CN1166187C - 水印检测方法和*** - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于检测在一个信息信号中的一个水印的方法和装置。该方法包括以下步骤:对于所述水印(Wi)相对于所述信息信号(例如一个图象Q)的多个位置(k)计算(24-28,30)所述水印和所述信息信号的相关值(dk),和检测(29)是否在各个相关值中至少有一个相关值超过一个给定阈值。检测(29)步骤包括确定各个相关值(dk)的标准偏差(σd),并将该阈值设定为所述标准偏差的一个给定倍数(T)。该倍数T由一个期望的错误警告率导出(当T为0时,检测到水印;当T为1时,未检测到水印)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于检测在一个信息信号中的水印的方法,该信息信号可能已经通过根据一个水印图案的(时域或空间)相应值修改所述信息信号值来附加了水印。本发明还涉及一个用于检测水印的装置。
背景技术
在国际专利申请WO-A-98/03014中公开了一个在开头段中定义的现有方法。水印通过计算所怀疑的信息信号与一个提供的水印图案的相关值,并将该相关值与一个预定阈值相比较来检测。如果该相关值大于阈值,则说水印存在,否则说水印不存在。该相关值越大,则检测越可靠,可以允许更多的处理直至不能检测出更多的水印。如WO-A-98/03014所公开的,该信息信号和/或水印图案可以在计算相关值之前通过匹配滤波。从而可以显著地改善水印检测的可靠性。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是提供一个用于设置阈值的合适的标准
为此目的,本发明提供了一个用于检测在一个信息信号中的一个给定水印的方法,包括以下步骤:对于所述水印相对于所述信息信号的多个位置计算所述水印与所述信息信号的相关性;和检测是否在各个相关性值中至少有一个超过给定阈值;其特征在于,该步骤包括确定各个相关性值的标准偏差以及把所述给定阈值设定为所述标准偏差的一个给定倍数的步骤。
本发明还提供了一种用于检测在一个信息信号中的给定水印的装置,包括:用于对于所述水印相对于所述信息信号的多个位置计算所述水印和所述信息信号的相关值的装置;用于检测是否在各个相关值中至少有一个相关值超过一个给定阈值的装置;其特征在于,所述检测装置包括用于确定各个相关值的标准偏差的装置以及把所述给定阈值设定为所述标准偏差的一个给定倍数的装置。
本发明发现水印检测器实际上需要对于该水印相对于该信息信号(例如一个图象)的多个(时域或空域)计算相关性值,因为该水印相对于图象的位置并非绝对已知和/或该信息给嵌入了一个或多个水印图案的移动版本。从而该检测会产生一系列相关性值,而结果相关联的峰以这一系列顺序产生,这比绝对相关值更令人感兴趣。
附图说明
图1示意性显示了一个用于将一个水印嵌入信号的装置。
图2和3显示了一个图1所示的嵌入器的操作的示意图。
图4示意性显示了一个用于检测该嵌入的水印的装置。
图5,6A,和6B显示了一个图4所示的检测器的操作的示意图。
图7显示了一个用于回放一个具有嵌入水印的视频比特流的设备。
图8示意性地显示了一个用于根据本发明检测该嵌入水印的装置的实施例。
图9A和9B显示了图8所示的检测器的操作示意图。
图10示意性显示了根据本发明用于检测该嵌入水印的装置的另一个实施例。
具体实施方式
为方便起见,根据本发明的嵌入水印机制将用一个用于将不可见标记附在视频内容上的***来描述,但所述原理明显也可用于其他内容,包括音频和多媒体。我们将在下文中将该方法称为JAWS(只是另一个嵌入水印***)。
