CN104847459A - 内燃机 - Google Patents

内燃机 Download PDF

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CN104847459A
CN104847459A CN201510080986.2A CN201510080986A CN104847459A CN 104847459 A CN104847459 A CN 104847459A CN 201510080986 A CN201510080986 A CN 201510080986A CN 104847459 A CN104847459 A CN 104847459A
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combustion engine
internal
exhaust
urea
scr
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CN104847459B (zh
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M·韦特洛克
U·克莱恩
G·莱
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Deutz AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
    • B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
    • F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
    • F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2896—Liquid catalyst carrier
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/02—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
    • F01N2340/02—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses characterised by the distance of the apparatus to the engine, or the distance between two exhaust treating apparatuses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
    • F01N2340/06—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses characterised by the arrangement of the exhaust apparatus relative to the turbine of a turbocharger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
    • F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
    • F01N2570/18—Ammonia
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/10—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being heated, e.g. by heating tank or supply line of the added substance
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
    • F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种内燃机，该内燃机包括至少一个排气系，所述排气系具有至少一个排气后处理装置和至少一个尿素水溶液罐(HWLT)(3)，其中HWLT(3)靠近发动机设置。

Description

内燃机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种内燃机。这类内燃机例如由DE 103 48 800已知，它公开一种用于控制具有至少一个加热元件的还原剂输送***的方法。该输送***在上游与SCR催化器连接。在空气辅助地将还原剂喷入到输送***中时，通过被加热的元件形成空气和还原剂的蒸发混合物，所述蒸发混合物引入进入SCR催化器的排气混合物中。作为还原剂使用含水的尿素溶液。整个输送***包括用于HWL和空气的混合单元和加热元件/蒸发器单元在SCR催化器的流出侧在发动机出口的流出侧集成到引导排气的管中。对于蒸发HWL空气混合物所需要的热量在借助12V蓄电池电流的情况下电产生。
