EP2340229A1 - Method for producing a carbon nanotube-, fullerene- and/or graphene-containing coating - Google Patents

Method for producing a carbon nanotube-, fullerene- and/or graphene-containing coating

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Publication number
EP2340229A1
EP2340229A1 EP09743836A EP09743836A EP2340229A1 EP 2340229 A1 EP2340229 A1 EP 2340229A1 EP 09743836 A EP09743836 A EP 09743836A EP 09743836 A EP09743836 A EP 09743836A EP 2340229 A1 EP2340229 A1 EP 2340229A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coating
carbon nanotubes
fullerenes
graphene
application
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09743836A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Helge Schmidt
Isabell Buresch
Udo Adler
Dirk Rode
Sonja Priggemeyer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wieland Werke AG
TE Connectivity Germany GmbH
KME Special Products GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Tyco Electronics AMP GmbH
KME Germany GmbH
Wieland Werke AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tyco Electronics AMP GmbH, KME Germany GmbH, Wieland Werke AG filed Critical Tyco Electronics AMP GmbH
Publication of EP2340229A1 publication Critical patent/EP2340229A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/36—Successively applying liquids or other fluent materials, e.g. without intermediate treatment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/04—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/12—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by mechanical means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G19/00—Compounds of tin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
    • C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
    • C23C24/06—Compressing powdered coating material, e.g. by milling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12708—Sn-base component

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a coating comprising carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes on a substrate, comprising applying carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes to a tin-containing coating and introducing the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or or graphene in the coating by mechanical or thermal treatment.
  • the invention further relates to the coated substrate produced by the method according to the invention and to the use of the coated substrate as an electromechanical component.
  • Carbon nanotubes were discovered by Sumio lijama in 1991 (see S. lijama, Nature, 1991, 354, 56). lijama found in the soot of a fullerene generator under certain reaction conditions tubular structures of only a few 10 nm diameter, but up to several micrometers in length. The compounds he found consisted of several concentric graphite tubes, which got the name multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Shortly thereafter, lijama and Ichihashi became single-walled CNTs of about 1 nm diameter, which were correspondingly called single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (see S. lijama, T. Ichihashi, Nature, 1993, 363, 6430).
  • MWCNTs multi-walled carbon nanotubes
  • CNTs are e.g. their mechanical tensile strength and stiffness of about 40 GPa and 1 TPa, respectively (20 and 5 times higher than steel).
  • the carbon nanotubes belong to the family of fullerenes and have a diameter of 1 nm to several 100 nm.
  • Carbon nanotubes are microscopic tubular structures (molecular nanotubes) made of carbon. Their walls, like the fullerenes or, like the planes of the graphite, consist only of carbon, the carbon atoms occupying a honeycomb-like structure with six corners and three binding partners each (dictated by SP 2 hybridization).
  • the diameter of the tubes is usually in the range of 1 to 50 nm, but also tubes were made with only 0.4 nm diameter. Lengths of several millimeters for single tubes and up to 20 cm for tube bundles have already been achieved.
  • the synthesis of the carbon nanotubes usually takes place by deposition of carbon from the gas phase or a plasma.
  • the current carrying capacity is estimated to be 1000 times higher than copper wires, the thermal conductivity is at room temperature with 6000 W / m * K almost twice as high as that of Diamant, the best natural occurring thermal conductor.
  • the carbon nanotubes belong to the group of fullerenes.
  • Fullerenes are spherical molecules of high symmetry carbon atoms, which represent the third elemental modification of carbon (besides diamond and graphite).
  • the preparation of the fullerenes usually takes place by evaporating graphite under reduced pressure and under a protective gas atmosphere (eg argon) with resistance heating or in the arc.
  • a protective gas atmosphere eg argon
  • Graphenes are monatomic layers of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms. Graphenes show very good electrical and thermal conductivity along their plane. Graphs are represented by splitting graphite into its basal planes. Initially, oxygen is intercalated. The oxygen reacts partially with the carbon and leads to a mutual repulsion of the layers. Subsequently, the graphenes are suspended and, depending on the intended use, embedded in polymers, for example.
  • Another way of displaying individual graphene layers is to heat hexagonal silicon carbide surfaces to temperatures in excess of 1400 ° C. Because of the higher vapor pressure of silicon, the silicon atoms evaporate faster than the carbon atoms. Thin layers of monocrystalline graphite, consisting of a few graphene monolayers, then form on the surface.