图1显示了一个用于提供背景信息的水印嵌入器的实用实施例。该嵌入器包括一个产生一幅图象的图象源11,和将水印W加到该图象P上的加法器12。该水印W是一个与图象大小一样的噪声图案,例如水平为N1个象素而垂直为N2个象素。该水印W代表了一个密钥K,即将在接收端提取的多-比特码。
为避免为在大的N1×N2空间上搜索水印W所需的水印检测过程,可以在图象的范围内通过重复,和如果需要,切断被称为“瓦片”(″tile″)W(K)的较小单元来产生水印。瓦片W(K)具有一个固定的尺寸M×M。该瓦片尺寸M不应太小:较小的M意味着在W(K)中的对称,并因此有更大的安全隐患。另一方面,M不应太大:一个大的M值意味着对于检测器的大的搜索空间,并因此带来更大的复杂性。在JAWS中,我们选择M=128作为折衷。
接着计算(16)局部深度映射图或可见度屏障λ(P)。在每一象素位置,λ(P)提供了一个用于附加噪声的量度。映射图λ(P)被构建为具有等于1的平均值。随后用λ(P)调制(17)扩展序列W(K),即在每一位置平铺的水印W(K)乘以在该位置的λ(P)的可见度值。因此所得的噪声序列W(K,P)取决于密钥K和P的图象内容。我们成W(P,K)为适应性水印,因为它适应于图象P。
最后,最终水印的强度由一个全局深度参量d决定,d提供了一个W(K,P)的全局比例(18)。一个大的d值对应于一个稳健但可能可见的水印。一个小的d值对应于一个几乎不可感知但不稳健的水印。d的实际选择可以是在稳健性与感知度要求之间的折衷。水印图象Q通过将W=d×W(K,P)与P相加(12),四舍五入为了整象素值并限制到所允许的象素值范围中来获得。
为了将多位码K嵌入水印W中,可以由有限组的非相关基本或原始瓦片{W1...Wn}和其移动版本根据以下公式来构建每一瓦片W(K),
这里“shift(Wi,kij)”代表了一个基本M*M瓦片Wi绕一个矢量kij周期性旋转的一个空域移动。符号s∈{-1,+1}而移动k通过一个编码函数E(13)而取决与密钥K。检测器的任务是在检索到符号sI和移动kj后重构K。注意,每一基本瓦片Wi可以产生几次。在图1中,编码器13产生W(K)=W1+W2-W2′,其中W2′是W2的移动版本。图3图示说明了这一操作过程。
图4显示了一个水印检测器的原理示意图。水印检测器接收可能嵌入水印的图象Q。在JAWS中不是对每一单独帧,而是对帧组进行水印检测。通过将许多帧累加(21),可以改善检测的统计特性并因此改进检测的可靠性。随后,累加的帧分离为(22)一些大小为M×M(M=128)的块,而所有的块堆积在(23)一个大小为M×M的缓存器q中。该操作被称为折叠。图5示出了这一折叠过程。
检测过程中的下一步骤是确定在缓存器q中一个特定噪声图案的存在。为了检测该缓存器q中是否包括一个特定的水印图案W,将缓存器内容与所述水印图案进行相关。计算一个怀疑的信息信号q与一个水印图案w之间的相关性包括计算该信息信号值与该水印图案的相应值的内积d=<q,w>。对应一个一维信息信号q={qn}和水印图案w={wn},所述计算过程可以写为以下数学形式:
对于二维M×M图象q={qij}而水印图案W={wij},内积为:
理论上,瓦片Wi绕其移动的矢量ki可以通过连续地将Wi和不同的矢量k提供给检测器,而确定对应哪一个k,其相关性最大。然而,这种强制搜索算法太浪费时间。此外,图象W在水印检测之前可能经历了各种形式的处理过程(诸如移动或剪裁),这样检测器将不知道基本水印图案Wi相对于图象的空间位置。
替换强制搜索,JAWS利用了图案W(K)的结构。为确定这些原始图案,其符号和移动的存在而检测缓存器q。图象q与一个通过一个矢量k(水平方向为kx象素而垂直方向为ky象素)而移动的原始图案w的相关度dk为:
使用快速傅立叶变换同时计算一个基本图案WI的所有可能移动矢量k的相关值dk。如图4所示,缓存器q的内容和该基本水印图案Wi分别在变换电路24和25中都经历了一次快速傅立叶变换(FFT)。这些操作过程如下:
这里
和
为复数组。
计算相关值类似于计算q与WI的共轭的卷积。在变换域,这对应于如下公式:
这里符号
表示逐点相乘,而conj()表示将变量的虚部的符号反相。在图4中,
的共轭由共轭电路26实施,而逐点相乘由乘法器27实施。现在通过将所述乘法的结果进行逆傅立叶变换而获得该组相关值d={dk}:
该运算在图4中由逆FFT电路28实施。如果一个相关值dk大于一个给定阈值,则检测存在一个水印图案Wi。
图6A显示了如果在图象Q中检测到一个水印图案W1的存在时的相关值dk的曲线。峰61指示确实发现W1。该峰的位置(0,0)显示提供给检测器的图案W1相对于图象Q的空域位置碰巧与提供给嵌入器的图案W1相对于图象Q的空域位置相同。图6B显示了如果水印W2提供给检测器时的相关值曲线。现在发现两个峰。在(0,0)的正峰62表示了水印W2的存在,而在(48,80)的负峰63表示了水印-W2′的存在。后一个峰63与峰62(或,类似的,峰61)的相对位置揭示了W2′相对W2的相对位置(以象素为单位),即位移矢量k。所嵌入数据K由所发现的矢量而获得。
所嵌入的信息可以标识诸如版权所有者或内容的描述。在DVD的防止复制机制中,它允许材料被标注为“只复制一次”,“未复制”,“无限制”,“不再复制”,等等。图7示出了一个用于回放记录在光盘71中的MPEG比特流的DVD驱动器。所记录的信号经一个开关72提供给一个输出端子73。输出端子连接到一个外部MPEG解码器和显示设备(未示出)。假定该DVD驱动器不可回放具有预定嵌入水印的视频信号,除非其他与本发明不相关的条件实现。例如,嵌入水印的信号只在光盘71包括一给定“摇摆式”密钥时才可被回放。为了检测水印,该DVD驱动器包括一个如上所述的水印检测器74。该检测器接收所记录的信号并响应于水印是否检测到来控制开关72。
傅立叶系数
为复数,也即,它们具有一个实部和一个虚部,或一个幅度和一个相位。本发明人已发现如果去掉该幅度信息而只考虑该相位信息,则检测器的可靠性将显著提高。图8示出了根据本发明的检测器的相关电路的一个实施例。该实施例不同于图4所示的实施例,其中在乘法器27和逆傅立叶变换电路30之间***了一个幅度规范化电路30。规范化电路的操作包括逐点地将每一系数除以它的幅度。数学公式为:
这里Φ表示逐点相除而abs()表示:
这里R()和I()分别表示该变量的实部和虚部。
幅度的所述规范化被称为对称的仅相位匹配滤波(SPOMF)。图9A和9B显示了SPOMF相关的效果。更具体地,图9A示出了当使用线性相关,即没有幅度规范化电路时的系数值d00。在整个标准偏差矩阵的单元中表示的系数值d00的数值为9.79。图9B显示了当使用SPOMF相关时的系数值。该系数值d00现在为标准偏差的62.77倍。可取的是,图9B中的峰可以比图9A中的峰更可靠地检测。
因为对
的幅度的规范化等效于对
和
的幅度的规范化,所以图8中的规范化电路30可以由在FFT电路24和25之后的两个规范化电路来代替。然而,由于所嵌入的水印实际上是伪随机噪声图案,其中每一样本都是独立和相同地从一个标准分布中提取,所以它将已是一个合理的白(平坦)频谱。由此来看,只对信息信号幅度的规范化已被发现是足够的。图10显示了这样一个实施例。该幅度规范化电路30现在位于FFT电路24与乘法器27之间。在这一实施例中,
的幅度并非精确,但基本上是相同的。
还可进一步注意到所提供的水印Wi的FFT和共轭(例如在图4,8和10中分别为电路25和26)以及
的幅度的可选性规范化可以预先计算并存储在存储器中。
