US20040147010A1 - Lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria and its use to modulate immune responses mediated by gram-negative, potential pathogenic gram-positive bacteria - Google Patents

Lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria and its use to modulate immune responses mediated by gram-negative, potential pathogenic gram-positive bacteria Download PDF

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US20040147010A1
US20040147010A1 US10/478,079 US47807903A US2004147010A1 US 20040147010 A1 US20040147010 A1 US 20040147010A1 US 47807903 A US47807903 A US 47807903A US 2004147010 A1 US2004147010 A1 US 2004147010A1
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lactic acid
bacteria
lactobacillus
acid bacteria
composition
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Karine Vidal
Anne Donnet-Hugues
Dominique-Anne Granato
Irene Corthesy-Theulaz
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Nestec SA
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Societe des Produits Nestle SA
Nestec SA
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Assigned to SOCIETE DES PRODUITS NESTLE S.A., NESTEC S.A. reassignment SOCIETE DES PRODUITS NESTLE S.A. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CORTHESY-THEULAZ, IRENE, DONNET-HUGHES, ANNE, GRANATO, DOMINIQUE-ANNE, VIDAL, KARINE
Publication of US20040147010A1 publication Critical patent/US20040147010A1/en
Assigned to NESTEC S.A., SOCIETE DES PRODUITS NESTLE S.A. reassignment NESTEC S.A. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE ADDRESS PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL 015172 FRAME 0087 Assignors: CORTHESY-THEULAZ, IRENE, DONNET-HUGHES, ANNE, GRANATO, DOMINIQUE-ANNE, VIDAL, KARINE
Priority to US12/246,991 priority Critical patent/US8329190B2/en
Priority to US13/967,936 priority patent/US20140056927A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/135—Bacteria or derivatives thereof, e.g. probiotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A61K31/739—Lipopolysaccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
    • A61K8/99—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from microorganisms other than algae or fungi, e.g. protozoa or bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/16—Otologicals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/44—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a composition containing lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria for modulating the immune responses induced by Gram negative bacteria, potential pathogenic Gram positive bacteria and/or their derivatives. It also relates to the use of a lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria as an active ingredient in the manufacture of a medicament, an oral or topical product for cosmetic, dermatological or ophthalmological applications, a food or petfood composition for modulating bacterial colonisation, immune responses and decreasing the inflammatory processes associated with bacterially-mediated disease and infection in the gastrointestinal tract, bone, skin, eye, ear, lung and oral cavity. The invention also relates to lipoteichoic acid selected thereof.
  • Lactic acid bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are normal inhabitants of the human adult gastrointestinal tract. Selected strains from these genus, termed probiotics, have health benefits when administered orally to the host (Brassart,D. and E. J.Schiffrin. 1997. Trends Food Sci Technol 9:321-326). Like commensal LAB, probiotics antagonise pathogenic organisms and stimulate immune defence mechanisms. Although, little is known about the precise mechanisms which underlie these biological effects, it is widely accepted that strains which most likely exert health benefits are those which can transiently adhere to the intestinal epithelium, perhaps through the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in their cell wall.
  • LTA lipoteichoic acid
  • LTA is a complex glycero-phosphate polymer linked to a hydrophobic lipid moiety
  • CD14 soluble form of CD14 receptor mediates binding of LPS to CD14-negative cells.
  • this molecule also recognises other bacterial components, such as peptidoglycan, lipoarabinomannan and manuronic acid polymers (Dziarski,R., et al., 2000. Chem Immunol. 74:83-107).
  • sCD14 human intestinal epithelial cells
  • IECs human intestinal epithelial cells
  • the present invention aims to provide a composition able to modulate the immune responses involved during bacterial colonisation or infection and prevent or reduce any inflammatory response induced thereby, in the gastrointestinal tract, bone, skin, eye, lung, ear and oral cavity in humans or animals.
  • the invention provides a composition containing lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria as an active ingredient for modulating the immune responses induced by Gram negative bacteria, potential pathogenic Gram positive bacteria and/or their derivatives.
