EP0512468B1 - Geschlossene Patrone zur Bereitung eines Getränkes - Google Patents

Geschlossene Patrone zur Bereitung eines Getränkes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0512468B1
EP0512468B1 EP92107536A EP92107536A EP0512468B1 EP 0512468 B1 EP0512468 B1 EP 0512468B1 EP 92107536 A EP92107536 A EP 92107536A EP 92107536 A EP92107536 A EP 92107536A EP 0512468 B1 EP0512468 B1 EP 0512468B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plastic
aluminium
cup
cover
thick
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92107536A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0512468A1 (de
Inventor
Olivier Fond
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe des Produits Nestle SA
Nestle SA
Original Assignee
Societe des Produits Nestle SA
Nestle SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=26128850&utm_source=***_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0512468(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from EP91107650A external-priority patent/EP0512148A1/de
Application filed by Societe des Produits Nestle SA, Nestle SA filed Critical Societe des Produits Nestle SA
Priority to EP92107536A priority Critical patent/EP0512468B1/de
Publication of EP0512468A1 publication Critical patent/EP0512468A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0512468B1 publication Critical patent/EP0512468B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
    • B65D85/70—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for
    • B65D85/804—Disposable containers or packages with contents which are mixed, infused or dissolved in situ, i.e. without having been previously removed from the package
    • B65D85/8043—Packages adapted to allow liquid to pass through the contents
    • B65D85/8061—Filters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/34—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents for packaging foodstuffs or other articles intended to be cooked or heated within the package

