WO1999006856A2 - Mikroskop mit adaptiver optik - Google Patents
Mikroskop mit adaptiver optik Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999006856A2 WO1999006856A2 PCT/EP1998/004801 EP9804801W WO9906856A2 WO 1999006856 A2 WO1999006856 A2 WO 1999006856A2 EP 9804801 W EP9804801 W EP 9804801W WO 9906856 A2 WO9906856 A2 WO 9906856A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- wavefront
- laser
- adaptive optics
- microscope
- microscope according
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
- G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/24—Base structure
- G02B21/241—Devices for focusing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/06—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the phase of light
Definitions
- the invention relates to the expansion of common microscopes to include adaptive optics in the observation and / or illumination beam path of a microscope.
- Adaptive optics are to be understood here as optically effective assemblies for wavefront modulation.
- the adaptive optics specifically change the phase and / or the amplitude of the light in such a way that that both a shift and shaping of the focus in the object space as well as a correction of any aberrations is brought about.
- the possible areas of use include confocal microscopy, laser-assisted microscopy, conventional light microscopy and analytical microscopy
- EPO 0307354 Bl, H Choffat, 1 988/1 992 "Ring arrangement made of bimorph piezo layers for the axial fine adjustment of components, eg microscope objectives" US 5, 1 42, 1 32, B MacDonald, R Hunter, A Smith, 1 990/1 992 "Adaptively Controlled Optical System for Wafer Production (Stepper)”
- the adaptive element controls the focus and corrects aberrations.
- the error signal for the correction is obtained from the light reflected from the wafer by interference with the original light.
- a precise method for aberration correction is not specified DP DE 3404063 C2, A Suzuki, M Kohno, 1 984/1 993 "Curved permeable membrane in the beam path of an imaging system for correcting imaging errors, particularly the lateral focus position"
- “Wavefront modulator” in the sense of this invention is a device for specifically influencing the phase and / or the amplitude of a light wave. Based on a reflective optical element (deformable mirror, electrostatic control or controlled by a piezo array or as a bimorph mirror) or a transmitting optical one Element (LCD or similar unit). This can be constructed continuously or segmented. In particular, the segments can be adapted to control the respective problem.
- “Aberrations in the microscope” The aberrations of the microscope objective that occur in a defocused operating mode can be categorized in principle Correctable and uncorrectable parts. The cause of the aberrations can be divided into aberrations caused by the lens, caused by the further imaging optics of the microscope and ultimately caused by the specimen itself.
- Controlling the wavefront modulator the wavefront modulator is controlled by a computer with the aid of suitable software.
- the required manipulated variables have either been calculated beforehand (offline) or are calculated from measured variables (online, for example using a wavefront sensor or by measuring the Point brightness in the intermediate image).
- the object of the invention is to achieve the axial shift of the focus in the object space without changing the distance between the lens and the object.
- this shift is carried out on the wavefront of the beam path.
- the axial displacement of the focus in the object corresponds to one spherical change in the wavefront, the lateral displacement of a tilt of the wavefront.
- aberrations in the beam path are also compensated for by changing the wavefront. These manipulations are carried out in a pupil plane of the beam path.
- the wavefront in the pupil of the lens or a plane equivalent to the pupil plane must be spherically deformed.
- a deformation can be achieved by a wavefront modulator, namely a wavefront phase modulator.
- FIG. 1 and 1a show a schematic imaging beam path of a light microscope with a viewed object, an objective and a tube lens for generating an intermediate image that can be viewed with eyepieces (not shown).
- a wavefront modulator is arranged between the tube lens and the objective. The wavefront curved after the lens is corrected by the wavefront modulator by compensating the aberrations of the lens.
- the fixed working distance from the objective front lens to the object eliminates any mechanical influence on the object by the microscope objective. It is e.g. It is only possible to take sectional pictures at different depths of the observation plane on the static, water-immersed object. Such a technique has so far failed due to the mechanical deformation of the object and its surroundings due to mechanical pressure on the specimen.
- the fixed working distance on the microscope also offers advantages in the analytical examination of samples in the biomedical field.
- Correction of aberrations resulting from the microtiter plate can be compensated for.
- the microtiter plate can be optically incorporated into the beam path and the microscope objective (for example the front lens) can be integrated into the microtiter plate
- FIG. 1 b shows an example of an embodiment of a light microscope with deformable mirrors that correct the wavefront in the direction of the tube nes.
- a first and a second modulator arrangement are included in the image via a beam splitter between the objective and the tube socket.
- In front of the modulator arrangements there are still optics for each Pupil adjustment provided Such arrangements will be discussed in more detail in connection with FIG. 7
- a suitable deformation of the wavefront by the wavefront modulator also makes it possible to correct aberrations by the specimen and the sample environment. This is shown in FIG. 2.
