JPH07504363A - テレオペレータシステムとテレプレゼンス法 - Google Patents

テレオペレータシステムとテレプレゼンス法

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JPH07504363A
JPH07504363A JP5512648A JP51264893A JPH07504363A JP H07504363 A JPH07504363 A JP H07504363A JP 5512648 A JP5512648 A JP 5512648A JP 51264893 A JP51264893 A JP 51264893A JP H07504363 A JPH07504363 A JP H07504363A
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グリーン,フイリツプ・エス
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Abstract

(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 テレオペレータシステムとテレプレゼンス法るオペレータの手に直に感じるのと 同じ感覚で遠隔操作する装置のオペレータを提供する手段を含むものに関係する 。
本発明の背景 テレオペレーティングは、良く知られているように、マニプレータを使った遠隔 位置での作業を人間が行うことを含む。
テレプレゼンス(telepresence)は、オペレータが、実際に操作を 行なう作業現場にいたら、自分自身の手で行うのと同じフィードバックコントロ ールを行うテレオペレータを提供することを含む。テレプレゼンス操作は、−゛ 般的に据え付けのビジュアルディスプレー、特に、遠隔作業場所の立体映像ディ スプレーの使用を含む。立体鏡テレビシステムは、例えば米国特許番号4,56 2.463と4,583,117や英国出願特許GB2,040,134に示さ れているように良く知られている。
フィードバック力と共に、映し出す立体鏡テレビを使った遠隔マニプレータもま た、例えば、「運動感覚の結合を通した遠隔マニプレータの制御」、ベグジー( Bejczy)ら2機械設計のコンピュータ(Computers in Me chanical Engineering)、1983年7月、48〜60頁 及び[フォース−フィードバックマニプレータを用いたベグインホール作業に対 するステレオの利点(Stereo Advantage for a Peg −In−Hole Ta5k Using a Force−Feedback  Manipulator)」、スペイン(E、H,5pain)、ステレオス コピック ディスプレーと応用(Stereoscopic Displays  and Applications)第1256巻、1990年、244〜2 54頁の論文に示されているように良く知られている。ベグジーらの論文には、 フォーストルクフィードバック(force−torque feedback )が含まれている。また、米国特許番号3,921.445には、動力、トルク 及び本発明で用いてもよいタイプのすべりセンサーを含んだマニプレータが示さ れている。
従来のマニプレータのオペレータには、作業現場に固定した3次元像が送られ、 手動で、そのマニプレータをフィードバック制御していたが、オペレータには、 作業現場に実際に存在する感覚は与えられていない。本発明は、遠隔マニプレー タ現場に、存在するオペレータの感覚を実質的に加えた、遠隔マニプレーシヨン システムで、監視アレンジメントを自衛したものである。
本発明の概要と目的 本発明の目的の一つは、オペレータにより遠隔位置より制御された遠隔マニプレ ータに存在するオペレータの感覚を強める、改善された監視システムを含んだ、 改善されたテレオペレータのシステム及び方法の提供である。
本発明の目的の一つは、前記タイプの改善されたテレオペレータのシステム及び 方法の提供であり、オペレータが監視するマニプレークエンドエフエクターの像 が、そのエンドエフェクターを制御するのに、オペレータにより使用される手  ′動コントローラの肝要な部分を含むものとして、オペレータにより知覚させら れ、その結果、作業現場で得られる強い感覚をオペレータに与える。
本発明の目的の一つは、軍事、工業、生物医学などを含んだ種々の広い用途での 使用によく適した前記タイプの改善されたテレオペレータのシステム及び方法の 提供である。
本発明は、作業現場に設置され、遠隔オペレータコントロールステーションでの 手作動手段により制御されたマニプレータを含む。マニプレータのエンドエフェ クターは、作業現場において、作業場所に置かれた物体をマニプレータするのに 使われ、フォース トルク フィードバックが、エンドエフェクターの受けた機 械的抵抗をオペレータに逆に伝達するのに用いられている。
立体映像ディスプレーが、作業場所の像をオペレータに提供する。本発明によれ ば、前記像が、手作動手段に近接して設置され、オペレータは、手作動手段の方 向を向いて、手作動手段に近接した、監視像を見ることになる。現実と仮空のど ちらかの作業場所の像が、手作動手段に近接して与えられるであろう。現実の像 を映すディスプレ一手段が、オペレータによる現実の像の直接の監視のため、手 作動手段に近接して設置される。作業場所の仮空の像を映すため、鏡がオペレー タの目と手作動手段の間に置かれる。この場合、ディスプレ一手段は上下逆の・  現実の像を映し、その逆になった像は、前記鏡を経て映され、その鏡は、前記 像を逆にし、オペレータに作業場所の仮空の像を与え、この作業場所が手作動手 段に近接して位置するようにみえる。