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a closed cartridge, intended to be extracted under pressure, containing a substance for the preparation of a drink, comprising a cup with a bottom and a side wall having substantially the shape of a truncated cone and a circular rim. diameter greater than the bottom and a seal welded to the periphery of the rim of the cup.
  • Document GB-A-938617 relates to a cartridge with an internal filter providing two compartments and intended to be extracted by a device which pierces it on its lower and upper faces before said extraction.
  • the drawback of such a cartridge is that, because of the thickness of said faces, it requires the use of a relatively dangerous piercing device which does not guarantee perfect cleanliness during said extraction and easy release at the end. This prior drilling is also necessary for the cartridge according to document US-A-2,778,739.
  • capsules for the preparation of a drink is motivated by several reasons: hygiene, optimal conservation of coffee, ease of use, better control of coffee quality obtained and good reproducibility of the extraction conditions.
  • capsules available only the closed capsules, which open under the effect of the pressure of water injected, respond more fully to the arguments set out above. These capsules are distinguished by their opening system.
  • the cartridge, object of the present invention is of a much lower price and its manufacture considerably easier, while allowing to have a cartridge for the preparation of a drink, in particular an espresso coffee, that is to say that is to say in which an extraction of the coffee is carried out under a pressure of between 1 and 15 bars.
  • the invention relates to a closed cartridge according to the preamble of claim 1, which is characterized by the characteristics indicated in the second part of claim 1.
  • the cartridge according to the invention can be extracted according to the method and with the device which is the subject of European patent application No. 91107462.3.
  • the extraction device provided in this patent application, makes it possible to extract this simplified capsule under good conditions.
  • the capsule it is either the cover or the bottom of the cup which is torn under the effect of the extraction fluid. If it is the seal, the bottom of the cup is first opened by the water injection member when the cartridge is put in place in the extraction device and the cover is torn in said device during the pressure build-up and after use, said cartridge can be easily and completely removed with a minimum of waste marc or packaging material.
  • the cover is normally welded around the periphery of the cup. Welding is done by heat sealing, the parts to be welded have on their facing faces a welding lacquer. It is also possible to fold the lower rim of the cup over the cover and thus achieve crimping. Both with soldering alone and combined with crimping, a cartridge resistant to pressures of up to 15 bar is obtained at the time of extraction.
  • the cartridge is filled with a substance for the preparation of a drink.
  • This substance is preferably roasted and ground coffee, but can also be tea, soluble coffee, a mixture of ground coffee and soluble coffee, a chocolate product or any other edible dehydrated substance.
  • cup we also mean a frustoconical, hemispherical or truncpyramidal element. It is understood that the bottom of the cup is not necessarily plane, but may also have the above geometries.
  • the main body of the capsule namely the cup, of frustoconical shape and of semi-rigid nature, can be made of aluminum with a thickness of 20 to 100 ⁇ m, of pure plastic or multi-layers with possibly a barrier layer with oxygen such as EVOH or PVDC, a multi-layer film such as cardboard, aluminum, plastic or cardboard, plastic with possibly an oxygen barrier layer such as EVOH or PVDC.
  • the capsule lid of a flexible nature, can be made of aluminum with a thickness of 15 to 60 ⁇ m, or of a multi-layer film comprising, either paper of 20 at 60 g / m2, plastic such as polyethylene with a thickness of 20 to 60 ⁇ m and aluminum with a thickness of 5 to 20 ⁇ m, either EVOH or PVDC with a thickness of 5 at 30 ⁇ m and plastic (PP, PE, PA) from 20 to 100 ⁇ m, or PET (5 to 30 ⁇ m) and plastic (PP, PE) from 20 to 100 ⁇ m, either PET metallized or provided with a high barrier layer such as SiO2.
  • the multi-layer combination - aluminum foil can also be considered.
  • an additional layer is provided, based on filter paper or woven or non-woven fibers based on PET or PP.
