JP2012039628A - ロケーションビーコンデータベースおよびサーバ、ロケーションビーコンデータベースを構築する方法、ならびにこれを使用するロケーションベースのサービス - Google Patents
ロケーションビーコンデータベースおよびサーバ、ロケーションビーコンデータベースを構築する方法、ならびにこれを使用するロケーションベースのサービス Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】少なくとも一の車両が、GPS装置およびWi−Fi無線装置を有する少なくとも一つのスキャニング装置と、Wi−Fiアンテナシステムとを備えて展開される。複数のWi−FiアクセスポイントからのWi−Fi信号を検出し、車両のGPS位置情報に関連して検出されたWi−Fiアクセスポイントの認識情報を記録する。Wi−Fi無線装置を備えるユーザ装置を測位することができる。目標エリアにおいて複数のWi−Fiアクセスポイントの算出された位置のリファレンスデータベースが提供される。このデータベースは、先に決定された位置の質を向上するために新しく加えられた位置情報で変更することができ、エラーを起こしやすい情報を避ける。
【選択図】図2
Description
本出願は、2004年10月29日に出願された米国仮特許出願第60/623,108号、「ロケーションビーコンデータベースを構築するためのワイヤレスデータスキャニングネットワーク」(本明細書に組み込まれる)の利益を35U.S.C. § 119(e)に基づき請求する。
ロケーションビーコンデータベース;
ロケーションビーコンデータベースをアップデートするためのサーバ;
ユーザ装置の範囲内に検出されたアクセスポイントの数に基づきロケーションアルゴリズムを選択するロケーションベースのサービス;および
ロケーションビーコンデータベースのための方法およびシステム
近年、モバイルコンピュータの数が劇的に増加しており、より高度なモバイルおよびワイヤレスサービスの必要性が生じている。モバイルEメール、ウォーキートーキーサービス、マルチプレイヤ・ゲームおよびコールフォロイング(callfollowing)が、新しいアプリケーションがどのようにモバイル機器に現れているかを示す例である。更に、ユーザは、その現在地を利用するだけではなく、他人とその位置情報を共有するアプリケーションを求め始めている。親が子供の行方を監視したり、会社の管理者がこの会社の配達車両の位置を監視する必要があったり、出張旅行者が処方箋を受け取るため、最も近い薬局を見つけるために調べたりする。これらの例全ては、かれらが自身のまたは関係する他者の居場所を知る必要がある。現在に至るまで、我々は、誰かに方向を尋ねたり、我々の所在を尋ねるために誰かに電話したり、従業員に彼らの位置を時々報告させたりすることに全て依存している。
図2は、様々なアクセスポイントの位置情報を収集するために使用される要素を示している。多くの車両201からなる一隊が、測位システムのためのリファレンスデータベース(図1の104)を構築するために展開される。これらの車両201は、目標スキャンエリアを通してプログラムに基づいたルートをたどり、質の高いデータを生成する最適な方法でデータを収集する。この目標スキャンエリアは典型的に、半径15〜20マイル内の全ての走行可能な道路を含む大都市圏である。これらの車両は、カバレージエリアを移動する間に802.11信号の位置および特性を記録するように設計されたスキャニング装置202を備えている。このスキャニング装置は、GPS衛星204からの信号を使用して毎秒スキャニング車両の位置を追跡する。このスキャニング装置は、カバレージエリア内のいかなる802.11アクセスポイントの所在も追跡し、スキャン車両のGPS位置と、アクセスポイント信号の無線特性とを記録する。収集されたデータの品質は、スキャン車両に備えられるスキャン方法によって多大に影響される。各モデルは、それぞれ利点および制限がある。ランダムモデル(RandomModel)として知られる一つの方法は、車両は商用または私用で日常的に稼動することから、車両にスキャニング装置を配置するものである。これらの車両は、配達用トラック、タクシー、セールスマンまたは単に愛好家となり得る。このコンセプトは、これらの車両が、信頼性のあるリファレンスデータベースを構築するためにそれら自体のランダムな方法で時間が経つにつれて十分な道路をカバーしているであろうとするものである。このモデルは、データを収集するための簡略的な手段を実際に提供するが、結果として得られるデータの品質は、「幹線の偏り(arterialbias)」の問題のために悪影響を受ける。図3は、このランダムモデルの課題を示している。スキャニング車両が、データを収集するよりもむしろ他の課題を解決するために設計されたルートを移動する場合(例えば、荷物の配達、出勤、帰宅)、それらは、「目的地ルート」をたどる傾向にある。目的地ルートは、ドライバーがAからBに行く必要がある場合であってかつそこに行くための最速ルートを求める場合のルートである。よって、ドライバーは、それが高速道路であるか大通りであるかに関わらず、最も近い主要幹線に行くための最短ルートを探す。