CN112868463A

CN112868463A - Method for changing varieties in vineyard

Info

Publication number: CN112868463A
Application number: CN202011593782.6A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王晨; 陆爱华; 张志昌; 张演义; 房经贵; 徐卫东
Original assignee: Nanjing Agricultural University
Current assignee: Nanjing Agricultural University
Priority date: 2020-12-29
Filing date: 2020-12-29
Publication date: 2021-06-01
Anticipated expiration: 2040-12-29
Also published as: CN112868463B

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for changing varieties in a vineyard, and belongs to the technical field of agriculture. The invention comprises the following steps: (1) collecting new annual grape branches in 11 months in the first year, then carrying out stratification treatment, digging out in 3-month middle ten days in the second year, cutting the grape branches into scions with the length of 3-5 cm, and storing at the temperature of 4-7 ℃; (2) carrying out short-cut treatment on grape seedlings to be renewed in 11 months in the first year, selecting one branch as a stock to carry out topping treatment, and erasing the rest new branches; (3) in late 4 months of the next year, cutting the scions obtained in the step (1) into wedge shapes; (4) grafting in 4 th of the next year; (5) and after grafting is finished, removing the new buds growing on the rootstocks in time, and managing according to a grape cultivation management mode. The invention can greatly advance the initial fruiting time of the grapes, reduce the cultivation cost and greatly improve the economic and social benefits of grape cultivation; meanwhile, the process of grape variety updating and structure optimization can be accelerated.

Description

Method for changing varieties in vineyard

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of plant seedling culture, and particularly relates to a method for changing varieties in a vineyard.

Background

The grape industry in China develops rapidly, and the replacement of grape varieties changes along with the market demands while the planting area is gradually enlarged. The summer black grape is one of main cultivars which are popular for many years, the cultivation area of the grape is very large, but in recent years, the price is reduced and the benefit is reduced. Therefore, grape variety replacement and structure optimization are problems to be solved urgently in current grape production. The sunshine rose is a new variety with extremely excellent quality, is deeply favored by consumers due to the beautiful fruit spike shape, high sugar degree, good flavor and taste and excellent quality, is an excellent new variety which is mainly promoted in the current grape production, and has the tendency of replacing the summer black grape variety. However, if the grape variety is replaced by the conventional method, the grape needs at least 2-3 years from planting to fruiting to form a certain economic yield, the grape plant has a longer growth period, the corresponding cultivation and management cost is increased, and the economic benefit is reduced. If a high grafting and seed changing method is adopted, the old vineyard with the 'sunshine roses' is replaced by the 'summer black' vineyard, so that the advantages of short period, quick response, low cultivation cost and the like are achieved, and the defect of weak growth potential of the 'sunshine roses' can be made up by using the advantage of strong growth potential of the 'summer black' rootstocks. Through 'sunshine rose' to 'summer black' top grafting breed change both quick optimization variety structure, also can promote economic benefits greatly.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problem is as follows: provides a method for replacing varieties of vineyards with a certain economic yield, and solves the problems of long period, slow effect, high investment cost and the like of common variety replacement methods of vineyards.

The technical scheme is as follows: a method for changing varieties in a vineyard comprises the following steps:

(1) preparing scions: selecting annual grape branches (such as annual 'sunshine rose' branches) which are robust in growth, high in degree of materialization and full in bud bodies in winter (11 months) in the first year, collecting, bundling the branches at the position of ventilated shady back for lamination treatment, digging out the branches in 3 middle ten days in the second year, cutting the branches into scions with the length of 3-5 cm, storing the scions at the temperature of 4-7 ℃, and grafting the scions for use in 4 last ten days;

the lamination treatment method comprises the following steps:

firstly, river sand is soaked, and 1/3 soaked river sand is filled into a basin with a drain hole at the bottom; soaking the prepared scions, wrapping 2-3 layers of the scions by using 30-50 branches as a bundle, tying two ends of the scions by using rubber bands, winding the whole body by using a preservative film, and keeping two ends of the scions in an open state; and finally, putting the wrapped scion into a basin containing soaked river sand, completely covering the basin with the soaked river sand, enabling the sand to be flush with the edge of the flowerpot, covering 2-3 layers of paper on the surface of the flowerpot, fixing the scion with a rope, and putting the scion into a refrigeration house at the temperature of 4-5 ℃.