  • Tin or tin alloys are commonly used to solder electrical contacts, for example to bond together copper wires.
  • tin or tin alloys are often applied to connectors to improve the coefficient of friction, protect against corrosion and also contribute to improving the conductivity.
  • the problem with tin or tin alloys is in particular the softness of the metal or of the alloy, so that in particular in the case of frequent dissolution and Connecting connectors and vibrations the tin-containing coating is worn and thus lost the benefits of the tin-containing coating.
  • the object of the present invention was thus to provide a coating of a tin-containing material which ensures a lower tendency to wear and / or an improved friction corrosion behavior with constant or improved properties relating to the coefficient of friction, conductivity and the like.
  • the object is achieved by a method for producing a carbon nanotube, fullerene and / or graphene-containing coating, comprising the application of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene on a tin-containing coating and introducing the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or Graphene in the coating by mechanical or thermal treatment.
  • the substrate on which the tin-containing coating is located is preferably a metal, more preferably copper and its alloys. Between the tin-containing coating and the substrate, at least one further intermediate layer can advantageously also be applied.
  • tin-containing coating on the substrate tin or a tin alloy is preferably used.
  • the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene are applied or introduced, wherein the coating metal in the application or incorporation of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene solid, liquid or doughy may be present.
  • the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes are introduced into the tin-containing coating, which can be done by mechanical or thermal treatment.
  • the mechanical treatment comprises exerting mechanical pressure on the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes. This is preferably done by applying to the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a punch, mechanical brushes, by spraying or by blowing the mechanical pressure.
  • the spraying and blowing should be understood as exerting mechanical pressure.
  • the tin-containing coating can be solid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes (ie in solid state) and the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene in the coating by applying mechanical pressure to the carbon -Nanorschreiben, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a stamp or mechanical brushing done.
  • the coating may be liquid or doughy, with the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes into the coating / the coating metal by applying mechanical pressure to the carbon nanotubes. Nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a stamp, mechanical brushes, by spraying or by blowing. If the coating is liquid, the melting temperature of the coating can be undershot when introducing the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes so that the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes are fixed in the layer.
  • the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes into the coating can also be effected thermally.
  • the thermal treatment comprises heating the coating to a temperature below or above the melting point of the coating. Heating to a temperature below the melting point of the coating leads here to a doughy state and heating to a temperature above the melting point of the coating thus leads to a liquid state of the coating.
  • the coating is solid upon application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes and is then heated to a temperature above the melting point of the coating.
  • the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene melt into the coating material and can be fixed by cooling the coating material below the melting point.
  • the coating is liquid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene and is then brought to a temperature below the melting point of the coating, whereby the penetrated into the liquid coating carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene are fixed.
  • the coating is solid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes and is then heated to a temperature below the melting point of the coating. This process is equivalent to tempering, whereby the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene slowly migrate into the coating material as a result of the doughy state of the coating achieved as a result.
  • the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes to the coating and / or the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene into the coating takes place under a normal atmosphere or under protective gas.
  • a normal atmosphere in the context of this invention, the normal ambient air is understood.
  • Any gas known in the art that provides an oxygen-free atmosphere can be used as the shielding gas.
  • nitrogen or argon can be used.
  • single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes can be used as powder or dispersed in a suspension as carbon nanotubes.
  • the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes can be provided with a metal coating before being applied to the coating.
  • the application of the jacket can be carried out by means of mechanical kneading with a metal.
  • a ball mill or an extruder can be used for the mechanical kneading.
  • the application of the cladding to the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes can also be done chemically, for example by applying a metal salt solution, which is subsequently reduced or by applying a metal oxide, which is subsequently reduced.
  • Another preferred embodiment is to ultrasonically disperse the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes in an Sn (alloy) melt to the metal strip and apply them in a shaft with subsequent mechanical stripping.
  • the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes form a composite with one another, ie they are interconnected.
  • a graphene on a carbon nanotube is particularly preferably arranged orthogonally at its axial end.
  • the invention also provides a coated substrate which has been produced by the process according to the invention.
  • the substrate is preferably copper or a copper-containing alloy or comprises copper or a copper-containing alloy or Al or an Al alloy or Fe or a Fe alloy. Alloy. It may also be advantageous that intermediate layers are applied between the tin-containing coating and the substrate.