  • composition containing lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria can maintain immune homeostasis, prevent or decrease inflammatory processes induced by Gram negative bacteria and/or for LPS-mediated disorders. It may also be use against pathogenic or potential pathogenic Gram positive bacteria and/or LTA-mediated disorders.
  • the said composition can be a medicament, an oral or topical cosmetic, dermatological or ophthalmolgical product, a food or a pet food composition. It has effects on inflammatory process associated with bacterially-mediated disease or LPS-mediated disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, bone, skin, eye, lung, ear and oral cavity and can be used to modulate bacterial colonisation in the aforesaid tissues and the immune responses.
  • the invention provides lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria that have been selected for their ability to bind to CD14 and for their inability to induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 or TNF- ⁇ from IECs.
  • lipoteichoic acid according to the invention can be used to maintain immune homeostasis, modulate bacterial colonisation, or target bacterially-mediated disease and infection or LTA/LPS-mediated disease not only in the gastrointestinal tract but also in bone, the skin, eye, ear, lung and the oral cavity.
  • the invention provides the use of at least one lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria for the preparation of a composition intended for modulating the immune responses induced by Gram negative bacteria and/or their derivatives.
  • the lipoteichoic acid may be used in the manufacture of a medicament, a topical product such as a cream or a lotion, a food or pet food composition for decreasing inflammatory process associated with bacterially-mediated disease or LTA/LPS-mediated disorders in humans or animals.
  • the invention provides a method of modulating the aforementioned responses in humans or animals, which comprises administering an effective amount of lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria or a composition containing it.
  • the invention provides a method of modulating an immune response induced in a pet animal by Gram negative bacteria, potential pathogenic Gram positive bacteria and/or their derivatives, the method including administering a pet animal a composition containing a moiety of a probiotic bacterial strain capable of modulating such response.
  • It may include administering a pet animal a composition containing a probiotic micro-organism, its culture supernatant or a metabolite thereof, the said probiotic being capable of at least transiently adhering to the intestinal epithelium of the pet animal.
  • the method includes administering the composition as a component of a nutritionally balanced meal.
  • the component is included in a wet or dry pet food formulation.
  • the invention relates to a pet food formulation comprising a nutritionally balanced meal and an active ingredient selected for its capacity to modulate an immune response induced in a pet animal by a Gram negative bacterial strain, potential pathogenic Gram positive bacterial strain and/or a derivative thereof.
  • the active ingredient comprises a micro-organism having LTA.
  • the LTA is preferably present in a cell wall of the said micro-organism.
  • the micro-organism is preferably a probiotic capable of transiently adhering to the intestinal epithelium of a pet ingesting it.
  • the micro-organism is a lactic acid bacterium.
  • An advantage of the present invention is that it provides a means of regulating immune responses to Gram-negative organisms, pathogenic or potential pathogenic Gram-positive organisms or of their derivates LPS or LTA, in particular a means of decreasing inflammatory processes such as the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, TNF- ⁇ and epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating protein (ENA)-78 by IECs.
  • proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, TNF- ⁇ and epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating protein (ENA)-78 by IECs.
  • Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a means to down-regulate the inflammatory response of macrophages by, for example, decreasing the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF- ⁇ .
  • Yet another advantage of the present invention is that by simple consumption of a food composition according to the present invention, the protective immune process in a mammal may be improved and the risk of deleterious inflammation and infection reduced. It will be appreciated that intravenous or subcutaneous administration of a drug requires expertise, and compared to oral administration it is not as safe, convenient or acceptable to the patient. In the light of these concerns, the invention provides the clear advantage of a nutritional and/or a therapeutic product which may be administered orally.
  • the present invention uses LTA from food-grade bacterial species and as such have GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) status and provides some of the benefits attributed to probiotic organisms.
  • the present invention can be used in sterile medicaments, enteral or topical compositions for clincial disorders and infections in which the use of living probiotic organisms is not possible.
