CN1409472A - Dc－dc转换器 - Google Patents

Dc－dc转换器 Download PDF

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CN1409472A
CN1409472A CN02131885A CN02131885A CN1409472A CN 1409472 A CN1409472 A CN 1409472A CN 02131885 A CN02131885 A CN 02131885A CN 02131885 A CN02131885 A CN 02131885A CN 1409472 A CN1409472 A CN 1409472A
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switch
capacitor
voltage
capacitors
vdd
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CN1234202C (zh
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名野隆夫
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Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/125—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means
    • H02M3/135—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/06—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
    • H02M3/07—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps

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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

一种DC－DC转换器，可以产生比所供给的电源电压Vdd小的阶差的输出电压。具有接受电源电压Vdd的三级结构的开关电容器，例如第1级包括两个电容器C11、C12，并设置有可以将这些电容器C11、C12切换成串联或并联的开关61、62、63。在充电时使开关61接通从而使电容器C11、C12串联连接，而在放电时使开关62、63接通从而使电容器C11、C12并联连接。这样，可以在输出端子40上得到3.5Vdd的升压电压。

Description

DC-DC转换器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种适用于电源电路的DC-DC转换器，尤其是具有高效率的DC-DC转换器。
背景技术
近年来的摄像机、数码照相机(DSC)、DSC电话等视频机器，采用了用于获取所需图像的CCD(Charge Coupled Devices)。用于驱动CCD的CCD驱动电路，需要具有正向、负向的高电压(十几V)并且可提供大电流(几mA)的电源电路。现在，这种高电压是用开关稳压器生成的。
开关稳压器可以以高性能、也就是以高效率(输出功率/输入功率)地生成高电压。但是，因这种电路在进行电流的开关时存在产生高次谐波噪声的缺点，所以必须对电源电路采取屏蔽措施。并且因需要作为外部零件的线圈，所以存在不易小型化的缺点。
于是，为了克服这些缺点而提出了开关电容型DC-DC转换器的方案。这种DC-DC转换器，例如公开在电子情报通信学会杂志(C-2Vol.J81-C-2 No.7pp.600-612 1998年7月)中。
图9、图10是现有例的开关电容型DC-DC转换器的电路图。10是提供电源电压Vdd的电压源，C1、C2、C3是组成各级的电容器，11、12、13是设置在电源电压Vdd与各电容器C1、C2、C3的一端之间的开关，21、22、23是设置在接地电压(0V)与各电容器C1、C2、C3的另一端之间的开关。
另外，30是设置在电源电压Vdd与第1级电容器C1的接地电压(0V)的一端之间的开关，31是设置在电容器C1的Vdd侧一端与第2级电容器C2的接地电压(0V)的一端之间的开关，32是设置在电容器C2的Vdd侧一端与第3级电容器C3的接地电压(0V)的一端之间的开关，33是设置在电容器C3的Vdd侧一端与输出端子40之间的开关。Cout是输出电容，50是与输出端子连接的电流负载。这样，该开关电容型DC-DC转换器是三级结构，其动作如下。
如图9所示，使开关11～13及开关21～23接通，开关30～33断开。这样，电容器C1～C3就并联地连接在电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)之间，并被充电。因而，各电容器C1～C3的电压V1～V3成为Vdd。若设输出端子40的输出电流为Iout时，则各电容器C1～C3的充电电流为2Iout。