  • coated substrate according to the invention is very well suited as an electromechanical component or stamped grid, for example as a switching element, plug connection and the like.

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a carbon nanotube-, fullerene- and/or graphene-containing coating on a substrate, comprising the steps of applying carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and/or graphenes onto a tin-containing coating and introducing carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and/or graphenes into the coating by mechanical and/or thermal treatment. The invention further relates to the coated substrate produced by the method according to the invention and to the use of the coated substrate as an electromechanical component or leadframe.

Description

Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene enthaltenden Beschichtunq Process for producing a coating comprising carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene enthaltenden Beschichtung auf einem Substrat, umfassend das Aufbringen von Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene auf eine zinnhaltige Beschichtung und Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung durch mechanische oder thermische Behandlung. Die Erfindung betrifft ferner das durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren hergestellte beschichtete Substrat sowie die Verwendung des beschichteten Substrats als elektromechanisches Bauteil.The invention relates to a method for producing a coating comprising carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes on a substrate, comprising applying carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes to a tin-containing coating and introducing the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or or graphene in the coating by mechanical or thermal treatment. The invention further relates to the coated substrate produced by the method according to the invention and to the use of the coated substrate as an electromechanical component.
Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren (CNTs) wurden von Sumio lijama im Jahre 1991 entdeckt (siehe S. lijama, Nature, 1991 , 354, 56). lijama fand im Ruß eines Fullerengenerators unter bestimmten Reaktionsbedingungen röhrenartige Gebilde von nur wenigen 10 nm Durchmesser, aber bis zu einigen Mikrometern Länge. Die von ihm gefundenen Verbindungen bestanden aus mehreren konzentrischen Graphitröhren, welche die Bezeichnung mehrwandige Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren (multi-wall carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs) bekamen. Kurz darauf wurden von lijama und Ichihashi einwandige CNTs von etwa nur 1 nm Durchmesser gefunden, welche entsprechend als single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) bezeichnet wurden (s. S. lijama, T. Ichihashi, Nature, 1993, 363, 6430).Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were discovered by Sumio lijama in 1991 (see S. lijama, Nature, 1991, 354, 56). lijama found in the soot of a fullerene generator under certain reaction conditions tubular structures of only a few 10 nm diameter, but up to several micrometers in length. The compounds he found consisted of several concentric graphite tubes, which got the name multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Shortly thereafter, lijama and Ichihashi became single-walled CNTs of about 1 nm diameter, which were correspondingly called single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (see S. lijama, T. Ichihashi, Nature, 1993, 363, 6430).
Zu den herausragenden Eigenschaften der CNTs zählen z.B. ihre mechanische Zugfestigkeit und Steifheit von etwa 40 GPa bzw. 1 TPa (20- bzw. 5-mal höher als die von Stahl).Among the outstanding properties of CNTs are e.g. their mechanical tensile strength and stiffness of about 40 GPa and 1 TPa, respectively (20 and 5 times higher than steel).
Bei den CNTs existieren sowohl leitende als auch halbleitende Materialien. Die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren gehören zu der Familie der Fullerene und besitzen einen Durchmesser von 1 nm bis einigen 100 nm. Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren sind mikroskopisch kleine röhrenförmige Gebilde (molekulare Nanoröhren) aus Kohlenstoff. Ihre Wände bestehen wie die der Fullerene oder wie die Ebenen des Graphits nur aus Kohlenstoff, wobei die Kohlenstoffatome eine wabenartige Struktur mit sechs Ecken und jeweils drei Bindungspartnern einnehmen (vorgegeben durch die SP2-Hybridisierung). Der Durchmesser der Röhren liegt meist im Bereich von 1 bis 50 nm, wobei aber auch Röhren mit nur 0,4 nm Durchmesser hergestellt wurden. Längen von mehreren Millimetern für einzelne Röhren und bis zu 20 cm für Röhrenbündel wurden bereits erreicht.Both conductive and semiconducting materials exist in CNTs. The carbon nanotubes belong to the family of fullerenes and have a diameter of 1 nm to several 100 nm. Carbon nanotubes are microscopic tubular structures (molecular nanotubes) made of carbon. Their walls, like the fullerenes or, like the planes of the graphite, consist only of carbon, the carbon atoms occupying a honeycomb-like structure with six corners and three binding partners each (dictated by SP 2 hybridization). The diameter of the tubes is usually in the range of 1 to 50 nm, but also tubes were made with only 0.4 nm diameter. Lengths of several millimeters for single tubes and up to 20 cm for tube bundles have already been achieved.