  • ENA-78 epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating protein-78
  • HM human milk
  • IECs intestinal epithelial cells
  • IL interleukin
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • LTA lipoteichoic acid
  • mAb monoclonal antibody
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PRR pattern recognition receptors
  • TNF tumour necrosis factor
  • NCC designates Nestle Culture Collection (Nestle Research Centre, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland).
  • composition containing lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria for modulating immune responses, in particular inflammatory processes induced by Gram-negative bacteria, potential pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria and/or their derivatives, is concerned.
  • Such inflammatory processes may be induced by Gram-negative bacteria and/or its LPS of Gram negative bacteria, such as Escherichia ssp., Helicobacter spp, Samonella spp, for example; they may also be induced by pathogenic or potential pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, i.e. bacteria that may become pathogenic in certain conditions.
  • the lipoteichoic acid from lactic acid bacteria has been selected for its ability to bind to CD14 and for its inability to induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 or TNF- ⁇ from IECs.
  • the lipoteichoic acid should contain its lipid moeity.
  • lipoteichoic acid is isolated from bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium or Streptococcus such as the species Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Streptococcus thermophilus, for example; and most preferably Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 (NCC 533), Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La10 (NCC90), and Lactobacillus gasseri (NCC2493).
  • Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 NCC 533
  • Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La10 NCC90
  • strains Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC 90 have been deposited by way of example at the Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Do Budapest Roux, F-75024 Paris cedex 15, FRANCE, on 30.06.92 and 12.10.99 respectively, under the deposit numbers CNCM I-1225 and CNCM I-2332, respectively.
  • LTA from lactic acid bacteria may be used in combination with molecules such as sCD14.
  • Lipoteichoic acid and/or lactic acid bacteria producing it and/or its supernatant of culture may be incorporated into dry or liquid food compositions or enteral feeds, for infant nutrition, pet nutrition and animal feeds, for clinical nutrition or for pharmaceutical applications.
  • LTA lipothelial senor
  • ophthalmic applications eyes washes
  • oral applications mouth washes, tooth pastes
  • LTA could be used to prevent ear infections.
  • LTA in products can be used to prevent LPS-mediated bone disorders.
  • the said composition can be a medicament, an oral or topical cosmetic, dermatological or ophthalmological preparation, a food or a pet food composition.
  • the amount of lipoteichoic acid to be used may vary but will correspond to levels of bacteria in a food composition which may vary from 10 5 cfu/g to about 10 11 cfu/g, most preferably from approximately 10 7 cfu/g to 10 9 cfu/g.
  • the amount of LTA may vary and correspond to an amount of bacteria which varies from 10 5 cfu/g to 10 16 cfu/g, preferably from approximately 10 7 cfu/g to 10 10 cfu/g.
  • these products could modify bacterial colonisation and infection during the neonatal period, and thereby the immune competence of the infant, and in clinical nutrition, be used to treat sepsis, bacterial translocation, inflammation, infection and disease, and bacterial overgrowth.
  • the composition may be a complete and nutritionally balanced food or pet food. It can also be a dietary supplement, for example.
  • a food composition for human consumption may be a nutritionally complete formula, a dairy product, a chilled or shelf stable beverage, a soup, a dietary supplement, a meal replacement, a nutritional bar or a confectionery.
  • the nutritional formula may comprise a source of protein.
  • Dietary proteins are preferably used as a source of protein.
  • the dietary proteins may be any suitable dietary protein; for example animal proteins (such as milk proteins, meat proteins and egg proteins); vegetable proteins (such as soy protein, wheat protein, rice protein, and pea protein); mixtures of free amino acids; or combinations thereof. Milk proteins such as casein, whey proteins and soy proteins are particularly preferred.
  • the composition may also contain a source of carbohydrates and a source of fat.
  • the fat source preferably provides about 5% to about 55% of the energy of the nutritional formula; for example about 20% to about 50% of the energy.
  • the lipids making up the fat source may be any suitable fat or fat mixtures. Vegetable fats are particularly suitable; for example soy oil, palm oil, coconut oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, canola oil, lecithins, and the like. Animal fats such as milk fats may also be added if desired.