結果として、時が経つにつれて、このランダム走行は、累積的なカバレージによってますます多くの面積をカバーし、主要道路または幹線道路に偏っておりすなわちバイアスがかかっており、より小さい周囲の道路をなおざりにしている。図3において、幹線道路304および305は、スキャニング車両が非常に激しく通過しており、これらの道路用に好ましい量のスキャニングデータが得られる。しかし、道路306および307は、カバーされることがあるとしてもまれであって、なぜなら、これらの道路上には頻繁に訪れるような目的地がなく、かつ幹線道路のほうが移動に使う道としては適しているからである。結果として、アクセスポイント308および309は、スキャニング車両によって全くスキャンされておらず、この測位システムは、この道路306および307を移動するユーザを認識するのに苦戦する。その結果として、システムがスキャンデータからアクセスポイントの位置を算出することを試みる場合、入力データの偏って収集したものに限定される。図11は、結果として得られるデータ品質の相違を示す。スキャニング車両のドライバーがアクセスポイント1101の近くを通過したときに、読み取り値およびその位置を連続的に記録する。この測位システムは、次に、全ての観測されたデータ1103のセットを用いてアクセスポイント1102の位置を算出しなくてはならない。ランダムスキャニングモデルにおいては、このデータのセットはアクセスポイントを通り過ぎる一本の主要道路に限定される。それによって、このシステムにアクセスポイントの位置をこのアクセスポイント自体の近辺ではなくむしろその道の近くになるように強制的に算出させてしまう。
このスキャニングデータは、一旦収集(または部分的に収集)されると、中央アクセスポイントデータベース(後述される)に戻ってアップロードされ、そこで処理される。各アクセスポイントのための未処理の観測点は、アクセスポイントの実際の物理的な位置を逆三角測量(reversetriangulate)するために使用されるか、アクセスポイントの電波の伝搬を示す電力プロファイルを生成するために使用される。特定のアクセスポイント用に最も正確に算出された位置を生成するかまたは最も正確な電力プロファイルを生成するために、スキャニング車両は出来る限り多くの異なる角度からアクセスポイントを観測しなくてはならない。ランダムモデル(図3)において、多くのアクセスポイントがたった一つの道路から観測され、このシステムは道路303上で直接それらの位置を算出しなくてはならない。これらの位置は、方向の偏り呈し、これらのアクセスポイント302の実際の位置とは著しく異なる。そのリファレンスポイントの位置が不正確である場合、測位システムにエラーがもたらされる。よって、この測位システムにおいて、アクセスポイント位置の精度がエンドユーザ測位の精度に大きな役割を果たす。チャイニーズポストマンモデル(図4)を使用して、スキャニング車両は、アクセスポイントを収容している建物に対して可能な限り多くの方向から特定のアクセスポイントを検出する。この追加データは、アクセスポイント403の位置を算出するために使用される逆三角測量公式によって導き出される結果を著しく改善する。アクセスポイント位置品質は図11により詳細に記載されている。
測位システムは一般的に、追跡される装置の周囲の3つ以上のリファレンスポイントを備えることによって動作する。この測位システムは、その装置の現在位置を算出するために様々な方法においてこれらのリファレンスポイントからの無線信号を使用する。リファレンスポイントの数が十分でない場合、またはリファレンスポイントがユーザの周囲のバランスもしくは対称性を欠く場合に、顕著なエラーが発生する。図5において例示されるように、ランダムなモデルから現れる幹線の偏りにおいて、エンドユーザ501が、その一方向にのみ記録されたアクセスポイント位置502がある物理的エリア内に移動する場合が多く考えられる。エンドユーザの周囲のリファレンスポイントの分布におけるこの対称性の欠如によって、測位アルゴリズムは多大なエラーを伴って装置位置503を算出してしまう。アクセスポイント用にスキャニングのチャイニーズポストマンモデルを使用することによって、ユーザは一般的に、その装置の802.11無線装置の範囲604内のユーザ601の全ての方向に多くのアクセスポイント位置602が存在する物理的な位置(図6)に出る。結果として得られた位置算出603は、位置の偏りを減少させ、より正確になる。図11は、位置算出の品質における影響を示す別の例である。
