar portion of a cationic and an anionic surfactant.
• the surfactant includes a silicon-containing compound. Examples thereof are dimethylpolysiloxane having a molecular weight in a range from 400 to 10,000 g / mol, preferably in a range from 500 to 9000 g / mol, or preferably in a range from 600 to 8000 g / mol.
• surfactant products are polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane as BYK-333 ®, polyacrylate, BYK-381 ®, and polypropylene glycol available as DISPERBYK-193 ®, all at Byk-Chemie GmbH, Wesel.
• a protective layer applied to at least a portion of the layer structure is in a further step E4.
• the protective layer is preferably selected from the group consisting of physically drying lacquers, oxidatively crosslinking lacquers, thermally crosslinking lacquers (for example commercially available clearcoats for cars) and radiation-crosslinking lacquers.
• the substrate to which the composition is applied as described above can be any material that would be used by those skilled in the art to make a layered construction.
• the substrate is selected from the group consisting of a paper, a wood, a textile, a glass, a polymer, a metal, a ceramic, a horny layer, in particular fingernails or toenails, or a combination of at least two from that.
• the paper can be any type of paper that would be selected by those skilled in the substrate in the process.
• the paper preferably has a density in a range of 10 to 500 g / m 2 , or preferably in a range of 20 to 400 g / m 2 , or preferably in a range of 50 to 350 g / m 2 .
• the wood can be any type and form of wood that would be selected by the person skilled in the art for the substrate in the process.
• the textile may be any textile that would be selected by a person skilled in the art for the substrate in a layered construction.
• the textile may be in the form of fibers, fabrics or as a flow.
• the textile can be woven, braided, knitted, knitted or unwoven.
• the textile may be made of natural fabrics such as wool, cotton, silk, cellulose or other natural fibers.
• the textile can also consist of fibers of artificial materials, such as, for example, nylon, polyesters, polyacrylic acids, polyacrylonitriles, polyamides, polyaramides or other polymers, or of carbon, glass or metal fibers (wires).
• the textile may also consist of mixtures of at least two of the mentioned materials.
• the glass can be any glass that would be selected by the person skilled in the art for the substrate in a layered structure.
• the glass is preferably selected from the group consisting of an alkali glass, a non-alkali glass, a silicate glass or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the glass is preferably selected from the group consisting of a soda-lime glass, a lead caliglas, borosilicate glass, aluminum silicate glass, quartz glass or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the polymer may be any polymer that would be selected by a person skilled in the art for the substrate in a layered construction.
• the polymer is preferably selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene, polypropylene, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a polyvinyl chloride, a polyvinyl acetate, a polyvinyl butyrate, a polyacrylic acid ester, a polyacrylic acid amide, a polymethacrylic acid ester, a polymethacrylic acid amide, a Polyacrylonitrile, a styrene / acrylic acid ester, a vinyl acetate / acrylic ester and an ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, a polybutadiene, a polyisoprene, a polystyrene, a polyether, a polyester, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a
• the metal may be any metal that would be selected by those skilled in the substrate in a layered construction.
• the metal is selected from the group consisting of iron, steel, aluminum, silver, titanium, copper, gold, tin, zinc, lead, silicon or a mixture or combination of at least two thereof.
• the ceramic may be any ceramic material that would be selected by one skilled in the art for the substrate in a layered construction.
• the ceramic is preferably selected from the group consisting of an oxide ceramic, a silicate ceramic, a non-oxide ceramic or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the oxide ceramic is preferably selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a semi-metal oxide or a mixture thereof.
• the metal of the metal oxide may be selected from the group consisting of aluminum, beryllium, barium, boron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zirconium, titanium or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the metal oxide is preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), sodium oxide, boron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ), aluminum titanate (Al 2 Ti0 5 ) or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the semimetal of the semimetal oxide is preferably selected from the group consisting of boron, silicon, arsenic, tellurium or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the silicate ceramic is preferably a porcelain.
• the non-oxide ceramic may be selected from the group consisting of a carbide, a nitride or a mixture thereof.
• the carbide may be selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide (SiC), boron carbide (B 4 C), titanium carbide (TiC), tungsten carbide, cementite (Fe 3 C).