(2) Preparation of rootstock: cutting grape seedlings to be updated in 11 months in winter in the first year, cutting the grape seedlings in the trellis at a position 30-35 cm away from the ground, cutting the grape seedlings in the trellis at a position 20-25 cm away from the ground, selecting robust and well-positioned young shoots for topping after 5-6 leaves grow in spring in the second year, reserving the young shoots as stocks for use, and erasing the rest of the young shoots;

(3) working before grafting: digging out the scions in the upper year in the middle 3 months of the next year, selecting parts which are robust in growth, plump in bud bodies and good in lignification degree, cutting the parts into scions with each section of 3-5 cm, wherein each section of scion is provided with 1-2 plump bud bodies, a certain distance is reserved between an upper cut and a top bud to prevent the scions from losing water when cutting the scions, cutting the scions into a wedge shape before grafting in the lower ten days of 4 months, cutting a long inclined plane with the length of 1.5-2.5 cm on the back of the top bud, cutting an inclined plane with the length of 1-2 cm on the other side, and keeping the scion cuts level when cutting the scions;

(4) grafting: grafting is carried out in 4 th of the next year, firstly, longitudinal cutting is carried out on the edge of the center line of the transverse section of the stock, the longitudinal cutting depth reaches 2-3 cm, the longitudinal cutting edge needs to be smooth and level as far as possible, then the cut long inclined plane of the scion is gently inserted into the stock inwards (namely, the bottom bud grows outwards), the scion and the stock cambium are noticed to be aligned, and the interface can slightly expose the section of the scion, so that air exchange at the interface is facilitated, namely, whitening is exposed. And finally, wrapping the grafting interface with a film to prevent the grafting survival rate from being influenced by interface dehydration. In addition, the top of the scion can be wrapped by a film to prevent the scion from losing water.

(5) And (3) management after grafting: after grafting, attention should be paid to timely erasing the new buds growing on the rootstocks. The scions can germinate and grow new buds 7-10 days after general grafting. The dressing film can be removed when the interface is slightly expanded.

Wherein the short-cut treatment is carried out at a position 20-35 cm away from the ground.

Wherein, the new variety of grape branches are sunshine rose grape branches.

Wherein, the grape nursery stock to be updated is a summer black grape nursery stock.

The invention adopts the method of short-distance grafting of the main stem (which can supply nutrient medium to the scion to promote the growth of the scion), the scion is an annual lignified branch, the bud eye is full (which is beneficial to forming flower buds, and the yield can be formed by the current year of grafting), and the yield can be obtained after the second year of grafting, thus achieving the purpose of quick production. This step is a key innovation of this method.

Has the advantages that:

the invention fully utilizes the nutrient substances accumulated by the prior grapevine in the grapery area, utilizes the characteristics of easy survival and quick growth and development of grape grafting, completes the replacement of the cultivated variety of the grapery in one year by the grafting technology, and forms a certain economic yield in the next year. Effectively shortens the growth fruiting period of the grapes and reduces the cultivation cost.

According to the method, inflorescences are removed in the first year, the yield of 1500-2000 Kg per mu can be achieved in the second year, the requirement for high quality and high yield is met in the third year, the initial fruiting time of grapes can be greatly advanced, the cultivation cost is reduced, and the economic and social benefits of grape cultivation are greatly improved; meanwhile, the process of grape variety updating and structure optimization can be accelerated.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a procedure of a vineyard variety-changing grafting process provided by the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the growth and fruiting status of grapevines in a vineyard.

Detailed Description

The invention will be better understood from the following examples. It is easily understood by those skilled in the art that the descriptions of the embodiments are only for illustrating the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the present invention as detailed in the claims.

The grafting method comprises the following steps: according to actual production experience, when scions are treated in grafting, two inclined planes are cut at a position 0.5-1 cm away from the bottommost bud along the front side and the rear side of the bud, a long inclined plane with the length of 1.5-2.5 cm is cut on the back side of the bud, and an inclined plane with the length of 1-2 cm is cut on the other side of the bud, so that the growth direction of bud eyes can grow outwards in grafting. Cleft grafting is carried out in the last ten days of 4 months, a cut is longitudinally cut on the stock at the edge deviated from the center line of the stock, the depth reaches 2-3 cm, and the cut needs to be smooth and regular during longitudinal cutting. Then, grafting can be started, the scion is gently inserted into the stock, the long inclined plane is inside and the short inclined plane is outside during grafting, namely, the growing direction of the bud eye is outward. During grafting, cambium layers are aligned, and certain blank is left. After grafting, the grafting interface is tightly bound by a film, the binding tightness is moderate, and air leakage is prevented. The buds need not be wrapped during binding.

A method for changing varieties in a vineyard comprises the following specific steps:

the method comprises the following steps: scion and rootstock preparation

Preparing scions: and selecting annual sunshine rose grape branches which grow robustly, have higher lignification degree and plump buds and do not have diseases and insect pests in winter (11 months) of the last year for collection. And then bundling the scions at the ventilated shady place for lamination, cutting the laminated scions into 3-5 cm sections in the middle 3 months of the next year, refrigerating at 4 ℃, and grafting for use in the late 4 months.

