CN114158412A - Method for seamlessly updating grape variety by high-position grafting of main trunk - Google Patents
Method for seamlessly updating grape variety by high-position grafting of main trunk Download PDFInfo
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for seamlessly updating grape varieties by high-position grafting of trunks, belonging to the technical field of grape grafting, and the method for updating the grape varieties comprises the following steps: step 1, storing scion variety branches; step 2, grafting scion variety branches; step 3, culturing scion varieties; step 4, cutting off the branches of the original species; step 5, culturing the scion variety; step 6, trimming the secondary tips of the scion varieties, and performing conventional management on the scion varieties; the method for updating the grape variety solves the problems of no yield, subsequent complicated bud picking, weak scion development of a new variety, disordered grafting positions and the like in the current updating year.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of grape grafting, and particularly relates to a method for seamlessly updating grape varieties by high-position grafting of trunks.
Background
In recent years, the grape industry in China has rapidly developed, and grape varieties have become abundant. In grape cultivation, because of the replacement of grape varieties, the trees of the original varieties in the planting field need to be shoveled off to plant the trees of the scion varieties.
Chinese patent CN112868463A discloses a method for changing varieties in a vineyard, which comprises the following steps: 1. preparing scions: collecting grape branches of annual scion varieties in 11 months in the first year, then carrying out stratification treatment, digging out in the middle 3 months in the second year, shearing the grape branches into scions with the length of 3-5 cm, wherein each scion section has 1-2 buds, and storing at 4-7 ℃; 2. preparation of rootstock: carrying out short-cut treatment on grape seedlings to be updated in 11 months in the first year, selecting one branch as a stock after the grape seedlings to be updated in the second year slightly grow 5-6 leaves, and erasing the rest new branches; 3. working before grafting: in late 4 months of the next year, cutting the scion obtained in the step 1 into a wedge shape, cutting a long inclined plane with the length of 1.5-2.5 cm on the back of the topmost bud, and cutting an inclined plane with the length of 1-2 cm on the other side; 4. grafting: grafting in the last 4 th month of the next year, longitudinally cutting the off-edge of the center line of the cross section of the stock to a longitudinal cutting depth of 2-3 cm, inserting the long inclined plane of the cut scion into the stock inwards, and binding the grafting interface with a film; 5. and (3) management after grafting: removing new buds growing on the stocks in time after grafting is finished, removing the binding film when the grafting interface begins to swell, and managing according to a grape cultivation management mode; the patent does not have output in the grafting current year, and the tree body bud eye below the grafting mouth is more simultaneously, and the sprout can constantly sprout, and 1 ~ 2 years after the grafting need frequently bud picking, and work load is big.
For another example, chinese patent CN113141898A discloses a grafting and replanting method without affecting the current annual yield of grapes, comprising the following steps: 1. cultivating the latent buds, starting to thoroughly pour the whole garden with the special germination accelerating liquid 15 days before germination in spring, spraying the latent buds for 2 times, wherein the interval is 7 days each time, keeping soil in the garden moist and promoting the germination of the latent buds; 2. grafting green branches in time after half lignification of the crossed branches in spring and summer; 3. drawing branches, drawing grafted branches in time, and ensuring the vertical growth of scions; 4. cutting off at a high time; 5. reasonably pruning; although continuous fruiting is realized, the patent has the defects of weak development of the hidden bud, late grafting time of the green branch and short growth time of the scion, is not beneficial to building a tree body and cannot avoid a large amount of subsequent bud picking work.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for seamlessly updating a grape variety by grafting high-position trunks aiming at the defects of the prior art, wherein the method for updating the grape variety comprises the following steps:
step 1, storing scion variety branches:
step 1.1, collecting annual mature branches of scion varieties after the grape vines fall off leaves;
step 1.2, bundling 20-30 annual mature branches into a bundle by using branch bundling belts;
step 1.3, obliquely placing the bundled annual mature branches into a soil pit with the depth of 1.2-1.5 m;
step 1.4, filling gaps of the bundled annual mature branches with wet sand;
step 1.5, after filling, continuously burying river sand of 40-70 meshes into bundled annual mature branches;
step 1.6, after the mature branches are completely buried, continuing to bury until a sand layer with the thickness of 30cm is formed;
step 2, grafting scion variety branches:
step 2.1, taking out the scion variety branches stored in the step 1, and shearing the scion variety branches into 5-8 grafting sections containing single buds from internodes of the scion variety branches;
step 2.2, soaking the grafting section obtained in the step 2.1 in clear water for 1-2 hours, taking out the grafting section after water absorption, and wrapping the grafting section by using a wet towel for later use;
step 2.3, selecting the high position of the trunk of the original seed as a grafting point, removing necrotic old bark within 5cm above and 5cm below the grafting point by using a grafting knife, and exposing new bark;
2.4, selecting an area on the outer side of the new bark in the step 2.3, cutting downwards on the upper edge of the area by using a grafting knife until the area is flush with the lower edge of the area, and stopping cutting, wherein the grafting knife forms an angle of 30 degrees with the trunk of the original seed and the cutting depth is 3-5 mm;
step 2.5, continuously using a grafting knife to perform downward straight cutting obliquely at an angle of 45-60 degrees at a position 0.5cm above the lower edge of the region until the cutting end point is converged with the cutting end point in the step 2.4, cutting off a tree body, exposing a xylem and forming a tabling position;
step 2.6, taking out 1 grafting section wrapped by the wet towel in the step 2.2, wherein the grafting section and a grafting knife are in a 30-degree angle, and cutting the grafting section from a position 1cm above a bud of the grafting section to a position 1cm below the bud in a nearly circular arc shape around the bud of the grafting section;
step 2.7, continuously using the grafting knife to obliquely cut off buds with xylems from 0.5cm below the buds of the grafting section at an angle of 45-60 degrees to form scions;
step 2.8, placing the scion obtained in the step 2.7 to the embedding position obtained in the step 2.5, aligning the scion with the xylem of the original variety, then tightly attaching the scion to the xylem, spirally and tightly winding the embedding position from the position 2cm below the embedding position by using a special grafting adhesive tape, winding the grafting adhesive tape to the position 2cm above the embedding position by bypassing the bud body, and firmly binding the special grafting adhesive tape;
step 2.9, watering every 5 days after grafting until the soil is moist, and watering for 3 times in total;
step 3, culturing a scion variety:
step 3.1, only 1 strong young shoot is reserved after the scion variety develops and grows out of a young shoot, and the survival rate of grafting is counted;
step 3.2, when the strong young shoots grow on the shed frame or the hedge frame, the strong young shoots are pulled by using binding ropes;
3.3, pinching when the strong young shoots grow to be 5-10 cm different from the top of the original seed trunk;
step 3.4, pinching when the secondary tips of the scion varieties grow 4-5 leaves, and repeatedly pinching 1-2 leaves after the secondary tips germinate;
step 4, pruning original varieties of branches:
step 4.1, harvesting and putting off shelves in time after the fruits of the original variety are ripe in late 6 months of the year;
4.2, cutting off the main stem of the original variety at a position 5cm above the grafting point of the step 2.3;
4.3, cutting the branches and trunks of the original variety into 6-10 sections by using pruning shears, and completely removing the frame surface;
step 4.4, painting paint or a fruit tree healing agent at the cut of the trunk of the original seed;
step 5, culturing the scion variety:
step 5.1, binding the scion variety branches on the surface of a frame after the original variety branches are cut off;
step 5.2, topdressing a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer outside the roots and watering to keep the soil moist;
5.3, spraying urea aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.5 percent on the leaf surfaces of the scion varieties every 3 days for 5 times;
step 6, trimming the secondary tips of the scion varieties, and conventionally managing the scion varieties:
and (3) trimming the secondary tips of the scion varieties in 10-11 months in the year, wherein 1 full bud is reserved on the secondary tip of each scion variety, and 2 buds are reserved when the buds on the secondary tips of the scion varieties are weak in development.
Further, in the step 1.1, annual mature branches are selected to be 60-80 cm long, 8-10 mm in diameter and provided with 5-7 full bud eyes.
Further, in step 1.3, the inclination angle is 30 ° to 45 °.
Further, in step 1.4, the preparation of wet sand comprises:
screening the river sand by using a 40-70 mesh screen, and wetting the screened fine sand into wet sand by using distilled water after sterilizing the fine sand at high temperature and high pressure, wherein the water content of the wet sand is 60-70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the river sand (the wet sand is in a state of being held by hand, agglomerated and scattered when falling to the ground).
Further, in the step 2, the grafting time is 1-2 months in the next year and after the bleeding injury period of the grapes.
Further, in step 2.3, the high position of the original seed stem is selected to be 1.5-1.7 m away from the ground when the original seed stem is cultivated in a trellis, and the high position of the original seed stem is selected to be 0.6-0.8 m away from the ground when the original seed stem is cultivated in a trellis.
