CN1524368A - 无线通信***中传输组帧的方法和装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
在支持广播传输的无线传输***中进行组帧的方法和装置。组帧格式包括对于单向传输特定的字段并降低***的开销。一实施例采用一种HDLC型式,该型式具有帧起始字段和附着在附加在每个帧的负载后的差错检测机制,其中协议信息并不和每个单独帧一起传输。
Description
背景
按照U.S.C§120第35条要求优先权
本专利申请要求60279970号美国临时申请的优先权,申请号为60/279970,该申请于2001年3月28日提交,并被转让给其受让人,并且通过引用被结合于此。
参考尚未批准的专利申请
本发明涉及美国专利和商标局的下列专利申请:
“维护数据处理***中安全性的方法和装置”(“Method and Apparatus forSecurity in a Data Processing System”),申请人为Philip Hawkes等人,代理人记事表No.010497号,与本案同时提出申请并被转让给本申请的申请人为受让人,特别参考引用于此;
“无线通信***中开销消息传输的方法和装置”(“Method and Apparatus forOverhead Messaging in a Wireless Communication System”),申请人为NikolaiLeung,代理人记事表No.010439号,与本案同时提出申请并转让给本申请的申请人为受让人,特别参考引用于此;
“无线通信***中为广播服务选项进行频带外传输的方法和装置”(“Methodand Apparatus for Out-of-Band Transmission of Broadcast Service Option ina Wireless Communication System”)申请人为Nikolai Leung,代理人记事表No.010437号,与本案同时提出申请并转让给本申请的申请人为受让人,特别参考引用于此;
“无线通信***中广播信令传输的方法和装置”(“Method and Apparatus forBroadcast Sigaling in a Wireless Communication System”)申请人为NikolaiLeung,代理人记事表No.010438号,与本案同时提出申请并转让给本申请的申请人为受让人,特别参考引用于此;
“无线通信***中头部压缩的方法和装置”(“Method and Apparatus forHeader Compression in a Wireless Communication System”)申请人为RaymondHsu,代理人记事表No.010500号,与本案同时提出申请并转让给本申请的申请人为受让人,特别参考引用于此;以及
“无线通信***中数据传送的方法和装置”(“Method and Apparatus for DataTransport in a Wireless Communication System”)申请人为Raymond Hsu,代理人记事表No.010499号,与本案同时提出申请并转让给本申请的申请人为受让人,特别参考引用于此。
技术领域
本发明一般涉及无线通信***,尤其涉及无线通信***中准备传输时消息压缩的方法和装置。
背景
对于无线通信***上的分组数据服务的需求正在日益增长。由于传统的无线通信***是为了语音通信而设计的,将其延伸为支持数据服务将面临很多难题。对大多数设计者来说,带宽保存是至关重要的。
双向通信中使用的传输协议和数据准备方法对于诸如广播服务等单向服务来说可能不是最佳的,其中双向通信中要求单向传输中未使用的信息。因此,需要无线通信***中单向传输的有效而精确的方法。
概述
这里所公开的实施例通过提供数据处理***中数据分组的组帧方法来满足上述需求。
一方面,在支持广播传输的无线传输***中分组数据组帧方法包括:生成用于传输的一部分因特网协议(IP)分组、在该部分IP分组后添加帧起始指示符、对该部分IP分组应用差错检测机制、准备用于传输的帧、具有帧起始指示符、部分IP分组、以及差错检测机制、并且在没有协议信息时传输帧。
另一方面,通过载波传输的通信信号,具有对应于数字信息的至少一部分因特网协议(IP)分组的负载部分、对应于该负载部分的帧起始部分,并且识别IP分组数据内负载部分的状态,以及检验该负载部分的差错检测部分。
又一方面,在支持广播传输的无线传输***中接收组帧的分组的方法包括:接收分组数据传输的帧,该帧具有帧起始部分、负载部分和差错检测部分,该帧不包括协议信息;将该帧标识为分组数据传输中的起始帧;用帧的差错检测部分来检验该帧;以及处理帧的负载部分。
再一方面,一种存储在计算机可读存储单元上的计算机程序,该计算机程序用于在支持广播传输的无线传输***中接收组帧的分组,该计算机程序包括:用来接收分组数据传输帧的第一组指令,帧具有帧起始部分、负载部分和差错检测部分,该帧不包括协议信息;将该帧标识为分组数据传输中的起始帧的第二组指令;用帧的差错检测部分检验该帧的第三组指令;以及处理帧的负载部分的第四组指令。
附图简述
图1是支持多个用户的扩频通信***的示意图。
图2是支持广播传输的通信***框图。
图3是对应于无线通信***中广播服务选项的协议栈模型。
图4是应用于协议栈各层的协议表,协议栈支持无线通信***中的广播服务选项。
图5是用于无线通信***拓扑结构中广播服务的消息流程的流程图。
图6是无线通信***中的广播流。
图7是无线通信***中的头部压缩映射。
图8是头部压缩信息的周期性广播。
图9是头部压缩协议。
图10是用于无线通信***中广播服务的头部压缩协议。
图11是用于无线通信***中广播服务的头部压缩流程图。
图12是用于无线通信***中广播服务的头部解压缩流程图。
图13和14是支持广播传输的接入网络。
