JP2005536894A - Photovoltaic battery electrode, photovoltaic battery and photovoltaic module - Google Patents

Photovoltaic battery electrode, photovoltaic battery and photovoltaic module Download PDF

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JP2005536894A
JP2005536894A JP2004531327A JP2004531327A JP2005536894A JP 2005536894 A JP2005536894 A JP 2005536894A JP 2004531327 A JP2004531327 A JP 2004531327A JP 2004531327 A JP2004531327 A JP 2004531327A JP 2005536894 A JP2005536894 A JP 2005536894A
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ルビン、レオニード、ビー．
ルビン、ジョージ、エル．
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デイ４ エネルギー インコーポレイテッド
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/05—Electrical interconnection means between PV cells inside the PV module, e.g. series connection of PV cells
    • H01L31/0504—Electrical interconnection means between PV cells inside the PV module, e.g. series connection of PV cells specially adapted for series or parallel connection of solar cells in a module
    • H01L31/0508—Electrical interconnection means between PV cells inside the PV module, e.g. series connection of PV cells specially adapted for series or parallel connection of solar cells in a module the interconnection means having a particular shape
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    • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
    • H01L31/05—Electrical interconnection means between PV cells inside the PV module, e.g. series connection of PV cells
    • H01L31/0504—Electrical interconnection means between PV cells inside the PV module, e.g. series connection of PV cells specially adapted for series or parallel connection of solar cells in a module
    • H01L31/0512—Electrical interconnection means between PV cells inside the PV module, e.g. series connection of PV cells specially adapted for series or parallel connection of solar cells in a module made of a particular material or composition of materials
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    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Abstract

導電性表面に接触し、特に光起電力素子ウェーハ３の少なくとも一つの表面に接触する電極であって、電極は、電気的に絶縁性があり光学的に透明な膜１０と、膜１０の１つの表面上に設けられた接着層１１と、接着層１１に埋め込まれ実質的に平行で導電性を有する第１の複数のワイヤ５'とを含み、第１の複数のワイヤ５’の表面の一部は、接着層１１から突出し、少なくとも表面において低融点の合金からなるコーティング２で覆われた接着層１１から突出し第１の複数のワイヤ５’は、第１の端子バー２０に接続される電極が記述されている。複数の電極は、一体の連続する一片として形成されＰＶモジュールを形成するために接続される隣接した光起電力素子３の配列の長さに相当する長さに、切断され、一片の長手方向に並んだワイヤ５'は、ＰＶ電池の長さに相当する長さに切断される。少なくとも１つの電極１６あるいは１つの電極ストリップ１６を含む光起電力電池もしくは光起電力モジュールは、上述したように、その少なくとも１つの表面が導電性であり、反射防止された光学的に透明なコーティング４を施した１つ以上の光起電力電池３備え、第１の複数のワイヤ５'が合金２を用いてコーティング４およびそれぞれの端子バー２０あるいは端子フレーム１７に半田付けされる。An electrode in contact with the conductive surface, in particular in contact with at least one surface of the photovoltaic element wafer 3, the electrode being electrically insulating and optically transparent film 10; An adhesive layer 11 provided on one surface, and a first plurality of wires 5 ′ embedded in the adhesive layer 11 and having substantially parallel conductivity, the surface of the first plurality of wires 5 ′ A part protrudes from the adhesive layer 11, protrudes from the adhesive layer 11 covered with the coating 2 made of an alloy having a low melting point at least on the surface, and the first plurality of wires 5 ′ are connected to the first terminal bar 20. An electrode is described. The plurality of electrodes are cut into a length corresponding to the length of the array of adjacent photovoltaic elements 3 formed as a single continuous piece and connected to form a PV module. The aligned wires 5 ′ are cut to a length corresponding to the length of the PV battery. A photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic module comprising at least one electrode 16 or one electrode strip 16 has, as described above, an optically transparent coating with at least one surface conductive and antireflective. 1 or more photovoltaic cells 3 provided with 4 and a first plurality of wires 5 ′ are soldered to the coating 4 and the respective terminal bar 20 or terminal frame 17 using the alloy 2.

Description

本発明は、導電性表面に接触する電極に関し、特に光起電力電池、即ち太陽電池の部品としての１つあるいは複数の光起電力素子（ＰＶ）に接触する電極に関する。本発明は、さらに、この電池を搭載して製造する光起電力電池に関する。   The present invention relates to an electrode in contact with a conductive surface, and more particularly to an electrode in contact with one or more photovoltaic elements (PV) as a component of a photovoltaic cell, ie a solar cell. The present invention further relates to a photovoltaic battery manufactured by mounting the battery.

光起電力技術を用いる電気エネルギ生成は、高い水準に到達している。しかし、ＰＶ電池およびＰＶモジュールの製造は、いまだに多少複雑かつ費用を要する。最大効率が１７パーセントというようにＰＶモジュールによるエネルギ生成の効率は、かなり低い。経済という観点から見れば、光起電力技術による発電は、それが何らかの方法で、たとえば、ドイツにおける、いわゆる１００，０００ルーフ・プログラムあるいは米国、カリフォルニア州の同様なプログラムにおける援助および/または助成金を受けられる場合に限って現状では実行可能である。光起電力技術の分野では、生産コストを引き下げ、ＰＶ素子やＰＶモジュールによるエネルギ生成の効率を向上させるという厳しい要件残されている。   Electric energy generation using photovoltaic technology has reached a high level. However, the production of PV cells and PV modules is still somewhat complicated and expensive. The efficiency of energy generation by the PV module is quite low, with a maximum efficiency of 17 percent. From an economic point of view, the generation of photovoltaic technology can help and / or subsidize in some way, for example in the so-called 100,000 roof program in Germany or a similar program in California, USA. It can be executed at present only if it can be received. In the field of photovoltaic technology, strict requirements remain to reduce production costs and improve the efficiency of energy generation by PV elements and PV modules.

共通して使用される埋め込みｐ−ｎ接合を持つ単結晶あるいは多結晶シリコン、非晶質シリコン、その他の薄膜半導体をベースにしたn+n（またはp）p+型接合を持つ半導体素子を含んでいる。素子の一表面は、アルミニウムまたはステンレス・スティールなどの金属層で覆われ、他の表面は、反射防止コーティングが施されている。両表面とも生成された電気エネルギを集め、取り出す電極に接続されている。この構造体は、ガラスなどの透明な保護層の間に埋め込まれている。 Includes semiconductor devices with n + n (or p) p + type junctions based on commonly used single-crystal or polycrystalline silicon with amorphous pn junctions, amorphous silicon, and other thin film semiconductors It is out. One surface of the element is covered with a metal layer such as aluminum or stainless steel, and the other surface is provided with an anti-reflection coating. Both surfaces are connected to electrodes that collect and extract the generated electrical energy. This structure is embedded between transparent protective layers such as glass.

これらの電極は、スクリーン印刷技術を利用して製造される。しかし、このようにして作られた電極は、高い直列抵抗を有している。これとは別に、この技術を用いる場合、製作に高価な装置、設備が必要となり、コスト削減は、制限される。   These electrodes are manufactured using screen printing technology. However, electrodes made in this way have a high series resistance. In addition to this, when this technique is used, expensive equipment and equipment are required for production, and cost reduction is limited.

米国特許５，７５９，２９１Ａ（Ｉｃｈｉｎｏｓｅ ｅｔ．ａｌ．）では、中に導電性粒子が分散されている導電性接着剤を用いて素子表面に固定されている平行な金属接触や電流収集ワイヤ（電極）を持つ半導体素子（ウェーハ）が知られている。これらの電極ワイヤは、素子の端部に沿って設けられている接続導体に挟まれて平行に並んでいる。このタイプの電極では、半導体表面とワイヤの間のオーム接触抵抗が比較的高く、そのため、特に集中太陽輻射においては、エネルギ・ロスが大きく、効率が低くなる。また、このようなＰＶ電池の製造は、かなり複雑である。   In US Pat. No. 5,759,291 (Ichinose et. Al.), Parallel metal contacts and current collecting wires (electrodes) fixed to an element surface using a conductive adhesive in which conductive particles are dispersed. ) Semiconductor devices (wafers) are known. These electrode wires are arranged in parallel so as to be sandwiched between connection conductors provided along end portions of the element. This type of electrode has a relatively high ohmic contact resistance between the semiconductor surface and the wire, which results in large energy loss and low efficiency, especially in concentrated solar radiation. Also, the manufacture of such PV cells is quite complicated.

米国特許５，０８４，１０７Ａ（Ｄｅｇｕｃｈｉ ｅｔ．ａｌ．）では、同様な太陽電池と太陽電池配列が知られており、金属電極ワイヤは、接着剤を用いて光起電力素子の表面に接着される。この接着剤内には、導電性粒子が分散されている。この電極構造でも、製造コストおよびワイヤと素子表面の間の接触抵抗は、極めて高い。   In US Pat. No. 5,084,107A (Deguchi et al.), A similar solar cell and solar cell arrangement is known, where the metal electrode wire is bonded to the surface of the photovoltaic element using an adhesive. . Conductive particles are dispersed in the adhesive. Even in this electrode structure, the manufacturing cost and the contact resistance between the wire and the element surface are extremely high.