エンドエフェクターが作業現場に置かれ、手作動手段が遠隔オペレータステーシ ョンに置かれているという事実にもかかわらず、手作動手段に近接して作業場所 の像を設置することにより、オペレータは、エンドエフェクターと手作動手段が 実質的に一体となる感覚を与えられる。オペレータに作業現場からの立体音響の 音を与える、立体音響システムが含まれてもよい。ビデオカメラ手段は、作業現 場の監視に使われ、作業現場の像が得られる。種々の他のセンサーやそれらに結 合した応答器が、圧力、触覚、熱、振動及び強化されたテレプレゼンスオペレー ションのための同様の情報の伝達のため、各々、作業現場とオペレータステーシ ョンに設置されてもよい。
用途によっては、異なった倍率操作がオペレータステーションと作業現場間の情 報の伝達において用いられてよい。例えば、マイクロアッセンブリー、顕微手術 及び、小さな部分のマニプレーシヨンを含むようなオペレーションで、光学的か つ、又はビデオ拡大機がオペレータが監視する、拡大された3次元像を与えるの に使われてもよい。手作動手段とマニプレータの間の同様の倍率操作で、オペレ ータの感覚は、縮小版のオペレータが作業現場にいるとしたら、もつであろう感 覚と実質的には同じとなる。
図面の簡単な説明 本発明は、その他の目的および利点と共に添付図面を考察し下記の説明から最も 良く理解されよう。図面は説明および実施例のためだけの目的であり、本説明が これに限定されるものでないことは理解されよう。各図において、同様の参照数 字は同一部品を示す。
図1は、ワークサイトおよび遠隔制御オペレータのステーションの側面図を含む 、本発明を具体化するテレオペレータ装置の線図;図2は、事実上図1の線2− 2に沿ったオペレータのステーションの拡大背面図3は、事実上図1の線3−3 に沿ったワークサイトの拡大背面図;図4は、図1に類似の、ワークサイトの素 子とオペレータステーションの素子との寸法的関係を示す簡易側面図; 図5は、ミニチュア仮想の眼による視覚認識を示す線図で、図6は、像の拡大が 用いられる時に、オペレータによる視覚認識を示す線図;図7は、図1の線図に 類似するが、テレプレゼンス(Telepresence)手術に用いられるテ レオペレータシステムを示す線図;図8は、図7に示されるオペレータのステー ションの背面図;図9は、図7に示されるワークサイトの背面図;図1Oおよび 図11は、それぞれ自由度を増した、オペレータのステーションおよびマニプレ ータの変型の部分側面図;図12は、ディスプレ一手段が、オペレータの直視用 に配置される、オペレータのステーションの変型の側面図; 図13は、図12に示されるオペレータのステーションの変型の側面図;で図1 4は、本発明と共に用いられる内視鏡の挿入部分の部分図である。
図1−3について説明すると、テレオペレータシステムは、オペレータのステー ション20(図1および2)およびワークサイト22(図1および3)を含むも のとして示される。オペレータステーションのオペレータ18は、遠隔ワークサ イトのマニプレ−タ24を制御する。マニプレータ24は、右および左マニプレ ータ24Rおよび24Lからなり、それぞれ破線で示されるワークスペース30 内のプラットホームまたはペース28上に置かれる対象物26のような物体を操 作するのに用いられる。説明を目的とするだけであり、これに限定するものでは ないが、上記右マニプレータ24Rはペース28に付加されたハウジング32R を含むものとして示され、そしてこのハウジングから入れ予成アーム34Rが延 び出ている。アーム34Rの内端部34R1は、従来型装着手段を用いて、任よ うになっている。
アーム34Rは、入れ予成内部部分34R1と外部部分34R2を含み、外部部 分は内部部分34R1の内方へ、そして内部部分34R1から外方へ軸線方向移 動、およびその縦軸線の周りの回転運動の両方に適合するようになりでいる。
エンドエフェクター4ORが、アームの外端部に支持され、説明の目的でグリッ パを含むものとして示される。図示されないモータは、ピボット軸線36および 38周りのアーム34Rのピボット運動、アームの縦軸線に沿うおよび縦軸線周 りの外側アーム部分34R2の軸線方向および回転運動、およびグリッパ40R の開放と閉鎖を制御する。上記モータは、モータの制御用のモータ制御回路と共 に、上記ハウジング32R内に含むこともできる。上記モータは、コンピュータ 42の制御下で右マニプレータインターフェース44Rおよび上記モータ制御回 路を経てそれに接続される。
左マニプレータ24Lは、右マニプレータ24Rと事実上向一般計であり、同一 参照番号であるがRの代りに添字りを付し、同一部品認識に用いられる。説明の 目的で、図3に示される、左エンドエフェクター4OLは、1対のはさみ刃の様 式で作動する切断刃を含むものとして示される。
上記ワークサイトには1対のビデオカメラ46Rおよび46Lが設けられ、線4 8Rおよび48Lにおいて、それからの立体信号出力の作成のため、異なる角度 からワークスペース30を観察する。図3に示される両カメラの光軸間の角γは 、図2に示されるようなワークスペースの像のオペレータの両眼間の視角γに事 実上等しい。
線48Rおよび48Lにおけるビデオカメラ出力は、カメラからの右および左ル 変換器により、カメラ信号出力のディジタル信号形への変換およびモニタ54に おけるディスプレーに備えて、左/右スイッチから、アナログ信号形式ヘディジ タル信号出力の変換が用いられることもある。
ディスプレ一手段54の表面の電子光学デバイス58は、調時及び制御ユニット 56からの、左/右同期信号の制御下でディスプレ一手段54から受けた偏光を 制御する。上記左および右の像視野は、直角方向に偏光される、右および左の偏 光素子62および64を備えた、1対の受動偏光眼鏡を着けたオペレータI8に より観察される。上記電子光学デバイス58を経たディスプレー54からの偏光 は、オペレータによる立体画法目視のため、右視野が左眼から遮光され、そして 左視野が右眼から遮光されるような視野による同期された視野である。オペレー タに遠隔ワークスペースの立体視界を与えるため、この発明の実施に用いること もできる、例えば、活性立体眼鏡を使用するものを含め、左および右の像視野の 立体画法目視用の他の手段は周知である。