Further, in the step 2.4, the length of the area is 3-4 cm, the width of the area is 1-1.5 cm, the surface of the new bark is smooth and clean, when the grafting knife is used for cutting, the thumb of one hand presses the knife back to apply force at a constant speed, and the included angle between the knife face and the main trunk of the original seed is gradually reduced.
Further, in step 2.8, the length of the xylem-bearing sprouts is less than or equal to the length of the mosaic.
Further, in step 5.2, the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer consists of urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate, and the fertilizing amount of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is 20-25 kg/mu, wherein nitrogen in the urea accounts for 20-22% of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer, phosphorus in the diammonium phosphate accounts for 16-18% of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer, and potassium in the potassium nitrate accounts for 12-15% of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the method for updating the grape variety, the high position of the main stem of the original variety is selected as the grafting point, so that the time for covering the surface of the grape variety with the young shoot can be shortened.
2. According to the method for updating grape varieties, the trunk of the perennial original variety is selected, and because of fewer branches, bud picking is not needed under the grafting port, so that the labor is saved.
3. The method for updating the grape variety has the advantages that the grafting position is not interfered by branches and leaves, and the manual operation is convenient.
4. According to the method for updating the grape variety, the grape is grafted after the bleeding damage period of the early spring grape is over, 1.5-2 months earlier than that of green branch grafting, so that the scion can grow fully and stores nutrients, and the next year fruiting is facilitated.
5. The method for updating the grape variety is used for grafting the grape, the grafting survival rate is higher than 90%, and the yield of the current-season grape can be ensured.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the method for updating grape varieties according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a mature branch of the grafted nectarine grape of example 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a young sprout of a cultured nectarine grape of example 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing the structure of example 1 in which branches and trunks of summer black grapes are cut;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a mature shoot of the grafted Ruidexiangyu grape of example 3;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the shoot of the cultivated Vitis vinifera of example 3;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of example 3 in which branches and trunks of Vitis megalophylla are cut.
Detailed Description
The following description will explain an example of the method for updating grape varieties according to the present invention with reference to the drawings.
Example 1
In 2019, in a scientific research innovation base, five-year-old summer black grapes planted in a sunlight greenhouse are updated into self-bred grape variety nectar through the grape variety updating method, the tree form of the planted summer black grapes is a forward horizontal dragon trunk, the frame is a small shed frame, the distance between every two plants is 0.8m, the distance between every two lines is 5m, and the frame height is 1.8 m.
The method for updating the grape variety comprises the following steps:
step 1, storing mature branches of the nectarine grapes:
in 2018, selecting mature branches of nectarine grapes which are trimmed in winter and have the diameter of 8mm, the length of 60cm and 5 full buds, bundling 20 mature branches of nectarine grapes into a bundle, enabling the growth direction of the mature branches of nectarine grapes to be upward, enabling the mature branches of nectarine grapes to be inclined by 30 degrees and placing the mature branches of nectarine grapes into a soil pit with the depth of 1.2m, filling gaps of the mature branches of nectarine grapes in the bundle with wet fine sand, after filling, continuously burying with 40-mesh river sand, and after completely burying the mature branches, continuously burying until a sand layer with the thickness of 30cm is formed;
as shown in fig. 2, step 2, grafting mature branches of nectarine grapes:
in 1-month-middle ten days of 2019, raising the temperature in a greenhouse, and after the bleeding time of grapes, grafting in 2 months and 9 days, wherein the grafting method comprises the following steps: taking out stored mature branches of the honey grape, cutting the mature branches of the honey grape into 5 grafting sections containing single buds from the internodes of the mature branches of the honey grape, soaking the grafting sections for 2 hours by using clean water, wrapping the grafting sections by using a wet towel for moisturizing after the grafting sections fully absorb water, selecting a position 1.5m away from the ground of a trunk of the black grape as a grafting point, removing old bark necrotic within 5cm above and below the grafting point by using a grafting knife, exposing new bark, selecting a region with a smooth surface and a length of 3cm and a width of 1.5cm at the outer side of the trunk of the black grape with the new bark exposed, cutting downwards at the upper edge of the region by using a grafting knife at an angle of 30 degrees with the trunk of the black grape, cutting to a depth of 3mm, stopping until the cutting is flush with the lower edge of the region, and then continuously cutting downwards at a position 0.5cm above the lower edge of the region at an angle of 45 degrees by using the grafting knife to cut off a tree body, exposing the xylem to form a chimeric site; at the moment, a grafting section of the honey grape is taken out from the wet towel, the grafting section of the honey grape and a grafting knife are in a 30-degree angle, the grafting section is cut to the position 1cm below the bud in a nearly circular arc shape around the bud of the grafting section from the position 1cm above the bud of the grafting section, the grafting knife is continuously used for cutting the bud with a wood part from the position 0.5cm below the bud of the grafting section in a 45-degree angle downward direction to form a scion, the honey grape scion is immediately aligned and tightly attached to the embedding position of the summer black grape trunk, the grafting special adhesive tape is used for spirally winding the embedding position upwards from the position 2.5cm below the embedding position, the bud is wound to the position 2cm above the embedding position, the grafting special adhesive tape is firmly bound, the grafting interface is prevented from evaporating and losing water after the grafting is finished, the grafting section is watered for 1 time and 3 times every 5 days to keep the soil moist;
as shown in fig. 3, step 3, culturing the young shoots of the nectarine grapes:
in 2019, 3, 10 months, inflorescences of the new shoots of the summer black grapes are extracted, only one fruiting branch and one full inflorescence are reserved on each fruiting mother branch, and the rest inflorescences are removed in time;
after the nectaring grapes grow to grow new shoots, only 1 strong new shoot is reserved, the grafting survival rate is counted, when the strong new shoots grow to the height of the frame surface, the new shoots are drawn to the direction of the frame surface by using binding ropes, pinching is carried out when the length of the strong new shoots is 8cm different from the top end of the main trunk of the summer black grape, so as to promote lignification of the new shoots and development of auxiliary shoots, pinching is carried out when the auxiliary shoots of the nectaring grapes grow to 4 leaves, and 2 leaves are reserved for repeatedly pinching after the secondary auxiliary shoots germinate;
as shown in fig. 4, step 4, pruning the summer black grape branches:
in late 6 th of 2019, summer black grapes are ripe, harvested in time, after harvesting, the trunk of the summer black grapes is cut off at a plain end 5cm above a grafting point, branches and trunks of the summer black grapes are cut into 8 sections by using pruning shears, all the sections are removed from the surface of the trunk, and then paint is applied to the cut of the trunk of the summer black grapes to prevent moisture evaporation and invasion of diseases and insects;
and 5, culturing the nectarine grapes:
after pruning branches of summer black grapes, binding the branches of the nectarine grapes on a frame surface, dressing a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer and watering according to 20kg of roots per mu in order to enable the branches of the nectarine grapes to accumulate sufficient nutrients for branch maturation and winter bud development, wherein the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer consists of urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate, and meanwhile, spraying a urea aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.5% on the leaf surfaces of the nectarine grapes for 1 time and continuously spraying for 5 times every 3 days;
step 6, pruning subsidiary tips of the nectarine grapes:
in late 10 th of 2019, before winter, pruning the minor tips of the nectaring grapes, reserving 1 full bud to serve as a fruiting mother branch in the next growing season, and reserving 2 buds when the winter buds on the minor tips of the nectaring grapes are weak in development;
and carrying out conventional management on the honey grape, and respectively carrying out statistics on the fruit ripening conditions in 7-month and 6-month in 2020 and 7-month and 13-month in 2021, wherein the statistical results are shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1 statistical table of the maturity of scion variety nectarine grapes
Example 2
In 2019, in a scientific research innovation base, five-year-old Victoria grapes planted in a sunlight greenhouse are updated into a new variety of sunshine muscat by the grape variety updating method, the tree form of the planted Victoria grapes is a forward horizontal dragon trunk, the frame is a small shed frame, the plant spacing is 0.8m, the line spacing is 5m, and the frame height is 1.8 m.