图15-17说明了组帧协议。
详细描述
词语“示例性”在此处使用专指“作为示例、实例、或说明”。此处描述的任何作为“示例性”的实施例并不需要被解释为比其它实施例更优选或者更有优势。
与无线通信***中所期望的广播服务一致的***优化用于保存一关键资源:可用带宽。可用带宽的有效使用影响到***的性能和幅宽。为此,应用了各种技术来减小与数据或内容信息同时传输的开销信息的尺寸,同样也减小了传输的数据的尺寸。例如,在数字传输中,数据以帧的形式传输。帧可能是部分数据分组、部分数据消息、或者信息流中的连续帧,信息流如音频和/或视频流。每个数据帧(以及每个分组或消息)都附加了包含处理信息的头部,它允许接收机理解包含在帧内的信息。该头部信息被认为是开销,即,与信息内容同时传输的处理信息。信息内容被认为是负载。虽然每个单独头部一般比给定的负载小得多,但传输头部的累积效果影响了可用带宽。
无线通信***的示例性实施例采用了一种组帧方法,它减小帧的尺寸并同时满足***的精确性和传输要求。该示例性实施例支持单向广播服务。广播服务向多个用户提供视频和/或音频流。广播服务的订户“调谐到”指定信道以接入广播传输。由于视频广播高速传输所需的带宽很大,因此需要减小与这类广播传输相关的任何开销的尺寸。
下面的讨论进一步发展了示例性实施例,首先一般地给出扩频无线通信***;然后介绍广播服务;其中服务被称为高速广播服务(HSBS),此讨论包括示例性实施例的信道分配。接下来给出订购模型,包括付费订购、免费订购以及混合订购计划的选项,类似于电视传输目前可用的那些选项。接下来详细说明了接入广播服务的细节,给出服务选项的使用来定义给定传输的细节。广播***中的消息流程关于***的拓扑结构(即,基本结构)来讨论。最后,讨论了示例性实施例中使用的头部压缩。
需要注意的是,在讨论中该示例性实施例是作为范例被提供的;然而,其它实施例可以结合各个方面而不背离本发明的范围。特别是,本发明可应用于数据处理***、无线通信***、单向广播***、以及期望信息的有效传输的任何其它***。
无线通信***
示例性实施例采用了支持广播服务的扩频无线通信***。无线通信***被广泛采用以提供各种类型的通信,譬如语音,数据等等。这些***可以基于码分多址(CDMA)、时分多址(TDMA)、或一些其它调制技术。CDMA***相比其它类型的***提供了某些优势,包括增加的***容量。
***可以被设计为支持一种或多种标准,比如“TIA/EIA/IS-95-B双模宽带扩频蜂窝***的移动站一基站兼容性标准”(“TIA/EIA/IS-95-B Mobile Station-BaseStation Compatibility for Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System”),此处称为IS-95标准,该标准由称为“第三代合伙人计划”(此处称为3GPP)的协会提出,并被收录在一系列的文件中:包括文件号3G TS 25.211、3G TS 25.212、3G TS 25.213和3G TS 25.214、3G TS 25.302,此处称为W-CDMA标准,该标准由称为“第三代合伙人计划2”(此处称为3GPP2)的协会提出,TR-45.5在此处被称为cdma2000标准,以前称为IS-2000MC。上面引用的标准通过引用被结合于此。
每个标准都特别定义了从基站到移动站的数据传输的处理,反之亦然。如一示例性实施例,下面的讨论考虑符合CDMA2000协议标准的扩频通信***。其它实施例可以结合另一种标准。再一实施例可以对其它类型的数据处理***应用这里所公开的压缩方法。
图1是通信***100的示例,它支持多个用户并能实施本发明的至少某些方面和实施例。可以用各种算法和方法的任一种来安排***100中的传输。***100为多个小区102A到102G提供通信,每个小区分别由对应的基站104A到104G提供服务。在示例性实施例中,某些基站104具有多根接收天线,而其它基站仅有单根接收天线。类似地,某些基站104具有多根发射天线,而其它基站仅有单根发射天线。发射天线和接收天线的组合并没有限制。因此,基站104可能有多根发射天线和单根接收天线,或者有多根接收天线和单根发射天线,或者有单根或多根的发射和接收天线。
覆盖区域内的终端106可以是固定的(即,静止的)或者是移动的。如图1所示,各个终端106散布在整个***中。在任何给定时刻,每个终端106与至少一个并且可能与多个基站104在下行链路和上行链路上进行通信,这取决于是否采用软切换,或者终端是否用于(并发或顺序地)从多个基站接收多个传输。CDMA通信***中的软切换是本领域熟知的,它在美国专利号5101501中详述,该专利题为“CDMA蜂窝电话***中提供软切换的方法和***”(“Method and system for providinga Soft Handoff in a CDMA Cellular Telephone System”),该专利被转让给本发明的受让人。
下行链路是指从基站到终端的传输,上行链路是指从终端到基站的传输。在示例性实施例中,某些终端106有多根接收天线而其它终端仅有单根接收天线。图1中,基站104A在下行链路上把数据发送到终端106A和106J,基站104B把数据发送到终端106B和106J,基站104C把数据发送到终端106C,等等。
对无线数据传输日益增长的需求和可用服务通过无线通信技术的扩展导致特定数据服务的发展。一种这样的服务被称为高数据速率(HDR)。“EIA/TIA-IS856cdma2000高速率分组数据空中接口规范”(“EIA/TIA-IS856 cdma2000 High RateData Packet Data Air Interface Specification”)中提出了示例性HDR服务,该规范被称为“HDR规范”。HDR服务一般覆盖了语音通信***,语音通信***提供了在无线通信***中发射数据分组的有效方法。由于所发送的数据数量和传输次数增加,可用于无线电传输的有限带宽成为一种关键资源。因此,需要一种在通信***中安排传输的有效且公平的方法,它能优化可用带宽的使用。在示例性实施例中,图1所述的***100与具有HDR服务的CDMA类型***相一致。