モニタ54用の垂直偏向コイル結線は逆転され、モニタを底部から頂部へ走査さ せ、これによりワークスペース30の頂部−底部反転像301を生じる。文字a 、b、cおよびdはワークピース30および反転ワークスペース像301の対応 かとを識別するために用いられる。上記反転ワークスペース像30Iは、テーブ ル68の上面のミラー66を介してオペレータにより観察され、上記ミラーは像 301を反転して、オペレータにより直立位置に観察されるように上記像を反− タにより観察される像は仮想像を含み、ワークサイトにおいてマニプレータ手段 24の制御のため、上記オペレータにより用いられるコントローラ手段70に隣 接配置される。
コントローラ手段70は、テーブル上面68の直下に配置されて、右及び左コン トローラ72Rおよび72Lを含み、それぞれ右及び左マニプレータ24Rおる 。説明の目的で、これに限定されるものではなく、右コントローラ72Rはテー ブル上面68の底部に固着されたハウジング74Rを含むのが示され、これから 入れ千成コントロールアームすなわちスティックの形式の手作動コントローラ7 6Rが延び出る。
右及び左コントロールアーム76Rおよび76Lは、関連マニプレータアーム3 4R及び34Lにおけると同じ自由度がそれぞれに与えられる。例えばコントロ ールアーム76Rの内端部はマニプレータピボット軸線36に相当する水平軸線 36の周りにピボット運動され、この軸線は順次、マニプレータ軸線38に相当 する横断垂直軸線の周りにピボット運動するのに適するようになっている。コン トロールアーム76Rはまた内部部分76R1および外部部分76R2を含み、 外部部分は内部部分76R1内への軸線方向移動および内部部分76R1から出 る軸線方向運動、およびその縦軸線周りの回転運動の両方に適している。コント ロールアーム76Hには関連マニプレータアーム34Rと同様に4つの自由度が 与えられていることは明白であろう。さらに、センサ手段78Rが外部アーム部 分76R2の外端部に隣接配置され、グリッパ4ORのグリッピング作動を制御 するのに用いられる。同様にセンサ手段78Lがコントロールアーム76Lの外 端部に隣接され、はさみ刃4OLの作動を制御する使用に適している。
右および左コントローラ72Rと72Lはサーボ機構内に包含され、該機構にお いてコントロールアーム76Rと76Lはマニプレークアーム34Rと34Lの 位置を制御し、そしてセンサー手段18Rと78L上の圧力はエンドエフェクタ 42へのコントローラの接続のために示される。遠隔位置における機械的運動り を組み合わせるものか本発明装置の遠隔立合(te 1epresence)操 らマイクからの出力が右および左増幅器により増幅されそしてオペレータのステ ーションにおける右および左スピーカに供給されて作業空間においてオペレータ に立体音響を提供するステレオ音響出力を提供する。
第1図においてこのステレオ装置系の右チャンネルのみが示され、ここには右マ イクロフォン82R1右増幅器86Rおよび右スピーカ−88Rが含まれる。
ここに左マイクロフォンとスピーカは作業場所におけるそれぞれの右マイクロフ ォンとスピーカおよびオペレータの制御ステーションの真うしろに位置する(第 1図)。当然のことに、イヤフォンがこれらスピーカの代わりにオペレータのた めに提供でき、これによりオペレータの制御ステーションにおける外部雑音を遮 断するに役立てつる。更に第1図において、モニタにおける遮光板54Bが示さ れオペレータによるモニタ面の直接観察を防止する。
ここに第4図を参照し、ここでは第1乃至3図に示した装置の簡素化した線図を 示しそして種々の長さ及び角度位置が図番で示されている。第4図において、作 業空間におけるカメラと点7間の光路長は図番りにより示される。同作業空間の バーチャルイメージにおけるオペレータの眼と点7間の対応する光路長は距離a +bにより示され、ここにaはオペレータの眼からミラー66への距離でありモ してbは該バーチャルイメージでの該ミラーから点F迄の距離である。ここに示 される他の寸法はマニプレータの腕34Rの枢軸点上のカメラの高さGと、コン トロールアーム76Rの枢軸点上のオペレータの眼の対応する高さgを更に含む 。長さdのコントロールアーム76Rによりマニプレータアーム34Rは長さD に調整されている。同様に垂直に関し角度β、にあるコントロールアーム76R をもって、マニプレータ34Rは垂直線から同一の角度に位置される。カメラが 作業空間を見る垂直線からの角度および、オペレータの眼が作業空間のバーチャ ルイメージを見る垂直線からの角度はαで示される。作業位置の諸要素とオペレ ータステーション間には下記の関係が存在する:a+b=kL (1) d=kD (2) g=kG (3) ここにkは縮尺ファクタ定数である。
kが1の場合はa+b=L%d=Dそしてg=Gであり、作業場所の寸法の縮尺 計算は必要でない。
ここにどのような縮尺ファクタも使用でき、本発明は非縮尺操作(full−s cale manipulation)に限定されるものでない。例えば作業場 所は小さくでき、例えば顕微鏡寸法をも包含し、この場合目的物、両眼間の距離 および焦点に関する光学パラメータおよび機械的かつ寸法パラメータが適切に適 用される。適切な縮尺(scaling)およびイメージ倍率(imagema gnification)、力およびトルクフィードバックを使用することによ りまた手作動制御手段76Rと76Lに隣接して作業空間3oのイメージ30v を位置させることにより、オペレータはエンドエフェクタ40Rと4OLを直接 制御する強い感覚を持ちうる。オペレータはエンドエフェクタ40Rと4OLと それぞれのコントロールアーム76Rと76Lが実質的に一体であるという感覚 を受ける。この手作動制御手段とエンドエフェクタの一体化の同一の感覚は、オ ペレータにより観視されたイメージが手作動制御手段に近接して位置されない公 知技術の構成では実感されない。公知技術が立体像観察および、力およびトルク フィードバックを包含する場合といえども、作業対象とする観察像対象物からの 断絶感が存在する。本発明はオペレータの手がエンドエフェクタの直接制御を行 うとも思える作業空間像を設置することによりこの断絶感を克服する。