  • a source of carbohydrate may be added to the nutritional formula. It preferably provides about 40% to about 80% of the energy of the nutritional composition. Any suitable carbohydrates may be used, for example sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose, corn syrup solids, and maltodextrins, and mixtures thereof. Dietary fibre may also be added if desired. If used, it preferably comprises up to about 5% of the energy of the nutritional formula.
  • the dietary fibre may be from any suitable origin, including for example soy, pea, oat, pectin, guar gum, gum arabic, and fructooligosaccharides. Suitable vitamins and minerals may be included in the nutritional formula in an amount to meet the appropriate guidelines.
  • One or more food grade emulsifiers may be incorporated into the nutritional formula if desired; for example diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides, lecithin and mono- and di-glycerides. Similarly suitable salts and stabilisers may be included.
  • the nutritional formula is preferably enterally administrable; for example in the form of a powder, tablet, capsule, a liquid concentrate, solid product or a ready-to-drink beverage. If it is desired to produce a powdered nutritional formula, the homogenised mixture is transferred to a suitable drying apparatus such as a spray drier or freeze drier and converted to powder.
  • a suitable drying apparatus such as a spray drier or freeze drier and converted to powder.
  • a usual food product may be enriched with at least one lipoteichoic from lactic acid bacteria according to the present invention.
  • a fermented milk, a yoghurt, a fresh cheese, a renneted milk, article of confectionery for example a sweet or sweetened beverage, a confectionery bar, breakfast cereal flakes or bars, drinks, milk powders, soy-based products, non-milk fermented products or nutritional supplements for clinical nutrition.
  • a nutritionally complete pet food can be prepared.
  • the nutritionally complete pet food may be in any suitable form; for example in dried form, semi-moist form or wet form; it may be a chilled or shelf stable pet food product.
  • These pet foods may be produced as is conventional.
  • these pet foods may include any one or more of a carbohydrate source, a protein source and lipid source.
  • any suitable carbohydrate source may be used.
  • the carbohydrate source is provided in the form of grains, flours and starches.
  • the carbohydrate source may be rice, barley, sorghum, millet, oat, corn meal or wheat flour. Simple sugars such as sucrose, glucose and corn syrups may also be used.
  • the amount of carbohydrate provided by the carbohydrate source may be selected as desired.
  • the pet food may contain up to about 60% by weight of carbohydrate.
  • Suitable protein sources may be selected from any suitable animal or vegetable protein source; for example muscular or skeletal meat, meat and bone meal, poultry meal, fish meal, milk proteins, corn gluten, wheat gluten, soy flour, soy protein concentrates, soy protein isolates, egg proteins, whey, casein, gluten, and the like.
  • the amount of protein provided by the protein source may be selected as desired.
  • the pet food may contain about 12% to about 70% by weight of protein on a dry basis.
  • the pet food may contain a fat source.
  • Any suitable fat source may be used both animal fats and vegetable fats.
  • the fat source is an animal fat source such as tallow.
  • Vegetable oils such as corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, rape'seed oil, soy bean oil, olive oil and other oils rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, may also be used.
  • the fat source may include long chain fatty acids.
  • the amount of fat provided by the fat source may be selected as desired.
  • the pet food may contain about 5% to about 40% by weight of fat on a dry basis.
  • the pet food has a relatively reduced amount of fat.
  • the pet food may contain other active agents such as long chain fatty acids.
  • Suitable long chain fatty acids include alpha-linoleic acid, gamma linoleic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentanoic acid, and docosahexanoic acid.
  • Fish oils are a suitable source of eicosapentanoic acids and docosahexanoic acid.
  • Borage oil, blackcurrent seed oil and evening primrose oil are suitable sources of gamma linoleic acid.
  • Safflower oils, sunflower oils, corn oils and soybean oils are suitable sources of linoleic acid.
  • carbohydrate, protein and lipid sources are not critical and will be selected based upon nutritional needs of the animal, palatability considerations, and the type of product produced. Further, various other ingredients, for example, sugar, salt, spices, seasonings, vitamins, minerals, flavoring agents, gums, prebiotics and probiotic micro-organisms may also be incorporated into the pet food as desired.