Die Synthese der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren erfolgt gewöhnlich durch Abscheidung von Kohlenstoff aus der Gasphase oder einem Plasma. Für die Elektronikindustrie sind vor allem die Strombelastbarkeit und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit interessant. Die Strombelastbarkeit liegt schätzungsweise 1000-mal höher als bei Kupferdrähten, die Wärmeleitfähigkeit ist bei Raumtemperatur mit 6000 W/m * K beinahe doppelt so hoch wie die von Diamant, dem besten natürliche vorkommenden Wärmeleiter.The synthesis of the carbon nanotubes usually takes place by deposition of carbon from the gas phase or a plasma. For the electronics industry, especially the current carrying capacity and the thermal conductivity are interesting. The current carrying capacity is estimated to be 1000 times higher than copper wires, the thermal conductivity is at room temperature with 6000 W / m * K almost twice as high as that of Diamant, the best natural occurring thermal conductor.
Im Stand der Technik ist bekannt, dass Nanoröhren mit herkömmlichem Kunststoff gemischt werden. Dadurch werden die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Kunststoffe stark verbessert. Außerdem ist es möglich, elektrisch leitende Kunststoffe herzustellen, beispielsweise wurden Nanoröhren bereits zur Leitfähigmachung von Antistatikfolien verwendet. Wie oben bereits ausgeführt gehören die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren zur Gruppe der Fullerene. Als Fullerene werden sphärische Moleküle aus Kohlenstoffatomen mit hoher Symmetrie bezeichnet, welche die dritte Element- Modifikation des Kohlenstoffs (neben Diamant und Graphit) darstellen. Die Herstellung der Fullerene erfolgt gewöhnlich durch verdampfen von Graphit unter reduziertem Druck und unter einer Schutgasatmosphäre (z.B. Argon) mit einer Widerstandsheizung oder im Lichtbogen. Als Nebenprodukt entstehen häufig die bereits oben besprochenen Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren. Fullerene haben halbleitende bis supraleitende Eigenschaften.It is known in the art that nanotubes are mixed with conventional plastic. This greatly improves the mechanical properties of the plastics. In addition, it is possible to produce electrically conductive plastics, for example, nanotubes have already been used for Leitfähigmachung antistatic films. As stated above, the carbon nanotubes belong to the group of fullerenes. Fullerenes are spherical molecules of high symmetry carbon atoms, which represent the third elemental modification of carbon (besides diamond and graphite). The preparation of the fullerenes usually takes place by evaporating graphite under reduced pressure and under a protective gas atmosphere (eg argon) with resistance heating or in the arc. As a by-product, the carbon nanotubes discussed above often arise. Fullerenes have semiconducting to superconducting properties.
Als Graphene bezeichnet man monoatomare Lagen von sp2-hybridisierten Kohlenstoffatomen. Graphene zeigen eine sehr gute elektrische und thermische Leitfähigkeit entlang ihrer Ebene. Die Darstellung von Graphen erfolgt durch Aufspalten von Graphit in seine Basalebenen. Dabei wird zunächst Sauerstoff interkaliert. Der Sauerstoff reagiert partiell mit dem Kohlenstoff und führt zu einer gegenseitigen Abstoßung der Schichten. Anschließend werden die Graphene suspendiert und je nach Verwendungszweck zum Beispiel in Polymere eingebettet.Graphenes are monatomic layers of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms. Graphenes show very good electrical and thermal conductivity along their plane. Graphs are represented by splitting graphite into its basal planes. Initially, oxygen is intercalated. The oxygen reacts partially with the carbon and leads to a mutual repulsion of the layers. Subsequently, the graphenes are suspended and, depending on the intended use, embedded in polymers, for example.
Eine weitere Möglichkeit der Darstellung einzelner Graphen-Lagen ist das Erhitzen hexagonaler Siliziumcarbid-Oberflächen auf Temperaturen oberhalb 1400 0C. Aufgrund des höheren Dampfdruckes des Siliciums evaporieren die Silicium-Atome schneller als die Kohlenstoff-Atome. Auf der Oberfläche bilden sich dann dünne Schichten einkristallinen Graphits, die aus wenigen Graphen- Monolagen bestehen.Another way of displaying individual graphene layers is to heat hexagonal silicon carbide surfaces to temperatures in excess of 1400 ° C. Because of the higher vapor pressure of silicon, the silicon atoms evaporate faster than the carbon atoms. Thin layers of monocrystalline graphite, consisting of a few graphene monolayers, then form on the surface.