小規模の操作例えば外科手術的適用に必要な操作に対しては、ミニアチュア観察 者(miniature observer)が実際の作業場所にいる場合に該 観察者が持つであろう観察経験を模写することが望ましい。第5図において仮想 的ミニアチュア観察者のバーチャルアイ9oが実際の作業空間を観察している状 態を示している。この実際の作業空間内の一点、x、 y、 zにおける給源か らの光はX’/Mで表した点においてミニアチュア観察者の眼9o上に成る刺激 を与える。第6図において実際のオペレータの眼92は、この実際の作業空間を 観察するに使用されたビデオカメラ94により生成された拡大したバーチャルイ メージを観察して示される。ここに図示のカメラは受光レンズ96およびCCD  (charge−coupled−device)アレー98のような固体イ メージング装置を含み、このアレーではx、 y、zにおける点状光源がX l  l Yi lZ で示される。
正確な尺度において、対応する光源は、観察デスプレーの面の実際のまたは見掛 は位置の何れかでMX、、MY、、MZ冒こおいて生成されるが本装置系の立体 画像操作により該オペレータには実際の作業空間における点x、 y、zに対応 する点MX、MY、MZから発生しているように思われる。実際の眼92の網膜 において、ある刺激が、仮想的観察者の眼90における点X’/Mと比例的に同 一位置で点X′に生成される。この関係は正確に寸法合わせしたカメラ距離およ びレンズ焦点長さを、光学的倍率M。=M/Mv (ここにMは望んだ全体倍率 そしてMvはビデオ倍率である)となるように選択することにより保証される。
典型的ビデオ倍率Mvは約40であり、該倍率はCCDアレー98の巾とディス プレー巾との比に等しい。
ここに第7図乃至第9図により医療方面に利用する本発BJ″の態様を示す。こ こに右および左マニプレータ100Rと100Lが示さセ、これらは右および左 コントローラl02Rと102Lそれぞれにより制御されて示される。イメージ ング装置系の各要素は、実際の作業空間104の拡大バーチャルイメージ104 vがオペレータにより観察のため提供されることを除いては、上記第1乃至第3 図に示したイメージング系に使用した要素と実質的に同一である。更に右および 左コントローラ102Rと102Lをそれぞれのマニプレータ100Rと10O Lに接続するためのサーボ機構要素もまた第1乃至第3図に関して記載したもの と実質的に同一である。ここに図示の装置において、右および左マニプレータは 右および左コントローラと実質的に同一構造であり、即ちあるマニプレータおよ びあるコントローラの記述は両者に等しく適用できる。更に接尾語RとLは右と 左の多要素間を区別するために使用される。
これらマニプレータは外部制御セクション100RAと100LAおよび挿入セ クション100RBと100LBを包含し、ここに挿入セクションは円筒チュー ブまたはカニユーレを介して体腔内に挿入するに適した部分である。説明のため 、マニプレータが患者の腹壁106を通して挿入して示される。広く理解される ように腹腔鏡外科手術のため、腹壁106は吹込み法により内臓から分離され、 この吹込み法はガスを図示していないが適当な手段により腹部に導入する方法で ある。マニプレータ・モータおよびそれと組み合わされたモータ制御回路はマニ プレータの外部制御セクション100RAと100LA内に入れられ挿入セクシ ョンの制御を行う。マニプレータは腹腔内の臓器を観察するための腹腔鏡108 と共に患者が保持されている手術台の一部を形成する固定レールにより担持され ている。
マニプレータのインサージョンセクション100RB及び100LBは、図1〜 3の態様に関して上述したマニプレータアーム34R及び34Lと実質的に同じ 構成のものでよい。該インサージョンセクションは、体の内部で使用するため比 較的小さい大きさを有する。インサージョンセクション100RBは入れ予成の 内方セクションl 12R1及び外方セクション112R2を含み、しかして該 外方セクションは内方セクションl 12R1に対して出入りする軸線方向の移 動並びにその長手軸線の回りの回転の両方に適合されている。エンドエフェクタ ー114R及び114Lは、器官116の操作のためにそれぞれ右及び左のセク ション112R2及び112L2の外方端において担持されている。内方セクシ 3ン112R1は、当該インサージョンセクションが壁106を横切る点Pに実 質的に位置する交差垂直軸線の回りの旋回運動に適合されている。エンドエフェ クター114R及び114Lの操作を除いて、各マニプレータアームは、図1〜 3に示された態様と同じく4の自由度が与えられている。エンドエフェクター1 14R及び114Lは単に、本質的には、例えばケン別器、電気外科用カッター 及びコアギユレータ、顕微ビンセット、顕微針、ホールグー、解剖用ハサミ、刃 、かん腸器及び縫合糸を含めてハンドルが除去された顕微外科用器具からなって いてもよい。