高速广播***(HSBS)
图2说明了无线通信***200,其中视频和音频信息被提供给分组数据服务网络(PDSN)202。视频和音频信息可以来自电视节目或无线电传输。该信息以诸如IP分组这样的分组数据被提供。PDSN202处理IP分组,用于分布在接入网络(AN)内。如图所示,AN被定义为***的若干部分,包括与多个MS206通信的BS204。PDSN202与BS204相耦合。对于HSBS服务而言,BS204从PDSN202接收信息流并且在指定信道上把信息提供给***200内的订户。
在给定的扇区中,有几种方式可以采用HSBS广播服务。设计***时涉及的因素包括、但不限于:所支持的HSBS会话数量、频率分配的数量、以及所支持的广播物理信道的数量。
HSBS是在无线通信***内的空中接口上提供的信息流。“HSBS信道”是指由广播内容定义的单个逻辑HSBS广播会话。需要注意的是,给定的HSBS信道的内容可以随时间改变,例如,早上7点新闻,早上8点天气,早上9点电影,等等。基于时间的安排类似于单个TV频道。“广播信道”是指单个前向链路物理信道,即,携带广播话务的给定Walsh码。广播信道BCH对应于单个CDM信道。
单个广播信道能携带一个或多个HSBS信道;在这种情况下,在单个广播信道内,HSBS信道将以时分复用(TDM)的方式进行多路复用。在一实施例中,在扇区内的不止一个广播信道上提供单个HSBS信道。在另一实施例中,在不同频率上提供单个HSBS信道从而为那些频率上的订户进行服务。
按照该示例性实施例,图1所示的***100支持称为高速广播服务(HSBS)的高速多媒体广播服务。服务的广播能力针对以足以支持视频和音频通信的数据速率提供节目。例如,HSBS的应用可以包括电影、体育节目等的视频流。HSBS服务是基于因特网协议(IP)的分组数据服务。
按照该示例性实施例,服务提供者称为内容服务器(CS),其中CS向***用户通告这种高速广播服务的可用性。任何希望接收HSBS服务的用户可以订购CS。订户接下来可以通过由CS提供的各种方式搜索广播服务时间表。例如,可以通告下列方式传递广播内容:广告、短管理***(SMS)消息、无线应用协议(WAP)、和/或一般符合且便于移动无线通信的某些其它方法。移动用户被称为移动站(MS)。基站(BS)在开销消息中传输与HSBS有关的参数,比如在为控制和信息指定的信道和/或频率上发送的,即,非负载消息。负载是指传输的信息内容,其中对于广播会话,负载就是广播内容,即视频节目等等。当广播服务订户希望接收广播会话(即特定广播安排的节目)时,MS读取该开销消息并得知适当的配置。然后,MS调谐到包含HSBS信道的频率,并且接收广播服务内容。
示例性实施例的信道结构符合cdma2000标准,其中前向补充信道(F-SCH)支持数据传输。一实施例包括大量前向基本信道(F-FCH)或前向专用控制信道(F-DCCH),来实现数据服务的较高数据速率要求。示例性实施例使用F-SCH作为支持64kbps负载(不包括RTP开销)的基础。也可以修改F-BSCH以支持其它负载速率,例如,将64-kbps负载速率分成较低速率的子流。
一实施例还通过几种不同方式支持群组呼叫。例如,通过在前向前向和反向链路上使用现有的F-FCH(或F-DCCH)单点传送信道,即,没有共享的每MS一条前向链路信道。在另一示例中,使用前向链路上的F-SCH(由同一扇区内的群组成员共享)和F-DCCH(大多数时间没有帧而是前向功率控制子信道)以及反向链路上的R-DCCH。在又一个示例中,使用前向链路上的高速率F-BSCH和反向链路上的接入信道(或者增强接入信道/反向公共控制信道的组合)。
由于具有高数据速率,示例性实施例的F-BSCH可能会使用基站前向链路功率中的很大一部分来提供足够的覆盖。因此,对HSBC物理层的设计就集中在广播环境的效率改进上。
为了对视频服务提供足够的支持,***设计既要考虑用发射信道的各种方法所要求的基站功率又要考虑相应的视频质量。设计的一方面是在覆盖区域边缘和接近小区地点的可观察的视频质量之间取得主观折衷。由于降低了负载速率,因此增加了纠正编码速率的有效差错,给定水平的基站发射功率会在小区边缘处提供较好的覆盖。对于更接近于基站的移动站而言,信道的接收保持无差错,且视频质量会由于降低了的源速率而降低。这种同样的折衷也应用于F-BSCH能支持的其它非视频应用。降低信道所支持的负载速率增加了覆盖范围,代价是这些应用的下载速度降低。视频质量与数据吞吐量相对覆盖之间的相对重要性的平衡是客观的。所选择的配置寻找一种专用的优化配置,在所有可能的配置中良好折衷。
F-BSCH的负载速率是一重要的设计参数。以下的假设可以用于设计按照示例性实施例支持广播传输的***:(1)目标负载速率是64kbps,它可以为SKT提供可接受的视频质量;(2)对于视频服务流而言,假定负载速率包括RTP分组的每分组12个8位字节的开销;(3)RTP和物理层间所有层的平均开销大约为64,MUXPDU头部使用每分组8位字节加上每F-SCH帧开销的8位。
在该示例性实施例中,对于非视频广播服务而言,所支持的最大速率是64kbps。然而,许多其它可能的低于64kbps的负载速率也是可实现的。
订购模型
HSBS有几种可能的订购/收入模型,包括免费接入、控制接入、以及部分控制的接入。对于免费接入而言,不需要订购来接收服务。BS不加密地广播内容,感兴趣的移动站可以接收该内容。服务提供者的收入可以通过也可以在广播信道中传输的广告来产生。例如,可以发送即将到来的电影,演播室将为该电影而付费给服务提供者。