米国特許５，１５８，６１８Ａ（Ｒｕｂｉｎ ｅｔ．ａｌ．）では、電極構造が知られている。ここでは、接触ワイヤは、ポリマ・ブロックから一部分が突出するように透明なポリマ・ブロックに埋め込まれている。電極は、一方の側からあるいは２つの側から素子に接触し、ガラスのような透明な保護層の間に挟まれている。電極のワイヤは、たとえば、コイルとして構成されているので、ワイヤとＰＶ素子の表面の間では点接触だけとなる。したがって、この場合、ＰＶ電池の直列抵抗は、比較的高い。また、このようなタイプの太陽電池やＰＶモジュールのオートメーション製造は、不可能なので、製造コストも比較的高い。   In US Pat. No. 5,158,618A (Rubin et.al.), an electrode structure is known. Here, the contact wire is embedded in a transparent polymer block such that a portion protrudes from the polymer block. The electrode contacts the element from one side or from two sides and is sandwiched between transparent protective layers such as glass. Since the electrode wire is configured as a coil, for example, there is only a point contact between the wire and the surface of the PV element. Therefore, in this case, the series resistance of the PV battery is relatively high. Moreover, since it is impossible to manufacture such a solar cell or PV module by automation, the manufacturing cost is relatively high.

したがって、本発明の１つの目的は、低製造コストで電極と導電性表面、特に光起電力素子の一表面あるいは複数の表面との間で低接触抵抗を達成する電極を提供することである。   Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide an electrode that achieves a low contact resistance between the electrode and a conductive surface, particularly one or more surfaces of the photovoltaic element, at low manufacturing costs.

本発明のもう１つの目的は、このような電極を使用することにより合成直列抵抗とＰＶ電池とＰＶモジュールの製造コストを低減し、費用効率を向上させることである。   Another object of the present invention is to reduce the manufacturing cost and improve the cost efficiency of the composite series resistance, PV cell and PV module by using such electrodes.

本発明は、導電性のある表面、特に光起電力素子の少なくとも１つの表面に接触する電極を提供する目的を達成する。電極は、電気的に絶縁性があり光学的に透明な膜と、膜の１つの表面上に設けられた接着剤層と、接着剤層に埋め込まれ実質的に平行で導電性のある第１の複数のワイヤとを含み、第１の複数のワイヤの表面の一部は、接着剤層から突出し、低融点の合金からなるコーティングで覆われた接着剤層から突出し、第１の複数のワイヤは、第１の端子バーに接続されている。   The present invention achieves the object of providing an electrode in contact with a conductive surface, in particular at least one surface of a photovoltaic device. The electrode includes an electrically insulating and optically transparent film, an adhesive layer provided on one surface of the film, and a substantially parallel and conductive first embedded in the adhesive layer. A part of the surface of the first plurality of wires protrudes from the adhesive layer and protrudes from the adhesive layer covered with the coating made of the low melting point alloy, and the first plurality of wires Is connected to the first terminal bar.

望ましくは、実質的に相互に平行に並んでいる第２の複数のワイヤは、透明な膜と第１の複数のワイヤの間に配設され、第１と第２の複数のワイヤは、共に網を形成し、第２の複数のワイヤは、第２の端子バーに電気的に接続される。   Desirably, the second plurality of wires that are substantially parallel to each other are disposed between the transparent film and the first plurality of wires, and the first and second plurality of wires are both A net is formed and the second plurality of wires are electrically connected to the second terminal bar.

別の好ましい実施例において、第１と第２の端子バーは、相互に電気的に接続される。
端子バーは、ワイヤのそれぞれの端部に設けることができる。
この実施例では、端子バーは、望ましくは、ワイヤが接続される表面に対して光起電力の外側の第１の複数のワイヤの両端あるいは第１と第２の複数のワイヤの両端に設けられる。
第１と第２の端子バーは、望ましくは、一定の角度を形成して接続される。 In another preferred embodiment, the first and second terminal bars are electrically connected to each other.
A terminal bar can be provided at each end of the wire.
In this embodiment, the terminal bar is desirably provided at both ends of the first plurality of wires or both ends of the first and second plurality of wires outside the photovoltaic surface relative to the surface to which the wires are connected. .
The first and second terminal bars are preferably connected to form a certain angle.

さらに別の好ましい実施例において、端子バーは、Ｕ型フレームとして形成され、複数の２つのワイヤの一方ワイヤは、基部に接続され、他方のワイヤは、Ｕ字の自由な足部に接続される。   In yet another preferred embodiment, the terminal bar is formed as a U-shaped frame, one wire of the plurality of two wires being connected to the base and the other wire being connected to a U-shaped free foot. .

この実施例では、端子バーが第１の複数のワイヤあるいは第１と第２の複数のワイヤの両端に設けられるとき、端子バーは、望ましくは、接続される２つの隣接した光起電力素子の全長にわたって延伸し、その中央にステップが設けられ、複数の端子バーが共に一列を形成し、端子バーの半分は、それぞれ、隣接する端子バーの下半分の上あるいは上半分の下になるように配列され、端子バーの間には、絶縁膜が設けられている。   In this embodiment, when the terminal bar is provided at both ends of the first plurality of wires or the first and second plurality of wires, the terminal bar is preferably connected to two adjacent photovoltaic elements. It extends over the entire length, and is provided with a step in the middle, so that multiple terminal bars together form a line, and half of the terminal bars are above or below the lower half of the adjacent terminal bars, respectively. An insulating film is provided between the terminal bars.

さらに、端子バーは、閉じたフレームとして形成されてもよく、フレームの開口領域（窓）は、これに対応する光起電力素子のサイズを超えている。   Further, the terminal bar may be formed as a closed frame, and the open area (window) of the frame exceeds the size of the corresponding photovoltaic element.

さらに別の実施例では、端子バーは、窓の開口領域が対応する光起電力素子のサイズを超えるような２つの隣接する窓を有するダブル・フレームとして形成される。
フレームは、２つの金属フレームとその間に絶縁膜を備えてもよい。 In yet another embodiment, the terminal bar is formed as a double frame having two adjacent windows such that the open area of the window exceeds the size of the corresponding photovoltaic element.
The frame may include two metal frames and an insulating film between them.

さらに別の実施例では、ダブル・フレームの中央のバーにステップが設けられ、複数のフレームが共に一列を形成することができ、ダブル・フレームの半分は、隣接するダブル・フレームの下半分の上あるいは上半分の下になるように配列される。   In yet another embodiment, a step is provided in the center bar of a double frame so that multiple frames can form a row together, with a half of a double frame above the lower half of an adjacent double frame. Or it arranges so that it may become under the upper half.

ダブル・フレームの中央のバーにスロットを設けることができ、スロットは、ステップに平行に並び、ＰＶモジュールが完成すると、電極の横断ワイヤが切断されることができる。   Slots can be provided in the center bar of the double frame, and the slots can be aligned parallel to the steps, and when the PV module is complete, the electrode transverse wires can be cut.

最後に、金属バーは、フレームの少なくとも１つの窓に架かって配置することができ、バーは、対応する金属フレームと一体化して結合される。   Finally, the metal bar can be placed over at least one window of the frame, and the bar is integrally joined with the corresponding metal frame.

本発明は、以上の請求項のいずれかに記載の複数の電極を設けることにより前記の目的を達成する。このなかで、電極は、一体の連続する一片として形成され、ＰＶモジュールを形成するために接続される隣接した光起電力素子の１つの配列の長さに相当する長さに切断され、一片の長手方向に並んだワイヤは、ＰＶ電池の長さに相当する長さに切断される。   The present invention achieves the above object by providing a plurality of electrodes according to any of the above claims. In this, the electrodes are formed as one continuous piece, cut to a length corresponding to the length of one array of adjacent photovoltaic elements connected to form a PV module, The wires arranged in the longitudinal direction are cut to a length corresponding to the length of the PV battery.

望ましくは、一体の端子バーは、透明膜の端部の少なくとも１つの端部に沿って設けることができる。さらに望ましくは、透明膜の各端部に沿って、櫛状のバーが配設され、２つの隣接した光起電力素子の間でそれぞれ、櫛状バーの歯が一方の側から第１の複数のワイヤの幅にわたって延伸し、対応する光起電力素子の上側と下側に交互に電気的に接続され他方の表面から分離される。   Desirably, the integral terminal bar can be provided along at least one end of the transparent membrane. More preferably, a comb-shaped bar is disposed along each end of the transparent film, and the teeth of the comb-shaped bar are arranged between the two adjacent photovoltaic elements from one side to the first plurality of bars. Extending across the width of the wire, alternately electrically connected to the upper and lower sides of the corresponding photovoltaic element and separated from the other surface.

本発明は、さらに上記の実施例のいずれかにしたがって少なくとも１つの電極あるいは１つの電極ストリップを含む光起電力電池もしくは光起電力モジュールを提供することにより上記目的を達成する。光起電力電池もしくは光起電力モジュールは、その少なくとも１つの表面上が導電性であり、反射防止の光学的に透明なコーティングを施した１つ以上の光起電力電池を有し第１の複数のワイヤが合金を用いてコーティングおよびそれぞれの端子バーあるいは端子フレームに半田付けされる。   The present invention further achieves the above objects by providing a photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic module comprising at least one electrode or one electrode strip according to any of the above embodiments. A photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic module has one or more photovoltaic cells that are electrically conductive on at least one surface and are coated with an anti-reflection optically transparent coating. The wire is soldered to the coating and the respective terminal bar or terminal frame using an alloy.