ワークスペース104を観るためのラバロスコープ108は、外方の操作セクシ ョン108A及びインサージョンセクション108Bからなるものが示されてい る。インサージョンセクション108Bの外方エンドセクション120はその内 方エンド122内で軸線方向にかつ回転可能的移動でき、かつワークスペース1 04を立体的に観るための一対の画像トランスミッションウィンドウ124゜1 24が設けられている。該ラバロスコープにはまた、該ワークスペースを照明す るための照明手段(図示せず)並びに液体が該ウィンドウを通過して流れるため の液体用入口及び出口手段(図示せず)が設けられている。セクション108A 内のビデオカメラ手段は、画像メモリ50への連結用のアウトプットライン48 R及び48Lにおいて左及び右の電子画像の発生のためビューイングウィンドウ を通って受け取られる光に応答する。拡大三次元画像1041が、ミラー66を 経てオペレータが着ける干渉偏波メガネ60によって観られるようにするためデ ィスプレ一手段54において作られる。図1−3に示されている態様と同様に、 ワークスペース104が、コントローラ102R及び102Lのコントローラア ーム130R及び130Lに隣接して作られる。コントローラアー・ム130R 及び130Lは、上述した図1−3の態様において含まれているコントローラア ーム76R及び76Lと同じタイプのものである。それらは、入れ子式の内方及 び外方セクション132R1及び132R並びに132L1及び132L2を含 む。コントロールアームの外方エンドに隣接して位置するセンサー手段134R 及び134Lは、図1−3を参照して上述したやり方でそれぞれエンドエフェク ター114R及び114Lの操作を制御する。ここで、画像がオペレータにより 観られる垂直線からの角度は対象物が該カメラにより観られる垂直線からの角度 に等しい必要はない、ということが留意されよう。図7−9に示された配置では 、オペレータが垂直線から角度θにて画像104Vを観るように示されており、 一方対象物116は直接下向きに観られるように示されている。外部参照がない 場合、体内の垂直線の感覚は特に大きくなく、垂直線に対して観察者及びカメラ が種々の角度で観る結果オペレータの精神に混乱は生じない。
図7−9の態様の場合、ワークスペースの拡大虚像104Vがオペレータにより 観られるために与えられるのみならず、マニプレータのインサージョンセクショ ン100RB及び100LBの長さより長い長さのコントローラアーム130R 及びl 30Lが用いられる。入れ子式のコントロールアームの軸線方向の移動 のサーボ機構スケーリングが与えられて、その軸線方向の延出又は引込みが入れ 子式の該インサージジンセクションのより小さい延出又は引込みをもたらすよう にされる。スケーリングなしでは、コントロールアーム130R及び130Lの 角旋回運動はインサージョンセクション100RB及び100LBの同じ角旋回 運動を生じさせ、そして該コントロールアームのエンドセクション132R2及 び132L2の回転運動は右及び左のマニプレータのインサージョンセクション のエンドセクションl l 2R2及び112L2の同じ回転運動を生じさせる 。拡大画像に関する本発明のこの態様は、顕微外科の分野特に大きさの制限のた めに外科医が手によって所与の領域に達し得ない場合特に有用である。
本発明は、いかなる特定数の自由度を有するマニプレータについての使用に限定 されない。当該技術で周知の種々の自由度を有するマニプレータが本発明の実施 に用いられ得る。ここで図1O及び11を参照すると、リストジヨイントを設け て追加的な運動自由が与えられているコントローラ140及びマニプレータ14 2がそれぞれ示されている。図示されたコントローラ140は、テーブルミラー 66が置かれるテーブルトップ68の底部に取り付けられたハウジング144を 含む。現実のワークスペース146の拡大虚像146Vが、上述したやり方でミ ラー66上を下向きで見るときオペレータにより観られ得るようにオペレータの 手14Bに隣接して与えられる。
それぞれ内方及び外方セクシ1ン150Ll及び150L2からなるコントロー ルアーム150Lが、双頭矢印152及び154を交差させることにより示され ているようにいかなる旋回方向にも旋回運動するようにハウジング144内に設 置される。外方セクション150L2は、双頭矢印156の方向において内方セ クション150Llに対して出入りする軸線方向の移動に適合されている。それ はまた、双頭矢印158の方向においてその長手軸線の回りの回転に適合されて いる。この態様では、コントロールアームは、双頭矢印164の方向の旋回運動 のためにリストジヨイント162により外方セクション150L2にピボット取 り付けされている。エンドセクション160は軸線方向に整合した内方及び外方 セクション160A及び160Bからなり、しかしてその外方セクション160 Bは双頭矢印166の方向においてその長手軸線の回りに回転可能である。上述 した配置の場合のように、センサー手段168が、図11に示されたマニプレー タ142におけるエンドエフェクター170の操作のためにコントロールアーム の自由端に隣接して設置されている。
図11を参照すると、軸線方向に整合されたリンク172A及び172Bからな るリスト172に取り付けられた一対の可動ジョーからなるエンドエフェクター 170が示されている。外方リンク172Bは、矢印166の方向における手動 コントロールユニットのセクション160Bの回転に応答して、双頭矢印166 Mの方向において内方のリンク172Aに対して長手軸線の回りにモータ一手段 (図示せず)により回転できる。リストリンク172Aは、ピボット軸線162 の回りの手動コントロール手段のエンドセクション160の旋回運動に応答して 、双頭矢印164Mの方向において旋回運動するようにマニプレータの前アーム 174にピボット取り付けされている。前アーム174は、双頭矢印156の方 向におけるコントロールアーム150Lの外方セクション150L2の軸線方向 の移動に応答して、双頭矢印156Mの方向において長手方向で軸線方向に移動 できる。それはまた、双頭矢印15Bの方向におけるコントロールアーム150 Lの外方セクション150L2の回転に応答して、双頭矢印158Mの方向にお いて長手軸線の回りに回転できる。加えて、それは、それぞれ双頭矢印152及 び154の方向におけるコントロールアーム150Lの旋回運動に応答して、双 頭矢印152M及び154Mの方向において点176の回りで旋回的に運動でき る。遠隔的な腹腔鏡検査法的外科のような生医学的用途のためには、ピボット点 176は、実質的にマニプレータが延出する腹壁178のレベルに位置される。