  • the probiotic microorganism may be selected from one or more microorganisms suitable for animal consumption and which is able to improve the microbial balance in the intestine.
  • the probiotic micro-organisms may be in powdered, dried form; especially in spore form for micro-organisms which form spores.
  • the probiotic micro-organism may be encapsulated to further increase the probability of survival; for example in a sugar matrix, fat matrix or polysaccharide matrix.
  • a suitable process is extrusion cooking, although baking and other suitable processes may be used.
  • the dried pet food is usually provided in the form of a kibble.
  • the prebiotic may be admixed with the other ingredients of the dried pet food prior to processing.
  • a suitable process is described in European patent application No 0850569;. If a probiotic micro-organism is used, the organism is best coated onto or filled into the dried pet food.
  • a suitable process is described in European patent application No 0862863.
  • FIG. 1 Effect of LTA from L. johnsonii strain La1 and L. acidophilus strain La10 on the release of IL-8 by HT29 cells challenged with LPS purified from E. coli.
  • IL-8 production was measured by ELISA in supernatants of HT29 cells incubated for 24 hours in medium supplemented with 2% human milk (HM) in the presence of E. Coli LPS at 10 ng/ml ( ⁇ ) or 100 ng/ml ( ⁇ ) and varying amounts of LTA from La1 (A) or La10 (B).
  • HM human milk
  • Activation of HT29 cells by LPS-HM alone is depicted as dashed lines. Error bars indicate SD. The results are representative of three independent experiments.
  • FIG. 2 Effect of LTA from lactobacilli La1 on the release of IL-8 by HT29 cells challenged with either LPS from Sal. enteridis or whole E. coli bacteria.
  • IL-8 production was measured by ELISA in supernatants of HT29 cells incubated for 24 hours in medium supplemented with 2% human milk (HM) and either Salmonella enteridis LPS (A) at 10 ng/ml ( ⁇ ) or 100 ng/ml ( ⁇ ), or 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 /ml whole E. coli bacteria (B) in the presence of varying amounts of LTA from La1.
  • Activation of HT29 cells in the absence of LTA is depicted as dashed lines. Error bars indicate SD.
  • FIG. 3 Effect of LTA from the lactobacilli La1 and La10 on the release of TNF- ⁇ by HT29 cells challenged with E. coli LPS.
  • TNF- ⁇ production was measured by ELISA in supernatants of HT29 cells incubated for 24 hours in medium supplemented with 2% human milk (HM) in the presence E. Coli LPS at 100 ng/ml and varying amounts of LTA from La1 ( ⁇ ) or La10 ( ⁇ ).
  • HM human milk
  • Activation of HT29 cells in the absence of LTA is depicted as a dashed line. Error bars indicate SD.
  • FIG. 4 Effect of LTA from the lactobacillus La1 on the LPS induction of ENA-78 mRNA expression in HT29 cells.
  • ENA-78 expression was assessed by RT-PCR on total RNA of HT29 cells challenged with 100 ng/ml E. Coli LPS in the absence (lane 1) or the presence of 2% human milk (lanes 2 to 6), and the addition of MY4 anti-CD14 mAb (lane 3); isotype-matched antibody control (lane 4); or LTA from La1 at 1 ⁇ g/ml (lane 5) or 50 ⁇ g/ml (lane 6).
  • the expected PCR product size for ENA-78 transcripts was 220 bp.
  • amplified bands for ⁇ -actin (460 bp) were used as the house-keeping gene.
  • SM size marker.
  • FIG. 5 Effect of LTA from the lactobacilli La1 and La10 on the release of IL-8 by differenciated HT29 cells challenged with E. coli LPS.
  • IL-8 production was measured by ELISA in supernatants of differenciated HT29 cells incubated for 24 hours in medium supplemented with 2% human milk (HM) in the presence of E. Coli LPS 100 ng/ml and indicated amounts of LTA from Lactobacillus La1 ( ⁇ ) or La10 ( ⁇ ).