The method for updating the grape variety comprises the following steps:
step 1, storing the mature branches of the sunshine rose grapes:
in 2018, selecting winter trimmed sunshine rose grape mature branches with the diameter of 9mm, the length of 70cm and 6 full bud eyes, bundling 25 sunshine rose grape mature branches into a bundle, enabling the growth direction of the sunshine rose grape mature branches to be upward, enabling the bundled sunshine rose grape mature branches to incline by 30 degrees and placing the bundle in a soil pit with the depth of 1.4m, filling gaps of the bundled sunshine rose grape mature branches with wet fine sand, after filling, continuously filling with 60-mesh river sand, and after completely burying the mature branches, continuously filling until a sand layer with the thickness of 30cm is formed;
step 2, grafting the mature branches of the sunshine rose grapes:
in 1-month middle ten days of 2019, raising the temperature in the greenhouse, and after the bleeding time of grapes, grafting in 11 days of 2 months, wherein the grafting method comprises the following steps: taking out the stored ripe branches of the sunshine rose grapes, cutting the ripe branches of the sunshine rose grapes into 6 grafting sections containing single buds from internodes of the ripe branches of the sunshine rose grapes, soaking the grafting sections for 2 hours by using clean water, wrapping the grafting sections by using a wet towel for moisturizing after the grafting sections absorb water sufficiently, selecting a position 1.5m away from the ground of a trunk of the Victoria grape as a grafting point, removing old bark in 5cm above and below the grafting point by using a grafting knife, exposing new bark, selecting a region with a smooth surface and a length of 3cm and a width of 1.5cm on the outer side of the exposed new bark of the trunk of the Victoria grape, cutting downwards at an upper edge of the region by using a grafting knife at an angle of 30 degrees with the trunk of the Victoria grape, cutting at a depth of 4mm, stopping until the cutting is flush with the lower edge of the region, and then continuously cutting downwards at a position 0.5cm above the lower edge of the region in an inclined angle of 45 degrees, cutting off a tree body to expose a xylem to form a chimeric position, taking out a sunshine rose grape grafted section from a wet towel, wherein the sunshine rose grape grafted section and a grafting knife are in a 30-degree angle, starting from a position 1cm right above a bud of the grafted section, cutting to a position 1cm below the bud in a nearly circular arc shape around the bud of the grafted section, continuously using the grafting knife to cut out the bud with the xylem from a position 0.5cm below the bud of the grafted section at an angle of 45 degrees, forming a scion, immediately aligning the sunshine rose grape scion to the chimeric position of a trunk of a Victoria grape, tightly attaching, using a special grafting adhesive tape to spirally wind the chimeric position upwards from a position 2.5cm below the chimeric position, bypassing the bud, winding to a position 2cm above the chimeric position, firmly binding the special grafting adhesive tape, preventing the grafted position from evaporating and dehydrating, and pouring for 1 time every 5 days after grafting is finished, watering for 3 times to keep the soil moist;
step 3, culturing the young shoots of the sunshine muscat:
13 months in 2019, extracting inflorescences from new shoots of Victoria grapes, only reserving one fruiting branch and one full inflorescence on each fruiting mother branch, and timely removing the rest;
after the sunshine rose grape grows to grow a new tip, only 1 strong new tip is reserved, the grafting survival rate is counted, when the strong new tip grows to the height of a frame surface, a binding rope is used for pulling the new tip to the direction of the frame surface, the core picking is carried out when the length of the strong new tip is 10cm different from the top end of a Victoria grape main trunk, so that the lignification and the development of an accessory tip of the new tip are promoted, the core picking is carried out when the accessory tip of the sunshine rose grape grows to 4 leaves, and 2 leaves are reserved for repeated core picking after the accessory tip germinates;
step 4, pruning the Victoria grape branches:
in late 6 th month of 2019, the Victoria grapes are ripe, harvested in time, after harvesting, the trunk of the Victoria grapes are cut off at the position 5cm above a grafting point, branches and trunks of the Victoria grapes are cut into 8 sections by using pruning shears, then all the surfaces of the branches and trunks are removed, and paint is coated at the cut of the trunk of the Victoria grapes to prevent moisture evaporation and invasion of diseases and pests;
and 5, culturing the sunshine rose grapes:
after cutting off the Victoria grape branches, binding the branches of the sunshine muscat grapes on the surface of a frame, in order to enable the branches of the sunshine muscat grapes to accumulate sufficient nutrients for branch maturation and winter bud development, additionally applying a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer and watering according to 20kg of roots per mu of land, wherein the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer consists of urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate, and simultaneously spraying a urea aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.5% on the leaf surfaces of the sunshine muscat intervals of 3 days for 1 time and continuously spraying for 5 times;
step 6, trimming the secondary tips of the sunshine rose grapes:
in late 10 th of 2019, before winter, pruning the minor tips of the sunshine rose grapes, reserving 1 full bud to serve as a fruiting mother branch in the next growing season, and reserving 2 buds when the winter buds on the minor tips of the sunshine rose of the scion variety are weak in development;
and the sun rose grapes are managed conventionally, the fruit ripening conditions are counted respectively in 24 days 7 and 2021 and 2 days 8, respectively, and the statistical results are shown in table 2:
TABLE 2 statistics table for scion variety sunshine rose grape maturity
Example 3
In 2019, in a certain test base, six-year-old giant rose grapes planted in a greenhouse are updated into a new variety RuiDou Xiangyu grape by the grape variety updating method, the tree form of the planted giant rose grapes is a single-arm horizontal dragon trunk, the frame potential is a V-shaped fence frame, the plant spacing is 0.8m, the row spacing is 2m, and the frame height is 1.2 m.