其次，如图10所示，使开关11～13及开关21～23断开，开关30～33接通。这样，电容器C1～C3从电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)分离，同时被相互串联连接，并进行放电。并且，通过电容器耦合效果，电压V1升至2Vdd，电压V2升至3Vdd，电压V3(＝Vout)升至4Vdd。若设输出端子40的输出电流为Iout时，则由电源Vdd流入电容器C1的电流为2Iout。
这样，开关电容型DC-DC转换器，通过供给电源电压Vdd，在输出端子40上得到了4Vdd这样的高电压。
在此，DC-DC转换器的理论效率η定义为输出功率/输入功率。若设图9状态的期间与图10状态的期间相同，并且当忽略开关等的所有电压降时，
输入功率＝4×2Iout/2×Vdd＝Iout×4Vdd
输出功率＝Iout×4Vdd
因此，理论效率η＝100％。
一般地，通过n级开关电容型DC-DC转换器，可以得到(n+1)Vdd的输出电压。
但是，对于现有的开关电容型DC-DC转换器，只能得到以Vdd为阶差的升压电压。当把开关电容型DC-DC转换器作为电源电路使用时，为了设定到所需的输出电压上，要进行通过稳压器降压的电压调整。但当DC-DC转换器的输出电压(n+1)Vdd与所需的输出电压的差距较大时，就存在电源电路的效率降低的问题。
发明内容
因此，本发明通过提供一种可以产生比Vdd小的阶差的输出电压、例如1.5Vdd、2.5Vdd、3.5Vdd、……的DC-DC转换器，从而达到提高电源电路的效率的目的。
本发明，在开关电容型DC-DC转换器的各级中，至少有一级包括多个电容器，并设有可以将这些多个电容器切换为串联或并联的开关。该开关，在充电时将所述2个以上的电容器串联连接，而在放电时将多个电容器并联连接。
由于充电时是在电容器为串联连接的状态下被充电，所以在各电容器上以所分电压(例如，在2个电容器时为0.5Vdd)被充电。并且，由于在放电时电容器为并联连接，所以所分电压通过电容器耦合传至下一级电容器。因而，可以产生比Vdd小的阶差的输出电压、例如1.5Vdd、2.5Vdd、3.5Vdd、……。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明实施例1的DC-DC转换器的电路图。
图2是表示本发明实施例1的DC-DC转换器的电路图。
图3是说明本发明实施例1的DC-DC转换器的第1动作例的时序图。
图4是说明本发明实施例2的DC-DC转换器的第1动作例的时序图。
图5是表示本发明实施例2的DC-DC转换器的电路图。
图6是表示本发明实施例2的DC-DC转换器的电路图。
图7是表示本发明实施例3的DC-DC转换器的电路图。
图8是表示本发明实施例3的DC-DC转换器的电路图。
图9是表示现有例的DC-DC转换器的电路图。
图10是表示现有例的DC-DC转换器的电路图。
其中，10-电压源；11～13-开关；21～23-开关；30～33-开关；40-输出端子；50-电流负载；61～63-开关；71～73-开关；81～83-开关；C1～C3-电容器；C11、C12-电容器；C21、C22-电容器；Cout-输出电容。
具体实施方式
下面，结合附图对本发明各实施例进行说明。图1及图2是表示实施例1的3级结构的开关电容型DC-DC转换器的电路图。
10是提供电源电压Vdd的电压源。C11、C12是通过串并联切换开关61、62、63可以切换为串联或并联的电容器。当开关61接通、而开关62、63断开时，电容器C11、C12相互串联连接。反之，当开关61断开、而开关62、63接通时，电容器C11、C12相互并联连接。下面，把这种结构的电容器C11、C12称为串并联电容器。
11是设置在电源电压Vdd与电容器C11的一端之间的开关，21是设置在接地电压(0V)与各电容器C12的一端之间的开关。
C2、C3是分别构成第2级、第3级的电容器。12、13是设置在电源电压Vdd与各电容器C2、C3的一端之间的开关，22、23是设置在接地电压(0V)与各电容器C2、C3的另一端之间的开关。
所述开关11～13、21～23组成了用于将电容器C11、C12、C2、C3连接于电源电压Vdd及接地电压(0V)的充电开关群。
另外，30是设置在电源电压Vdd与第1级电容器C12的接地电压(0V)侧的一端之间的开关，31是设置在电容器C11的Vdd侧的一端与第2级电容器C2的接地电压(0V)侧的一端之间的开关，32是设置在电容器C2的Vdd侧的一端与第3级电容器C3的接地电压(0V)的一端之间的开关，33是设置在电容器C3的Vdd侧的一端于输出端子40之间的开关。Cout是输出电容，50是连接在输出端子40上的电流负载。
所述开关30～33，组成用于将电容器C11、C12、C2、C3串联连接进行放电的放电开关群。
另外，所述开关11～13、21～23、30～33、61～63，均由MOS晶体管构成，因而可以将DC-DC转换器集成在IC中。
下面，结合图1、图2、图3，对所述构成的开关电容型DC-DC转换器的第1动作例进行说明。图3是说明DC-DC转换器的第1动作例的时序图。
如图1所示，使开关11～13及开关21～23接通，开关30～33断开。同时，使开关61接通，开关62、63断开。
这样，电容器C11、C12以串联连接的状态，连接在电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)之间并被充电。电容器C2、C3并连连接在电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)之间，并被充电。