• the nitride may be selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride (S1 3 N 4 ), aluminum nitride (A1N), silicon aluminum oxynitride (SIALON) or a mixture of at least two thereof.
• the substrate has a conductivity of less than 10 13 S / cm.
• the substrate has an electrical conductivity in a range of 10 3 S / cm to 10 -13 S / cm, or preferably in a range of 10 2 S / cm to 10 " S / cm, or in a range of 10 1 S. / cm to 10 ⁇ 8 S / cm.
• the application of the composition takes place in step E2. through a brush, a screen, a felt-tip pen, a fountain pen or a nozzle.
• a brush any conventional brush can be used, which would select the expert for this.
• the selection and dimensions of the screen and the nozzle have already been given above.
• Another object of the present invention is a precursor of a layer structure obtainable according to the process steps El and E2 of the method described above.
• the precursor has at least one of the following properties:
• step E2 applied composition in a range of 0.1 ⁇ to 70 ⁇ , preferably in a range of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ , or preferably in a range of 0.1 to 1 ⁇ ;
• step E2 a conductivity of in step E2. applied composition in a range of 10 "1 S / cm to 10 ⁇ 8 S / cm;
• Another object of the present invention is a layer structure obtainable by the method described above.
• the layer structure has at least one of the following properties:
• the layer structure comprises a metal layer containing at least 70% by weight of gold in a thickness in a range from 0.05 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m;
• Another object of the present invention is a composition
• zl. Gold (Au) particles in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 50% by weight; z2. Water in a range of 0 to 5% by weight;
• a polar, protic, organic solvent as balance to 100% by weight; wherein the wt .-%, in each case based on the total mass of the composition, 100
• the composition includes at least one further component, preferably two further components, or preferably all further components selected from:
• Polyvinylpyrrolidone in an amount ranging from 0 to 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition;
• z5. a polyhydric alcohol in an amount ranging from 0 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition;
• the polyhydric alcohol is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol), 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 1, 3-dihydroxybenzene, 1, 4-dihydroxybenzene, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, 1,2, 4-trihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dinitrobenzene, L-adrenaline, a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a monosaccharide or disaccharide in mixtures with a liquid polyol, 1,1-tris (hydroxymethyl) propane, 2,2, -dimethylpropanediol-1, 3, a polyethylene glycol, preferably with
• the gold (Au) particles have a particle size D 50 of 20 nm or less, preferably 17 nm or less, or preferably 15 nm or less.
• Another object of the present invention is an article comprising a previously described layer structure or a layer structure obtainable by the previously described method.
• the article may be any item that would be selected by the skilled person.
• the article may be selected from the group consisting of a glass plate, a cylindrical glass body, an irregularly shaped glass body, a tile, a stone plate, a metal plate, a wooden plate, a plastic plate or foil, a vase, a plate, a cup, a Cup or a combination of at least two of them.
• the screen-printable pastes were printed on flat glass plates measuring 10 ⁇ 7 ⁇ 0.3 cm.
• the Planglasplatten were purchased from the company Leco glass in Schönsee. Viscosity:
• the viscosity of the printing compounds was measured using a Physica MCR 301 plate-cone system with Rheoplus Version 32 V3.40 software (by Anton Paar) at a temperature of 20 ⁇ 0.1 ° C using a CP 25-1 measuring cone (angle 1 ° ). After 30 seconds of temperature control, a ramp of the shear rate of 1 s "1 to 500 s " 1 was generated with 25 equidistant steps, each step being kept the same for a duration of 30 seconds. The shear rate of 500 s -1 was maintained for 30 seconds, after which the shear rate was reduced in 25 equidistant increments as above to 1 s -1 . The viscosity was determined at a shear rate of 500 s -1 at the end of 30 seconds.
• a Zeiss 5104775 light-section microscope was used at 200 ⁇ magnification.
• the printed and cured sample was placed on the sample table and the 0 position was set. Subsequently, the horizontal line of the reticle was aligned with the surface of the substrate. The crosshair was then aligned with the surface of the layer and the measured value read off. The measurements were carried out at room temperature (23 to 25 ° C).
• the measurement was carried out in accordance with EN ISO 2813: 1999.
• a device type GL0030 from TQC Therminport Quality Control GmbH was used.