第１と第２の複数のワイヤを配置して網を形成するとき、第１と第２の複数のワイヤを合金を用いて端子バーあるいは端子フレームに接合することが望ましい。   When the first and second plurality of wires are arranged to form a net, it is desirable to join the first and second plurality of wires to the terminal bar or terminal frame using an alloy.

本発明における電極は、接続される表面と緊密で信頼性のあるオーム接触を提供し、ＰＶ電池あるいはＰＶモジュールにおいて８倍から１０倍低い合成直列抵抗が達成できる。これによって、ＰＶ素子の効率を向上させるばかりではなく、これらの素子を８倍から１０倍の集中太陽放射のもとで動作させることが可能となる。第１と第２の複数のワイヤを網状になるように互いに配置し、角状にもしくは方形状に形成した接続導体に接続される。同時に、製造中のオートメ化の度合いやスループット容量を実質的に増大できる。   The electrodes in the present invention provide an intimate and reliable ohmic contact with the surfaces to be connected and a combined series resistance 8 to 10 times lower can be achieved in PV cells or PV modules. This not only improves the efficiency of the PV elements, but also allows these elements to operate under 8-10 times concentrated solar radiation. The first and second plurality of wires are arranged in a net shape and connected to a connection conductor formed in a square shape or a square shape. At the same time, the degree of automation and throughput capacity during manufacture can be substantially increased.

図１は、上部表面が（常に図の描画に関連して）、たとえば、インジウム錫酸化物のような反射防止透明導電性コーティング４で覆われたシリコン（n+n(あるいはp)ｐ＋）などの半導体構造体Ｓである。素子Ｓは、薄膜ＰＶ素子で構成されてもよい。素子Ｓの下部表面は、金属コーティング（アルミニウムなど）あるいは反射防止透明導電性コーティング４で覆われる。素子Ｓと上部コーティング４は、金属コーティング（図示せず）、すなわち、第２の下部ＩＴＯコーティング４と組んで、以下でウェーハ３と呼ぶ１つのユニットを形成する。ウェーハ３の両面には低融点の合金からなるコーティング２で覆われた金属ワイヤ１が接続されている。これらのワイヤ１は、合金コーティング２に完全に覆われてもよく、あるいは接続されるべき表面に対向する１つの側面もしくは複数の側面を部分的に覆ってもよい。以下では、被覆されたワイヤを第１の複数のワイヤ５'と呼ぶ。これらのワイヤは、ウェーハ３の一表面もしくは複数の表面に直接的に接触している。 FIG. 1 shows silicon (n + n (or p) p + ) with an upper surface (always related to the drawing of the figure) covered with an anti-reflective transparent conductive coating 4 such as, for example, indium tin oxide. Or the like. The element S may be composed of a thin film PV element. The lower surface of the element S is covered with a metal coating (such as aluminum) or an antireflection transparent conductive coating 4. The element S and the upper coating 4 are combined with a metal coating (not shown), ie a second lower ITO coating 4, to form one unit, hereinafter referred to as the wafer 3. Metal wires 1 covered with a coating 2 made of a low melting point alloy are connected to both surfaces of the wafer 3. These wires 1 may be completely covered by the alloy coating 2 or may partially cover one or more sides facing the surface to be connected. Hereinafter, the covered wire is referred to as a first plurality of wires 5 ′. These wires are in direct contact with one surface or a plurality of surfaces of the wafer 3.

図２は、加圧し１２０°まで加熱した後の配置を示している。合金コーティング２の材料は、幾分、軟化し、コーティング４を濡らしており、コーティングおよびワイヤ５'に対してオーム接触を形成している。このことは、素子Ｓの下側に反射防止透明保護コーティング４を設けず、金属コーティングを設けるケースについても言える。ワイヤ５'の間隔が均一である必要はなく、すなわち、平行なワイヤ５'が複数のワイヤと別の複数のワイヤとの間で間隔が異なる状態で２本のワイヤからなる複数あるいはそれ以上のワイヤからなる複数として配置してもよい。   FIG. 2 shows the arrangement after pressurization and heating to 120 °. The material of the alloy coating 2 is somewhat softened and wets the coating 4, making ohmic contact to the coating and the wire 5 '. This is also true for the case where the antireflection transparent protective coating 4 is not provided on the lower side of the element S but a metal coating is provided. The spacing of the wires 5 'need not be uniform, i.e. a plurality or more of two wires with the parallel wires 5' being spaced apart from one another. A plurality of wires may be arranged.

ワイヤの断面形状およびサイズがワイヤによる電流集電、ワイヤ内の電流密度、ＰＶ電池の直列抵抗、ワイヤ５'によって陰になるウェーハ面積の大きさ等を最適化できるように選択される。図１と図２に示すように、たとえば、円形、方形、三角形等の異なった断面形状を選択できる。   The cross-sectional shape and size of the wire are selected so that the current collection by the wire, the current density in the wire, the series resistance of the PV cell, the size of the wafer area hidden by the wire 5 ′, etc. can be optimized. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, for example, different cross-sectional shapes such as a circle, a square, and a triangle can be selected.

図３は、第１の複数のワイヤ５'と第２の複数のワイヤ５”によるワイヤ・メッシュ６を示す。第１と第２の複数のワイヤ５'と５”は、通常、互いに直角に延伸している。ワイヤ５”は、少なくともワイヤ５'に対向する表面上にあり、合金コーティング２で覆われている。しかし、第１の複数のワイヤ５'上の合金材料の量が交差点における２つの複数のワイヤを安全に機械的、電気的に接続するために十分であれば、第２の複数のワイヤ上の合金コーティングは、省略することができる。ワイヤ５”の間隔、断面形状および面積の選択において、ワイヤ５'の配置とサイズについての同じ考慮事項が適用される。もちろん、ワイヤ５”について、ワイヤ５'と異なった断面形状とサイズを選択することができる。   FIG. 3 shows a wire mesh 6 with a first plurality of wires 5 ′ and a second plurality of wires 5 ″. The first and second plurality of wires 5 ′ and 5 ″ are usually perpendicular to each other. Stretched. The wire 5 "is at least on the surface facing the wire 5 'and is covered with the alloy coating 2. However, the amount of alloy material on the first plurality of wires 5' is two wires at the intersection. The alloy coating on the second plurality of wires can be omitted if it is sufficient to safely and mechanically connect the wires. In selecting the spacing, cross-sectional shape and area of the wires 5 ″, The same considerations regarding the placement and size of the wire 5 'apply. Of course, for the wire 5 ″, a different cross-sectional shape and size from the wire 5 ′ can be selected.

図４は、フィルム状の接着性光学的透明電極を製造する装置の概略図である。まず、合金被覆ワイヤ５'は、数個のロール７に巻かれる、ロールの数は、ＰＶ電池の幅を第１の複数の平行配列ワイヤ間の必要な間隔で割ったものに等しい。たとえば、ＰＶ電池幅が１００ｍｍでワイヤ間の間隔が４ｍｍの場合、２６個のロール７が必要である。ロール７は、軸８に固定される、したがってフレーム９の対応開口を通るワイヤ５'の平行線を形成することができる。フレーム９の開口間の間隔は、平行ワイヤ５'の必要な間隔によって決まる。フレーム９の開口のサイズと形状は、ワイヤ５'のサイズと形状に対応する必要がある。   FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an apparatus for producing a film-like adhesive optical transparent electrode. First, the alloy coated wire 5 'is wound around several rolls 7, the number of rolls being equal to the PV cell width divided by the required spacing between the first plurality of parallel array wires. For example, when the PV battery width is 100 mm and the distance between the wires is 4 mm, 26 rolls 7 are required. The roll 7 is fixed to the shaft 8 and can thus form parallel lines of the wire 5 ′ through the corresponding opening of the frame 9. The spacing between the openings in the frame 9 is determined by the required spacing of the parallel wires 5 '. The size and shape of the opening of the frame 9 needs to correspond to the size and shape of the wire 5 ′.

平行ワイヤ５'は、ドラム１２から供給されるポリマ・フィルム１０の上に配置される。ワイヤ５'に対向するフィルム１０の表面は、透明な接着剤１１で覆われている。ワイヤが搭載されるフィルム１０の全幅は、ウェーハ３１個あるいはいくつかのウェーハ３の配列よりも広い。したがって、フィルム１０の両側に、１．５ｃｍから２ｃｍまでのワイヤ５'のないゾーンが残る（図５Ａ）。フィルム１０は、回転ローラ１３の表面上をドラム１２によって導かれ、ドラム１５に引かれ、同時にワイヤ５'を引き出す。ワイヤ５'は、回転ローラ１３の上に配置された別のローラ１４によってフィルム１０に押し付けられる。同時に、フィルム１０は、ローラ１３、１４によって加熱され、そのため、接着剤１１が軟化し、ワイヤ５'は、接着剤１１の中に入り、冷却されると、フィルム１０に固定された状態になり、接着剤１１に埋め込まれる。ＰＶ電池を保護層の間に封じ込むことができるように、ポリマ・フィルムに接着剤を下塗することが推奨される。   The parallel wire 5 ′ is disposed on the polymer film 10 supplied from the drum 12. The surface of the film 10 facing the wire 5 ′ is covered with a transparent adhesive 11. The total width of the film 10 on which the wires are mounted is wider than the arrangement of 31 wafers or several wafers 3. Thus, on both sides of the film 10, a zone without wires 5 ′ from 1.5 cm to 2 cm remains (FIG. 5A). The film 10 is guided on the surface of the rotating roller 13 by the drum 12, pulled by the drum 15, and simultaneously pulls out the wire 5 '. The wire 5 ′ is pressed against the film 10 by another roller 14 disposed on the rotating roller 13. At the same time, the film 10 is heated by the rollers 13, 14 so that the adhesive 11 softens and the wire 5 'enters the adhesive 11 and when cooled, becomes fixed to the film 10. Embedded in the adhesive 11. It is recommended to prime the polymer film with an adhesive so that the PV cell can be sealed between the protective layers.