对于控制接入而言,MS用户订购服务并支付相应的费用以接收该广播服务。未订购的用户不能接收HSBS服务。控制接入能通过对内容加密来实现,它使订户能解密内容。这可能用空中加密密钥交换程序。这种方案提供了高度的安全性并且防止了服务被窃。
混合接入方案也称为部分控制的接入,它提供HSBS服务作为基于订购的服务,该服务用间断未加密的广告传输进行加密。这些广告可以用来鼓励订购加密的HSBS服务。这些未加密片断的安排可以通过外部装置被MS知晓。
HSBS服务选项
HSBS服务选项定义如下:(1)协议栈;(2)协议栈中的选项;以及(3)建立并同步服务的程序。图3和4说明了按照示例性实施例的协议栈。如图3所示,协议栈对于基础结构元件是特定的,基础结构元件即示例性实施例中的MS、BS、PDSN和CS。
继续看图3,对于MS的应用层而言,协议指定了音频编解码器、虚拟编解码器、以及任何视觉外形。另外,当使用RTP时,协议指定了无线传输协议(RTP)负载类型。对于MS的传输层而言,协议指定了用户数据报协议(UDP)端口。MS的安全层由协议指定,其中当安全性起初与CS相关联时,通过频带外信道提供安全参数。网络层指定了IP头部压缩参数。
消息流程
图5说明了给定***拓扑结构的示例性实施例的呼叫流程。***包括MS、BS、PDSN和CS,在横轴上列出。纵轴表示时间。用户或MS是HSBS服务的订户。在时刻t1,MS和CS协商广播服务的订购安全性。协商包括交换并维持加密钥等等,加密密钥用于接收广播信道上的内容。在接收到加密信息后,用户建立与CS的安全关联。加密信息可以包括来自CS的广播接入密钥(BAK)或密钥的组合等等。按照示例性实施例,在一个分组数据会话期间,CS通过PPP、WAP或其它频带外方法在专用信道上提供加密信息。
在时刻t2,MS调谐到广播信道并开始接收分组数据。在这个时间点上,因为IP/ESP头部通过ROHC压缩,因此MS不能处理接收到的分组数据,且MS的解压缩器还没有进行初始化。在时刻t3,PDSN提供头部压缩信息(下面详细描述)。从ROHC分组头部开始,MS检测并获得从PDSN周期性地发往广播信道的ROHC初始化和刷新(IR)分组。ROHC IR分组用于初始化MS内解压缩器的状态,允许它对接收分组的IP/ESP头部进行解压缩。然后,MS能够处理接收分组的IP/ESP头部,然而,由于负载是用CS处的短期密钥(SK)加密的,因此MS要求进一步的信息来处理ESP负载。SK与BAK配合工作,其中SK在接收机处用BAK来进行解密。CS提供进一步的加密信息,例如更新的密钥信息或者在时刻t4处的当前SK。需要注意的是,CS把该信息周期性地提供给MS以确保广播正在进行的安全性。在时刻t5,MS接收来自CS的广播内容。需要注意的是,其它实施例可以使用其它压缩和解压缩方法来提供头部信息的有效传输。另外,其它实施例可以实施各种安全性方案来保护广播内容。还有其它实施例可以提供非安全的广播服务。MS用像SK这样的解密信息来解密并显示广播内容。
压缩
按照示例性实施例,在专用广播信道上传输广播内容。传输层提供加密开销用于在IP分组中携带广播内容。***支持数据压缩,尤其是头部压缩。压缩数据的决定取决于所需的平均吞吐量(包括传输/加密开销、数据链路层开销、以及物理层开销)以及用户观察到的广播质量。在每个IP分组数据内携带更多的广播内容会降低开销并由此降低广播信道的带宽。相反,压缩增加了影响用户观察的分组数据差错率(PER)。这是由于每个长IP分组的传输会跨越多个物理层帧,这样就会引起帧差错率(FER)的上升。如果通信公司决定使用小的IP分组以改善广播质量,则通信公司可以选择头部压缩来降低IP分组的传输和加密开销。
RTP/UFP/IP协议用于将广播内容从CS传输到MS,且内容由传输模式中的封装安全性负载(ESP)提供保护。所传输的开销是RTP/UDP/IP头部,并且每IP分组有40字节。加密头部的形式为ESP头部、初始向量(IV)、和ESP尾部。ESP头部和IV***到IP头部和UDP头部之间。ESP头部包括安全性参数索引(SPI)(4字节)和序列号(4字节)。IV的长度对于所使用的加密算法是特定的。对于AES密码算法而言,IV的长度是16字节。ESP尾部附加到UDP数据报的结尾处并且由填充位、下一头部(1字节)和填充长度(1字节)组成。由于AES算法的密码块大小是16字节,因此填充大小范围从0到15字节。取上限函数,平均填充的大小是8字节。对于IP分组而言,由传输和加密产生的总开销在66到81字节的范围之间,其平均值是74字节,不包括从PDSN到MS的数据链路层开销。
诸如稳健头部压缩(ROHC)这样的头部压缩可以用于把ESP头部的IP头部和SPI字段从24字节降至2字节。ESP头部的序列号未被压缩,因为它用于对压缩的分组排序。IV未被压缩,因为它对于每个分组是随机改变的。UDP/RTP头部和ESP尾部不能被压缩,因为它们是加密的。因此,如果ROHC用于压缩IP/ESP头部,则每由传输和加密产生的平均开销从74字节每分组降低到52字节每分组。
按照示例性实施例,诸如稳健头部压缩(ROHC)这样的头部压缩用于避免传播解压缩差错。如图7所述,头部信息从24字节被压缩至2字节。头部500包括IP头部502和SPI部分504。压缩算法在压缩后产生2字节的结果。相对于常规的头部压缩,其中在MS和PDSN或其它基础结构元件之间需要某些类型的协商,该示例性实施例提供了压缩信息的单向传输。MS需要请求压缩信息,即,足以对MS处的接收信息进行解压缩的头部压缩参数。而且,如图8所述,PDSN周期性地提供压缩信息。PDSN在布满广播内容的广播信道上提供压缩信息。由于不要求分开的信道,因此数据流内控制信息的提供被称为“频带内”的。如图所示,广播流600包括广播内容部分604和解压缩信息,即压缩信息602。所提供的解压缩信息的周期为TDECOMPRESSION。其它实施例可能在发生预定事件时而非周期性地提供解压缩信息。由于MS不要求解压缩信息,因此PDSN使信息有一频率,能防止接入广播内容时的延迟。换句话说,PDSN应该经常提供该信息,使得MS能在任何时间接入广播而不必等待解压缩信息。