図11において、マニプレータアーム174は、腹壁を貫通するカニユーレ18 0を通って延出するマニプレータアーム174が示されている。
マニプレータの外部操作端は、その上に主体が支持されている手術テーブルの支 持レール(図示せず)に、取付られるように設計される。それはグリッパ−17 0の開閉用エンドエフェクタ駆動モータを含む。リスト駆動モータ184はリス H72の枢軸運動を二頭矢印164Mの方向に制御し、そして延長駆動モータ1 86はマニプレータアーム174の軸性の運動を二頭矢印156Mの方向に制御 する。前アーム枢転制御モータ及びリンケージは、一般に参照番号188で表示 されるが、アーム174の枢軸運動を矢印152M及び154Mの方向に枢軸点 176のまわりに提供する。点176のまわりの枢軸運動はマニプレータの外部 操作端の横運動と同時のアーム174の枢軸運動とによって与えられる。運動は 共働されて、その結果前アームの回転の中心が腹部壁のレベルで点176に於て 空中に固定される。
コントローラ140及びマニプレータ142は図7.8及び9に示されるような システムに含まれており、このシステムは操作者が右手で使用するための第2の コントローラ及びマニプレータを含み、そして手動コントローラによるマニプレ ータの遠隔操作のため、適切なタイプの関連するサーボ機構(図示せず)を含む 。作業場に於けるビデオカメラ手段は、図9に示されるように、表示手段と共に 、図7で示されるものがあるが、操作者に左手及び右手で操作する制御手段に隣 接した位置で作業空間のイメージを与えるために採用される。リスト結合を有す るマニプレータを使用することにより、追加の自由の度合がその増加した操作性 及び有用性のために与えられる。但し、上述の如く、本発明はある一定の自由度 を有するマニプレータに限定されるものでない。
さて図12及び13を参照すると、ここでは本発明の変形が示されており、これ は作業空間(図示せず)の3−二次元イメージ240■の直視を提供する。図1 2及び13では、操作者の作業台だけが示されており、これは左右のコントロー ラ242R及び242L、および上記コントローラ及びコントロールアームと同 じタイプのものでもよい関連する左右手動手段244R及び244Lを含む。
操作者の作業台は上記したタイプのものであってもよいマニプレータの遠隔操作 用に設計される。作業空間の3−二次元イメージは視覚表示手段246と電気光 学装置58とを共用することにより表示手段及び操作者が着用する断面偏光(C ross−polarized)眼鏡の面で与えられる。この表示手段に対して 、作業空間を視る左右のビデオカメラからの左右のビデオ場が、すべて上記に詳 述した態様で、交互に供給される。エンドエフェクター及び目的イメージ248 及び250は、それぞれ、作業場でビデオカメラから見て作業空間内に示される 。この表示手段246は操作者による直視のために左右手動手段244R及び2 44Lに隣接して位置される。この配置により、エンドエフェクター及び目的イ メージは手動手段244R及び244Lと共に操作者により同時に可視である。
手動手段は又可視なので、操作者はエンドエフェクタ一手段及び手動手段の間の 接続視覚を与えられ、これによりそれらは実質的に一体のものとして現われるさ て、図14を参照すると、ここでは内視鏡の挿入部の遠方端部、又は先端、26 0が示されており、これは前述の「イントロダクション トウ ア ニュープロ ジェクト フォア ナショナル リサーチ アンド デベロプメント プログラ ム(ラージ−スケイル プロジェクト)イン エフワイ 1991J (“■n troduction to a New Project for Nati onal Re5earch and Development Progra m (Large−Scale Project)in FY 1991”)  ・と称する刊行物に示されていると実質的に同じタイプのもので、この内視鏡は 本発明の実施に使用してもよい。内視鏡の挿入端は一対の間隔を置いて離れたの ぞき窓262R及び262L、そして観察する作業空間を見て照明するための照 明源を含む。窓で受領した光は目的レンズ手段(図示せず)によって焦点合わせ され、繊維−光(fiber−optic)バンドルを通して該内視鏡の操作端 に於ける(図示せず)カメラに移送される。カメラ出力は作業空間の3−二次元 イメージに変換されるが、この二次元イメージは操作者の作業台に於て(図示せ ず)手動手段に隣接して位置されている。左右の操縦可能なカテーテル(cat heters)268R及び268Lは内視鏡本体内の補助チャネルを通過する 。
このカテーテルは、図示されているように、遠方端部からの延長のために設計さ れている。エンドエフェクター27OR及び270Lは慣用の内視鏡器具よりな ってVよいカテーテルの端部に設けられている。力感知器(force 5en sors)(図示せず)は、又内視鏡チャネルを通して挿入される。操縦可能な カテーテルは、カテーテルの曲げ及び本発明での使用に適したエンドエフェクタ ーの操作を制御する制御ワイヤーを含むが、公知のものである。制御ワイヤーの 操作のための制御モータは内視鏡の操作端に設けられており、これらのモータは 、遠隔操作者の作業台からの操縦可能なカテーテル及び関連するエンドエフェク ターの操作のために上記したタイプのサーボ機構に含まれる。他の実施態様とし ては、サーボ機構システムに於けるインターフェースするコンピュータは操作者 の手の動きをエンドエフェクターの共働システム中に再マツプし、そしてエンド エフェクターのイメージは上記した方法で手動コントローラに隣接して可視であ る。この実施態様では、操作者は内視鏡を通して両手を直接エンドエフェクター 上にその制御のために置くために手をのばすという感覚を持つ。異ったタイプの 内視鏡は本発明のこの実施態様で採用しても良い。但し、エンドエフェクタ一手 段の制御に使用するためのひとつ又はそれ以上の補助チャネル、作業空間の視覚 表示を与えるのに用いる適切な視覚手段を含む場合に限る。例えば、胃、結腸( colonscopic)、及び同じタイプの、内視鏡が採用される。