  • HM human milk
  • Activation of differenciated HT29 cells in the absence of added LTA is depicted as dotted lines.
  • FIG. 6 Effect of LTA from the lactobacillus La1 on the activation of human PBMC.
  • A Freshly isolated human PBMC (2 ⁇ 10 5 cells /well) were incubated in RPMI supplemented with 1% human serum in the presence of varying amounts of either E. coli LPS ( ) or LTA from La1 ( ⁇ ).
  • B and (C) PBMC were incubated for 30 min at 37° C. in the absence (dashed lines) or the presence (solid lines) of varying amounts of LTA from La1 before the addition of E. Coli LPS (1 ng/ml). After 24 hours incubation, the culture supernatants were collected and analysed for the presence of IL-8 (A) and (B), or TNF- ⁇ (C) by specific ELISA. Error bars indicate SD.
  • FIG. 7 Effect of deacylation of the LTAs on their antagonistic activity.
  • HT29 cells were challenged with E. coli LPS (100 ng/ml) in medium supplemented with 2% human milk (HM) in the absence (dashed lines) or the presence (solid lines) of varying amounts of native LTA ( ⁇ ) or deacylated LTA ( ⁇ ) purified from either La1 (A) or La10 (B). After 24 hours, the release of IL-8 in the culture supernatants was measured by ELISA.
  • FIG. 8 Effect of pre-incubation of the cells with either LTA and sCD14 or LTA and LPS on the antagonism.
  • A HT29 cells were pre-incubated for 4 hours with La1 LTA (50 and 100 ⁇ g/ml) in the presence of 2% human milk (HM), washed twice with a serum-free media and then challenged for 20 hours with E. coli LPS (100 ng/ml) in the absence or the presence of HM.
  • B HT29 cells were incubated with La1 LTA (1, 10 and 50 ⁇ g/ml) in the presence of human milk (HM) for 4 hours before the addition of E. coli LPS (100 ng/ml).
  • HT29 cells were incubated with La1 LTA (1, 10 and 50 ⁇ g/ml) in the presence of E. coli LPS (100 ng/ml) for 4 hours before the addition of 2% human milk (HM).
  • HT29 cells were challenged with E. coli LPS (100 ng/ml) in the presence of 2% human milk (HM) for 4 hours before the addition of La1 LTA (1, 10 and 50 ⁇ g/ml).
  • IL-8 release in the supernatants after a total of 24 hours culture was measured by ELISA. Error bars indicate SD.
  • the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va. ATCC: HTB-38). Undifferentiated cells were maintained in glucose-containing DMEM supplemented with 10% foetal calf sera (FCS; Amimed BioConcept, Allschwill, Switzerland) at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 /air incubator, while differentiated cells were grown in glucose-free medium. Culture medium was changed every 2 days until the cell monolayers reached 90% confluency. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from heparinised blood of healthy adult donors by Ficoll-Isopaque (Pharmacia) density gradient centrifugation.
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the isolated PBMC were washed three times and resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium (Life Technologies, address) supplemented with 1% FCS.
  • LPS from E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis strains were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, Mo.).
  • Murine anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody MY4 (IgG2b) was purchased from Coulter (Instrumentation Laboratory AG, Switzerland).
  • the isotype-matched control mAb was mouse IgG2b (kappa), derived from MOPC 141 (Sigma).
  • Human breast milk was obtained from healthy mothers. Samples were obtained up to 70 days postpartum by breast pump expression into sterile centrifugation tubes and processed within 2 hours of collection. After centrifugation at 200 ⁇ g for 30 min, the acellular lipid-free fraction was frozen at ⁇ 80° C. until used.
  • LTAs of Lactobacillus johnsoni La1 NCC 533 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La 10 NCC 90 were isolated following the method of Fischer et al. (Fischer,W., et al. 1983. Eur. J Biochem 133:523-530). Briefly, bacteria were cultured overnight in MRS-broth, harvested and resuspended in 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.5 at 800 mg wet wt/ml of buffer. They were then defatted by mixing with two volumes of methanol and one volume of chloroform overnight at room temperature.