  • this layer can be interposed between the body of the capsule and the cover and bonded or welded to these two elements.
  • This material can have a density of 20 to 50 g / m 2 .
  • the layer of filter paper or woven or woven fibers can be placed outside the capsule and bonded or welded to the cover.
  • the cartridge according to the invention can be of variable size according to the volume of coffee that one wishes to prepare.
  • the dose of coffee contained can vary between 5 and 20 g, the diameter of the cartridge is between 2.5 and 6 cm and the thickness of the coffee bed between 10 and 25 mm.
  • the cartridge (1) comprises a cup (2) with a bottom (5) and a frustoconical side wall (6).
  • the cup is made of 50 ⁇ m thick aluminum.
  • the cartridge contains roasted coffee (3) and it is closed by a cover (4) made of aluminum / paper composite. This cover is welded to the periphery (7) of the rim of the cup.
  • the cartridge (8) of FIG. 2 comprises a cup (2) identical to that of FIG. 1, except that the rim (9) of the cup is wider thereby allowing it to be folded down, that is to say crimping around the periphery of the cover (4).
  • the material used is the same as that of FIG. 1.
  • the cartridge (30) of FIG. 3 comprises on the cover (4) a filter paper (31) welded against the periphery of said cover and the periphery of the cup (2).
  • the cartridge according to the invention is of the type which opens under the effect of pressure but is of simpler and more economical design and manufacture than that of the prior art.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Making Beverages (AREA)
  • Tea And Coffee (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Packging For Living Organisms, Food Or Medicinal Products That Are Sensitive To Environmental Conditiond (AREA)
  • Non-Alcoholic Beverages (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)
  • Containers Having Bodies Formed In One Piece (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Für die Extraktion unter Druck vorgesehene geschlossene Portionspackung, die eine Substanz zur Zubereitung eines Getränkes enthält, die ausgewählt ist aus geröstetem und gemahlenem Kaffee, Tee, löslichem Kaffee, einer Mischung aus gemahlenem und löslichem Kaffee, einem Schokoladeprodukt oder jeder anderen entwässerten Nahrungsmittelsubstanz, und eine Schale mit einem Boden, einer im wesentlichen kegelstumpfförmigen Seitenwand und einem kreisförmigen Rand mit größerem Durchmesser als der Boden und einen am Umfang des Randes der Schale angeschweißten Deckel aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Deckel aus einem sauerstoffundurchlässigen, biegsamen Werkstoff besteht, der aus der aus Aluminium, Aluminium/Kunststoff-Verbund, Aluminium/Kunststoff/Papier-Verbund, reinem Kunststoff oder Mehrschichtfolie bestehenden Gruppe ausgewählt ist, daß sie kein Filter und keinen Schwächungsbereich aufweist und daß der Deckel oder der Boden dazu bestimmt ist, nur unter der Einwirkung des Drucks des Extraktionsfluids zu Beginn der Extraktion aufzureißen.
  2. Portionspackung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Deckel mit dem Rand der Schale verfalzt ist.
  3. Portionspackung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schale aus einem Werkstoff besteht, der aus Aluminium mit einer Dicke von 20 bis 100 µm, reinem Kunststoff oder Mehrschichtfolie, Karton/Alu-minium/Kunststoff-Verbund und Karton/Kunststoff-Verbund ausgewählt ist.
  4. Portionspackung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Deckel aus einem Werkstoff besteht, der aus Aluminium mit einer Dicke von 15 bis 60 µm und einer Mehrschichtfolie ausgewählt ist, die entweder aus Papier von 20 bis 60 g/m2, Kunststoff mit einer Dicke von 20 bis 60 µm und Aluminium mit einer Dicke von 5 bis 20 µm oder aus EVOH oder PVDC mit einer Dicke von 5 bis 30 µm und Kunststoff (PP, PE oder PA) von 20 bis 100 µm oder aus PET (5 bis 30 µm) und Kunststoff (PP, PE) von 20 bis 100 µm oder aus metallisiertem oder mit einer Ultrasperrschicht wie SiO2 versehenem PET besteht.
  5. Portionspackung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie einen Durchmesser von 2,5 bis 6 cm und eine Dicke von 10 bis 25 mm hat.
  6. Portionspackung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß über oder unter dem Deckel eine zusätzliche Schicht auf der Basis von Filterpapier oder von gewebten oder nicht gewebten Fasern auf PET- oder PP-Basis vorgesehen ist.
EP92107536A 1991-05-10 1992-05-04 Geschlossene Patrone zur Bereitung eines Getränkes Expired - Lifetime EP0512468B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP92107536A EP0512468B1 (de) 1991-05-10 1992-05-04 Geschlossene Patrone zur Bereitung eines Getränkes