这样，电容器C11与C12的连接点的电压V0为0.5Vdd，电容器C11的高电压侧的电压V1为Vdd。也就是说，各电容器C11、C12被充电至0.5Vdd。但条件是假设各电容器C11、C12所具有的容量值相等。如果各电容器C11、C12所具有的容量值不同时，则成为由容量比所确定的电压。
电容器C2、C3的电压V2、V3都变成Vdd。若设输出端子40的输出电流为Iout时，则电容器C11、C12的充电电流为Iout，而电容器C2、C3的充电电流为2Iout。
其次，如图2所示，使开关11～13及开关21～23断开，开关30～33接通。同时，使开关61断开，开关62、63接通。
这样，电容器C11、C12及C2、C3从电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)分离。同时，电容器C11、C12以并连连接的状态，与电容器C2相互串联连接，电容器C2进一步与第3级的电容器C3相互串联连接，并进行放电。
并且，通过电容器耦合效果，电容器C11的电源电压Vdd侧的一端的电压V1成为1.5Vdd。这是因为在电容器C11、C12的连接点的0.5Vdd上加上电压源10的Vdd的缘故。并且，通过相同的电容器耦合效果，电压V2升压至2.5Vdd，电压V3(＝Vout)升压至3.5Vdd。
若设输出端子40的输出电流为Iout时，则由电源Vdd流入电容器C11、C12中的电流分别为Iout。
下面，对开关电容型DC-DC转换器的效率进行分析。对应该图1及图2的开关切换期间相同，并且忽略由开关等产生的所有电压降。也就是说，在图3中，假设时间t1、t2、t3、……均相同。
输入功率＝(3×2Iout+Iout)/2×Vdd＝Iout×3.5Vdd
输出功率＝Iout×3.5Vdd
因此，理论效率η＝100％。
若增加到n级的开关电容型DC-DC转换器时，可以得到(n+0.5)Vdd的输出电压。另外，若使第1级的电容器C11、C12始终串联连接，可以得到(n+1)Vdd的输出电压。也就是说，可以产生像1.5Vdd、2Vdd、2.5Vdd、3Vdd、3.5Vdd、……这种0.5Vdd阶差的输出电压，而且理论效率η＝100％。
下面，结合图1、图2及图4，对所述构成的开关电容型DC-DC转换器的第2动作例进行说明。图4是说明开关电容型DC-DC转换器的第2动作例的时序图。
在所述实施例1中，虽然是使各开关的切换在同时进行，但如果开关的切换时刻错开时，会造成电流的逆向流动。例如，若使用于将电容器C11、C12、C2、C3串联连接并进行放电的开关30～33保持接通状态，而使充电用的开关11～13、21～23接通时，经开关11～13电流将逆向流向电源电压Vdd，造成升高的电压的下降。
这会使DC-DC转换器的效率下降。同样，若在使充电开关11～13、21～23断开之前，接通开关30～33时，同样会产生逆流。另外，在开关61与开关62、63之间的关系中，若同时接通这些开关时，电流流向接地电压(0V)，同样，也造成升高的电压的下降，而使DC-DC转换器的效率下降。
因此，为了防止这种电流的逆向流动，在切换开关11～13、21～23时，必须将其它开关30～33、开关61～63先全部断开。
下面，结合图1、图2、图4对开关的控制步骤进行说明。首先，在将所有开关断开的状态下，接通充电开关11～13、21～23(图4中的①)。然后，接通开关61使电容器C11、C12串联连接(图4中的②)。由此，电容器C11、C12、C2、C3由来自电源电压Vdd的电流充电。电容器C11、C12在串联连接的状态下被充电(图1的状态)。
其次，断开开关61(图4中的③)。这样，电容器C11、C12成为非连接状态。然后，断开充电开关11～13、21～23(图4中的④)。
其次，接通开关62、63。这样，电容器C11、C12成为并联连接(图4中的⑤)。其次，接通放电开关30～33(图4中的⑥)。由此，通过电容器的耦合效果，电容器C11的电源电压Vdd侧的一端的电压V1变成1.5Vdd。这是因为在电容器C11、C12的连接点的0.5Vdd上加上电压源10的Vdd的缘故。并且，通过相同的电容器耦合效果，电压V2升压至2.5Vdd，电压V3(＝Vout)升压至3.5Vdd(图2的状态)。其次，断开放电开关30～33(图4中的⑦)。通过重复上述步骤，能够不造成电流逆向流动地进行升压动作。
其次，图5及图6是表示实施例2的3级结构的开关电容型DC-DC转换器的电路图。该开关电容型DC-DC转换器，在第2级中具有串并联电容器C21、C22。开关71、72、73是将电容器C21、C22切换成串联或并联的开关。其他组成与实施例1相同。
关于该开关电容型DC-DC转换器的动作也可以与实施例1同样地进行理解。如图5所示，使开关11～13及开关21～23接通，而使开关30～33断开。同时，使开关71接通，而使开关72、73断开。
这样，电容器C21、C22以串联连接的状态，连接于电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)之间，并被充电。第1级电容器C1、第3级电容器C3并联连接在电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)之间，并被充电。
这样，电容器C21与C22的连接点的电压V0变成0.5Vdd，而电容器C21的高电压侧电压V2变成Vdd。也就是说，各电容器C21、C22被充电至0.5Vdd。但条件是假设各电容器C21、C22所具有的容量值相等。