以上本発明を特許法の要求に従って詳細に記載したが、種々の他の変化及び修正 は当業者にとって自明であろう。例えば、上記の如く、本発明は触診のためのそ して組織及び器具をマニプレータするための微妙な感覚を与える触覚のフィード バック(feedback)の使用を含む。このフィードバックを与えるため、 触覚センサーアレーが手動制御手段上の触覚センサー刺激アレーに結合している エンドエフェクター上に含まれていてもよく、これが操作者の手の上に触覚感覚 を再生する。テレオペレータ触覚感知のための種々の伝達(transduct ion)技術が知られているが、これは抵抗/伝導、半導体、圧電気容量性及び 光電子のものを含む。異るタイプの手動制御手段及びマニプレータが採用されて も良いが、例えば、ギンパル(gimbals)、リンケージ(linlcag es)、プレー(pulleys)、ケーブル(cables)、駆動ベルト及 びバンド、ギア(gears)、光学又は電磁気位置エンコーダ、及び角形及び 線形モーターを含めて、非常に広範囲の公知の機構及び電子機械要素を使用する 。オペレータに対するカフィードバック(force feedback)は手 動制御手段との人体接触の使用を要求する。例示されたような手づかみタイプの ハンド コントローラと、制御プレース(control brace)タイプ のハンド コントローラの両方とも、オペレータに対するカフィードバックのた めに本発明で十分使用されるよう設計されている。制御プレース ハンドコント ローラは関節角を測定するためにオペレータの関節に取付けられたポジティブセ ンサを有する構造の使用を含む。カフィードバックはそれから各関節に適用する ことができる。同様に、個々の指の曲げを測定するために関節に取付けられた可 変−抵抗又は繊維−光学フレックスセンサを有する光繊維手袋を使用して良い。
この種の手袋は現実物体とのテレブリゼンス インターアクション(teIep resence 1nteraction)を与えるためにカフィードバックを 具備している。採用される手作動制御手段のタイプに関係なく、ワークピースの イメージはそれに隣接して生成されオペレータにエンドエフェクタ一手段及び手 作動制御手段は実質的に一体であるという感覚を与える。又、上記の如く、多く の異るタイプのサーボ機構がロボット及びテレオペレータシステム技術で良く知 られており、本発明はあるひとつのタイプに限定されるものでない。オペレータ への力及びトルクフィードバック(force and torc+uefee dback)を含むものが、好まれており、操作のテレブリゼンス(telep resence)感覚に寄与する。加えて、作業空間の立体鏡イメージを生成す る多くの異った手段が公知である。例えば、二台のカメラを使用する代りに、単 一のカメラが切り換え断面−偏光要素(swi tched cross−po larizing elements)と共にイメージ受領通路で採用して2も よい。この場合には、一対の間隔を置いて離れた立体鏡レンズが作業空間を異る 角度から見てそしてその第1及び第2のイメージをカメラに与えるために使用さ れる。図9の構成では、ここではラバロスコープ(Iaparoscope)が 示されているが、他のタイプの内視鏡が作業空間を見るために使用されて良い。
上述の如く、本発明はある一定の適用又は使用に限定されるものではない。バイ オメディカル分野では、使用は、例えば、遠隔位置からの手術を含む、公開手術 、及びマイクロサージエリ−(mi crosergery)、及びラバロスコ ープ手術及び内視鏡手術のような最少限侵略手術(minimum 1nvas ’ ive surgery)を含む。マイクロスコープのマニプレーシヨンを 含む実験室での使用も又意図されている。本発明の産業的使用は、例えば、有害 物質の取扱、遠隔操作、マイクロアセンブリー(microassembly) 、及びその類似物を含む。本発明のテレオペレータシステムの軍事的及び海面下 の使用は明白である。
上記したこと及び他のかかる変化及び修正が添付の請求項に定義された発明の精 神及び範囲に該当すべきことが意図されている。
手続補正書 平成 6年 9月 8日

Claims (25)

    【特許請求の範囲】
  1. 1.遠隔操作オペレータの場所から、オペレータによって作業空間内の作業部位 に位置した目的物を操作する為のテレオペレータシステムであって、作業空間に おける目的物を操作する為のエンドエフェクター手段を含む作業部位におけるマ ニプレータ手段、 オペレータによる手作動手段のコントローラによって該マニプレータ手段を遠隔 操作する為の、該マニプレータ手段に連結した、コントローラの場所に於ける該 手作動手段を含むコントローラ手段、作業空間を観察する為のビデオカメラ手段 、及び作業空間のイメージを作りだす為のビデオカメラ手段に応答する手段であ って、該手作動手段の作動の間該手作動手段の方向でオペレータによって観察さ れ、そしてオペレータにエンドエフェクター手段及び該手作動手段が実質的に統 合されている感覚を与えるように、該イメージが該手作動手段に隣接して位置す るものである前記手段、から成る前記テレオペレータシステム。
  2. 2.前記ビデオカメラ手段が立体信号出力を生み出すために異なった角度から作 業空間を観察する為の手段を含み、イメージを作りだす為の前記手段が該立体信 号出力に応答して作業空間の三次元イメージ作りだす為の手段を含む、請求項1 記載のテレオペレータシステム。
  3. 3.作業空間を観察する為の手段の前記手段の光学軸間の角度がオペレータの両 眼間のイメージ観察角度に実質的に等しい、請求項2記載のテレオペレータシス テム。