需要注意的是,ROHC可以工作在单向模式,其中,分组数据仅在一个方向上传输;从压缩器到解压缩器。因此,在这种模式中,使ROHC在解压缩器到压缩器的返回路径不可用或不期望的链路上是可用的。在MS能解压缩从广播信道接收到的分组之前,初始化解压缩器的状态。为此而使用初始化和刷新(IR)分组。ROHC的初始化有两种选择。
订户“调谐”到广播信道并等待由PDSN中的ROHC压缩器周期性发送的ROHCIR分组。MS可能需要频繁的ROHC IR分组以开始快速解压缩接收到的分组。频繁ROHC分组会使用广播信道中太多的带宽。一个IP/ESP压缩外形的IR分组数据大约是30字节。如果每250ms发送一次IR分组数据,则该过程需要消耗广播信道中的约1kbps。空中丢失IP分组会进一步延迟MS以获得ROHC初始化。
如果由于分组丢失、或接收到的压缩头部中的残余差错、或失败等而造成解压缩不同步,则所产生的解压缩差错会传播直到解压缩重新同步或重新初始化。ROHC压缩的头部包含循环冗余校验(CRC),它是在压缩前对整个头部计算的。该CRC允许解压缩进行本地环境修复,它使环境变成同步(在分组丢失和残余差错的事件中)。当解压缩从失败中恢复时,周期性的IP分组数据有效地重新初始化解压缩过程。
数据链路层
数据链路层组帧协议或传输层协议应用于PDSN和MS之间以描绘从广播信道接收到的分组数据。参考图3,传输层中的信息被标识为LINK LAYER(链路层),该信息在PDSN和MS之间提供。组帧信息是在PDSN处产生的,并且通过BS被提供给MS。PDSN接收来自CS的IP流,并且按照预定的组帧协议对IP流进行组帧。如示例性实施例所示,PDSN应用了高级别数据链路控制(HDLC)的组帧协议型式。ISO标准中指定的HDLC对应于国际标准组织(ISO)7层结构中的第2层,其中第2层是指数据链路层。HDLC协议设法在网络节点间提供数据的无差错移动。为此,设计HDLC层以确保传递到下一层的数据的完整性。换句话说,组帧协议设法使接收到的数据像原始发出的那样精确再现,其中没有差错、没有丢失信息、并且是以正确的顺序。
该示例性实施例应用一种使用HDLC组帧型式,它使用HDLC定义的参数子集。图9说明了HDLC组帧的一实施例,其中帧700包括由RFC1662概述的HDLC协议所定义的多个字段。字段702定义了帧起始的FLAG(标记)或指示。FLAG具有指定的比特长度并且由预定的比特形式所定义。由于HDLC是通用标准化的协议,因此它能方便地应用。完全HDLC组帧协议的一个不足是在发射机处产生帧并且在接收机处检取帧所需的处理时间。
特别是,HDLC协议被认为是处理器密集的,因为使用进一步的处理以确保负载不包括与FLAG相同的比特序列。在发射机处,如果在负载中检测到FLAG比特序列,就在负载中***退出字符从而把该FLAG标识为负载的一部分而不指示帧起始。加入退出字符的过程被称为“退出”帧负载中0x7E和0x7D的十六进制型式。下面描述了被称为有效组帧协议的另一方法,它比HDLC型的组帧较不处理器密集。图9说明了使用HDLC组帧传输PPP帧的选项。对于HSBS操作而言,可以通过删除不需要的、具有极小意义的和/或为单向广播提供极少信息的字段而降低HDLC型的组帧开销。如上所述,FLAG是指示HDLC帧起始的预定比特序列。示例性实施例使用FLAG或帧指示符802的其它开始,如图10的格式800内所示。相对于图9中所示的格式,该示例性实施例中未用开销信息指明帧的结尾。由于格式700的地址和控制字段具有静态值,因此这些就不包括在格式800中。
继续看图10,由于协议字段708(图9)的目的是标识负载类型,比如LCP控制分组、ROHC分组、IP分组等等,由于广播信道中的所有分组都属于同一类型,因此广播操作并不需要该鉴别符。例如,如果分组传输使用ROHC压缩,则广播信道中的所有分组都被压缩为ROHC分组。ROHC分组类型(比如IR分组、压缩分组等等)由ROHC分组头部中的分组数据类型字段进行区分。因此,协议字段不包括在格式800中。而且,格式800包括位于负载804之后的差错检测字段806。差错检测字段806向接收机提供信息以允许接收机检验接收到的负载内的差错。示例性实施例使用帧检验和(FCS),它可以被指定为空、16比特或32比特。由于HDLC帧可能跨越广播信道中的多个物理层帧,因此推荐使用16位的FCS。
RFC1662中定义的八位组填充过程也应用于示例性实施例中,其中在FCS计算后,PDSN中的HDLC发射机检验HDLC帧中的每一位(不包括FLAG)是否有0x7E和0x7D形式。0x7E形式将被编码成0x7D和0x5E,0x7D形式将被编码成0x7D和0x5D,HDLC发射机将不对任何其它形式进行编码。这意味着RFC1662中定义的异步控制字符映射表(ACCM)被设为全零。
HDLC组帧开销为3字节加上八位组填充开销。假设字节形式是均匀分布的,在平均八位组填充开销是每128字节HDLC帧有1字节。例如,如果负载是256字节,则HDLC组帧开销平均是5字节。
图11是发射机处执行的组帧方法900的流程图。在步骤902,发射机通过确定分组数据的负载部分并且生成标记开始(Start of Flag,SOF)来形成广播帧。然后,发射机检验帧是否有包含在负载904中的任何SOF序列。如果在负载中找到SOF序列,则在步骤912,发射机添加一退出符号。否则,发射机在步骤906中将SOF附加到负载后并且在步骤908中提供差错检验机制。帧在步骤910中被发送。被发送帧具有图10中的格式800。其它实施例可以实现组帧格式中的其它字段并且可使用任何形式的分类符来定位负载内的SOD序列。
图12是接收机处执行的解帧方法920的流程图。过程在步骤922中接收到广播帧后开始。接收机在步骤924中标识SOF,并且在判决菱形926中检验负载中的退出字符。如果在负载中发现退出字符或其它SOF序列标识符,接收机就在步骤932中去除退出字符。否则,接收机在步骤928中进行差错检验并且在步骤930中处理帧。