  • the defatted bacteria were recovered by filtration, washed with two volumes of methanol and resuspended in 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.7 at a concentration of 500 mg of bacteria per ml of buffer. This suspension was mixed with an equal volume of hot 80% w/v aqueous phenol and stirred constantly for 45 minutes in a water bath at 65° C. After cooling, the emulsion which had formed, was centrifuged at 5000 ⁇ g at 4° C. for 30 minutes. The upper aqueous layer was then extensively dialysed against 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 5 (cut off 6-8 kDa).
  • Nucleic acids were digested with 30 U/ml DNAse I (Sigma), 9 U/ml ribonuclease A (Sigma) in 5 mM MgSO4, 40 mM EDTA disodium and 0.2 mM NaN3 (24 h at room temperature) with 1 ml of toluene added to prevent microbial contamination.
  • the digest was dialysed once more against 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.7, and adjusted to 15% with 1-propanol. It was applied to an Octyl-sepharose column equilibrated in 0.1 M sodium acetate plus 15% 1-propanol, with a flow rate of 0.1 ml/minute. Fractions of 5 ml were collected.
  • Elution of the LTA was done with a gradient of 15-80% 1-propanol in the same buffer, with a flow rate of 0.5 ml/minute. Fractions of 3 ml were collected. Monitoring of 1-propanol concentration was done by measuring the refraction index. Each fraction was analysed for its content of total neutral sugars (Dubois,M. A., et al. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 28:350-356), phosphorus (Chen,P. S., et al. 1956. Microdetermination of phosphorus. Anal Chem 28:1756-1758), nucleic acids and refraction index.
  • E-Toxate® assay turbidimetric kinetic Limulus amebocyte lysate clot assay
  • HT29 cells were plated at 10 4 cells/well in 96-well flat-bottom plates. After incubation for 5 days, HT29 cells were washed twice with serum-free media, before the addition of human milk, LPS and/or LTA in 200 ⁇ l of DMEM. In some wells, anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies at a final concentration of 20 ⁇ g/ml were also added. In other experiments, PBMC were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium with 1% FCS and then plated at a concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well in 96-well flat-bottom plates. The cells were then incubated with LTA for 30 min at 37° C. and then stimulated with LPS.
  • IL-8 The amounts of IL-8 and generated in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Briefly, monoclonal antibodies against IL-8 (2 ⁇ g/ml. ImmunoKontakt, Bioggio, Switzerland) were coated onto 96-well plates (Nunc) by overnight incubation at 4° C. Plates were then washed twice with 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS. Non-specific binding was blocked by incubating the plates with 10% FCS in PBS for a further 2 h at room temperature. Samples or standard concentrations of recombinant cytokine (15.625 to 2000 pg/ml. ImmunoKontakt) in FCS-PBS were then added for 3 h at room temperature.
  • RT-PCR Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • ESA Epithelial Neutrophil Activator
  • RNA samples (0.5 ⁇ g of total RNA), 0.5 unit of RNase inhibitor, 1 mM of each dNTP, 0.5 n mol/ml of specific 3′ primer, 5 mM MgCl 2 and 1.25 units of reverse transcriptase were incubated in a total volume of 10 ⁇ l of reaction mixture containing the enzyme buffer supplied by the manufacturer.
  • the reaction mixture was incubated for 30 min at 42° C., and then heated for 5 min at 95° C.
  • the reverse-transcribed products were then amplified with Gold DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer) on a thermocycler (Biolabo, Scientific Instruments, Chatel St Denis, Switzerland).
  • the PCR was performed in a total volume of 50 ⁇ l using 10 ⁇ l of the reverse-transcribed products in PCR buffer, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 5 ⁇ M of each dNTP, 0.2 nmol/ml of both ENA-78-specific 3′ antisense and 5′ sense primers (CGTTCTCAGGGAGGCTC and TCCTTCGAGCTCCTTGTG, respectively.