The scion layering method comprises the following steps: firstly, river sand is soaked (the humidity of the river sand is required to be held by hands to form a group of anhydrous drops to be dropped and dispersed into particles), and 1/3 wet sand is filled into a flowerpot with a water drainage hole at the bottom of the flowerpot, wherein the length, the width and the height are 50 multiplied by 20 cm; soaking the prepared scion (preferably no large amount of water drops at two ends of the branch, and preferably no large amount of water drops at two ends if more water drops at two ends are available), wrapping 2-3 layers of the branch with 50 branches as a bundle by using wet newspaper, tying two ends with rubber bands, winding the whole body with preservative film for one circle, and keeping the two ends in an open state; and finally, putting the wrapped scion into a flowerpot filled with wet sand, completely covering the flowerpot with the wet sand, enabling the sand to be flush with the flowerpot, covering 2-3 layers of newspaper on the surface, fixing the scion with the flowerpot by using a rope, and putting the scion into a refrigeration house with the temperature of 4-5 ℃ or into a large pit which is dug in advance and has the depth of 60cm, the width of 100cm and the length of 200cm (the selected address is the back sun surface with high terrain, loose soil and strong drainage).

Note: during the lamination treatment, attention should be paid to selecting a place which has higher topography, is not easy to accumulate water and has loose soil quality (sand and soil are preferred).

Stock preparation: the summer black grapes to be renewed are cut short at a distance of 30-35 (trellis)/20-25 (hedge frame) cm from the ground in the winter of the previous year. Sufficient organic fertilizer is provided before the trees begin to sprout in the spring of the next year so as to ensure the later-period nutrition supply. After 5-6 leaves grow on the new tip, a branch which is good in growth position, strong and free of plant diseases and insect pests is selected, the branch is topped to control the growth potential of the new tip to be reserved as a stock for grafting, and the other new secondary tips are all erased.

Step two: grafting

Before grafting, the 'sunshine rose' scion stored at 4-7 ℃ is cut into 3-5 cm, the distance between the cut position and the inner bud eye is not too close to prevent the cut from losing water to influence the grafting survival rate, and the distance between the cut position and the bud eye position is preferably 0.5-1 cm. On average, each section has 1-2 plump buds, the lower end of the scion is cut into a wedge shape, the back of the bud at the bottommost part is cut into an inclined plane of 1.5-2.5 cm, and the other side is cut into an inclined plane of 1-2 cm. The scion is cut as soon as possible to ensure that the scion cut is smooth and neat.

Grafting is carried out in 4 th of the spring of the next year, soil moisture content of the land where the stocks are located is checked before grafting, and primary irrigation is carried out if the stocks are dry. During grafting, firstly, the partial edge of the central line of the transverse section of the stock is longitudinally cut, the longitudinal cutting depth reaches 2-3 cm, and the longitudinal cutting edge is required to be smooth and level as far as possible. Then the cut long inclined plane of the scion is gently inserted into the rootstock inwards (namely, the bottom bud grows outwards), the cambium of the scion and the rootstock is noted to be aligned, and the section of the scion can be slightly exposed at the interface, so that the air exchange, namely the white exposure, at the interface is facilitated. And finally, wrapping the grafting interface with a film to prevent the grafting survival rate from being influenced by interface dehydration. In addition, if the top part of the scion is tender, the scion can be wrapped by a film to prevent the scion from losing water and influencing survival.

Step three: post-grafting management

After grafting, attention should be paid to timely erasing the new buds growing on the rootstocks. Generally, the scions can germinate and grow new buds 7-10 days after grafting, the callus condition of the interface is checked, the film for binding can be removed if the interface slightly swells, and then management can be carried out according to a conventional cultivation management mode. In the trellis, the height of the renewed grape fixing frame is 1.7-1.8 m, and in the hedge frame, the renewed grape fixing stem is 0.9-1.0 m.

Claims

1. A method for changing varieties in a vineyard is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) preparing scions: collecting new annual grape branches in 11 months in the first year, then carrying out stratification treatment, digging out in the middle 3 months in the second year, shearing the grape branches into scions with the length of 3-5 cm, wherein each scion section has 1-2 buds, and storing at 4-7 ℃;

(2) preparation of rootstock: cutting the grape seedlings to be updated in 11 months in the first year, selecting one branch as a stock after the grape seedlings to be updated grow 5-6 leaves in the second year, and removing the rest new branches;

(3) working before grafting: in late 4 months of the next year, cutting the scion obtained in the step (1) into a wedge shape, cutting a long inclined plane with the length of 1.5-2.5 cm on the back of the topmost bud, and cutting an inclined plane with the length of 1-2 cm on the other side;

(4) grafting: grafting in 4 th late ten days of the next year, and firstly, longitudinally cutting the offset edge of the center line of the cross section of the stock, wherein the longitudinal cutting depth is 2-3 cm; then the long inclined plane of the cut scion is inserted into the stock inwards, and the grafting interface is wrapped by a film;

(5) and (3) management after grafting: and after grafting is finished, removing new buds growing on the rootstocks in time, removing the binding film when the grafting connector begins to swell, and managing according to a grape cultivation management mode.

2. The vineyard variety replacement method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the layering process is performed by:

3. The vineyard variety replacement method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the chopping is performed at a distance of 20-35 cm from the ground.

4. The vineyard variety replacement method according to claim 1, wherein the new variety of grape branches are "sun rose" grape branches.

5. The vineyard variety replacement method according to claim 1, wherein the grape nursery stock to be updated is a "summer black" grape nursery stock.