Zinn oder Zinnlegierungen werden gewöhnlich zur Verlötung von elektrischen Kontakten verwendet, beispielsweise um Kupferdrähte miteinander zu verbinden. Ebenso werden Zinn oder Zinnlegierungen häufig auf Steckverbindungen aufgebracht, um den Reibwert zu verbessern, vor Korrosion zu schützen und ebenfalls zur Verbesserung der Leitfähigkeit beizutragen. Problematisch bei Zinn oder Zinnlegierungen ist insbesondere die Weichheit des Metalls bzw. der Legierung, so dass insbesondere bei häufigem Lösen und Verbinden von Steckverbindern und bei Vibrationen die zinnhaltige Beschichtung abgenutzt wird und somit die Vorteile der zinnhaltigen Beschichtung verloren gehen.Tin or tin alloys are commonly used to solder electrical contacts, for example to bond together copper wires. Likewise, tin or tin alloys are often applied to connectors to improve the coefficient of friction, protect against corrosion and also contribute to improving the conductivity. The problem with tin or tin alloys is in particular the softness of the metal or of the alloy, so that in particular in the case of frequent dissolution and Connecting connectors and vibrations the tin-containing coating is worn and thus lost the benefits of the tin-containing coating.
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung bestand somit in der Bereitstellung einer Beschichtung aus einem zinnhaltigen Material, das eine geringere Neigung zur Abnutzung und/oder ein verbessertes Reibkorrosionsverhalten bei gleichbleibenden oder verbesserten Eigenschaften betreffend den Reibwert, die Leitfähigkeit und dergleichen gewährleistet.The object of the present invention was thus to provide a coating of a tin-containing material which ensures a lower tendency to wear and / or an improved friction corrosion behavior with constant or improved properties relating to the coefficient of friction, conductivity and the like.
Die Aufgabe wird gelöst durch ein Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene enthaltenden Beschichtung, umfassend das Aufbringen von Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene auf eine zinnhaltige Beschichtung und Einbringen der Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung durch mechanische oder thermische Behandlung.The object is achieved by a method for producing a carbon nanotube, fullerene and / or graphene-containing coating, comprising the application of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene on a tin-containing coating and introducing the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or Graphene in the coating by mechanical or thermal treatment.
Das Substrat, auf dem sich die zinnhaltige Beschichtung befindet, ist bevorzugt ein Metall, besonders bevorzugt Kupfer und dessen Legierungen. Zwischen der zinnhaltigen Beschichtung und dem Substrat kann vorteilhafterweise auch nochwenigstens eine weitere Zwischenschicht aufgebracht sein.The substrate on which the tin-containing coating is located is preferably a metal, more preferably copper and its alloys. Between the tin-containing coating and the substrate, at least one further intermediate layer can advantageously also be applied.
Als zinnhaltige Beschichtung auf dem Substrat wird bevorzugt Zinn oder eine Zinnlegierung verwendet. Auf/In die Zinnlegierung werden die Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene aufgebracht bzw. eingebracht, wobei das Beschichtungsmetall bei der Aufbringung bzw. Einbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fest, flüssig oder teigig vorliegen kann.As the tin-containing coating on the substrate, tin or a tin alloy is preferably used. On / in the tin alloy, the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene are applied or introduced, wherein the coating metal in the application or incorporation of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene solid, liquid or doughy may be present.
Wie oben bereits ausgeführt, sind die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die zinnhaltige Beschichtung eingebracht, wobei dies durch mechanische oder thermische Behandlung erfolgen kann. Die mechanische Behandlung umfasst dabei das Ausüben von mechanischem Druck auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene. Vorzugsweise geschieht dies, indem auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene mittels einer Walze, eines Stempels, mechanischen Bürsten, durch Aufsprühen oder durch Einblasen der mechanische Druck ausgeübt wird. Im Sinne dieser Erfindung soll auch das Aufsprühen und Einblasen als Ausüben von mechanischem Druck verstanden werden.As already explained above, the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes are introduced into the tin-containing coating, which can be done by mechanical or thermal treatment. The mechanical treatment comprises exerting mechanical pressure on the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes. This is preferably done by applying to the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a punch, mechanical brushes, by spraying or by blowing the mechanical pressure. For the purposes of this invention, the spraying and blowing should be understood as exerting mechanical pressure.