- the wavefront distorted by aberrations is corrected by the wavefront modulator arranged between the objective and the tube socket spherical components in the wavefront correction are not sufficient, aspherical components must be added.
- angular actuators are sufficient for the rotationally symmetrical aberrations (all terms of the spherical aberration of higher order).
- segmented actuators must be used
- Fig. 4 These can either be integrated with one another in the same wavefront modulator, or two independent modulators can be used in different pupil levels. In the first case, the number of actuators is scaled quadratically with the required resolution, in the latter linearly, which means less control electronics
- the current common phase modulators are limited in their amplitude and their maximum phase gradient that can be generated. This in turn limits the correction possibilities far from the working point of the lens.
- Possible solution is the combination of adaptive optics with conventional glass optics. The latter serves to generate a large phase gradient or large wavefront amplitudes , the fine tuning is achieved by the adaptive optics
- Another advantage of the method lies in the achromatic behavior of a reflection-based wavefront modulator.
- the entire spectral range from deep UV to hm to the far IR can be phase-modulated. Chromatic aberrations are excluded (apart from absorption effects). This results in new methods of chromatic correction
- the lighting is set sequentially to different wavelengths, with the wavefront modulator being set to the appropriate optical correction for each of the individual wavelengths.
- a set of chromatically optimally corrected images is thus obtained which, when superimposed, gives a high-resolution white correction, which is soft when used classic glass optics cannot be achieved in this way
- a lens with a wavefront modulator can be optimally corrected for any number of wavelengths in the optical spectrum
- the necessary wave fronts initially have only a rotationally symmetrical character.
- the adaptive optics In order to generate such wave fronts in the pupil of the microscope objective, the adaptive optics must have a distribution of the actuators with increasing spatial frequency towards the edge (FIG. 4), since at the edge the greatest gradient occurs in the wavefront
- FIG. 4 shows different actuator structures, with increasing spatial frequency in FIGS. 4a to 4c and with segments in FIG. 4d for correcting astigmatism and coma, for example
- a wavefront phase modulator can optimize the imaging of the illumination burner (or possibly the laser) into the object plane. Even with critical lighting, uniform illumination of the object space can be set.
- 3 shows a wavefront modulator between the collector and the condenser, which are arranged downstream of an illumination burner.
- the lighting intensity in the object plane can be spatially optimized in terms of intensity and homogeneity. In principle, such a pupil intervention is feasible.
- oblique illumination of the object space can be achieved.
- variable adaptation optics can be implemented, the focal lengths and imaging ratio of which can be set depending on the beam properties of the laser (s) and the fiber (s) used in order to achieve optimum fiber coupling. Arrangements based on the same principle can also be used when coupling illumination fibers to the microscope optics. Due to the speed of the modulators, time-resolved measurements and multiplexing methods can also be implemented in order to switch between one or more lasers and different fibers.
- the transmission can be dynamically adjusted through the defining pinhole. Both the position and the diameter of the focus can be varied within wide limits.
- the illumination laser or lasers can thus be optimally adjusted according to the respective requirements.
- the contour of the light distribution of the focus can also be adapted to the pinhole. Not only rotationally symmetrical, but also other outlines, such as diamond-shaped or rectangular apertures, which always occur in real pinholes, can be adjusted and optimized for maximum transmission or minimal diffraction losses. Such an optimization can on the one hand be set using previously calculated parameters or regulated during operation to certain parameters to be optimized.
- the chromatic correction can be adjusted depending on the illuminating laser used.
- the lighting and the recording optics images can be recorded sequentially at different wavelengths, each optimally chromatically corrected.
- Fig. 1 and Fig. L a the schematic imaging beam path of a light microscope
- FIG. 3 shows a wavefront modulator arranged between the collector and the condenser for setting a uniform illumination of the object space
- FIGS. 4 a to 4 c with increasing spatial frequency and in FIG. 4 d with segments
- Fig.5 different versions of wavefront modulators, including with electrostatic (Fig.5a), piezo-controlled (Fig.5b) and bimorphic membranes (Fig.5c) as control elements
- FIG. 5 shows various versions of wavefront modulators as are currently available.
- transmitting modulators based on LCD as shown in FIG. 5d
- reflective modulators with movable membranes are available, or reflective modulators with movable membranes.
- the latter in turn can be differentiated according to the type of their control elements: electrostatic (Fig.5a), piezo-controlled (Fig.5b) and bimorph membranes (Fig.5c) as control elements.
- electrostatic membrane mirror has advantages because of its numerous advantages.
- Such a microfabricated monolithic membrane mirror which is shown more clearly in FIG. 6a and FIG.
- the great advantage of the electrostatic membrane mirror lies in the fact that only a constant potential has to be applied to the actuator electrodes in order to set a parabolic shape.