図５Ａと図５Ｂは、上記処理の結果、すなわち透明電極の詳細を示す。ポリマ・フィルム１０に沿って延伸するワイヤ５'が接着剤１１に埋め込まれ、フィルム１０に押し付けられる。ワイヤ５'の一部が接着剤１１の表面から突出している。図５Ｂは、ワイヤ５'の左側右側に、ほかに可能な断面形状をさらに示した。   5A and 5B show the result of the above process, that is, the details of the transparent electrode. A wire 5 ′ extending along the polymer film 10 is embedded in the adhesive 11 and pressed against the film 10. A part of the wire 5 ′ protrudes from the surface of the adhesive 11. FIG. 5B further shows other possible cross-sectional shapes on the left-hand right side of the wire 5 ′.

図４のものに類似した製造装置を使ってフィルム１０の最初の方向に対して直角方向に配置した埋め込みワイヤ５'を有するポリマ・フィルム１０を製造することができる。（図５Ｃ，図５Ｄ）ポリマ・フィルム１０の幅は、ＰＶ電池あるいはＰＶモジュールの必要な長さに対応する必要がある。第１の複数のワイヤ５'をフィルム１０に埋め込んだ後、フィルム１０の最初の延伸に対して直角な切片に切断することができる。   A polymer film 10 having embedded wires 5 ′ disposed perpendicular to the initial direction of the film 10 can be manufactured using a manufacturing apparatus similar to that of FIG. (FIGS. 5C and 5D) The width of the polymer film 10 needs to correspond to the required length of the PV cell or PV module. After embedding the first plurality of wires 5 ′ in the film 10, it can be cut into sections perpendicular to the initial stretch of the film 10.

ワイヤ５'および／または５”の間隔が均一である必要はない、すなわち、平行なワイヤ５'および／または５”が各グループのワイヤの間で、またある数のそのようなグループの間で間隔が異なった状態で２本のワイヤからなるグループあるいはそれ以上のワイヤからなるグループとして配置することができる。   The spacing of the wires 5 'and / or 5 "need not be uniform, i.e. parallel wires 5' and / or 5" between each group of wires and between a number of such groups. They can be arranged as a group consisting of two wires or a group consisting of more wires with different intervals.

図６Ａは、透明なポリマ・フィルム１０と第１と第２の複数のワイヤ５'、５”からなるワイヤ・メッシュ６を備えている電極１６を示す。ポリマ・フィルム１０に接近して位置しているワイヤ５”だけが接着剤１１に埋め込まれる（図６Ｂ、図６Ｃを参照）。ウェーハ３の一表面あるいは複数の表面に接触する上部ワイヤ５'は、接着剤１１に埋め込まれず、少なくとも不完全に埋め込まれる（この種の電極１６の製造中、ロール７がワイヤ・メッシュ６を搬送し、フレーム９は使用しない（図４）。この時点で既に、ワイヤ５'、５”は、一緒に半田付けすることができる。しかし、通常、これは電極１６とウェーハ３の組み立て時に行われる。   6A shows an electrode 16 comprising a transparent polymer film 10 and a wire mesh 6 composed of first and second wires 5 ′, 5 ″. Located close to the polymer film 10. FIG. Only the wire 5 ″ is embedded in the adhesive 11 (see FIGS. 6B and 6C). The upper wire 5 ′ that contacts one or more surfaces of the wafer 3 is not embedded in the adhesive 11 but at least incompletely (during the manufacture of this type of electrode 16, the roll 7 carries the wire mesh 6. However, the frame 9 is not used (Fig. 4). At this point already, the wires 5 ', 5 "can be soldered together. However, this is usually done during assembly of the electrode 16 and the wafer 3. .

ポリマ・フィルム１０には、広範囲の材料を使用できる。材料は、高い延性、良好な絶縁特性、光学的透明性、温度安定性、収縮耐性、良好な接着能力を有さなければならない。そのような材料の例をあげれば、セロファン（登録商標）、レイヨン、アセテート、フッ素樹脂、ポリスルフォン、エポキシ樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂である。使用すべき適切な材料は、透明ポリマ・フィルム マイラ（登録商標）である。使用することが望ましい材料は、フルオロポリマをベースとしたものであり、たとえば、ポリフッ化ビニル・フィルム・テドラおよび改質ＥＴＦＥフルオロポリマ樹脂 テフツェル（登録商標）である。これらの材料は、光起電力産業ばかりではなく、一般用途ならびに積層目的で電気技術製品に使用されている。   A wide range of materials can be used for the polymer film 10. The material must have high ductility, good insulating properties, optical transparency, temperature stability, shrinkage resistance, and good adhesion capability. Examples of such materials are cellophane (registered trademark), rayon, acetate, fluorine resin, polysulfone, epoxy resin, and polyamide resin. A suitable material to use is a transparent polymer film Myra®. Desirable materials to use are those based on fluoropolymers, such as polyvinyl fluoride film tedla and modified ETFE fluoropolymer resin Tefzel. These materials are used not only in the photovoltaic industry, but also in electrotechnical products for general use as well as for lamination purposes.

軟化温度が約９０℃から１１０℃であらかじめ下塗したポリマ・フィルムおよびウェーハ３の表面に良好な接着性を有する広い範囲の材料が接着剤１１として適切である。好ましい材料は、エポキシ接着剤は、もとより、アクリル接着剤、ゴム接着剤、シリコン接着剤、ポリビニル・エーテル接着剤がある。最も使用することが望ましい材料としては、たとえば、ＨＩ−ＳＨＥＥＴ ＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＥＳ，ＬＴＤが供給するエチレン・ビニル・アセテートおよびデュポンが供給する６８０８０ポリ・メチル・メタクリレート、６８０４０メタクリレート・コポリマ、６８０７０メタクリレート・コポリマがある。   A wide range of materials having good adhesion to the surface of the pre-primed polymer film and wafer 3 with a softening temperature of about 90 ° C. to 110 ° C. are suitable as the adhesive 11. Preferred materials include epoxy adhesives, acrylic adhesives, rubber adhesives, silicon adhesives, and polyvinyl ether adhesives. Materials that are most preferably used include, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate supplied by HI-SHEET INDUSTRIES, LTD and 68080 polymethyl methacrylate, 68040 methacrylate copolymer, 68070 methacrylate copolymer supplied by DuPont.

接着剤層１１は、電極とウェーハ３の確実な結合を得るため十分な厚さが必要である。しかし、接着剤層の厚さは、ワイヤ５'の厚さを超えてはならない。合金２で覆われるが接着剤１１に埋め込まないワイヤ５'の接着剤１１から突出している部分は、このあと、ウェーハ３の伝導性表面と直接オーム接触を形成することができる（図５Ａ、図５Ｄ、図６Ｂ、図６Ｃ）。   The adhesive layer 11 needs to have a sufficient thickness in order to obtain a reliable bond between the electrode and the wafer 3. However, the thickness of the adhesive layer should not exceed the thickness of the wire 5 '. The portion of the wire 5 'that protrudes from the adhesive 11 that is covered with the alloy 2 but not embedded in the adhesive 11 can then form direct ohmic contact with the conductive surface of the wafer 3 (FIG. 5A, FIG. 5). 5D, FIG. 6B, FIG. 6C).

ポリマ・フィルム１０は、接着剤１１が塗布されたとき、またワイヤ５'，５”を取り付けて加圧し、加熱して引っ張られたとき十分な安定性を示すように十分な厚さが必要である。同時に、ポリマ・フィルム１０は、高い弾力性と光を透過させる透明性を達成するためにできるだけ薄くすべきである。ポリマ・フィルム１１の厚さは、１０〜５０μｍが望ましい。すでに述べたように、ポリマ・フィルムの反対側に接着剤を下塗することが望ましい。   The polymer film 10 needs to be thick enough to show sufficient stability when the adhesive 11 is applied, or when the wires 5 ', 5 "are attached and pressurized and heated and pulled. At the same time, the polymer film 10 should be as thin as possible in order to achieve high elasticity and light transmitting transparency, and the thickness of the polymer film 11 is preferably 10-50 μm. Thus, it is desirable to prime the adhesive on the opposite side of the polymer film.

図５と図６では、ポリマ・フィルム１０は、接着剤１１とワイヤ５’（あるいはワイヤ５'，５”を付けたメッシュ）を付けており、合金コーティング２が接着剤１１の表面から突出し、連続したエンドレス・フィルム・タイプの光学的に透明な接着性電極として示されている。   5 and 6, the polymer film 10 has an adhesive 11 and a wire 5 ′ (or a mesh with wires 5 ′ and 5 ″), and the alloy coating 2 protrudes from the surface of the adhesive 11. Shown as a continuous endless film type optically transparent adhesive electrode.