Die zinnhaltige Beschichtung kann bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fest vorliegen (also in festem Aggregatzustand) und das Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung kann durch Ausüben von mechanischem Druck auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene mittels einer Walze, eines Stempels oder mechanischen Bürsten erfolgen.The tin-containing coating can be solid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes (ie in solid state) and the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene in the coating by applying mechanical pressure to the carbon -Nanoröhren, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a stamp or mechanical brushing done.
Ebenso kann die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene flüssig oder teigig vorliegen, wobei das Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung/das Beschichtungsmetall durch Ausüben von mechanischem Druck auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene mittels einer Walze, eines Stempels, mechanischen Bürsten, durch Aufsprühen oder durch Einblasen erfolgt. Falls die Beschichtung flüssig vorliegt, kann beim Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene die Schmelztemperatur der Beschichtung unterschritten werden, so dass die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in der Schicht fixiert werden.Likewise, during the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes, the coating may be liquid or doughy, with the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes into the coating / the coating metal by applying mechanical pressure to the carbon nanotubes. Nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a stamp, mechanical brushes, by spraying or by blowing. If the coating is liquid, the melting temperature of the coating can be undershot when introducing the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes so that the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes are fixed in the layer.
Wie oben bereits ausgeführt, kann das Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung auch thermisch erfolgen. Die thermische Behandlung umfasst dabei das Erhitzen der Beschichtung auf eine Temperatur unterhalb oder oberhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung. Erhitzen auf eine Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung führt hier zu einem teigigen Zustand und ein Erhitzen auf eine Temperatur oberhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung führt folglich zu einem flüssigen Zustand der Beschichtung.As already explained above, the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes into the coating can also be effected thermally. The thermal treatment comprises heating the coating to a temperature below or above the melting point of the coating. Heating to a temperature below the melting point of the coating leads here to a doughy state and heating to a temperature above the melting point of the coating thus leads to a liquid state of the coating.
In einer Ausführungsform ist die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fest und wird dann auf eine Temperatur oberhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung erhitzt. Dadurch schmelzen die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in das Beschichtungsmaterial ein und können durch Abkühlen des Beschichtungsmaterials unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes fixiert werden.In one embodiment, the coating is solid upon application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes and is then heated to a temperature above the melting point of the coating. As a result, the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene melt into the coating material and can be fixed by cooling the coating material below the melting point.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene flüssig vor und wird dann auf eine Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung gebracht, wodurch die in die flüssige Beschichtung eingedrungenen Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fixiert werden.In a further embodiment of the present invention, the coating is liquid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene and is then brought to a temperature below the melting point of the coating, whereby the penetrated into the liquid coating carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene are fixed.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform liegt die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fest vor und wird dann auf eine Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung erhitzt. Dieser Vorgang ist mit einem Tempern gleichzusetzen, wobei durch den dadurch erreichten teigigen Zustand der Beschichtung die Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene langsam in das Beschichtungsmaterial hineinwandern.In a further embodiment, the coating is solid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes and is then heated to a temperature below the melting point of the coating. This process is equivalent to tempering, whereby the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene slowly migrate into the coating material as a result of the doughy state of the coating achieved as a result.