• the measurement was carried out at a Einstrahl- / measurement angle of 20 °.
• Glass was used as substrate, the layer thickness was about 0.3 cm after drying at 150 ° C for one hour.
• Calibration was carried out using the polished black glass plate integrated in the device. PH value:
• the pH of the solution was measured directly using a pH meter type Portamess (Knick Elektronische Messtechnik GmbH & Co. KG).
• the pastes were applied by hand pressure (plastic blade) through a polyester fabric (with or without structure) 120/34 (120 threads / cm with a diameter of 34 ⁇ ), commercially available from Sefar AG, directly on glass plates.
• the prints were in each case at room temperature and normal pressure. drying:
• the printed glass plates were placed in a heated at 150 ° C drying oven (Thermo Scientific, type UT6060) and left there for 60 minutes.
• the deep red solution was filtered through a paper filter (Schleicher & Schuell GmbH, Dassel) with a pore size of 15 to 20 microns and then with concentrated hydrochloric acid (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt) to a pH of 3.0 to 3 , Set to 1/25 ° C.
• the nanogold was precipitated as a black precipitate at room temperature by dropwise addition of a 5% aqueous solution of the precipitants indicated in Table 1.
• the precipitation process is over when the color of the solution turns black without leaving a bluish tint.
• mercapto Succinic acid as precipitant required 300 ml of precipitating solution to obtain a black precipitate.
• the black precipitate was allowed to settle overnight and carefully decant the supernatant clear, brown mother liquor.
• the precipitate was then washed 6 times with 100 g of acidic distilled water (pH 1.0-1.2) at room temperature. For each wash, it was stirred for 10 minutes and allowed to settle for at least 3 hours. After 3 hours, the wash solution was decanted. It was then washed with enough distilled water so that the pH of the decanted water was 1.8-2.0 at 25 ° C.
• the wash water had a dry residue at 100 ° C of less than 0.02%. If the dry residue is higher than 0.02%, further washes with wash solution or distilled water are necessary until a dry residue (100 ° C) of 0.02%) or less is reached.
• the black residue was slurried in 40 g of deionized water (2.5-3.0 ⁇ 8 / ⁇ conductivity) and adjusted to pH 4.5-5.0 / 25 ° C with 10% aqueous ammonia solution.
• the result was a deep red dispersion which was filtered through paper filters (20-30 micrometers pore size) (Schleicher & Schuell GmbH, Dassel).
• the gold content of the resulting suspension was 20%> Au (gravimetric determination of the ignition residue).
• the mercaptosuccinic acid was obtained from Alfa Aesar GmbH & Co. Kg, Düsseldorf, N-acetylcysteine from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt), thiodiethanol from the company Fluka Chemie GmbH, CH-Buchs. The optical properties were visually assessed.
• Table 2 lists the ingredients for three different screen-print capable paste I, II and III containing gold:
• Example formulations for screen-printable pastes Components 1-6 were weighed into a glass jar of at least 500 g in turn. While stirring with a magnetic stirrer at 85 ° C each 40g of water were evaporated. After complete cooling, the component 7 was added and homogenized by means of a three-roll mill (EXAKT, Norderstedt, laboratory roller mill) at room temperature. Two homogenization passes were performed.
• EXAKT Norderstedt, laboratory roller mill
• Example 1 with the precipitant mercaptosuccinic acid sample la) or the pastes from Examples I to III were applied to various substrates, also called application.
• the conditions, the nature of the application and the heating conditions are summarized in Table 3. Table 3 also lists the results of this application.
• Table 3 Examples of the inventive application and heating of different substrates with compositions according to the invention in the form of solutions and pastes.
• Table 4 lists the ingredients for two different screen printable pastes IV and V which contain gold, platinum and palladium for a white gold treatment:
• Table 4 Examples of the inventive application and heating of different substrates with compositions according to the invention in the form of solutions or pastes
• Components 1-7 of Table 4 were weighed into a corresponding tray in turn. While stirring with a magnetic stirrer at 85 ° C 279g of water were evaporated. After complete cooling, the component 8 is added and homogenized by means of a three-roll mill (EXAKT, Norderstedt, laboratory roller mill) at room temperature. Two homogenization passes were performed. Nano-platinum solution, or nano-palladium solution can be commercially available from the company. Strem Chemicals Inc. in Kehl. The following is a schematic representation of the method steps of a method according to the invention.