本発明の電極１６は、ＰＶ電池およびＰＶモジュールの製造のために適用されている。この結果、電極１６から電流を集め、さらに送るために、異なったタイプの金属ロッドあるいはバーおよび接続部が必要とされる。ここで、勧めたいことは、数滴の接着剤もしくは短時間の部分的加熱によって金属ロッドあるいはバーを電極に取り付けて、電極１６の接着剤１１に金属ロッドあるいはバーを接合または固定することである。金属バーとその他の部品がウェーハ３と電極１６の組み立て作業中、最高で１６０℃までの加熱によって膨張したとき、構造部の部品に直接接触しないように、ウェーハ３同士の間に十分なスペースを確保するため金属バーと異なったタイプの接続部分の間隔を設計する必要がある。   The electrode 16 of the present invention is applied for the production of PV cells and PV modules. As a result, different types of metal rods or bars and connections are required to collect and deliver current from the electrode 16. Here, it is recommended to attach the metal rod or bar to the adhesive 11 of the electrode 16 by attaching or fixing the metal rod or bar to the electrode by a few drops of adhesive or a brief partial heating. . When the metal bar and other parts are expanded by heating up to 160 ° C during the assembly operation of the wafer 3 and the electrode 16, a sufficient space is provided between the wafers 3 so as not to directly contact the parts of the structure. In order to ensure this, it is necessary to design the spacing between the metal bars and different types of connection parts.

図７は、加圧と加熱による組み立て前のＰＶ電池の図である。電極１６は、それぞれウェーハ３の上下に配置される。電極１６のワイヤ５'が延伸する長手方向に対して直角な方向に、ウェーハ３の両側に第１の端子バー２０と第２の端子バーがある。これらの端子バーの上面と下面は、低融点の導電性合金からなるコーティング２１が施されている。上部の電極１６のワイヤ５'は、ウェーハ３の右の境界から第２の端子バー２２の左端まで延伸している。逆に、下部の電極１６のワイヤ５’は、ウェーハ３の左端から端子バー２０の右端まで延伸している。加圧と加熱をしたあと、上部電極１６のワイヤ５’は、左側の第２端子バー２２およびウェーハ３の上面にオーム接触を形成しており、下部電極１６のワイヤ５’は、端子バー２０の下面およびウェーハ３の下面にオーム接触をしている。   FIG. 7 is a view of a PV battery before assembly by pressurization and heating. The electrodes 16 are respectively disposed above and below the wafer 3. There are a first terminal bar 20 and a second terminal bar on both sides of the wafer 3 in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction in which the wire 5 ′ of the electrode 16 extends. The upper and lower surfaces of these terminal bars are provided with a coating 21 made of a low melting point conductive alloy. The wire 5 ′ of the upper electrode 16 extends from the right boundary of the wafer 3 to the left end of the second terminal bar 22. Conversely, the wire 5 ′ of the lower electrode 16 extends from the left end of the wafer 3 to the right end of the terminal bar 20. After pressurization and heating, the wire 5 ′ of the upper electrode 16 forms ohmic contact with the second terminal bar 22 on the left side and the upper surface of the wafer 3, and the wire 5 ′ of the lower electrode 16 is connected to the terminal bar 20. Are in ohmic contact with the lower surface of the wafer 3 and the lower surface of the wafer 3.

導電性合金２、２１の典型例は、一般の半田、あるいはＡｇ，Ｂｉ，Ｃｄ，Ｇａ，Ｉｎ，Ｐｂ，Ｓｎ，Ｔｉ等の異なった金属をもとに特に開発された半田である。金属や合金の粒子を含む有機接着剤からなる導電性材料を使用してもよい。   Typical examples of the conductive alloys 2 and 21 are general solders or solders that are specifically developed based on different metals such as Ag, Bi, Cd, Ga, In, Pb, Sn, and Ti. A conductive material made of an organic adhesive containing metal or alloy particles may be used.

また一方、図８は、角度をつけて形成した端子バー２０、２２およびメッシュ６状に配置されたワイヤ５'、５”を有する電極１６を備えた類似した構造を示す。加圧および加熱をしたあと、下部電極１６のメッシュ６は、右側の第１の角度をつけて形成した端子バー２０とウェーハ３の下側にオーム接触が形成されており、一方、上部電極のメッシュ６は、第２の角度をつけて形成した端子バー２２およびウェーハ３の上側にオーム接触が形成されている。   On the other hand, FIG. 8 shows a similar structure with terminal bars 20, 22 formed at an angle and an electrode 16 having wires 5 ', 5 "arranged in a mesh 6. Pressurization and heating. After that, the mesh 6 of the lower electrode 16 is in ohmic contact with the terminal bar 20 formed at the first right angle and the lower side of the wafer 3, while the mesh 6 of the upper electrode is An ohmic contact is formed on the terminal bar 22 formed at an angle of 2 and on the upper side of the wafer 3.

図９Ａと図９Ｂは、ＰＶ電池であり、端子バーは、三層積層フレーム１７として構成されており、その窓の中に対応するウェーハ３が収容されている。ワイヤ５’は、フレーム１７の両面に配置され、加熱と加圧によって半田付けされている。   FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are PV cells, and the terminal bar is configured as a three-layer laminated frame 17, and the corresponding wafer 3 is accommodated in the window. The wires 5 ′ are disposed on both sides of the frame 17 and are soldered by heating and pressing.

図９Ｂに詳細に示したように、フレーム１７は、２つの金属フレーム１８を有しており、その間に望ましくは両面接着剤の絶縁フィルム１９が挟まれる。これら２つのフレーム１８の外側には、それぞれ導電性合金コーティング２１が塗布される。ワイヤ５’に付けた材料の量が十分であり、フレーム１７とワイヤ５’の間に確実なオーム接触が形成されているときは、このコーティングは、省略することができる。この場合、フレーム１７を錫コーティングすることを推奨する。   As shown in detail in FIG. 9B, the frame 17 has two metal frames 18 between which an insulating film 19 of a double-sided adhesive is preferably sandwiched. A conductive alloy coating 21 is applied to the outside of these two frames 18, respectively. If the amount of material applied to the wire 5 'is sufficient and a reliable ohmic contact is formed between the frame 17 and the wire 5', this coating can be omitted. In this case, it is recommended that the frame 17 be tin-coated.

この実施例は、メッシュ状の電極１６について使用するのに適している。ここでは、第２の複数の（図示せず）ワイヤ５”が第１の複数のワイヤ５’に対して直角に配置され、図９に示すフレーム１７の対応する面にオーム接触を形成する。   This embodiment is suitable for use with a mesh-like electrode 16. Here, a second plurality (not shown) of wires 5 '' are arranged at right angles to the first plurality of wires 5 'and form an ohmic contact on the corresponding surface of the frame 17 shown in FIG.

以下の実施例は、エンドレス・ストリップとして製造される本発明の電極１６を利用して、ＰＶ電池の配列を互いに直列や並列に接続してＰＶモジュールを形成することができる。   The following examples can utilize the electrode 16 of the present invention manufactured as an endless strip to connect PV cell arrays in series or in parallel to form a PV module.

図１０Ａ，図１０Ｂ，図１０Ｃは、櫛型端子バー２３を有するエンドレス電極１６を示す。ワイヤ５’の外側の長手方向バー２４は、エンドレス電極１６の長手延伸方向にワイヤと平行して配列されている。長手方向バー２４は、横方向に並ぶ横断バー２５（櫛の「歯」）と一体的に接続されており、横断バーは、ウェーハ３の間のスペースに一方向あるいは反対方向に突出している。   10A, 10B, and 10C show the endless electrode 16 having the comb-shaped terminal bar 23. FIG. The longitudinal bars 24 outside the wire 5 ′ are arranged in parallel with the wires in the longitudinal extension direction of the endless electrode 16. The longitudinal bar 24 is integrally connected to a transverse bar 25 (comb “teeth”) aligned in the lateral direction, and the transverse bar protrudes in one or opposite direction into the space between the wafers 3.

図１０Ｂ（図１０Ａの断面Ａ―Ａに示すように、左の横断バー２５の上部表面は、絶縁フィルム１９が施され、下部表面は、導電性合金からなるコーティング２１が塗布されている。右側の横断バー２５には、絶縁フィルム１９が下部表面に堆積され、導電性合金からなるコーティング２１が下部表面に堆積される。   10B (As shown in the cross section AA of FIG. 10A, the upper surface of the left transverse bar 25 is coated with an insulating film 19, and the lower surface is coated with a coating 21 made of a conductive alloy. On the transverse bar 25, an insulating film 19 is deposited on the lower surface, and a coating 21 made of a conductive alloy is deposited on the lower surface.

図１０Ｃは、図１０Ａの断面Ｂ−Ｂを示す。
図１０Ａから図１０Ｃに示す実施例では、左側の横断バー２５は、ウェーハ３の下側に電気的に接続され、各右側横断バー２５は、その右側に位置するウェーハ３の上側に電気的に接続される、したがって上記のように配置されたＰＶ電池は、互いに並列に接続される。 FIG. 10C shows a cross section BB of FIG. 10A.
10A to 10C, the left cross bar 25 is electrically connected to the lower side of the wafer 3, and each right cross bar 25 is electrically connected to the upper side of the wafer 3 located on the right side thereof. The PV cells that are connected, and thus arranged as described above, are connected in parallel to each other.