In allen Ausführungsformen ist bevorzugt, dass das Aufbringen der Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene auf die Beschichtung und/oder das Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung unter einer Normalatmosphäre oder unter Schutzgas erfolgt. Unter Normalatmosphäre im Sinne dieser Erfindung wird die normale Umgebungsluft verstanden. Als Schutzgas kann jedes im Stand der Technik bekannte Gas verwendet werden, das eine sauerstofffreie Atmosphäre bereitstellt. Bekanntermaßen können beispielsweise Stickstoff oder Argon eingesetzt werden. In dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren können als Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren einwandige oder mehrwandige Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren als Pulver oder dispergiert in einer Suspension eingesetzt werden.In all embodiments, it is preferred that the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes to the coating and / or the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene into the coating takes place under a normal atmosphere or under protective gas. Under normal atmosphere in the context of this invention, the normal ambient air is understood. Any gas known in the art that provides an oxygen-free atmosphere can be used as the shielding gas. As is known, for example, nitrogen or argon can be used. In the process according to the invention, single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes can be used as powder or dispersed in a suspension as carbon nanotubes.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform können die Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene vor der Aufbringung auf die Beschichtung mit einer Ummantelung aus Metall versehen werden. Die Aufbringung der Ummantelung kann mittels mechanischer Verknetung mit einem Metall durchgeführt werden. Für die mechanische Verknetung kann beispielsweise eine Kugelmühle oder ein Extruder verwendet werden. Die Aufbringung der Ummantelung auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene kann ferner auf chemischem Wege erfolgen, beispielsweise durch Aufbringung einer Metallsalz-Lösung, welche anschließend reduziert wird oder durch Aufbringung eines Metalloxids, welches anschließend reduziert wird.In a further preferred embodiment, the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes can be provided with a metal coating before being applied to the coating. The application of the jacket can be carried out by means of mechanical kneading with a metal. For example, a ball mill or an extruder can be used for the mechanical kneading. The application of the cladding to the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes can also be done chemically, for example by applying a metal salt solution, which is subsequently reduced or by applying a metal oxide, which is subsequently reduced.
Eine weitere bevorzugte Ausführungsform ist, die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in einer Sn(-Legierungs)-Schmelze mittels Ultraschall dispergiert dem Metallband zuzuführen und in einer Welle mit anschließendem mechanischen Abstreifen aufzubringen.Another preferred embodiment is to ultrasonically disperse the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes in an Sn (alloy) melt to the metal strip and apply them in a shaft with subsequent mechanical stripping.
Im Sinne dieser Erfindung ist es ferner bevorzugt, wenn die Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene miteinander ein Komposit bilden, also miteinander verbunden sind. Besonders bevorzugt ist dabei ein Graphen auf einer Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhre an deren axialen Ende orthogonal angeordnet. Dadurch kann eine elektrische und thermische Leitfähigkeit in horizontaler und vertikaler Richtung erreicht werden. Auch die mechanische Belastbarkeit steigt in horizontaler und vertikaler Richtung.For the purposes of this invention, it is further preferred if the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes form a composite with one another, ie they are interconnected. In this case, a graphene on a carbon nanotube is particularly preferably arranged orthogonally at its axial end. As a result, electrical and thermal conductivity in the horizontal and vertical directions can be achieved. The mechanical load capacity increases in the horizontal and vertical direction.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist auch ein beschichtetes Substrat, das nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellt wurde. Bevorzugt ist das Substrat Kupfer oder eine kupferhaltige Legierung bzw. umfasst Kupfer oder eine kupferhaltige Legierung bzw. AI oder eine AI-Legierung bzw. Fe oder eine Fe- Legierung. Es kann ferner vorteilhaft sein, dass zwischen der zinnhaltigen Beschichtung und dem Substrat Zwischenschichten aufgebracht werden.The invention also provides a coated substrate which has been produced by the process according to the invention. The substrate is preferably copper or a copper-containing alloy or comprises copper or a copper-containing alloy or Al or an Al alloy or Fe or a Fe alloy. Alloy. It may also be advantageous that intermediate layers are applied between the tin-containing coating and the substrate.
Das erfindungsgemäße beschichtete Substrat eignet sehr gut als elektromechanisches Bauteil oder Stanzgitter, beispielsweise als Schaltelement, Steckverbindung und dergleichen. The coated substrate according to the invention is very well suited as an electromechanical component or stamped grid, for example as a switching element, plug connection and the like.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene enthaltenden Beschichtung auf einem Substrat, umfassend das Aufbringen von Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene auf eine zinnhaltige Beschichtung und Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung durch mechanische und/oder thermische Behandlung.1. A method for producing a carbon nanotube, fullerene and / or graphene-containing coating on a substrate, comprising the application of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene on a tin-containing coating and introducing the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes in the coating by mechanical and / or thermal treatment.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als zinnhaltige Beschichtung Zinn oder eine Zinnlegierung verwendet wird.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that is used as the tin-containing coating tin or a tin alloy.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fest, flüssig oder teigig vorliegt.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the coating in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene solid, liquid or pasty present.