其它实施例使用一个组帧协议,该协议不使用基于八位组的HDLC型组帧方法,从而设法避免使用八位组填充(称为“退出”)的处理器密集操作。相反,该实施例使用了基于分组的组帧层,它较不处理器密集并在此被称为“有效组帧协议”。图15说明了从IP层分组2002、完整性层分组、和压缩层分组形成组帧层分组2016的过程和协议2000。组帧层处理2000对从较上层,诸如IP层接收到的可变长度分组压缩为固定长度分组2016,并将所产生的组帧层分组2016传递到较低层,即物理层(未示出)。组帧层允许接收机确定较上层分组的边界并且验证较上层分组的完整性。
如图所示,过程2000包括几个处理子层,包括完整性层和压缩层。完整性层从IP层分组2002形成完整性层负载部分2006并且附加尾部2008。在一实施例中,完整性层负载部分2006包括IP层分组2002;然而,其它实施例可以包括一部分IP层分组2002或多个IP层分组2002,或任何它们的组合。尾部2008可以是完整性检验机制。
完整性层向每个IP层分组2002(该情况下即从较上层接收到的IP层分组)附加完整性检验字段即尾部2008。然后,完整性层将所产生的完整性层分组2006、2008传递到较低层,在这种情况下是压缩层。分组被进一步处理以形成组帧层分组数据2016并通过物理层被发送。在接收机处,分组通过物理层接收并被提供给较高层。接收机处的完整性层进行完整性检验机制,即,尾部,从而允许接收机在把从较低层接收到的分组传递到较上层之前验证它们的完整性。下面讨论了图16所述的完整性层的结构。
继续看图5,完整性层将完整性层分组2006、2008传递到压缩层以形成压缩层分组。压缩层形成一分组,具有至少一个压缩头部(即分组头部)2010、至少一个压缩负载(即压缩负载)2012、以及填充2014。所示实施例包括多个分组负载2012,每个都具有相关的分组头部2010。其它实施例可以使用任何数量的分组负载2012和分组头部2010。然后,处理2000从压缩层产生组帧层分组2016以提供给物理层(未示出)。
压缩层把从较上层(比如完整性层)接收到的可变长度分组压缩成固定长度压缩层分组2016,并将所产生的压缩层分组传递2016到较低层(比如物理层)。压缩层允许接收机确定较上层分组边界。
图16说明了完整性层分组(图15的分组2006、2008)的格式2050。如图所示的格式2050包括两部分:负载字段2052和帧检验序列(FCS)字段2054。负载字段部分2052是可变长度的字段,仅包含一个较上层分组的八位组。FCS部分2056是32位的字段,包含负载的FCS。FCS部分是在负载字段上计算的32位CRC。其它实施例可以实施其它差错检验机制。
图17说明了按照一实施例的压缩层分组的格式2060。格式2060包括4个字段:连续、长度、负载和填充。连续字段2062和长度字段2064组成头部部分。连续字段2062是1位字段,指明了相应的负载字段2066是较上层分组的起始还是延续。其它实施例可以实现具有相对于负载字段2066的有效性的任何数量的比特。在图17所示的实施例中,当设定了连续字段后,相应的负载字段就是较上层分组的延续。否则,接下来的负载字段就是较上层分组的开始。这样,每个压缩负载2012(图15)可以包括一个完整的IP层分组2002(或完整性层负载2006)、一部分IP层分组2006、多个IP层分组2002。按照其它实施例,连续字段2062不包括在压缩层格式2060中,其中如果前面的组帧层分组在到达接收机的组帧层之前被丢弃,接收机就可以用完整性层处理来确定完整性层分组的开始或延续状态。然而,这种实施例对完整性层增加了附加的处理负担并扩大了完整性检验处理。还需要注意到,在一实施例中,连续字段2062是单个比特,其中该比特的有效性对应于该比特的极性。其它实施例可以采用其它极性,或如上所述,可以实施比特的组合以提供附加信息,比如序列号,等等。
继续看图17,头部部分还包括长度字段2064。在一实施例中,长度字段2064是15位的字段,指明了表示从相应负载字段2066中的第一八位组到下一个负载字段中包含的较上层分组中最后一个八位组之间的八位组数目。负载字段2066是可变长度的字段,它包含来自单个完整性层分组2006、2008(图15)的八位组。负载字段2066中的八位组数目或者是从负载字段2006的开始到压缩层分组2016结尾的八位组的长度或者是八位组的数目,两者取小者。填充字段2068是可变长度的字段,它包含足够比特从而将压缩层分组2016的大小维持在物理层所支持的较低层负载的大小。填充字段2068的组成反映了预定的可辨认的形式,比如全零八位组,等等。发射机填充填充字段2068,该字段被接收机接收、忽略或丢弃。
接入网络
图13说明了***1000的一般接入网络的拓扑结构,它具有CS1002、PDSN1004和两个PCF:PCF1 1006和PCF2 1008。图13包括指定***1000所示的每个基础结构元件的传输的数据报。如图所示,CS1002准备IP信息分组并在至少一帧内发送该分组,该帧具有负载和内头部H1。内头部具有源信息和目的信息,其中源信息标识CS1002而目的信息标识订户组。CS1002把帧发送到PDSN1004,PDSN1004将目的订户组映射到一组活动用户中的单个订户。
PDSN1004确定目的订户组中活动组内的单个用户数量,并为每个用户复制从CS1002接收到的帧。PDSN1004确定与订户组内每个用户相对应的PCF(s)。然后,PDSN1004向每个准备好的帧附加一个外头部H2,其中H2标识PCF。然后,PDSN1004把帧发送到PCF(s)。自PDSN1004的传输包括源负载、头部H1和头部H2。如图所示,PDSN1004把N个帧发送到PCF1 1006并把M个帧发送到PCF2 1008。N个传输帧对应于通过PCF1 1006服务的订户组内的N个用户,而M个帧对应于通过PCF2 1008服务的订户组内的M个用户。在此情况下,PDSN1004将接收到的帧复制任何数量用于传输到相应的订户。