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP91107650A EP0512148A1 (de) 1991-05-10 1991-05-10 Geschlossene Patrone zur Bereitung eines Getränks
EP91107650 1991-05-10
EP91111317 1991-07-08
EP91111317 1991-07-08
EP92107536A EP0512468B1 (de) 1991-05-10 1992-05-04 Geschlossene Patrone zur Bereitung eines Getränkes

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0512468A1 EP0512468A1 (de) 1992-11-11
EP0512468B1 true EP0512468B1 (de) 1997-01-29

Family

ID=26128850

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92107536A Expired - Lifetime EP0512468B1 (de) 1991-05-10 1992-05-04 Geschlossene Patrone zur Bereitung eines Getränkes

Country Status (15)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0512468B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2763987B2 (de)
KR (1) KR0143975B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE148419T1 (de)
AU (1) AU1505192A (de)
CA (1) CA2067515C (de)
DE (1) DE69217113T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0512468T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2097831T3 (de)
FI (1) FI108630B (de)
GR (1) GR3022936T3 (de)
MX (1) MX9202144A (de)
MY (1) MY109864A (de)
NO (1) NO302696B1 (de)
NZ (1) NZ242567A (de)

Cited By (18)

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US6857353B2 (en) 1999-10-28 2005-02-22 Nestec S.A. Cartridge ejection device
US6966251B2 (en) 2002-01-10 2005-11-22 Nestec S.A. Automatic device for the extraction of a substance
WO2006005425A1 (en) 2004-07-09 2006-01-19 Nestec S.A. Apparatus with pressurised gas supply for preparing beverages
EP2082669A2 (de) 2008-01-25 2009-07-29 Nestec S.A. Hybridvorrichtung für die Getränkezubereitung
EP2100824A1 (de) 2008-03-12 2009-09-16 Nestec S.A. Kapsel mit Flussregulierung und Filterelement
WO2009153298A1 (en) 2008-06-20 2009-12-23 Nestec S.A. Capsule treatment apparatus
EP2230195A1 (de) 2009-03-19 2010-09-22 Nestec S.A. Kapsel mit Filtereinsatz zur Zubereitung von Kaffeegetränken
EP2239212A1 (de) 2009-04-09 2010-10-13 Nestec S.A. Kapsel zur Herstellung eines Getränks mit einer Ausgabewand in Form eines eingeschlossenen Durchflusswegs
EP2239211A1 (de) 2009-04-09 2010-10-13 Nestec S.A. Kapsel zur Herstellung eines Getränks mit Delaminations- oder Bruchdichtung an der Ausgabewand
US7966927B2 (en) 2005-03-29 2011-06-28 Nestec S.A. Standalone drink dispensing machine
EP2364930A2 (de) 2009-03-19 2011-09-14 Nestec S.A. Kapsel zur Zubereitung von Kaffee in einer Vorrichtung mit einem Kartuschenhalter mit Aussparung und eingelassenen Elementen
WO2011131595A2 (en) 2010-04-20 2011-10-27 Nestec S.A. Container with thermal management
US8651012B2 (en) 2004-10-25 2014-02-18 Nestec S.A. System with capsule having sealing means
EP3216443A1 (de) 2016-03-10 2017-09-13 Athenion AG Kapsel zur getränkevorbereitung aus einem solubilisat
DE102017112189A1 (de) 2017-06-02 2018-12-06 Dr. Günther Kast GmbH & Co. Technische Gewebe Spezial-Fasererzeugnisse KG Portionskapsel zur Zubereitung eines Getränks in einer Getränkeherstellungsmaschine sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
DE102019101545A1 (de) 2019-01-22 2020-07-23 Weyhmüller Verpackungstechnik GmbH Getränkeportionskapsel aus faserbasiertem Werkstoff sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
US10926946B2 (en) 2015-08-13 2021-02-23 Brain Corp Sa Capsule for preparing a beverage
EP2780866B1 (de) 2011-11-15 2021-08-11 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Träger und kapsel zur herstellung eines getränks durch zentrifugieren, system und verfahren zur herstellung eines getränks durch zentrifugieren