4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die mechanische Behandlung das Ausüben von mechanischem Druck auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene umfasst.4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the mechanical treatment comprises the application of mechanical pressure to the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Ausüben von mechanischem Druck auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene mittels einer Walze, eines Stempels, mechanischen Bürsten, durch Aufsprühen oder durch Einblasen erfolgt.5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the exertion of mechanical pressure on the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a punch, mechanical brushes, by spraying or by blowing.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fest vorliegt und das Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung durch Ausüben von mechanischem Druck auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene mittels einer Walze, eines Stempels oder mechanischen Bürsten erfolgt. 6. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the coating is solid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene and introducing the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene in the coating by exerting of mechanical pressure on the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a punch or mechanical brushing takes place.
7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene flüssig oder teigig vorliegt und das Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung durch Ausüben von mechanischem Druck auf die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene mittels einer Walze, eines Stempels, mechanischen Bürsten, durch Aufsprühen oder durch Einblasen erfolgt.7. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the coating is present in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene liquid or doughy and the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene in the coating by applying mechanical pressure to the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene by means of a roller, a punch, mechanical brushes, by spraying or by blowing.
8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die thermische Behandlung das Erhitzen der Beschichtung auf eine Temperatur unterhalb oder oberhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung umfasst.8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the thermal treatment comprises heating the coating to a temperature below or above the melting point of the coating.
9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fest vorliegt und dann auf eine Temperatur oberhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung erhitzt wird.9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the coating is solid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene and then heated to a temperature above the melting point of the coating.
10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene flüssig vorliegt und dann auf eine Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung gebracht wird.10. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the coating is present in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene liquid and is then brought to a temperature below the melting point of the coating.
11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beschichtung bei der Aufbringung der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene fest vorliegt und dann auf eine Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes der Beschichtung erhitzt wird.11. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the coating is solid in the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene and then heated to a temperature below the melting point of the coating.
12. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Aufbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene auf die Beschichtung und/oder das Einbringen der Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene in die Beschichtung unter einer Normalatmosphäre oder unter Schutzgas erfolgt.12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the application of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene on the coating and / or the introduction of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene in the coating is carried out under a normal atmosphere or under inert gas.
13. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren einwandige oder mehrwandige Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren eingesetzt werden.13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes are used as carbon nanotubes.
14. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene vor der Aufbringung auf die Beschichtung mit einer Ummantelung aus Metall versehen werden.14. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes are provided prior to application to the coating with a sheath of metal.
15. Verfahren nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Ummantelung mittels mechanischer Verknetung der Kohlenstoff- Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene mit dem Metall oder auf chemischem Weg erfolgt.15. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the casing takes place by means of mechanical kneading of the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphene with the metal or by chemical means.
16. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren, Fullerene und/oder Graphene vor der Aufbringung auf das Metallband in einer Zinn enthaltenden Metallschmelze mit Ultraschall dispergiert werden und in einer Welle mit anschließendem mechanischen Abstreifen zur Einstellung einer definierten Schichtdicke aufgebracht werden.16. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and / or graphenes are dispersed prior to application to the metal strip in a tin-containing molten metal with ultrasound and in a shaft with subsequent mechanical stripping to set a defined layer thickness be applied.
17. Beschichtetes Substrat, hergestellt nach einem Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16.17. A coated substrate prepared by a method according to any one of claims 1 to 16.
18. Beschichtetes Substrat, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Substrat aus Kupfer oder einer kupferhaltigen Legierung, Aluminium oder einer aluminiumhaltigen Legierung oder Eisen oder einer eisenhaltigen Legierung besteht.18. Coated substrate, characterized in that the substrate consists of copper or a copper-containing alloy, aluminum or an aluminum-containing alloy or iron or an iron-containing alloy.
19. Beschichtetes Substrat nach Anspruch 17 oder 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Substrat ferner wenigstens eine Zwischenschicht umfasst, wobei die Zwischenschicht zwischen dem Substrat und der zinnhaltigen Beschichtung angeordnet ist.19. Coated substrate according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the substrate further comprises at least one Intermediate layer comprises, wherein the intermediate layer between the substrate and the tin-containing coating is arranged.
20. Verwendung des beschichteten Substrats nach einem der Ansprüche 17 bis 19 oder hergestellt nach einem Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16 als elektromechanisches Bauteil oder Stanzgitter. 20. Use of the coated substrate according to any one of claims 17 to 19 or prepared by a method according to any one of claims 1 to 16 as an electromechanical component or stamped grid.
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