図１１Ａと図１１Ｂは、別の実施例であり、図９Ａと図９Ｂに似た並列接続のＰＶ電池は、直列に並んだ金属フレーム１８のエンドレス配列とこれらのフレーム１８の間に配置された絶縁ポリマ・フィルム１９を積層した三層フレーム１７として構成されている。フレーム１８の外側に、低融点の導電性コーティング２１が配置される。導電性コーティング２１は、電極１６のワイヤ５’と５”とにオーム接触を形成している。   FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B show another embodiment, and a parallel-connected PV cell similar to FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B is arranged between the endless array of metal frames 18 arranged in series and these frames 18. The three-layer frame 17 is formed by laminating insulating polymer films 19. A low melting point conductive coating 21 is disposed outside the frame 18. The conductive coating 21 makes ohmic contact with the wires 5 ′ and 5 ″ of the electrode 16.

この実施例では、ウェーハ３は、フレーム１７の「窓」の中に位置しており、ＰＶ電池は、上下の電極１６によって互いに並列に接続される。   In this embodiment, the wafer 3 is located in the “window” of the frame 17 and the PV cells are connected in parallel to each other by the upper and lower electrodes 16.

図１２Ａと図１２Ｂは、数個のＰＶ電池の直列接続を示している。周期的にワイヤ５’が切断された電極１６の長手方向の延伸に対して直角方向に並ぶ端子バー２５は、それぞれその上側と下側にコーティング２１が施されている。上部電極１６のワイヤ５’は、端子バー２５の上側とその右側に配置されたウェーハ３の上側の間にオーム接触を形成しており、下部電極１６のワイヤ５’は、各端子バー２５の下側とその左側に配置されたウェーハ３の下側との間にオーム接触を形成している。   12A and 12B show a series connection of several PV cells. The terminal bars 25 arranged in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of the electrode 16 from which the wires 5 ′ are periodically cut are provided with coatings 21 on the upper side and the lower side, respectively. The wire 5 ′ of the upper electrode 16 forms an ohmic contact between the upper side of the terminal bar 25 and the upper side of the wafer 3 arranged on the right side thereof, and the wire 5 ′ of the lower electrode 16 is connected to each terminal bar 25. An ohmic contact is formed between the lower side and the lower side of the wafer 3 arranged on the left side.

図１３は、ＰＶ電池の直列接続は、Ｕ型金属バー２６によって達成されるエンドレス電極１６を示す。長手方向に並んだ端子バーのバー２４は、ワイヤ５”とオーム接触を形成しており、電極１６に対して直角方向に配置された横断バー２５は、ワイヤ５’とオーム接触を形成している。各ウェーハ３は、Ｕ型金属端子バー２６の内側のスペースと上下の電極１６の間に位置している。   FIG. 13 shows an endless electrode 16 in which a series connection of PV cells is achieved by a U-shaped metal bar 26. The longitudinally aligned terminal bar bars 24 make ohmic contact with the wire 5 ", and the transverse bars 25 arranged in a direction perpendicular to the electrode 16 make ohmic contact with the wire 5 '. Each wafer 3 is located between the space inside the U-shaped metal terminal bar 26 and the upper and lower electrodes 16.

ウェーハ３とワイヤ５’との接続は、図１２Ｂと同様である。
図１４Ａと図１４Ｂは、図１２Ａと図１２Ｂに示したＰＶ電池の直列接続に使用でき、図１３の配置にも同じように使用できる電極１６を示す。ワイヤ５’は、それぞれ穿孔２９によって切断される。各穿孔は、一本あるいは数本のワイヤ５’にわたる場合がある。もちろん、数本の隣接ワイヤを穿孔する場合よりも、穿孔が一本のワイヤ５’の場合の方が電極１６の堅牢さは優れている。後者の場合、電極１６の長手延伸方向に対して直角の方向へ電極１６の穿孔部分に透明接着ポリマ・フィルムを貼ることを推奨する。 The connection between the wafer 3 and the wire 5 ′ is the same as in FIG. 12B.
14A and 14B show an electrode 16 that can be used in series connection of the PV cells shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B and can be used in the arrangement of FIG. 13 as well. Each wire 5 ′ is cut by a perforation 29. Each perforation may span one or several wires 5 '. Of course, the robustness of the electrode 16 is better when the perforation is a single wire 5 ′ than when several adjacent wires are perforated. In the latter case, it is recommended to apply a transparent adhesive polymer film to the perforated portion of the electrode 16 in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal stretching direction of the electrode 16.

同様に、図１３の実施例において、長手方向に配列された端子バー２４は、ワイヤ５’とともに切断してもよい。
したがって、ウェーハ３の下側と上側に、それぞれ同じ電極１６を使用することができる。電極同士は、横断バー２５と次のウェーハ３の端との間隔の幅だけ互いにずらして使用する。 Similarly, in the embodiment of FIG. 13, the terminal bars 24 arranged in the longitudinal direction may be cut together with the wires 5 ′.
Therefore, the same electrode 16 can be used on the lower side and the upper side of the wafer 3, respectively. The electrodes are used while being shifted from each other by the width of the interval between the transverse bar 25 and the end of the next wafer 3.

電気エネルギを運ぶ接続部の基本的に異なる構造が図１５から図１９を参照しながら説明される。   A fundamentally different structure of the connection carrying electrical energy will be described with reference to FIGS.

図１５における配置の基本要素は、２つの金属フレーム（銅箔が望ましい）２８とこれらのフレームの間に設けられた絶縁フィルム１９からなる三層積層ダブル・フレーム２７である。ダブル・フレーム２７の中央のバーに、それと平行にステップが設けられている。ステップの高さは、金属箔の厚さに相当し、すなわち、０．２〜０．３ｍｍ（図１５Ａ，図１５Ｂ，図１５Ｃ）である。図１５Ｂから見ると、金属フレーム２８は、互いにずらした位置に重なっており、すなわち、金属フレーム２８の左上方部は、左の隣接フレーム２８の右下方部よりも上に配置されている。隣接するダブル・フレーム２７の２つの重なり合った金属フレーム２８の間に設けられた絶縁フィルム１９は、その両端が上方あるいは下方に曲げられ、フレーム２７構造の表面まで伸びている。ウェーハ３は、フレーム２７の「窓」の中に位置している。上下の穿孔した電極１６のワイヤ５’は、ウェーハ３の両面および各フレーム窓の左右のバーとオーム接触を形成している。ワイヤ５”は、ワイヤ５’およびフレームの上下のバーに電気的に接続される。ワイヤ５’に接触した金属フレーム２８の表面は、必要なら、低融点の合金コーティング２１または錫コーティングを行う。   The basic element of the arrangement in FIG. 15 is a three-layer laminated double frame 27 comprising two metal frames (preferably copper foil) 28 and an insulating film 19 provided between these frames. A step is provided in parallel with the central bar of the double frame 27. The height of the step corresponds to the thickness of the metal foil, that is, 0.2 to 0.3 mm (FIGS. 15A, 15B, and 15C). As seen from FIG. 15B, the metal frame 28 overlaps the positions shifted from each other, that is, the upper left part of the metal frame 28 is disposed above the lower right part of the left adjacent frame 28. The insulating film 19 provided between the two overlapping metal frames 28 of the adjacent double frame 27 is bent upward or downward, and extends to the surface of the frame 27 structure. The wafer 3 is located in the “window” of the frame 27. The upper and lower perforated electrode 16 wires 5 ′ are in ohmic contact with both sides of the wafer 3 and the left and right bars of each frame window. The wire 5 "is electrically connected to the wire 5 'and the upper and lower bars of the frame. The surface of the metal frame 28 in contact with the wire 5' is provided with a low melting alloy coating 21 or tin coating, if necessary.

多数のＰＶ電池の配列を連続して相互に接続することが可能である。
図１６Ａ，図１６Ｂ，図１６Ｃは、無穿孔電極１６が図５Ｃと図５Ｄの電極に相当し、同様に、相当に単純化した構造を示す。この場合、ステップ付きの長手方向バー３２を利用している。これらの長手方向バー３２は、図１５Ｂと図１５Ｃで図示したフレーム２８のように並んでいる。 Multiple PV cell arrays can be connected to each other in series.
FIGS. 16A, 16B, and 16C show the structure in which the non-perforated electrode 16 corresponds to the electrode of FIGS. 5C and 5D, and similarly considerably simplified. In this case, a longitudinal bar 32 with a step is used. These longitudinal bars 32 are aligned like the frame 28 illustrated in FIGS. 15B and 15C.

図１７は、２つの重ね合わせた金属フレーム２８が中央にステップを形成し、互いに位置をずらした全体的配列を表わした図を示したものである。この構成の特徴は、横断バー３１がそれぞれ右下の窓に架かっており、バー３１は、金属フレーム２８と一体的に接続されていることである。本実施例では、バー３１が、本発明の下部電極１６のワイヤ５’の機能を引き受けており、すなわち、完成したＰＶ電池では、バー３１は、その上にあるウェーハ３の各下部表面とオーム接触を形成している。   FIG. 17 shows an overall arrangement in which two superimposed metal frames 28 form a step in the center and are offset from each other. A feature of this configuration is that the crossing bars 31 are respectively hung on the lower right window, and the bars 31 are integrally connected to the metal frame 28. In this embodiment, the bar 31 assumes the function of the wire 5 'of the lower electrode 16 of the present invention, that is, in a completed PV cell, the bar 31 is in ohmic contact with each lower surface of the wafer 3 above it. Forming contact.