背景技术
DE 10 2007 029 674公开一种用于含氧的气流中的氮氧化物减小的结构组合件，尤其是内燃机的排气设备，包括在引导氮氧化物和氧气的气体导管中设置的SCR催化器、转化反应器和设置在转化反应器之后的、作为单独的构件构成的蒸发单元，所述转化反应器将包含氨前体的溶液转化成氨水，在所述蒸发单元中氨水在引入气体导管之前在SCR催化器上游蒸发。将包含氨前体的溶液(优选尿素水溶液)转化成氨水按照本发明在使用微波的情况下进行。在作为单独的构件实施的用于氨水的蒸发单元之前可以前置一个用于加热氨水的热交换器，以便减少用于蒸发所需要的能量，其方式为例如利用排气引回导管的热量。蒸发器本身是电气运行的加热元件。
DE 10 2007 042 836公开一种用于借助释放氨的液体、例如尿素水溶液的机动车的排气后处理装置，其具有用于存储液体的储备容器，其中设置用于液体调温的调温装置。所述调温装置用于冷却液体配置给机动车的冷却回路。在此可以涉及内燃机的冷却回路或空调设备回路。调温装置作为单独的构件实施。借助调温装置可以加热液体和阻止其冻结或将液体加热到有利的温度水平上，在所述温度水平中产生特别良好的排气净化。
DE 10 2009 009 538公开一种用于对内燃机的排气***的流体的添加剂、优选尿素水溶液调温的***，其特征在于用于在添加剂和致冷剂设备、尤其是空调设备的致冷剂回路之间热交换的机构。
基于在DE 10 2007 011 184中所述的研究，任务是，进一步降低内燃机、尤其是柴油机的排放成分，并且最小化为处理排气所需要的结构空间。为了解决该任务，公开用于冷却机动车的内燃机的排气的热交换器，以用于将排气引回内燃机。该热交换器具有至少一个用于以至少一个用于冷却的第一流体流经的第一流动通道和至少一个用于以要冷却的第二流体流经的第二流动通道以及用于接纳所述至少一个第一流动通道和所述至少一个第二流动通道的壳体。所述壳体具有至少一个用于第二流体流入热交换器中的流入区段和至少一个用于第二流体流出热交换器的流出区段。所述热交换器的特征在于至少一个用于将液体的尿素溶液转化成至少氨气的装置。
WO 2012/022687公开一种用于运行排气后处理装置的方法，所述排气后处理装置包括至少一个还原剂的存储器和至少一个还原剂的供给设备，其中所述方法至少具有如下步骤：a)测试所述至少一个存储器的填充状态；b)测试当前的排气质量流量；c)当所述至少一个存储器的填充状态处于填充状态最小值之下并且排气质量流量处于低负载范围中时输送还原剂。在一种特别的实施形式中在步骤c)中实施至少一个如下作用：至少加热排气质量流或还原剂并且输送还原剂。在此朝还原剂那边的供热可以通过外部的电加热器确保或改善。
DE 10 2009 025 135公开一种用于蒸发尿素水溶液的装置，其具有用于尿素水溶液的输送通道，所述输送通道延伸穿过至少一个第一区和用于引入热能的第二区，其中所述两个区可彼此分开地加热，并且在第二区中的输送通道首先在第二进入区域中具有波纹形的走向并且此后表明直线的走向。尿素水溶液在第一区中被预热到100℃至180℃范围中的温度，其在第二区中在420℃至490℃的温度时蒸发。
DE 10 2008 012 087公开一种用于由尿素水溶液产生具有氨的气流的蒸发单元，其同样作为单独的构件实施。
按照现有技术的工业用发动机典型地利用按照EP-B 1 054 722的催化有效的ANB***(所谓的“***”，包括具有在SCR/ASC催化器之前的尿素水溶液(HWL)计量的DOC/(c)DPF+SCR/ASC)运行，以便遵守适用的排放法规(Tier4final/EU Stufe IV以及后续条款)。
为了ANB***可以以要求的净化效率工作，需要230℃和更多的最小排气温度和催化器运行温度。
在低负载的运行状态中，要求的最小排气温度只可以借助发动机的热措施(例如发动机的节流)提供。用于提供需要的排气温度输入到排气中的能量对于传动系是失去的。这造成发动机减少的传动效率和提高的燃料消耗并且因此还有提高的CO2排放。
封闭的柴油颗粒过滤器的再生对燃料消耗有特别大的负面影响。在过滤器中加入的碳黑的受控制的烧损，需要大约600℃的排气温度。为了实现这点，i.d.R附加于被动再生还需要主动的措施，像例如附加的燃料再喷入和造成的未燃烧的碳氢化合物在DOC上的放热转化或例如按照EP-A 2 177 728、EP-A 2 192 279或WO 2010/139429借助燃料运行的燃烧器的主动再生措施。
用于运行SCR***作为还原剂典型地使用包含32.5％尿素的尿素水溶液。因此为了从中释放氨，必须首先蒸发67.5％的水并且尿素水解地分解成氨和CO2。