- the parabolic shape of the mirror results from constant physical control of the electrodes from the physical behavior of the membrane (constant surface force). So you can achieve a large dynamic in the manipulated variable (mirror stroke) with low dynamics in the control variable, i.e. the applied voltage.
- FIG. 7 shows a laser scanning microscope with a short pulse laser, in particular for multi-photon excitation, which is explained in more detail below.
- the detected signal depends on the nth power of the excitation intensity.
- High intensities are required for stimulation. These high intensities are achieved through the use of short-pulse lasers and the subsequent diffraction-limited focusing with microscope objectives. The aim of the arrangement is therefore to make the focus as small as possible (i.e. ideal) and the pulse length as short as possible in the sample. In this way, high intensities can be achieved in the sample.
- Nonlinear processes include multi-photon absorption, generation of the second harmonic (SSHG) and second harmonic (SHG) surfaces, time-resolved microscopy, OBIC, LIVA etc.
- a two-photon laser scanning microscope is known from WO 91/07651, with excitation by laser pulses in the subpicosecond range at excitation wavelengths in the red or infrared range.
- the publications EP 666473A1, WO 95/301 66, DE 441 4940 are known from WO 91/07651, with excitation by laser pulses in the subpicosecond range at excitation wavelengths in the red or infrared range.
- AI describe suggestions in the picosecond range and above, with pulsed or continuous laser radiation
- a method for optically exciting a sample by means of two-photon excitation is described in DE C2 4331 570
- the utility model DE 29609850 describes the coupling of the radiation from short-pulse lasers into a microscopic beam path via optical fibers.
- an optical arrangement is provided between the laser and the optical fiber for wavelength-dependent temporal change of the laser pulses, which consists of at least two optical elements, for example prisms or mirrors
- the time difference of different wavelengths of the laser pulses can be adjusted by changing the distance between the optical elements
- two-photon fluorescence microscopy basically opens up the following possibilities compared to conventional Em-photon fluorescence microscopy
- Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) femtosecond laser pulses have a spectral width of several nanometers.
- the red-shifted wavelength components propagate faster through a positively dispersive medium (e.g. glass) than the blue-shifted wavelength components Reduction of the peak power or the fluorescence signal
- a pre-chirp unit (pair of prisms, gratings or a combination of both) represents a negatively dispersive medium, i.e. blue-shifted wavelength components propagate faster than red-shifted ones. With the help of a pre-chirp unit, the group velvet dispersion can be compensated.
- PTD Propagation Time Difference
- phase and the amplitude of the light wave in the excitation beam path can be influenced in a targeted manner.
- a reflective optical element e.g. deformable mirror
- a transmitting optical element e.g. LCD
- Wavefront distortion due to scattering and diffraction / refraction can be caused on the one hand by the optics used and on the other hand by the preparation. As with the second effect, the wavefront distortion also leads to deviations from the ideal focus. This effect can also be compensated for with a wavefront modulator (as already shown).
- the effects GVD, PTD and wavefront distortion are compensated synchronously as a function of the depth of penetration into the specimen in order to be able to achieve short pulse lengths and an ideally small focus in the focus of the specimen, even at high depths of penetration.
- FIG. 7 A possible construction of the device is shown by way of example in FIG. 7.
- the radiation from a short pulse laser KPL reaches a pre-chirping unit PCU and from there via beam splitter ST1 and beam splitter ST2, ST3 to two adaptive optical elements AD1, AD2.
- the first element AD1 (course) is used for the rough adjustment of the wavefront. This makes it possible to shift the focus in the z direction.
- the second element AD2 (fine) compensates for the wavefront distortions and the PTD effects.
- the laser light reaches the object via beam splitter DBS, x / y scan unit, SL, TL optics, SP mirror and OL lens.
- the light coming from the object comes back via beam splitter DBS, lens L, pinhole PH and filter EF to a detector, here for example a photomultiplier PMT, which in turn, like PCU, AD1, and AD2, is connected to a control unit.
- a detector here for example a photomultiplier PMT, which in turn, like PCU, AD1, and AD2, is connected to a control unit.
- the adaptive elements AD1, AD2 and the pre-chirping unit can be set until a maximum signal is present at the PMT.
- the beam path shown is particularly advantageous for an inverse microscope in which the observation is carried out “from below”, the advantage being that the sample remains fully accessible for any manipulations.
- Fig. 6 already shows the basic structure of an adaptive mirror. It consists of a highly reflective membrane (e.g. silicon nitrate) and a structure with electrodes.
- the membrane above can be deformed by targeted activation of the individual electrodes and the phase front of the laser beam can thus be influenced.
- the deformations of the phase front which occur when the pulses pass through the system and the sample can thus be compensated for.
- the pre-chirp unit can consist of one or more prisms or gratings or a combination of both. 8 shows possible arrangements for this, in FIG. 8a with four prisms, in FIG. 8b with four gratings and in FIG. 8c with prisms and gratings. The mode of operation will be explained in more detail using a prism compressor in FIG. 8a.