本发明致力于用于确定作为峰值的相关性值dk的判定标准。为此目的,我们将判定变量dk看为一个随机变量。一种用公式表示dk的大小是通过比较d的标准偏差σd。如果对于某些适当选定的阈值T,一个特定的量度dk大于Tσd,则我们说dk为一个统计逸出值。这将解释为存在一个水印。
每一个dk都可以被看作一个固定水印{wj}与一个图象qk的相关值,这里qk是图象q的移动版本(具有一个周期性旋转)。因此我们可以将矩阵dk看为一个随机过程d的例化矩阵。下面显示了一些实例,d可以被模型化为一个非常好的作为正态分布的近似。这同时保持了线性相关和SPOMF相关。这使得我们可以将正错误率与该阈值T相关联。具体地,一个量度dk大于Tσd的概率可能计算为erfc(T),这里erfc为误差函数
通常认为一个阈值T=5是安全的并对应于一个2.8×10-7的概率。由于水印信息k被编码为符号和峰值位置的一个组合的方式,该实际错误警告率K的幅度处于一个较低量级。对于T=5的偶然产生的峰值与符号的一个正当组合概率趋于零。
对于上述的线性相关值,σd可以表示为图象q的标准偏差σq与水印w的标准偏差σw的表达式:
实际上,这意味着可以假定σd具有一个固定的预定值。
该值σd可以直接由矩阵{dk}来估计,即
因为对于SPOMF相关,σd没有一个容易的理论公式,所以计算σd的后一种方法在使用SPOMF计算相关值时特别有用。利用SPOMF检测,可以用所测量的标准偏差来比较在{dk}中的峰值高度,如果大于5σd,则判决为有关系。
总之,本发明公开了一种用于检测在一个信息信号中的一个水印的方法和装置。该方法包括以下步骤:对于所述水印(Wi)相对于所述信息信号(例如一个图象Q)的多个位置(k)计算(24-28,30)所述水印和所述信息信号的相关值(dk),和检测(29)是否在各个相关值中至少有一个相关值超过一个给定阈值。检测(29)步骤包括确定各个相关值(dk)的标准偏差(σd),并将该阈值设定为所述标准偏差的一个给定倍数(T)。该倍数T由一个期望的错误警告率导出(当T为0时,检测到水印;当T为1时,未检测到水印)。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于检测在一个信息信号(q)中的一个给定水印(w)的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
-对于所述水印相对于所述信息信号的多个位置(k)计算所述水印和所述信息信号的相关值(dk);
-检测是否在各个相关值中至少有一个相关值超过一个给定阈值;
其特征在于,该方法包括确定各个相关值(dk)的标准偏差(σd)以及把所述给定阈值设定为所述标准偏差的一个给定倍数(T)的步骤。
2.权利要求1的一种方法,包括根据下式由该相关值(dk)计算所述标准偏差(σd)的步骤:
这里K为相关值的数目。
3.权利要求1的一种方法,其中,假定所述标准偏差具有一个预定的固定值。
4.权利要求1的一种方法,其中,根据公式p=erfc(T)由所期望的错误检测概率p导出所述倍数(T),这里erfc(T)是误差函数
5.一种用于检测在一个信息信号(q)中的给定水印(w)的装置,包括:
-用于对于所述水印相对于所述信息信号的多个位置(k)计算所述水印和所述信息信号的相关值(dk)的装置(24-28);
-用于检测是否在各个相关值中至少有一个相关值超过一个给定阈值的装置(29);
其特征在于,所述检测装置包括用于确定各个相关值(dk)的标准偏差(σd)的装置以及把所述给定阈值设定为所述标准偏差的一个给定倍数(T)的装置。
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