The method for updating the grape variety comprises the following steps:
step 1, storing mature branches of Ruidexiangyu grapes:
selecting ripe RuiDou Jade grape branches which are trimmed in winter and have the diameter of 10mm, the length of 80cm and 7 full buds in 2018 winter, bundling the ripe RuiDou Jade grape branches into a bundle every 30, enabling the growing direction of the ripe RuiDou Jade grape branches to be upward, enabling the bundled RuiDou Jade grape branches to be inclined by 30 degrees and placed in a soil pit with the depth of 1.5m, filling gaps of the bundled RuiDou Jade grape branches with wet fine sand, after filling, continuously filling with 70-mesh river sand, and after the ripe RuiDou Jade grape branches are completely buried, continuously filling until a sand layer with the thickness of 30cm is formed;
as shown in fig. 5, step 2, grafting ripe branches of rdu jatropha bouquet:
in the middle of 2 months in 2019, raising the temperature of the greenhouse, and after the bleeding time of the grapes, grafting the grapes in 16 days in 2 months, wherein the grafting method comprises the following steps: taking out the stored mature twigs of the RuiDou Jade grape, cutting the mature twigs of the RuiDou Jade grape into 7 grafting sections containing single buds from the internodes of the mature twigs of the RuiDou Jade grape, soaking the grafting sections in clear water for 2h, wrapping the grafting sections with a wet towel for keeping moisture for later use after the grafting sections absorb water sufficiently, selecting a position 0.8m away from the ground of a giant rose grape trunk as a grafting point, removing necrotic old barks within 5cm above and below the grafting point by using a grafting knife, exposing new barks, selecting a smooth area with the length of 3cm and the width of 1.5cm outside the new barks exposed on the giant rose grape trunk, cutting downwards at the upper edge of the area by using the grafting knife at 30 degrees to the giant rose grape trunk at the cutting depth of 5mm until the cutting depth is flush with the lower edge of the area, and then, continuously using the grafting knife at a position 0.5cm above the lower edge of the area to cut straight downwards at an angle of 45 degrees in an inclined direction, cutting off a tree body to expose a xylem to form a chimeric position, taking out a giant rose grape grafted section from a wet towel at the moment, wherein the grafted section and a grafting knife are 30 degrees, starting from a position 1cm right above a bud body of the grafted section, cutting to a position 1cm below the bud body of the grafted section in a nearly circular arc-shaped direction around the bud body of the grafted section, continuously using the grafting knife to cut out the bud body with the xylem from a position 0.5cm below the bud body of the grafted section at an angle of 45 degrees downwards to form a scion, immediately aligning the Ruihou Xiangyu grape scion to the chimeric position of the main trunk of the giant rose grape and then tightly attaching the scion, using a special grafting adhesive tape to spirally wind the chimeric position upwards from a position 2.5cm below the chimeric position, bypassing the bud body and winding to a position 2cm above the chimeric position, firmly binding the special grafting adhesive tape to prevent the grafted position from evaporating and losing water, pouring 1 time and 3 times every 5 days after grafting, to keep the soil moist;
as shown in fig. 6, step 3, culturing young shoots of vitis vinifera:
in 2019, 20 months and 3 months, inflorescences of the young shoots of the giant rose grapes are extracted, only one bearing branch and one full inflorescence are left on each bearing mother branch, and the rest are removed in time;
after growing new shoots from the Ruihu Xiangyu grape, only 1 strong new shoot is reserved, the grafting survival rate is counted, when the strong new shoots grow to the height of the frame surface, the new shoots are drawn to the direction of the frame surface by using a binding rope, the core picking is carried out when the length of the strong new shoots is 5cm different from the top end of the main trunk of the giant rose grape, so as to promote the lignification of the new shoots and the development of auxiliary shoots, the core picking is carried out when the auxiliary shoots of the Ruihu Xiangyu grape grow 4 leaves, and 2 leaves are reserved for repeated core picking after the secondary auxiliary shoots germinate;
as shown in fig. 7, step 4, pruning the branches of the giant rose grapes:
in late 6 months in 2019, the giant rose grapes are ripe, harvested in time, after harvesting, the trunk of the giant rose grapes is cut off at a position 5cm above a grafting point, branches and trunks of the giant rose grapes are cut into 6 sections by using pruning shears, the surface of the trunk is completely removed, and then paint is coated at the cut of the trunk of the giant rose grapes to prevent moisture evaporation and invasion of diseases and insects;
step 5, cultivating the Muyu grape:
after cutting off branches of the giant rose grapes, binding the branches of the RuiDo fragrant grapes on the surface of a frame, enabling the branches of the RuiDo fragrant grapes to accumulate sufficient nutrients for branch maturation and winter bud development, applying a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer to each mu according to 20kg of roots, watering, wherein the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer consists of urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate, and meanwhile, spraying a urea aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.5% on the leaf surfaces of the RuiDo fragrant grapes for 1 time and continuously spraying for 5 times every 3 days;