- the spectral width of a femtosecond laser pulse is several nanometers. When the laser beam passes through the first prism, the beam is spectrally broken down into its components. Then the spectral components in the second prism pass through different glass paths. As a result, the red-shifted wavelength components are delayed compared to the blue-shifted ones.
- the pre-chirp unit thus acts like a negatively dispersive medium and compensation of the GVD is also possible.
- the wavefront adaptation can advantageously be detected and controlled or set in a defined manner using a wavefront sensor which is connected to the microscope beam path via a beam splitter (not shown).
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002267431A CA2267431A1 (en) | 1997-08-01 | 1998-07-31 | Microscope with adaptive optics |
EP98945132A EP0929826B1 (de) | 1997-08-01 | 1998-07-31 | Mikroskop mit adaptiver optik |
AU92566/98A AU9256698A (en) | 1997-08-01 | 1998-07-31 | Microscope with adaptive optics system |
DE59806811T DE59806811D1 (de) | 1997-08-01 | 1998-07-31 | Mikroskop mit adaptiver optik |
HK00100413A HK1023622A1 (en) | 1997-08-01 | 2000-01-21 | Microscope with adaptive optics system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19733193A DE19733193B4 (de) | 1997-08-01 | 1997-08-01 | Mikroskop mit adaptiver Optik |
DE19733193.9 | 1997-08-01 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1999006856A2 true WO1999006856A2 (de) | 1999-02-11 |
WO1999006856A3 WO1999006856A3 (de) | 1999-04-08 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP1998/004801 WO1999006856A2 (de) | 1997-08-01 | 1998-07-31 | Mikroskop mit adaptiver optik |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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EP (2) | EP1253457B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH11101942A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20000068681A (de) |
AU (1) | AU9256698A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2267431A1 (de) |
DE (3) | DE19733193B4 (de) |
HK (1) | HK1023622A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1999006856A2 (de) |
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Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19942998A1 (de) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-03-15 | Zeiss Carl Jena Gmbh | Mikroskop zur Auf- und Durchlichtmikroskopie |
DE19942998B4 (de) * | 1999-09-09 | 2012-02-09 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Mikroskop zur Auf- und Durchlichtmikroskopie |
US6914236B2 (en) | 2000-12-19 | 2005-07-05 | Leica Microsystems Heidelberg Gmbh | Scanning microscope |
DE10063276A1 (de) * | 2000-12-19 | 2002-07-04 | Leica Microsystems | Scanmikroskop |
DE10063276C2 (de) * | 2000-12-19 | 2002-11-07 | Leica Microsystems | Scanmikroskop |
EP1372011A2 (de) * | 2002-06-15 | 2003-12-17 | CARL ZEISS JENA GmbH | Mikroskop, insbesondere Laserscanningmikroskop mit adaptiver optischer Einrichtung |
EP1372011A3 (de) * | 2002-06-15 | 2004-10-06 | CARL ZEISS JENA GmbH | Mikroskop, insbesondere Laserscanningmikroskop mit adaptiver optischer Einrichtung |
US7057806B2 (en) | 2003-05-09 | 2006-06-06 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Scanning laser microscope with wavefront sensor |
DE102007005823A1 (de) | 2007-01-31 | 2008-08-07 | Seereal Technologies S.A. | Optische Wellenfrontkorrektur für ein holographisches Projektionssystem |
US8462409B2 (en) | 2007-01-31 | 2013-06-11 | Seereal Technologies S.A. | Optical wave correction for a holographic projection system |
DE102007051521A1 (de) | 2007-10-19 | 2009-04-23 | Seereal Technologies S.A. | Dynamische Wellenformereinheit |
US8243355B2 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2012-08-14 | Seereal Technologies S.A. | Dynamic wavefront shaping unit |
CN111077078A (zh) * | 2020-01-02 | 2020-04-28 | 哈工大机器人(中山)无人装备与人工智能研究院 | 一种结合自适应再扫描技术的双光子显微成像*** |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1999006856A3 (de) | 1999-04-08 |
AU9256698A (en) | 1999-02-22 |
EP0929826A2 (de) | 1999-07-21 |
DE19733193A1 (de) | 1999-02-04 |
KR20000068681A (ko) | 2000-11-25 |
JPH11101942A (ja) | 1999-04-13 |
EP0929826B1 (de) | 2003-01-02 |
CA2267431A1 (en) | 1999-02-01 |
DE19733193B4 (de) | 2005-09-08 |
EP1253457A1 (de) | 2002-10-30 |
DE59806811D1 (de) | 2003-02-06 |
HK1023622A1 (en) | 2000-09-15 |
DE59813436D1 (de) | 2006-05-11 |
EP1253457B1 (de) | 2006-03-15 |
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