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EP0844195B1 (de) * 1996-11-22 2001-10-24 Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. Eine pulverförmige Substanz enthaltender geschlossener Behälter
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US6459854B1 (en) 2000-01-24 2002-10-01 Nestec S.A. Process and module for heating liquid
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ATE263086T1 (de) * 2000-09-26 2004-04-15 Nestle Sa Packung zur getränkezubereitung mit extraktion unter druck
EP1203554A1 (de) 2000-11-03 2002-05-08 Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. Extraktionsvorrichtung für ein Nahrungsmittel das sich in einer Wiederladekartusche befindet
EP1219216A1 (de) 2000-12-30 2002-07-03 Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. Automatisches Gerät für die Extraktion von Substanzen
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DK1604915T4 (da) 2002-01-16 2020-01-02 Nestle Sa Lukket kapsel med åbningsorgan
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DE10211327B4 (de) 2002-03-14 2015-09-24 Caffitaly System S.P.A. Portionenkapsel mit einer partikelförmigen mittels Wasser extrahierbaren Substanz zur Herstellung eines Getränks
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PT2252182E (pt) 2008-01-24 2012-07-10 Nestec Sa Gestor de economia de energia para dispositivos de preparação de bebidas
EP2510803B2 (de) 2008-01-29 2019-12-11 Koninklijke Douwe Egberts B.V. System zur Herstellung eines Getränks
US20110045144A1 (en) 2008-04-30 2011-02-24 Nestec S.A. Sealed capsule for containing beverage ingredients and having an inlet-side membrane
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UA111058C2 (uk) 2009-12-18 2016-03-25 Нестек С.А. Спосіб одержання кавового екстракту із необсмажених зерен кави
DE202010002994U1 (de) 2010-03-02 2010-07-22 Faraji, Mohsen, Dip.-Ing.(FH) Portionspackung für eine Getränkemaschine
AU2011265826A1 (en) 2010-06-18 2013-01-31 Biserkon Holdings Ltd. Capsule, device and method for preparing a beverage by extraction
PL3023362T3 (pl) 2010-07-22 2018-06-29 K Fee System Gmbh Kapsułka porcjowa ze znacznikiem
EP2926698B1 (de) 2010-08-27 2022-09-21 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Gesteuerte, motorisierte braueinheit
DE102011012881A1 (de) * 2010-09-22 2012-03-22 Krüger Gmbh & Co. Kg Portionskapsel und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Getränks mit einer Portionskapsel
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ITGE20100135A1 (it) 2010-12-10 2012-06-11 Espressocap Srl Carica preconfezionata per macchine da caffe' espresso e gruppo erogatore adatto all'uso di detta carica
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PL2681126T3 (pl) 2011-03-03 2018-05-30 Biserkon Holdings Ltd. Kapsułka do przygotowania napoju przez ekstrację
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FR2973209B1 (fr) * 2011-04-01 2014-07-04 Ahbla Ganibardi Capsule de produit pour boisson
CH704858A1 (de) 2011-04-29 2012-10-31 Diem Consulting Ag Kit zum Befüllen von Kapseln zur Verwendung in einer Extraktionsmaschine, Kapsel für die Extraktion von getrockneten Lebensmitteln sowie Vorrichtung und Verfahren zu deren Befüllung.
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WO2013066154A1 (en) 2011-08-30 2013-05-10 Biserkon Holdings Ltd. Capsule, device and method for preparing a beverage by extraction
KR101403270B1 (ko) * 2011-09-01 2014-06-02 2266170 온타리오 인크. 다층 재료 및 용기 그리고 이들을 제조하는 방법
WO2013037782A1 (en) 2011-09-16 2013-03-21 Nestec S.A. Multi-system beverage machine safe connector
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JP7426342B2 (ja) 2018-05-22 2024-02-01 ソシエテ・デ・プロデュイ・ネスレ・エス・アー クリーマー
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EP2082669A2 (de) 2008-01-25 2009-07-29 Nestec S.A. Hybridvorrichtung für die Getränkezubereitung
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EP2100824A1 (de) 2008-03-12 2009-09-16 Nestec S.A. Kapsel mit Flussregulierung und Filterelement
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US8956672B2 (en) 2009-03-19 2015-02-17 Nestec S.A. Capsule for preparing coffee in a device comprising a cartridge holder with relief and recessed elements
EP2364930A2 (de) 2009-03-19 2011-09-14 Nestec S.A. Kapsel zur Zubereitung von Kaffee in einer Vorrichtung mit einem Kartuschenhalter mit Aussparung und eingelassenen Elementen
US8257766B2 (en) 2009-04-09 2012-09-04 Nestec S.A. Capsule for preparation of a beverage with delaminating or breakable seal at delivery wall
US8263148B2 (en) 2009-04-09 2012-09-11 Nestec S.A. Capsule for preparation of a beverage with a delivery wall forming a confined flowpath
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EP2727503A1 (de) 2010-04-20 2014-05-07 Nestec S.A. Behälter mit Wärmeverwaltung
WO2011131595A2 (en) 2010-04-20 2011-10-27 Nestec S.A. Container with thermal management
EP2780866B1 (de) 2011-11-15 2021-08-11 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Träger und kapsel zur herstellung eines getränks durch zentrifugieren, system und verfahren zur herstellung eines getränks durch zentrifugieren
US10926946B2 (en) 2015-08-13 2021-02-23 Brain Corp Sa Capsule for preparing a beverage
EP3216443A1 (de) 2016-03-10 2017-09-13 Athenion AG Kapsel zur getränkevorbereitung aus einem solubilisat
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DE102019101545A1 (de) 2019-01-22 2020-07-23 Weyhmüller Verpackungstechnik GmbH Getränkeportionskapsel aus faserbasiertem Werkstoff sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung

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DE69217113T2 (de) 1997-05-15
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NO921812L (no) 1992-11-11
DE69217113D1 (de) 1997-03-13
FI108630B (fi) 2002-02-28
ES2097831T3 (es) 1997-04-16
AU1505192A (en) 1992-11-12
NZ242567A (en) 1994-12-22
KR920021403A (ko) 1992-12-18
FI922065A0 (fi) 1992-05-07
CA2067515C (en) 1999-02-09
CA2067515A1 (en) 1992-11-11
KR0143975B1 (ko) 1998-08-01
JP2763987B2 (ja) 1998-06-11
NO302696B1 (no) 1998-04-14
JPH05132056A (ja) 1993-05-28
MY109864A (en) 1997-09-30
EP0512468A1 (de) 1992-11-11
NO921812D0 (no) 1992-05-07
FI922065A (fi) 1992-11-11
MX9202144A (es) 1992-11-01
ATE148419T1 (de) 1997-02-15

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