• FIG. 1 schematically shows the steps of the method according to the invention.
• the composition 6 of example 1 is provided in a container.
• the composition 6 is applied to a substrate 4, for example in the form of a glass pane with the dimensions 7 * 10 cm by means of screen printing with a mesh size of 150 ⁇ means of a 70 shore rubber squeegee.
• the wet film thickness of the composition 6 is about 20 ⁇ .
• the substrate 4 together with the composition 6 forms the precursor 12 according to the invention.
• the substrate 4 together with the composition 6 becomes in step E3. 50 in a hot air oven, Fisher Scientific, type UT6060 for 1 h at 150 ° C under atmospheric pressure.
• a gold layer 8 is formed from the composition 6 and in this way an inventive layer structure 2 is obtained.
• a protective layer 10 in the form of a commercial transparent lacquer (eg clear lacquer for car painting, such as Profix 2K MS clearcoat CP400 or Pro fix 2K clearcoat matt CM 10).
• FIG. 2 a shows a precursor 12 which consists of a substrate 4 to which a composition 6 has been applied.
• the substrate 4 may be, for example, a paper, a glass or a ceramic.
• the substrate 4 is a 1 mm thick polypropylene film measuring 20 * 20 cm.
• a layer structure 2 is formed by heating at 50 ° C. of the precursor 12 from FIG. 2 a.
• This layer structure 2 consists of the substrate 4 and a gold layer 8.
• the gold layer has a thickness of 1 ⁇ .
• FIG. 2c shows the layer structure 2 from FIG. 2b, with a protective layer 10 additionally being applied to the gold layer 8.
• the protective layer 10 can also be applied to the underside of the substrate 4.
• FIG. 2d shows an article 20 consisting of a table top 22 onto which a layer structure 2 has been applied.
• the layer structure 2 includes the substrate 4, the gold layer 8 and the protective layer 10.
• the layer structure 2 may have the same dimensions and materials as described in FIGS. 2a and 2b.
• FIG. 3 shows a transmission electron microscopy image of a composition 6 according to the invention.
• the composition corresponds to Example 1 sample a).
• the magnification of the transmission electron microscopy images was 45000. It can be clearly seen that the round to oval-shaped gold particles have a diameter in a range of 1 to 10 ⁇ , wherein about half of the particles have a diameter of below 5 ⁇ , which corresponds to a D 50 of 4.9 nm. 10% of the particles have a diameter of 2.8 nm and smaller, which corresponds to a D 10 of 2.8 nm, and 90% of the particles have a diameter of 10.1 nm and smaller, giving a D 90 of 10.1 nm. In this case, particles that adhere to other particles were considered as individual particles.
• FIG. 4 shows a photograph with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) of the same type as described in FIG.
• FIG. 4 shows a composition 6 according to example 1 of sample b.
• FIG. 4 was measured at a magnification of 45,000. It can be seen in FIG. 4 that the gold particles have diameters in a range from 3 to 16 nm, with approximately half of the particles having a diameter of less than 10 nm, which corresponds to a D50 of 9.1 nm.
• TEM transmission electron microscope
• 10% of the particles have a diameter of 5.5 nm and smaller, which corresponds to a D 10 of 5.5 nm, and 90% of the particles have a diameter of 15.8 nm and smaller, giving a D 90 of 15.8 nm corresponds.
• particles that adhere to other particles were considered as individual particles. The diameter was determined on a free side of the adhered particles.
• FIG. 5 shows a photograph with a transmission electron microscope of the same type as described in FIG.
• FIG. 5 shows a composition 6 of example 1 sample c) with a magnification of 45,000.
• the gold particles have diameters in a range from 7 to 40 nm. About half of the particles have a diameter of less than 27 nm, which corresponds to a D50 of 24.9 nm. In this case, particles that adhere to other particles were considered as individual particles. The diameter was determined on a free side of the adhered particles.
• the gloss of the composition 6 depends on the particle size of the Au particles. While the composition 6 of Figures 3 and 4 appear glossy, the composition 6 of Figure 5 is semi-gloss.

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