直列接続のＰＶ電池のエンドレス配列を完成するため、単なるフレーム３０を両端に設けてある。配列の左端に設けたこの単なるフレーム３０には、バー３１もとりつける。   In order to complete an endless arrangement of PV batteries connected in series, simple frames 30 are provided at both ends. A bar 31 is also attached to this simple frame 30 provided at the left end of the array.

この構造は、電極メッシュ６を有する上部電極１６を取り付けて完成する。そのワイヤ５’は、穿孔され、加熱と加圧により、ウェーハ３およびフレーム２８と３０の上面に接続される。下方の電極１６は、長手方向に並ぶ穿孔されたワイヤ５”セクションあるいはワイヤ５”フィールドを有する。ワイヤ・セクションあるいはワイヤ・フィールドは、バー３１およびフレーム３０を備えた完成品ＰＶ電池に接続されている。これにより、バーがワイヤ５”の機能、すなわち、ウェーハ３の下面に間接的に接続されただけワイヤの機能を引き受ける。   This structure is completed by attaching the upper electrode 16 having the electrode mesh 6. The wire 5 'is drilled and connected to the upper surface of the wafer 3 and frames 28 and 30 by heating and pressing. The lower electrode 16 has a longitudinally aligned perforated wire 5 "section or wire 5" field. The wire section or wire field is connected to a finished PV cell with bar 31 and frame 30. Thus, the bar assumes the function of the wire 5 ″, that is, the function of the wire only indirectly connected to the lower surface of the wafer 3.

図１８は、下部電極１６の代わりに、接着剤１１を塗布した透明ポリマ・フィルム１０が設けられたことだけが変化している図１７の例に類似した実施例を示す。   FIG. 18 shows an embodiment similar to the example of FIG. 17 in which only the transparent polymer film 10 coated with the adhesive 11 is provided instead of the lower electrode 16.

最後に、図１９は、図１７と図１８に示した例と類似した実施例である。上部電極６は、切断箇所のないメッシュ６を有している。ＰＶ電池の直列接続が完了したあと電極１６のワイヤ５’が穿孔できるように、上下フレーム３０の左右バーは、もとよりフレーム２８の左バーおよび中央バーにスロット３３を設ける。このスロット３３は、ステップに平行に設けられる。ＰＶモジュールを組み立てたあと、これらのスロット３３によって、上部電極１６のワイヤ５’を全体的に切断することができる。スロット３３の幅は、穿孔後にワイヤ５’が永久に切断されて、互いに分離されたままになるように計算される。   Finally, FIG. 19 is an embodiment similar to the example shown in FIGS. The upper electrode 6 has a mesh 6 having no cut portions. Slots 33 are provided not only on the left and right bars of the upper and lower frames 30 but also on the left and center bars of the frame 28 so that the wire 5 'of the electrode 16 can be perforated after the series connection of PV cells is completed. The slot 33 is provided in parallel with the step. After assembling the PV module, these slots 33 can cut the wire 5 'of the upper electrode 16 as a whole. The width of the slot 33 is calculated such that the wires 5 'are permanently cut after drilling and remain separated from each other.

図１は、ＰＶ電池の加熱前の概略的等角部分図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic isometric partial view of a PV cell before heating. 図２は、ＰＶ電池製造中における加熱および/または加圧ステップ後の図である。FIG. 2 is a diagram after a heating and / or pressurizing step during PV cell manufacture. 図３は、接触ワイヤの網の概略的等角図である。FIG. 3 is a schematic isometric view of a network of contact wires. 図４は、フィルム・タイプ接着性をもつ光学的に透明な電極の製造装置の概略的等角図である。FIG. 4 is a schematic isometric view of an apparatus for producing an optically transparent electrode with film-type adhesion. 図５Ａは、図４の装置で製造した電極の図である。FIG. 5A is a diagram of an electrode manufactured with the apparatus of FIG. 図５Ｂは、図５Ａの断面Ａ−Ａである。FIG. 5B is a cross section AA of FIG. 5A. 図５Ｃは、図５Ａのワイヤの方向に対し直角方向に並んだワイヤを有する電極ストリップの図である。FIG. 5C is an illustration of an electrode strip having wires aligned perpendicular to the direction of the wire of FIG. 5A. 図５Ｄは、図５Ｃの断面Ａ−Ａである。FIG. 5D is a cross section AA of FIG. 5C. 図６Ａは、ワイヤ・メッシュを有する電極ストリップの図である。FIG. 6A is an illustration of an electrode strip having a wire mesh. 図６Ｂは、図６Ａの断面Ｂ−Ｂである。6B is a cross-section BB of FIG. 6A. 図６Ｃは、図６Ａの断面Ａ−Ａである。6C is a cross-section AA of FIG. 6A. 図７は、加熱と加圧前のＰＶ電池の主要要素の概略的等角分解図である。FIG. 7 is a schematic isometric exploded view of the main elements of the PV cell before heating and pressing. 図８は、加熱と加圧前の要素の第２の実施例の概略的等角分解図である。FIG. 8 is a schematic isometric exploded view of a second embodiment of the element before heating and pressing. 図９Ａは、ＰＶ電池の第三の実施例の図である。FIG. 9A is a diagram of a third embodiment of a PV cell. 図９Ｂは、図９Ａの光起電力素子の断面Ａ−Ａである。FIG. 9B is a cross section AA of the photovoltaic device of FIG. 9A. 図１０Ａは、ＰＶ電池が互いに並列に接続されたストリップ状に並んだ数個のＰＶ電池の図である。FIG. 10A is a diagram of several PV cells arranged in a strip shape in which PV cells are connected in parallel to each other. 図１０Ｂは、図１０Ａの断面Ａ−Ａである。FIG. 10B is a cross section AA of FIG. 10A. 図１０Ｃは、図１０Ａの断面Ｂ−Ｂである。FIG. 10C is a cross-section BB of FIG. 10A. 図１１Ａは、ストリップ状になった数個のＰＶ電池の図、電極が網を形成し、電池が並列に接続されている。FIG. 11A is a diagram of several PV cells in the form of a strip, where the electrodes form a net and the cells are connected in parallel. 図１１Ｂは、図１１Ａの断面Ａ−Ａである。FIG. 11B is a cross section AA of FIG. 11A. 図１２Ａは、ＰＶ電池が直列に接続されたストリップに並んだＰＶ電池の配列の別の実施例を示す。FIG. 12A shows another example of an arrangement of PV cells arranged in a strip with PV cells connected in series. 図１２Ｂは、図１３の断面Ａ−Ａである。12B is a cross section AA of FIG. 図１３は、ＰＶ電池が互いに直列に接続され、電極が網状に配置された電極ストリップの別な実施例を示す。FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of an electrode strip in which PV cells are connected in series with one another and the electrodes are arranged in a mesh. 図１４Ａは、単一の電極部分がそれぞれ一つのＰＶ電池を形成しているエンドレス電極の図である。FIG. 14A is a diagram of an endless electrode in which each single electrode portion forms one PV cell. 図１４Ｂは、図１２Ａの断面Ａ−Ａである。14B is a cross section AA of FIG. 12A. 図１５Ａは、ストリップに直列に並んだＰＶ電池の配列の図である。FIG. 15A is a diagram of an array of PV cells arranged in series on a strip. 図１５Ｂは、図１５Ａの断面Ａ−Ａである。FIG. 15B is a cross-section AA of FIG. 15A. 図１５Ｃは、図１５Ａの断面Ｂ−Ｂである。FIG. 15C is a cross-section BB of FIG. 15A. 図１６Ａは、ストリップに直列に並んだ数個のＰＶ電池の別の実施例を示す。FIG. 16A shows another embodiment of several PV cells arranged in series on a strip. 図１６Ｂは、図１６の断面Ａ−Ａである。FIG. 16B is a cross section AA of FIG. 図１６Ｃは、図１６の断面Ｂ−Ｂである。FIG. 16C is a cross-section BB of FIG. 図１７は、直列接続ＰＶ電池を有するＰＶモジュールの要素の概略的分解図である。FIG. 17 is a schematic exploded view of the elements of a PV module having series connected PV cells. 図１８は、図１７のものに類似したＰＶモジュールの別の実施例を示す。FIG. 18 shows another embodiment of a PV module similar to that of FIG. 図１９は、図１７のものに類似したＰＶモジュールのさらに別の実施例を示す。FIG. 19 shows yet another embodiment of a PV module similar to that of FIG.