在当今的SCR***，用于产生还原剂氨需要的含水的尿素溶液(尿素-水-溶液HWL，也称为)在液体的、未调温的状态中在SCR催化器的流入侧喷入到排气中。将HWL完全地并且在(定量地)释放氨的情况下转化成气相需要的热量(＝尿素处理)必须完全通过热的排气提供。
然而尤其是在弱负载的运行点中，在排气中存在的热量经常不足以完全处理用于完全还原同样在排气中存在的氮氧化物所需要的喷入的HWL。结果是尿素和尿素后续产品如异氰酸、三聚氰酸和三聚氰胺在排气设备中沉积(结晶)，这也许可能导致排气设备的完全闭塞，以及由于不完全提供用于氮氧化物还原所需要的化学计算量的氨而在SCR反应中的转化损失。
发明内容
本发明的任务是，通过HWL的合适的预处理这样改善将尿素处理和水解成氨，以致即使在弱负载的运行点也可以在没有干扰结晶情况下实现用于确保完全的SCR转化的足够的氨产生。
在此可避免将附加的、昂贵的构件、例如热交换器、加热装置、炽热引火塞导入排气设备中或在发动机的***中导入。
该任务通过一种内燃机解决，其中所述内燃机具有至少一个排气系，所述排气系包括至少一个排气后处理装置和至少一个尿素-水-溶液罐(HWLT)，从而HWLT靠近发动机设置。
进一步该任务通过用于运行所述装置的方法解决。
一种有利的设计设定一种具有由DOC+SDPF+SCR/ASC构成的ANB***的工业用发动机，其中代替尿素水溶液喷入，设置在一个安装在发动机上的NH3发生器中的处理尿素并且将氨在SDPF之前、必要时附加地在SCR/ASC之前计量到排气中，以及用于SCR催化激活的颗粒过滤器(SDPF)的被动再生设计。颗粒过滤器的附加的停车再生在服务的范围内进行，排气背压通过SDPF的监控同样如此，以便在碳黑再生率不充分的情况下在服务间隔之外可以实施“紧急停车再生”。
通过将SCR催化器容积(部分)集成到颗粒过滤器中，相比于常规的***可能减小ANB***。结果是ANB***在冷起动之后的改善的加热特性和通过排气设备的显著较小的热损耗。但也得出结构空间优点。在颗粒过滤器后的SCR催化器可选地使用并且更确切地说是在如下情况中使用，即，可集成到颗粒过滤器中的SCR容积不足以在使用寿命(8000工作小时)中确保总***的NOx转换>97％时。
通过把将尿素处理成氨移到排气设备外和直接将氨计量到ANB***中，用于计量还原剂的温度阈值可以下降到显著低于200-230℃。
下面的温度计量阈值的限制处于SCR催化器的工作温度窗口的范围中。不存在尿素和尿素后续产品如异氰酸/三聚氰酸和三聚氰胺结晶的风险，所述尿素后续产品由尿素的不完全的分解造成并且在过小的工作温度时可能导致排气设备的完全闭塞。也不存在由于不完全将尿素处理成氨而限制脱氮效率。在低负载点中还原剂的用于补偿不完全的尿素处理的过度计量是多余的。ASC的减小和/或完全地避免时间上平均的(允许的)10Vppm的氨二次排放在没有ASC的情况下是可能的。
有利的进一步构成在从属权利要求中说明。
导入具有被动的过滤器再生设计的SCR催化激活的颗粒过滤器导致按照所谓的“CRT反应”的碳黑烧损＝利用NO2氧化加入的碳黑颗粒
反应：Cn+2n NO2→n CO2+2n NO
这与SCR反应竞争。对于SCR反应有三种反应机理，所述反应机理以不同的反应速度(RG)进行：
标准SCR：4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O中等的RG
快速SCR：NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O高RG
慢速SCR：6NO2+8NH32N2+12H2O低RG
为了对用于被动地再生颗粒过滤器的碳黑烧损提供充分多的NO2，前置的DOC必须在直到350-375℃排气温度的运行点提供在NOx中多于50％的NO2。如果“反应”比“慢速SCR”反应更快速地进行，则应该有NO2过剩量供碳黑烧损使用，从而确保被动的颗粒过滤器再生。
在大约300℃以上的DOC运行温度下，离开动力学控制的区域。在排气中借助催化器可产生的NO2浓度这时不再依赖于催化器功率，而是仅依赖于热力学平衡的位置。在大于400℃的温度时，不再可产生在NOx中多于50％的NO2浓度：
从250℃起，利用NO2的碳黑氧化已经开始。从300℃起，具有高的运行可靠性的颗粒过滤器的被动再生是可能的(来源：C.Hagelüken et al,”Autoabgaskatalysatoren“,2.Aufl.,expert Verlag2005,S.102)。在这些边界条件下，在提供足够高的NO2浓度的情况下，SCR反应和“反应”之间的竞争是易控制的。
要是通过DOC可提供的NO2量不足以用来有成效地触发在一方面SCR反应和另一方面碳黑再生之间的竞争，则存在可能性是，通过限定要计量的还原剂量限制SCR催化激活的过滤器的脱氮效率，以确保颗粒过滤器的充分的被动再生。对于这种情况，在一种备选的设计中，在一个后置的(附加的)SCR催化器之前设置一个用于氨的第二计量位置，以确保总***的要求的脱氮效率>97％。