图14说明了***1020一示例性实施例,它具有通过PDSN1024与PCF1 1026和PCF2 1028进行通信的CS1022。如图所示,CS1022准备IP信息分组并在至少一个帧内发送该分组,该帧具有负载和内头部H1。内头部具有源信息和目的信息,其中源信息标识CS1022而目的信息标识订户组。CS1022把帧传送到PDSN1024,其中PDSN1024附加一外头部H2,H2将帧路由到至少一个PCF。然后,PDSN1024把帧传送到PCF(s)。自PDSN1024的传输包括源负载、头部H1和头部H2。如图所示,PDSN1024把1个传输帧发送到PCF1 1026并把1个传输帧发送到PCF2 1028。PCF1 1026把1个传输帧发送到订户组内的N个用户。PCF2 1028把1个传输帧发送到订户组内的M个用户。
按照示例性实施例,广播CS把包含加密广播内容的IP分组发送到由D类多点传送IP地址标识的多点传送组。该地址是在IP分组的目的地址字段内使用的。给定的PDSN1024参与这些分组的多点传送路由。在头部压缩后,PDSN1024将每个分组放在一HDLC帧内用于传输。HDLC帧由普通路由封装(GRE)分组进行封装。GRE分组头部的关键字段使用了特殊值来表示广播载体连接。GRE分组后附加了20字节的IP分组头部,该头部具有标识PDSN1024的IP地址的源地址字段、以及使用D类多点传送IP地址的目的地址字段。建议这个多点传送IP地址和广播CS所使用的地址不同。***1020为相应的PCFs和PDSNs配置至少一个多点传送路由表。在广播连接中传送的分组数据按顺序被提供;在示例性实施例中,启用GRE排序特征。IP多点传送分组的复制在能进行多点传送的路由器中完成。
在示例性实施例中,每个PCF还与BSC(未示出)相耦合,其中给定的BSC可以复制分组并将它们发送给另一BSC。BSC链能产生更好的软切换性能。固定BSC能产生更好的软切换性能。固定BSC复制传输帧并且用相同时标将它发送到其相邻的BSCs。时标信息对于软切换操作是关键的,因为移动站从不同的BSC接收传输帧。
本领域的技术人员可以理解,信息和信号可以用多种不同技术和工艺中的任一种来表示。例如,上述说明中可能涉及的数据、指令、命令、信息、信号、比特、码元和码片可以用电压、电流、电磁波、磁场或其粒子、光场或其粒子、或它们的任意组合来表示。
本领域的技术人员能进一步理解,结合这里所公开的实施例所描述的各种说明性的逻辑块、模块和算法步骤可以作为电子硬件、计算机软件或两者的组合来实现。为了清楚说明硬件和软件间的互换性,各种说明性的组件、框图、模块、电路和步骤一般按照其功能性进行了阐述。这些功能性究竟作为硬件或软件来实现取决于整个***所采用的特定的应用程序和设计。技术人员可以认识到在这些情况下硬件和软件的交互性,以及怎样最好地实现每个特定应用程序的所述功能。技术人员可能以对于每个特定应用不同的方式来实现所述功能,但这种实现决定不应被解释为造成背离本发明的范围。
结合这里所描述的实施例来描述的各种说明性的逻辑块、模块和算法步骤的实现或执行可以用:通用处理器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、专用集成电路(ASIC)、场可编程门阵列(FPGA)或其它可编程逻辑器件、离散门或晶体管逻辑、离散硬件组件、或为执行这里所述功能而设计的任意组合。通用处理器可能是微处理器,然而或者,处理器可以是任何常规的处理器、控制器、微控制器或状态机。处理器也可能用计算设备的组合来实现,如,DSP和微处理器的组合、多个微处理器、结合DSP内核的一个或多个微处理器、或任意其它这种配置。
结合这里所公开实施例描述的方法或算法的步骤可能直接包含在硬件中、由处理器执行的软件模块中、或在两者当中。软件模块可能驻留在RAM存储器、快闪(flash)存储器、ROM存储器、EPROM存储器、EEPROM存储器、寄存器、硬盘、可移动盘、CD-ROM、或本领域中已知的任何其它形式的存储媒体中。示例性存储媒体与处理器耦合,使得处理器可以从存储媒体读取信息,或把信息写入存储媒体。或者,存储媒体可以与处理器整合。处理器和存储媒体可能驻留在ASIC中。ASIC可能驻留在订户单元中。或者,处理器和存储媒体可能作为离散组件驻留在用户终端中。
上述优选实施例的描述使本领域的技术人员能制造或使用本发明。这些实施例的各种修改对于本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的,这里定义的一般原理可以被应用于其它实施例中而不使用创造能力。因此,本发明并不限于这里示出的实施例,而要符合与这里揭示的原理和新颖特征一致的最宽泛的范围。
Claims (15)
1.在支持广播传输的无线传输***中的一种进行分组组帧的方法,该方法包括:
生成一部分因特网协议(IP)分组以进行传输;
向该部分IP分组附加帧起始指示符;
为该部分IP分组应用差错检验机制;
准备用于传输的帧,具有帧起始指示符、该部分IP分组、以及差错检测机制;以及
没有协议信息而传送该帧。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述帧起始指示符是预定的比特序列,该方法还包括:
如果该部分IP分组包含该预定的比特序列,则将分类符***该部分IP分组。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述分类符对应于退出字符。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述差错检测机制是帧检测序列。
5.一种通过载波传送的通信信号,包括:
负载部分,对应于数字信息的至少一部分因特网协议(IP)分组;
对应于该负载部分的帧起始部分,用于标识IP分组内负载部分的状态;
以及用于确认负载部分的差错检测部分。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述帧起始部分是预定的比特序列,以及
其中如果负载部分包含预定的比特序列,则负载部分进一步包括:
分类符部分。
7.在支持广播传输的无线传输***中的一种接收组帧后的分组数据的方法,该方法包括:
接收分组传输的帧,该帧具有帧起始部分、负载部分和差错检测部分,该帧不包括协议信息;
把该帧标识为分组传输中的起始帧;
使用该帧的差错检测部分确认该帧;以及
处理该帧的负载部分。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,如果该帧起始指示符是预定的比特序列,以及
其中如果负载部分包含该预定的比特序列,则负载部分进一步包括分类符以标识负载中预定的比特序列。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述分类符定义了退出字符。
10.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于还包括:
标识负载内的分类符;以及
没有分类符而处理负载。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述差错检测部分是帧检测序列。
12.在支持广播传输的无线传输***中的一种进行分组组帧的装置,该装置包括:
产生一部分因特网协议(IP)分组以进行传输的装置;
向该部分IP分组附加帧起始指示符的装置;
向该部分IP分组应用差错检测机制的装置;
准备用于传输的帧的装置,该帧具有帧起始指示符、该部分IP分组以及差错检测机制;以及
没有协议信息而传送该帧的装置。
13.在支持广播传输的无线传输***中一种接收组帧后的分组的装置,该装置包括:
接收分组传输帧的装置,该帧具有帧起始部分、负载部分和差错检测部分,该帧不包括协议信息;
把该帧标识为分组传输内的起始帧的装置;
用该帧的差错检测部分确认该帧的装置;以及
处理该帧的负载部分的装置。
14.一种存储在计算机可读存储单元上的计算机程序,该计算机程序用于在支持广播传输的无线传输***中进行分组组帧,该计算机程序包括:
第一组指令,用于生成一部分因特网协议(IP)分组以进行传输;
第二组指令,用于向该部分IP分组附加帧起始指示符;
第三组指令,用于向该部分IP分组应用差错检测机制;
第四组指令,用于准备用于传输的帧,该帧具有帧起始指示符、该部分IP分组以及差错检测机制;以及
第五组指令,用于没有协议信息而传送该帧。
15.一种存储在计算机可读存储单元上的计算机程序,该计算机程序用于在支持广播传输的无线传输***中接收组帧后的分组,该计算机程序包括:
第一组指令,用于接收分组传输的帧,该帧具有帧起始部分、负载部分和差错检测部分,该帧不包括协议信息;
第二组指令,用于把该帧标识为分组传输内的起始帧;
第三组指令,用于用该帧的差错检测部分确认该帧;以及
第四组指令,用于处理该帧的负载部分。
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CN101431507B (zh) * | 2007-11-05 | 2011-12-28 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | 一种obsai rp3接口的信令传输方法 |
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KR20030088049A (ko) | 2003-11-15 |
CN1524368B (zh) | 2010-05-12 |
CA2442378A1 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
EP2209247A1 (en) | 2010-07-21 |
BRPI0208431B1 (pt) | 2019-02-12 |
EP1389386A2 (en) | 2004-02-18 |
BR0208431A (pt) | 2005-10-25 |
WO2002080488A2 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
JP2013255245A (ja) | 2013-12-19 |
CN101835198B (zh) | 2012-02-29 |
US20020141371A1 (en) | 2002-10-03 |
MXPA03008871A (es) | 2004-05-24 |
AU2002252545A1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
ES2770179T3 (es) | 2020-06-30 |
TW591961B (en) | 2004-06-11 |
WO2002080488A3 (en) | 2003-12-11 |
CN101835198A (zh) | 2010-09-15 |
US9100457B2 (en) | 2015-08-04 |
JP5738932B2 (ja) | 2015-06-24 |
KR100894232B1 (ko) | 2009-04-20 |
EP2209247B1 (en) | 2019-11-06 |
JP2005509310A (ja) | 2005-04-07 |
CA2442378C (en) | 2013-05-14 |
JP2009219127A (ja) | 2009-09-24 |
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