図7は、様々なWi−Fiアクセスポイントを検出し、認識するために使用されるスキャニング装置702の好適な実施例の詳細を記載している。スキャニング車両701は、GPS衛星708および802.11アクセスポイント707からの無線信号のチャンネルを連続的にスキャンするスキャニング装置702を備えている。このスキャニング装置は、全工程を制御するスキャニングクライアントソフトウェア704を作動する。このスキャニングクライアントは、GPSレシーバ705および802.11無線装置706の両方を作動させる。このGPSレシーバは、2秒毎にその装置の地理的位置を算出する連続的な受信モードにセットされる。その算出は、スキャニングクライアントによって読み込まれ、ローカルデータ格納部703に格納される。スキャニングクライアントは、802.11無線装置を起動し、指向性アンテナ709を用いて802.11探査要求(proberequest)を送信し始める。そのプローブ要求の範囲内の802.11アクセスポイント707が802.11プロトコルに従って信号ビーコンを伴って応答する。この応答する信号ビーコンには、アクセスポイントのネットワーク名(SSIDとして知られる)と、アクセスポイント装置のMACアドレスと、アクセスポイントについての他のメタ情報とが含まれる。応答する信号は、出所のベクトルおよびアクセスポイントの近接度に基づき、信号の異なる強度を伴って指向性アンテナに到達する。そのベクトルは、その特定のアンテナの認識と、アクセスポイントについてのメタ情報と共に記録される。この探査−受信‐記録処理は、10分の一秒毎に連続してなされる。配備されるスキャニング装置は、XTracv.2.0 firmwareを備える一体化されたSiRFII type GPS レシーバを備えるiPAQ 4155 Pocket PCとPowered GPS PDA Mount Cradleとの組合せである。
図8を参照すると、車両の一隊は、予め設計されたルートを走行する間、スキャニングルーチンを実行する。周期的に各車両801は、利用可な802.11アクセスポイントに接続し、中央ネットワークサーバのデータコミュニケーションモジュール807で認証する。一般には、中央ネットワークサーバと通信するために使用されるアクセスポイントは、メーターで測定された信頼性のあるアクセスを確実にするT−Mobileによって操作されるような公共のホットスポットである。この接続の提供は使用可能な公共のアクセスポイントのいずれかを介してなされる。このスキャニング車両は、近くのホットスポット位置で止まり、アクセスポイントへの接続の処理を開始する。一旦認証されると、スキャニングクライアント704は、ローカル格納部703から最近収集されたスキャンデータの全てを認識し、このデータを中央ネットワークデータベース802にアップロードする。
{RSS1, RSS2,...RSSn}
Claims (5)
- およそ数十マイルの半径を有する少なくとも一つの目標地域のためのWi−Fiアクセスポイントのデータベースであって、このデータベースは、コンピュータ可読媒体に記録されていると共に目標エリア内の実質的に全てのWi−Fiアクセスポイントのためのデータベース記録を含んでおり、各記録は、対応するWi−Fiアクセスポイントの認識情報と、この対応するWi−Fiアクセスポイントの算出された位置情報とを含んでおり、この算出された位置情報は、Wi−Fiアクセスポイントの複数の読み取り値を記録することから得られ、これによって、Wi−Fiアクセスポイントの位置を算出する場合に基準対称を提供し、算出された位置情報における幹線の偏りを防ぐことを特徴とするデータベース。
- 複数の目標エリアのための複数のデータベース記録を有しており、これらのデータベース記録は複数の目標エリアによって編成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のデータベース。
- Wi−Fi位置サーバであって、
およそ数十マイルの半径を有する少なくとも一つの目標地域のためのWi−Fiアクセスポイントのデータベースを備えており、このデータベースは、コンピュータ可読媒体に記録されていると共に目標エリア内の実質的に全てのWi−Fiアクセスポイントのためのデータベース記録を含んでおり、各記録は、対応するWi−Fiアクセスポイントの認識情報と、この対応するWi−Fiアクセスポイントの算出された位置情報とを含んでおり、この算出された位置情報は、Wi−Fiアクセスポイントの複数の読み取り値を記録することから得られ、これによって、Wi−Fiアクセスポイントの位置を算出する場合に基準対称を提供し、算出された位置情報における幹線の偏りを防ぎ、
新しく発見されたWi−Fiアクセスポイントのために前記データベースに記録を加えるためのコンピュータで実行される論理を備えており、このコンピュータ論理は、新しく発見されたWi−Fiアクセスポイントのための前記位置情報を利用するため、前記データベースに以前格納されたWi−Fiアクセスポイントの位置情報を再算出するための論理を含むことを特徴とするWi−Fi位置サーバ。 - エラーを起こしやすいGPS情報に基づき位置情報を認識するために、コンピュータで実行されるクラスター化論理を更に備えることを特徴とする請求項3に記載のサーバ。
- クラスター論理は、アクセスポイントのために報告された全ての位置情報のために重み付けされた重心位置を決定するための論理と、前記重心から離れる統計に基づく偏差の閾値を超える位置情報を認識する論理とを含み、偏っている位置情報をデータベースから除外し、Wi−Fiアクセスポイントの算出された位置に影響を与えないようにすることを特徴とする請求項4に記載のサーバ。
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