通过计量氨作为还原剂代替HWL，取消了在排气温度中进行再处理的必要性。在将气态的NH3计量到排气中的挑战是在SDPF/催化器入口之前尽可能短的路段上保证NH3/排气混合物的均一化。
附图说明
接着借助附图解释本发明以及技术领域。要指出，本发明不限制于附图的主题。示意性示出：
图1按照本发明的装置的一种优选的实施变型方案。
图2内燃机的曲轴箱。
具体实施方式
图1示出一个内燃机1，它具有一个排气系2、一个尿素水溶液罐3和一个NH3发生器4。该NH3发生器4基本上设置在内燃机1的曲轴箱的区域中。在排气系2中沿排气的流动方向在DOC5和SDPF6之间设置一个NOx传感器9和一个由NH3发生器4供给的NH3输入装置。NH3发生器4也可以在SDPF6和SCR7之间给NH3输入装置提供NH3。一个氨逃逸催化器(Ammoniak-Schlupf-Katalysator)(ASC)8沿排气的流动方向处于SCR7之后。在排气系2的端部设置有一个NOx传感器9。在一种备选的设计中设定，NH3发生器4基本上设置在一个双壁的排气管11中，所述排气管具有两个NOx传感器9，其中一个NOx传感器9设置在DOC5和SDPF6之间而另一个设置在ASC8之后。
在图2中示出了内燃机1的曲轴箱，具有集成在冷却回路或水套13中的HWL热交换器14。HWL处于设置在内燃机的区域中的尿素水溶液罐3中。HWL借助液脲输送泵12输送到内燃机1的曲轴箱的引导冷却水的区域的区域中，HWL热交换器14处于该区域中并且通过该区域HWL被加热。在一种未示出的备选的设计中设定，HWL热交换器14设置在内燃机1的气缸头中。被加热的HWL借助液脲输送泵12在离开HWL热交换器14之后到达计量装置15中。在HWL离开计量装置15之后，它到达在排气管系16中的混合路段中，在所述混合路段中它被进一步加热。
缩写列表：
AdBlue  含水32.5％的尿素溶液
ANB     排气后处理
ASC     氨逃逸催化器(Ammoniak Slip Katalysator)
CSF     颗粒过滤器，具有用于氧化排气成分的涂层
DOC    柴油氧化催化器
DPF    柴油颗粒过滤器
NH3    氨
NOx    在发动机燃烧时产生的氮氧化物的总和(NO、NO2、N2O等)
SCR    选择性的催化还原
SDPF   具有SCR活性涂层的柴油颗粒过滤器
附图标记列表
1    内燃机
2    排气系
3    尿素水溶液罐
4    NH3发生器
5    DOC
6    SDPF
7    SCR
8    ASC
9    NOx传感器
10   气缸头
11   双壁的排气管
12   液脲输送泵
13   水套
14   HWL热交换器
15   计量装置
16   排气管系

Claims (10)

1.内燃机，包括至少一个排气系，所述排气系具有至少一个排气后处理装置和至少一个尿素水溶液罐(HWLT)，其特征在于，HWL热交换器(14)靠近发动机设置。
2.按照权利要求1所述的内燃机，其特征在于，HWL热交换器(HWWT)(14)处于内燃机的曲轴箱的引导冷却水的区域中。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的内燃机，其特征在于，排气系具有至少一个DOC(5)。
4.按照上述权利要求之一项或多项所述的内燃机，其特征在于，排气系(2)具有一个SDPF(6)。
5.按照上述权利要求之一项或多项所述的内燃机，其特征在于，排气系(2)具有至少一个SCR(7)。
6.按照上述权利要求之一项或多项所述的内燃机，其特征在于，排气系(2)具有至少一个ASC(8)。
7.按照上述权利要求之一项或多项所述的内燃机，其特征在于，排气系(2)具有至少一个NOx传感器(9)。
8.按照上述权利要求之一项或多项所述的内燃机，其特征在于，HWWT(14)设置在气缸头(10)上或气缸头中。
9.按照上述权利要求之一项或多项所述的内燃机，其特征在于，HWWT(14)基本上设置在一个尤其是双壁的排气管(11)中。
10.按照上述权利要求之一项或多项所述的内燃机，其特征在于，一个HWL计量阀直接处于排气涡轮增压器之后。
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KR20150096328A (ko) 2015-08-24
CN104847459B (zh) 2019-04-23
US10060319B2 (en) 2018-08-28
US20170218820A1 (en) 2017-08-03
US9656210B2 (en) 2017-05-23
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