step 6, trimming minor tips of Ruitongxiangyu grapes:
in late 10 th of 2019, before the beginning of winter, pruning the minor tips of the RuiDou Jade grape, reserving 1 full bud to be used as a fruiting mother branch in the next growing season, and reserving 2 buds when the winter buds on the minor tips of the RuiDou Jade grape are weak in development;
and carrying out conventional management on Ruidi fragrant grape: the fruit ripening was counted at 14 days 6/2020 and 21 days 6/2021, respectively, and the statistics are shown in Table 3:
TABLE 3 statistical table of maturity of scion variety Ruidu xiangyu grape
Table 1, table 2, table 3 show: the grape grafting survival rate of 3 examples is higher than 90%. Wherein, after the summer black grapes are changed into the honey grape in the embodiment 1, the yield per mu in 2021 year reaches 1606.3kg, so that high yield is realized, and the yield per mu in 2020 year is 1042.8kg, so that 64.9% of the normal yield is achieved (1042.8/1606.3); example 2 after changing Victoria grapes into sunshine rose grapes, the yield per mu in 2021 reaches 1487.6kg, which is a high yield state, and the yield per mu in 2020 is 911.2kg, which reaches 61.3% of the normal yield (911.2/1487.6); example 3 after changing the giant rose grapes to Rui-Dou-Xiang-Yu grapes, the yield per mu in 2021 reaches 1523.9kg, which is a high yield state, while the yield per mu in 2020 is 1022.5kg, which is 67.1% of the normal yield (1022.5/1523.9).
Finally, it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and not intended to limit the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for seamlessly updating grape varieties through trunk high-position grafting is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, storing scion variety branches;
step 2, grafting scion variety branches;
step 3, culturing scion varieties;
step 4, cutting off the branches of the original species;
step 5, culturing the scion variety;
and 6, trimming the secondary tips of the scion varieties, and performing conventional management on the scion varieties.
2. The method for seamlessly updating grape varieties through high-position grafting on trunks according to claim 1, wherein the step 1 of reserving scion variety branches comprises the following steps:
step 1.1, collecting annual mature branches of scion varieties after the grape vines fall off leaves;
step 1.2, bundling 20-30 annual mature branches into a bundle by using branch bundling belts;
step 1.3, obliquely placing the bundled annual mature branches into a soil pit with the depth of 1.2-1.5 m;
step 1.4, filling gaps of the bundled annual mature branches with wet sand;
step 1.5, after filling, continuously burying river sand of 40-70 meshes into bundled annual mature branches;
and step 1.6, after the mature branches are completely buried, continuously burying until a sand layer with the thickness of 30cm is formed.
3. The method for seamlessly updating the grape variety through high-position grafting on the trunk according to claim 1, wherein the step 2 of grafting the scion variety branch comprises the following steps:
step 2.1, taking out the scion variety branches stored in the step 1, and shearing the scion variety branches into 5-8 grafting sections containing single buds from internodes of the scion variety branches;
step 2.2, soaking the grafting section obtained in the step 2.1 in clear water for 1-2 hours, taking out the grafting section after water absorption, and wrapping the grafting section by using a wet towel for later use;
step 2.3, selecting the high position of the trunk of the original seed as a grafting point, removing necrotic old bark within 5cm above and 5cm below the grafting point by using a grafting knife, and exposing new bark;
2.4, selecting an area on the outer side of the new bark in the step 2.3, cutting downwards on the upper edge of the area by using a grafting knife until the area is flush with the lower edge of the area, and stopping cutting, wherein the grafting knife forms an angle of 30 degrees with the trunk of the original seed and the cutting depth is 3-5 mm;
step 2.5, continuously using a grafting knife to perform downward straight cutting obliquely at an angle of 45-60 degrees at a position 0.5cm above the lower edge of the region until the cutting end point is converged with the cutting end point in the step 2.4, cutting off a tree body, exposing a xylem and forming a tabling position;
step 2.6, taking out 1 grafting section wrapped by the wet towel in the step 2.2, wherein the grafting section and a grafting knife are in a 30-degree angle, and cutting the grafting section from a position 1cm above a bud of the grafting section to a position 1cm below the bud in a nearly circular arc shape around the bud of the grafting section;
step 2.7, continuously using the grafting knife to obliquely cut off buds with xylems from 0.5cm below the buds of the grafting section at an angle of 45-60 degrees to form scions;
step 2.8, placing the scion obtained in the step 2.7 to the embedding position obtained in the step 2.5, aligning the scion with the xylem of the original variety, then tightly attaching the scion to the xylem, spirally and tightly winding the embedding position from the position 2cm below the embedding position by using a special grafting adhesive tape, winding the grafting adhesive tape to the position 2cm above the embedding position by bypassing the bud body, and firmly binding the special grafting adhesive tape;
and 2.9, watering every 5 days after grafting until the soil is moist, and watering for 3 times in total.