电容器C1、C3的电压V1、V3都变成Vdd。若设输出端子40的输出电流为Iout时，则电容器C21、C22的充电电流为Iout，电容器C1、C3的充电电流为2Iout。
其次，如图6所示，使开关11～13及开关21～23断开，而使开关30～33接通。同时，使开关71断开，而使开关72、73接通。
这样，电容器C21、C22及C1、C3从电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)上分离。同时，电容器C21、C22以并联连接的状态，与电容器C1、C3相互串联连接，并进行放电。
并且，通过电容器的耦合效果，电容器C1的电源电压Vdd侧的一端的电压V1变成2Vdd。第2级电压V2变成2.5Vdd。这是因为在电容器C21、C22的连接点的0.5Vdd上加上电压V1的缘故。并且，通过相同的电容器耦合效果，电压V3(＝Vout)升压至3.5Vdd。
若设输出端子40的输出电流为Iout时，则由电源Vdd流入电容器C1中的电流为2Iout。这就是决定效率的电流。因此，在与实施例1相同的条件下，从本实施例也可以得出：
输入功率＝(3×2Iout+Iout)/2×Vdd＝Iout×3.5Vdd
输出功率＝Iout×3.5Vdd
因此，理论效率η＝100％。
另外，从以上说明中可以看出，串并联电容器无论***到第几级中都能得到相同的结果。另外，关于为了防止电流的逆向流动的动作时刻，与在实施例1中所说明的(参照图4)相同。
其次，结合图7及图8对实施例3进行说明。实施例1及实施例2是产生正向的升压电压的DC-DC转换器，而本实施例所说明的是产生负向的升压电压的DC-DC转换器。
10是提供电源电压Vdd的电压源。C11、C12是通过开关81、82、83可以切换成串联或并联的电容器。当开关81接通，而开关82、83断开时，电容器C11、C12相互串联连接。反之，当开关81断开，而开关82、83接通时，电容器C11、C12相互并联连接。11是设置在电源电压Vdd与电容器C11的一端之间的开关，21是设置在接地电压(0V)与各电容器C12的一端之间的开关。
C2、C3分别是组成第2级、第3级的电容器。12、13是设置在电源电压Vdd与各电容器C2、C3的一端之间的开关，22、23是设置在接地电压(0V)与各电容器C2、C3的另一端之间的开关。
到此为止，与实施例1的构成相同，下面是不同的构成部分。30是设置在接地电压(0V)与第1级电容器C12的电源电压(Vdd)侧的一端之间的开关，31是设置在电容器C11的接地电压(0V)侧的一端与第2级电容器C2的电源电压(Vdd)的一端之间的开关，32是设置在电容器C2的接地电压(0V)侧的一端与第3级电容器的电源电压(Vdd)侧的一端之间的开关，33是设置在电容器C3的接地电压(0V)侧的一端与输出端子40之间的开关。
另外，Cout是输出电容，50是与输出端子连接的电流负载，与实施例1相同。
关于该开关电容型DC-DC转换器的动作也可以与实施例1及实施例2同样地进行理解。如图6所示，使开关11～13及开关21～23接通，而使开关30～33断开。同时，使开关81接通，而使开关82、83断开。
这样，电容器C11、C12以串联连接的状态，连接于电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)之间，并被充电。第2级电容器C2、第3级电容器C3并联连接在电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)之间，并被充电。
这样，电容器C11与C12的连接点的电压V0变成0.5Vdd，而电容器C12的低电压侧电压V1变成接地电压(0V)。也就是说，各电容器C11、C12被充电至0.5Vdd。但条件是假设各电容器C11、C12所具有的容量值相等。在此，若设输出端子40的输出电流为Iout时，则电容器C11、C12的充电电流为Iout，而电容器C2、C3的充电电流为2Iout。
其次，如图8所示，使开关11～13及开关21～23断开，而使开关30～33接通。同时，使开关81断开，而使开关82、83接通。
这样，电容器C11、C12及C2、C3从电源电压Vdd与接地电压(0V)上分离。同时，电容器C11、C12以并联连接的状态，与电容器C2、C3相互串联连接，并进行放电。
并且，通过电容器的耦合效果，电容器C12的接地电压(0V)侧的端子的电压V1变成-0.5Vdd。这是伴随电容器C11的电源电压Vdd侧的电压从Vdd变到0V而产生的。然后，第2级的电压V2变成-1.5Vdd。这是伴随电容器C2的电源电压Vdd侧的电压从Vdd变到-0.5Vdd的电容器耦合效果而产生的。接着，第3级的电压V3变成-2.5Vdd。这是伴随电容器C3的电源电压Vdd侧的电压从Vdd变到-1.5Vdd的电容器耦合效果而产生的。
这样，在输出端子40就可以得到输出电压Vout＝-2.5Vdd。
在与实施例1相同的条件下，从本实施例可以得出：
输入功率＝(2×2Iout+Iout)/2×Vdd＝Iout×2.5Vdd
输出功率＝Iout×2.5Vdd
因此，理论效率η＝100％。另外，关于为了防止电流的逆向流动的动作时刻，与在实施例1中所说明的(参照图4)相同。
根据本发明，可以提供能够产生比所供给的电源电压Vdd小的阶差的输出电压、例如1.5Vdd、2.5Vdd、3.5Vdd、……的DC-DC转换器。
尤其是将DC-DC转换器应用于电源电路时，可以大幅度提高电源电路的效率。