  4. 4.前記手作動手段があらゆる枢軸方向に於ける動作をするために設置されたコ ントロールアームを含み、エンドエフェクター手段のイメージ及びオペレータに より感じられる可動コントロールアームの位置がオペレータにエンドエフェクタ ー手段がコントロールアームの延長を含むものである感覚を与える、請求項2記 載のテレオペレータシステム。
  5. 5.前記マニプレータがあらゆる枢軸方向に於ける動作をするために設置された アームを含み、オペレータによる前記コントロールアームの角作動がマニプレー タアームの実質的に等しい角作動を生じる、請求項4記載のテレオペレータシス テム。
  6. 6.オペレータの眼から作業空間のイメージまでの長さおよびコントロールアー ムの長さが、それぞれ前記ビデオカメラ手段から作業空間までの光路長およびマ ニプレータアームの長さにファクターkによって関連づけされており、kが定数 である、請求項5記載のテレオペレータシステム。
  7. 7.オペレータによって観察される前記イメージが仮想イメージを含む、請求項 2記載のテレオペレータシステム。
  8. 8.イメージを作りだす為の前記手段が、作業空間の上下逆さまの三次元実像イ メージを作りだす為の表示手段、オペレータの前に置かれた鏡であって、該表示 手段から逆さまの実像イメージを受け取り、鏡の中で該仮想イメージが観察され るようにそれをオペレータの眼の方向に反射する前記鏡を含む、請求項7記載の テレオペレータシステム。
  9. 9.前記表示手段が前記鏡の上方に置かれ、該鏡の方に面している、請求項8記 載のテレオペレータシステム。
  10. 10.前記表示手段が垂直方向からある角度で下方に傾いて面している、請求項 7記載のテレオペレータシステム。
  11. 11.前記マニプレータ手段が第一及び第二のマニプレータを含み、前記コント ローラ手段が該第一及び第二のマニプレータをそれぞれ遠隔操作するための第一 及び第二の手作動手段を含む、請求項1記載のテレオペレータシステム。
  12. 12.作動区域及び作業空間がその中に位置する空洞内に挿入可能な挿入区域か ら成る検視鏡(内視鏡)を含み、前記作業空間が前記ビデオカメラ手段によって それを通して観察される観察窓手段を有する、請求項1記載のテレオペレータシ ステム。
  13. 13.前記マニプレータ手段が、前記空洞内にある目的物を操作する為に、作動 区域及び空洞内に挿入可能な挿入区域を含む、請求項12記載のテレオペレータ システム。
  14. 14.前記マニプレータ手段が第一及び第二のマニプレータを含み、前記コント ローラ手段が該第一及び第二のマニプレータをそれぞれ遠隔操作するための第一 及び第二の手作動手段を含む、請求項13記載のテレオペレータシステム。
  15. 15.マニプレータの作動区域及び前記検視鏡(内視鏡)を手術の間支持するた めにそれらを手術台の支持レールに取り付けるための手段を含む、請求項14記 載のテレオペレータシステム。
  16. 16.作業空間の前記イメージと共に、前記システムの視覚的及び力的遠隔立合 (テレプレゼンス)作動を与えるための、前記マニプレータ手段から前記手作動 手段への力フィードバックを含む、請求項1記載のテレオペレータシステム。
  17. 17.作業空間からの音を拾い上げる為の第一及び第二の立体音響マイクロホン 、及びそれぞれ該第一及び第二の立体音響マイクロホンからの出力に応答して立 体音響音出力を生み出し、オペレータに該作業空間に存在する音響の様相を与え るための、遠隔操作の場所にある第一及び第二のスピーカを含む、請求項1記載 のテレオペレータシステム。
  18. 18.作業空間のイメージを作りだす為の前記手段が、オペレータによって直接 観察されるように前記手作動手段に隣接している、作業空間の実像イメージを作 りだす為の表示手段を含む、請求項1記載のテレオペレータシステム。
  19. 19.アクセサリーチャンネルを有する検視鏡(内視鏡)を含む請求項1記載の テレオペレータシステムであって、前記マニプレータ手段が該チャンネルを通り 延伸する操縦可能なカテーテルを含み、前記エンドエフェクター手段が該操縦可 能なカテーテルに担われ、前記作業空間が該検視鏡(内視鏡)を介して前記ビデ オカメラ手段によって観察される、前記テレオペレータシステム。
  20. 20.遠隔位置にいるオペレータによる手術方法であって、対象者に検視鏡(内 視鏡)及び第一及び第二のマニプレータの挿入端を挿入し検視鏡(内視鏡)及び 第一及び第二のマニプレータの作動端を支持し、ビデオカメラ手段によって該対 象者内部の目的物を観察するために検視鏡(内視鏡)を用い、 該マニプレータから離れた位置にある第一及び第二の手作動コントローラによっ て、それぞれ第一及び第二のマニプレータをコントロールし、該第一及び第二の 手作動コントローラの操作中にオペレータによって観察され、オペレータに該第 一及び第二のマニプレータ及びそれぞれ第一及び第二の手作動コントローラが実 質的に統合されている感覚を与えるように、ビデオカメラ手段によって観察され た該目的物のイメージを該第一及び第二の手作動コントローラに隣接する位置に 表示することから成る、前記方法。
  21. 21.立体的ビデオカメラが検視鏡(内視鏡)による目的物の観察に使用され、 表示されたイメージが三次元的イメージである、請求項20記載の方法。
  22. 22.オペレータによる観察の為に目的物の拡大イメージを表示することを含む 、請求項20記載の方法。
  23. 23.オペレータによる観察イメージが仮想イメージを含む、請求項20記載の 方法。
  24. 24.オペレータによる観察イメージが実像イメージを含む、請求項23記載の 方法。
  25. 25.検視鏡(内視鏡)及び第一及び第二のマニプレータが対象者の腹部内に挿 入され、腹部内に吹き込むことを含む、請求項20記載の方法。
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