4. The method for seamlessly updating the grape variety through high-position grafting on the trunk according to claim 1, wherein the step 3 of culturing the scion variety comprises the following steps:
step 3.1, only 1 strong young shoot is reserved after the scion variety develops and grows out of a young shoot, and the survival rate of grafting is counted;
step 3.2, when the strong young shoots grow on the shed frame or the hedge frame, the strong young shoots are pulled by using binding ropes;
3.3, pinching when the strong young shoots grow to be 5-10 cm different from the top of the original seed trunk;
and 3.4, pinching when the secondary tips of the scion varieties grow 4-5 leaves, and repeatedly pinching by remaining 1-2 leaves after the secondary tips germinate.
5. The method for seamlessly updating the grape variety by grafting the grape variety to the high position of the trunk according to claim 1, wherein the step 4 of pruning the branches of the original variety comprises the following steps:
step 4.1, harvesting and putting off shelves in time after the fruits of the original variety are ripe in late 6 months of the year;
4.2, cutting off the main stem of the original variety at a position 5cm above the grafting point of the step 2.3;
4.3, cutting the branches and trunks of the original variety into 6-10 sections by using pruning shears, and completely removing the frame surface;
and 4.4, coating paint or a fruit tree healing agent on the cut of the trunk of the original seed.
6. The method for seamlessly updating the grape variety through high-position grafting on the trunk according to claim 1, wherein the step 5 of re-culturing the scion variety comprises the following steps:
step 5.1, binding the scion variety branches on the surface of a frame after the original variety branches are cut off;
step 5.2, topdressing a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer outside the roots and watering to keep the soil moist;
and 5.3, spraying urea aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.5 percent on the leaf surfaces of the scion varieties for 5 times every 3 days.
7. The method for seamlessly updating the grape variety through high-position grafting on the trunk according to claim 1, wherein the step 6 of trimming the secondary tips of the scion variety comprises the following steps:
and (3) trimming the secondary tips of the scion varieties in 10-11 months in the year, wherein 1 full bud is reserved on the secondary tip of each scion variety, and 2 buds are reserved when the buds on the secondary tips of the scion varieties are weak in development.
8. The method for high-position grafting and seamless updating of grape varieties according to claim 2, wherein in the step 1.1, annual mature branches are selected from branches with the length of 60-80 cm, the diameter of 8-10 mm and 5-7 full bud eyes;
the inclined angle in the step 1.3 is 30-45 degrees;
the preparation of wet sand in step 1.4 comprises: screening the river sand by using a 40-70 mesh screen, and wetting the screened fine sand into wet sand by using distilled water after sterilizing the fine sand at high temperature and high pressure, wherein the water content of the wet sand is 60-70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the river sand.
9. The method for seamlessly updating the grape variety through high-position grafting on the main trunk according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the grafting time in the step 2 is 1-2 months in the next year and after the bleeding injury period of the grapes;
step 2.3, taking the original variety from the ground by 1.5-1.7 m when the original variety is cultivated in a shed frame in a high position, and taking the original variety from the ground by 0.6-0.8 m when the original variety is cultivated in a trellis in a high position;
2.4, the area is 3-4 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in width, the surface of the new bark is smooth, when a grafting knife is used for cutting, the thumb of one hand presses the knife back to apply force at a constant speed, and the included angle between the knife face and the trunk of the original seed is gradually reduced;
the length of the bud with xylem in step 2.8 is less than or equal to the length of the chimeric site.
10. The method for high-position grafting and seamless updating of grape varieties according to claim 6, wherein in step 5.2, the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer consists of urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate, and the fertilizing amount of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is 20-25 kg/mu, wherein nitrogen in the urea accounts for 20-22% of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer, phosphorus in the diammonium phosphate accounts for 16-18% of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer, and potassium in the potassium nitrate accounts for 12-15% of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer.
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