Claims (9)

1.一种DC-DC转换器，包括：组成各级的电容器；设置在所述各级中、用于将所述电容器连接到电压源并进行充电的第1开关；以及设置在所述各级中、用于将所述电容器串联连接到下一级电容器并进行放电的第2开关，通过所述第1及第2开关，反复进行所述各级电容器的充电与放电，从而在串联连接的后级的电容器上产生升压电压，
其特征在于，在所述各级中，至少有一级包括多个电容器，并设有可以将所述多个电容器切换为串联或并联的第3开关，该第3开关，在充电时将所述多个电容器串联连接，而在放电时将所述多个电容器并联连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的DC-DC转换器，其特征在于，所述多个电容器分别具有相同的容量值。
3.根据权利要求1所述的DC-DC转换器，其特征在于，所述第1开关、第2开关及第3开关由MOS晶体管构成。
4.一种DC-DC转换器，包括：组成各级的电容器；设置在所述各级中、用于将所述电容器连接到电压源的高电压与低电压之间并进行充电的第1开关；以及设置在所述各级中、用于将所述电容器的高电压侧的端子连接到下一级电容器的低电压侧的端子并进行放电的第2开关，通过所述第1及第2开关，反复进行所述各级电容器的充电与放电，从而在串联连接的后级的电容器上产生正向的升压电压，
其特征在于，在所述各级中，至少有一级包括多个电容器，并设有可以将所述多个电容器切换为串联或并联的第3开关，该第3开关，在充电时将所述多个电容器串联连接，而在放电时将所述多个电容器并联连接。
5.根据权利要求4所述的DC-DC转换器，其特征在于，所述多个电容器分别具有相同的容量值。
6.根据权利要求4所述的DC-DC转换器，其特征在于，所述第1开关、第2开关及第3开关由MOS晶体管构成。
7.一种DC-DC转换器，包括：组成各级的电容器；设置在所述各级中、用于将所述电容器连接到电压源的高电压与低电压之间并进行充电的第1开关；以及设置在所述各级中、用于将所述电容器的低电压侧的端子连接到下一级电容器的高电压侧的端子并进行放电的第2开关，通过所述第1及第2开关，反复进行所述各级电容器的充电与放电，从而在串联连接的后级的电容器上产生负向的升压电压，
其特征在于，在所述各级中，至少有一级包括多个电容器，并设有可以将所述多个电容器切换为串联或并联的第3开关，该第3开关，在充电时将所述多个电容器串联连接，而在放电时将所述多个电容器并联连接。
8.根据权利要求7所述的DC-DC转换器，其特征在于，所述多个电容器分别具有相同的容量值。
9.根据权利要求7所述的DC-DC转换器，其特征在于，所述第1开关、第2开关及第3开关由MOS晶体管构成。
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CN1234202C (zh) 2005-12-28

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