  • LTA from Lactobacillus Species inhibit E. coli - or LPS-Induced IL-8, TNF- ⁇ and ENA-78 Releases by HT29 Cells.
  • sCD14 is known to recognise components of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
  • components of Gram-positive organisms such as LTA
  • LTA components of Gram-positive organisms
  • HT29 cells were challenged with LPS (10 and 100 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of human milk as the source of sCD14, and various amounts of LTA from either La1 (FIG. 1A) or La10 (FIG. 1B).
  • LPS 10 and 100 ng/ml
  • La10 FIG. 1B
  • HT29 cells exposed to 10 or 100 ng/ml E. coli LPS in the presence of sCD14 released significant amounts of IL-8 (FIG. 1, dotted lines).
  • both LTA from La1 and from La10 also inhibited E. coli LPS-induced TNF- ⁇ release by HT29 cells. Furthermore, the LPS-induced expression of ENA-78 mRNA encoding was also markedly inhibited by LTA from La1 (FIG. 4).
  • the observed inhibitory activities of Lactobacillus LTAs were not due to a cytotoxic effect of the LTA preparations on the HT29 cells, as no significant release of LDH could be detected in culture supernatants (data not shown).
  • LTA from La1 had only a weak antagonistic effect on the LPS-induced secretion of IL-8 by PBMC (FIG. 6B), it inhibited more significantly the LPS-induced TNF- ⁇ secretion in a dose dependent manner (FIG. 6C).
  • FIG. 8B shows the level of IL-8 production obtained 24 hours after the addition of the source of sCD14 to cells preincubated for 4 hours with La1 LTA (1-50 ⁇ g/ml) and LPS (100 ng/ml).
  • IEC do not express membrane CD14 and require the soluble form to respond to LPS in vitro (Pugin, J., et al. 1993 PNAS 90:2744-2748).
  • Gram-negative bacteria and LPS mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine production in IECs through the action of a human milk sCD14 (Labeta,M. O., et al. 2000. J Exp Med 191:1807-1812).
  • the IECs are unresponsive to various sources of LTA, in spite of the presence of sCD14.
  • One or more strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC 90 (CNCM I-2332) or Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533 (CNCM I-1225), according to the present invention may be used for the manufacture of fermented yoghurt-like milk products.
  • a preculture of one or more of the strain is also reactivated in a medium containing 10 % of reconstituted milk powder and 0.1% of commercial yeast extract with 1% sucrose.
  • the pasteurised milk product is then inoculated with 1% of each of these reactivated precultures and this milk product is then allowed to ferment at 32° C. until the pH reaches a value of 4.5. Fermented milks yoghurt-like products are produced in this way and stored at 4° C.
  • a feed mixture is made up of about 58% by weight of corn, about 6% by weight of corn gluten, about 23% by weight of chicken meal, salts, vitamins and minerals making up the remainder.
  • the feed mixture is fed into a preconditioner and moistened.
  • the moistened feed is then fed into an extruder-cooker and gelatinised.
  • the gelatinised matrix leaving the extruder is forced through a die and extruded.
  • the extrudate is cut into pieces suitable for feeding to cats, dried at about 110° C. for about 20 minutes, and cooled to form pellets.
  • a lyophilized powder of one or more strains of the following Lactobacillus species is provided for application to the pellets: Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 (CNCM I-1225) or Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC 90 (CNCM I-2332).
  • Sufficient powder is thus provided so that the corresponding dietary intake amount for the pet is from about 1.0E+07 ⁇ 1.0E+9 cfu/day.
  • Some of the powder is mixed into a first mass of pellets and bagged.
  • a second quantity of the powder is measured out and mixed with a lipid carrier which is then sprayed on to a second mass of pellets.
  • the pellets are bagged after the coating has dried sufficiently at 50-60° C. for some minutes.
  • This dry dog food is particularly intended for decreasing inflammatory process associated with bacterial colonization.

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US8329190B2 (en) 2012-12-11
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US20090142375A1 (en) 2009-06-04
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RU2003136828A (ru) 2005-03-10
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ATE394111T1 (de) 2008-05-15
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