Claims (19)

導電性表面に接触する、特に光起電力素子（ウェーハ３）の少なくとも１つの表面に接触する電極であって、電極は、電気的に絶縁性があり光学的に透明な膜（１０）と、膜（１０）の１つの表面上に設けられた接着剤層（１１）と、接着剤層（１１）に埋め込まれ実質的に平行で導電性を有する第１の複数のワイヤ（５'）とを含み、第１の複数のワイヤ（５'）の表面の一部は、接着剤層（１１）から突出し、少なくとも前記表面において低融点の合金からなるコーティング（２）で覆われた接着層（１１）から突出し、第１の複数のワイヤ（５’）は、第１の端子バー（２０）に接続される前記電極。   An electrode in contact with a conductive surface, in particular in contact with at least one surface of the photovoltaic element (wafer 3), the electrode being electrically insulating and optically transparent film (10); An adhesive layer (11) provided on one surface of the membrane (10), and a first plurality of wires (5 ′) embedded in the adhesive layer (11) and substantially parallel and conductive; A part of the surface of the first plurality of wires (5 ') protrudes from the adhesive layer (11) and is covered with a coating (2) made of a low melting point alloy at least on the surface ( 11) The electrode protruding from 11), wherein the first plurality of wires (5 ') are connected to the first terminal bar (20). 請求項１記載の電極において、実質的に相互に平行に並んでいる第２の複数のワイヤ（５”）は、透明な膜（１０）と第１の複数のワイヤ（５”）の間に配設され、第１と第２の複数のワイヤ（５'、５”）は、共にメッシュ（６）を形成し、第２の複数のワイヤ（５”）は、第２の端子バー（２２）に電気的に接続される前記電極。   2. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the second plurality of wires (5 ″) arranged substantially parallel to one another are between the transparent film (10) and the first plurality of wires (5 ″). The first and second plurality of wires (5 ′, 5 ″) together form a mesh (6), and the second plurality of wires (5 ″) are connected to the second terminal bar (22). The electrode is electrically connected to. 請求項２記載の電極において、前記第１と第２の端子バー（２０、２２）は、相互に電気的に接続される電極。   3. The electrode according to claim 2, wherein the first and second terminal bars (20, 22) are electrically connected to each other. 請求項１から３のいずれかに記載の電極において、前記端子バー（２０、２２）は、前記ワイヤ（５'、５”）のそれぞれの端部に設けられる電極。   4. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the terminal bar (20, 22) is provided at each end of the wire (5 ′, 5 ″). 請求項４記載の電極において、前記端子バー（２０,２２）は、ワイヤ（５'、５”）が接続される表面に対して前記光起電力素子（ウェーハ３）の外側の第１の複数のワイヤの両端あるいは第１と第２の複数のワイヤ（５'、５”）の両端に設けられる前記電極。   5. The electrode according to claim 4, wherein the terminal bars (20, 22) are a first plurality of outer surfaces of the photovoltaic element (wafer 3) with respect to a surface to which the wires (5 ′, 5 ″) are connected. The electrode provided on both ends of the first wire or both ends of the first and second plurality of wires (5 ′, 5 ″). 請求項１から５のいずれかに記載の電極において、前記第１と第２の端子バーは、一定の角度を形成して接続される前記電極（図８）。   6. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the first and second terminal bars are connected to form a fixed angle (FIG. 8). 請求項１から５のいずれかに記載の電極において、前記端子バー（２０、２２）は、Ｕ型フレームとして形成され、複数の２つのワイヤの一方のワイヤ（５'）は、基部に接続され、他方のワイヤ（５”）は、Ｕ字の自由端の足部に接続される前記電極（図１３）。   The electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the terminal bar (20, 22) is formed as a U-shaped frame, and one wire (5 ') of a plurality of two wires is connected to the base. The other wire (5 ″) is connected to the foot of the U-shaped free end (FIG. 13). 請求項５記載の電極であって、端子バー（３２）は、接続される２つの隣接した光起電力素子（３）の全長にわたって延伸し、その中央にステップが設けられ、複数の端子バー（３２）が共に、一列を形成し、端子バー（３２）の半分は、それぞれ、隣接する端子バーの下半分の上あるいは上半分の下になるように配列され、前記端子バー（３２）の間には、絶縁膜（１９）が設けられている前記電極（１６図）。   6. The electrode according to claim 5, wherein the terminal bar (32) extends over the entire length of two adjacent photovoltaic elements (3) to be connected, a step is provided in the center thereof, and a plurality of terminal bars ( 32) together form a row, and half of the terminal bars (32) are arranged to be above or below the lower half of the adjacent terminal bars, respectively, between the terminal bars (32). The electrode (FIG. 16) is provided with an insulating film (19). 請求項５に記載の電極であって、前記端子バーは、閉じたフレームとして形成され、フレーム（１７）の開口領域（窓）は、これに対応する光起電力素子（３）のサイズを超えている前記電極（図１９）。   6. The electrode according to claim 5, wherein the terminal bar is formed as a closed frame and the open area (window) of the frame (17) exceeds the size of the corresponding photovoltaic element (3). The electrode (FIG. 19). 請求項５に記載の電極であって、前記端子バーは、窓の開口領域が対応する光起電力素子（３）のサイズを超えている２つの隣接する窓を有するダブル・フレーム（１７）として形成される前記電極。   6. The electrode according to claim 5, wherein the terminal bar is as a double frame (17) having two adjacent windows whose opening area exceeds the size of the corresponding photovoltaic element (3). The electrode to be formed. 請求項９または１０に記載の電極であって、前記フレーム（１７）は、２つの金属フレーム（１８）とその間に絶縁膜（１９）が設けられる前記電極。   11. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein the frame (17) is provided with two metal frames (18) and an insulating film (19) between them. 請求項１０または１１に記載の電極であって、前記ダブル・フレーム（１７）の中央のバーにステップが設けられ、複数のフレーム（１７）が共に、一列を形成し、ダブル・フレーム（１７）の半分は、それぞれ、隣接するダブル・フレーム（１７）の下半分の上あるいは上半分の下になるように配列されてなる前記電極。   12. The electrode according to claim 10 or 11, wherein a step is provided in a central bar of the double frame (17), and the plurality of frames (17) together form a row, and the double frame (17). The electrodes are arranged so that half of each of them is above or below the lower half of the adjacent double frame (17). 請求項１１または１２に記載の電極であって、ダブル・フレーム（２８）の中央のバーにスロット（３３）が設けられ、スロットは、前記ステップに平行に並び、ＰＶモジュールが完成すると、前記電極の横断ワイヤ（５'）が切断される前記電極。   13. The electrode according to claim 11 or 12, wherein a slot (33) is provided in the central bar of the double frame (28), the slot being aligned parallel to the steps, and when the PV module is completed, the electrode Said electrode from which the transverse wire (5 ') of the wire is cut. 請求項９から１３のいずれかに記載の電極であって、金属バー（３１）は、前記フレームの少なくとも１つの窓に架かり、バー（３１）は、対応する金属フレーム（１８）と一体化して結合されている前記電極。   14. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein the metal bar (31) spans at least one window of the frame, and the bar (31) is integrated with the corresponding metal frame (18). The electrodes being joined together. 請求項１から１４のいずれかに記載の複数の電極であって、電極は、一体の連続する一片として形成され、ＰＶモジュールを形成するために接続される隣接した光起電力素子（３）の配列の長さに相当する長さに切断され、前記一片の長手方向に並んだワイヤ５'は、ＰＶ電池の長さに相当する長さに切断される前記複数の電極片（図１４）。   15. A plurality of electrodes according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the electrodes are formed as an integral continuous piece of adjacent photovoltaic elements (3) connected to form a PV module. The plurality of electrode pieces (FIG. 14) cut into a length corresponding to the length of the array, and the wires 5 ′ arranged in the longitudinal direction of the one piece are cut into a length corresponding to the length of the PV battery. 請求項１５に記載の電極片であって、一体の端子バー（２２）は、前記透明膜（１０）の端部のうちの少なくとも１つの端部に沿って設けられる電極片。   16. The electrode piece according to claim 15, wherein the integral terminal bar (22) is provided along at least one of the end portions of the transparent film (10). 請求項１６に記載の電極片であって、前記透明膜（１０）の各端部に沿って櫛状のバー（２３）が配設され、２つの隣接した光起電力素子（３）の間でそれぞれ櫛状バーの歯（２５）は、一方の側から前記第１の複数のワイヤ（５'）の幅にわたって延伸し、対応する光起電力素子（３）の上側と下側に交互に電気的に接続され、他方の表面から分離される前記電極片。   17. The electrode piece according to claim 16, wherein a comb-like bar (23) is arranged along each end of the transparent film (10), and between two adjacent photovoltaic elements (3). Each comb bar tooth (25) extends across the width of the first plurality of wires (5 ') from one side and alternately above and below the corresponding photovoltaic element (3). The electrode piece electrically connected and separated from the other surface. 請求項１から１７のいずれかに記載の少なくとも１つの電極（１６）あるいは１つの電極片（１６）を含む光起電力電池または光起電力モジュールであって、その少なくとも１つの表面が導電性であり、反射防止された光学的に透明なコーティング（４）を施した１つ以上の光起電力電池（３）を有し、第１の複数のワイヤ（５'）が合金（２）を用いてコーティング（４）およびそれぞれの端子バー（２０）あるいは端子フレーム（１７）に半田付けされる前記光起電力電池または光起電力モジュール。   A photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic module comprising at least one electrode (16) or one electrode piece (16) according to any of claims 1 to 17, wherein at least one surface thereof is electrically conductive. Having one or more photovoltaic cells (3) with an anti-reflection optically transparent coating (4), the first plurality of wires (5 ') using the alloy (2) The photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic module being soldered to the coating (4) and the respective terminal bar (20) or terminal frame (17). 請求項２に記載の電極（１６）を有する請求項１８に記載の光起電力電池または光起電力モジュールであって、前記第１と第２の複数のワイヤ（５'、５”）は、合金（２）を用いてそれらの交差点において、それぞれの端子バーあるいは端子フレームに接合される前記光起電力電池または光起電力モジュール。   19. The photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic module according to claim 18 comprising the electrode (16) according to claim 2, wherein the first and second plurality of wires (5 ', 5 ") are: The photovoltaic cell or photovoltaic module that is joined to the respective terminal bar or terminal frame at their intersection using an alloy (2).
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