CN107771602B - Three-section type 'winching method' apple dwarfing self-rooted seedling rapid breeding method - Google Patents
Three-section type 'winching method' apple dwarfing self-rooted seedling rapid breeding method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an efficient and orderly apple dwarfing self-rooted seedling rapid breeding method which comprises a double-tongue grafting method of a 'first-section' base stock and a 'second-section' dwarfing stock, a layering ridging period and a management method, a grafting period and a method of a 'second-section' dwarfing stock and a 'third-section' variety, a management method of a dwarfing self-rooted seedling and harvesting time. By adopting the three-section type 'twisting method' apple dwarfing self-rooted seedling rapid breeding method, 5500 and 6000 apple seedlings with good root systems, high uniformity, base thickness of 0.5-0.8 cm, plant height of 1.2-1.5 m and 3-5 branches can be harvested in each mu of land after 2 years of cultivation. The method greatly shortens the breeding period of the dwarfing self-rooted stock apple seedlings, and overcomes the defects of irregular growth of the sub-plants and non-uniform grafting time after the dwarfing stock is layered.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of propagation of apple seedlings, and relates to a method for dwarfing apple seedlings and rapidly propagating the apple seedlings from roots by using a three-stage type 'winching method' technology.
Technical Field
[ apple is a perennial woody plant, and the quality, quantity and propagation speed of apple seedlings are directly influenced by the seedling raising mode. The main method for breeding apple seedlings is grafting propagation, and the stocks include an arborization stock, a dwarfing intermediate stock, a dwarfing self-rooted stock and the like. Most of the arbor stocks are sown by adopting seeds of Chinese flowering crabapple and the like, and the varieties are grafted after the seedlings grow to a certain degree. The method for grafting the seed seedlings has the defects of uneven growth and low quality of seedlings caused by most seeds being hybrid, and the produced arbor fruit trees are in short term. Currently, 90% of orchards in China are arbor-stock fruit trees, the strains are tall, the orchards are closed, ventilation is not smooth, illumination is insufficient, management is labor-consuming and time-consuming, and the orchard-dedicated orchard is not suitable for mechanized production.
The apple dwarfing cultivation is not only the trend and the direction of the development of the world apple industry, but also is a mark of the development of the modern apple industry in China, and the dwarfing seedling cultivation of the rootstocks is a main way for realizing the apple dwarfing cultivation. The apple dwarf stock seedling comprises intermediate stock seedling and root stock seedling. The seedlings need to be grafted twice in the production of the commonly used M26 interstock, and the dwarfing effect is influenced by different lengths of the interstock because the length of the M26 interstock is not unified. In addition, the seedlings of the basal stock have genetic difference, and the M26 intermediate stocks are uneven in length and thickness, so that the dwarf intermediate stock apple seedlings are poor in uniformity.
The dwarfing self-rooted stock seedling raising of apple is to culture dwarfing stock with excellent characteristic as stock through asexual propagation and then to graft variety onto the stock to culture seedling. Dwarfing self-rooted stock seedlings are apple seedlings which are mainly pushed in the current production and are also the development trend of world apple cultivation. The propagation mode of the dwarfing self-rooted rootstock comprises layering, tissue culture and the like. The layering (including horizontal layering and vertical layering) propagation of self-rooted stock seedlings has the problems of long period (generally 3-4 years), difficult rooting, irregular growth of the seedlings after layering, non-uniform grafting time and the like. The tissue culture propagation of the self-rooted stock seedlings has the problems of high technical requirements, limitation of fields and equipment, high cost and the like.
According to the invention, the three-section type 'winching method' is adopted to dwarf the apple self-rooted seedlings, a large number of dwarf self-rooted stock apple seedlings can be obtained within 2 years, the dwarf self-rooted stock seedlings have good root systems, multiple branches and high uniformity, and the defects of irregular growth and nonuniform grafting time of the seedlings bred by layering the dwarf stocks are overcome.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to rapidly propagate apple dwarf self-rooted seedlings by adopting a three-section type 'hanning method', shorten the propagation period of dwarf self-rooted stock apple seedlings, overcome the defects of irregular growth, difficult rooting and nonuniform grafting time of the seedlings propagated by the layering of dwarf stocks, and reduce the price of self-rooted stock seedlings, thereby accelerating the popularization and application of apple dwarf self-rooted stock seedlings and rapidly promoting the construction of dwarf stock close-planting modern orchards in China.
A three-section type 'winching method' apple dwarfing self-rooted seedling rapid breeding method is realized by the following technical scheme:
1) in northern areas, in the middle and upper 3 months in spring, seedlings of a 'first section' of base stock (using annual Malus glabra or Malus hupehensis and other seed seedlings) stored at low temperature in a refrigerator and annual branches of a 'second section' of dwarf stock (such as M9T 337) are grafted by a 'double-tongue method', and simultaneously, iron wires are used for bundling and twisting at a position 1cm below buds of a grafting opening.
The first section of the basic stock is selected to be moderate in thickness, the thickness of the basic part is generally required to be about 0.8 cm, the nursery stock with root hairs is cut at a position 10cm above the basic part of the nursery stock, the basic stock with a stem section of 10cm is reserved, and the first section of the basic stock and the annual branch of a second section of the dwarfing stock (such as M9T337 and the like) are grafted by a double tongue method.
The second stage of dwarfing stock scion needs to select robust branches with the thickness which is not much different from that of the stock, sufficient moisture, plump bud eyes and no plant diseases and insect pests.
The grafting port is 10cm above the root of the base stock, the grafting position phloem of the 'first section' base stock is aligned with the grafting position phloem of the 'second section' dwarfing stock during grafting, the 'second section' dwarfing stock keeps 1 bud grafting, a plastic thin strip with the thickness of 0.015 mm is used for binding and setting, a layer of plastic film is bound at the scion bud, and the shearing port is sealed by beewax or a grafting plastic film to prevent the scion from losing water.
And (3) binding the thin iron wire at a position 1cm below the bud of the grafting opening by using a pair of pliers for two to three circles, and performing the twisting treatment.
The grafted seedling is vertically placed in a basket paved with wet cloth or wet newspaper to prevent the root of the anvil from losing water. When the grafted seedlings are carried, the scions are not collided, so that the correct fit between the scions and the grafting port of the base stock is ensured, and no displacement exists.
2) The seedlings which are grafted by the first section of the basic stock and the second section of the dwarfing stock are planted in the planting ditches. When planting, the grafted nursery stock is lightly taken and put, and the grafted port is ensured not to shift.
The specification of the planting ditch is as follows: the depth is 40cm, the width is 40cm, and the interval between two planting ditches is 1.5 m. Two rows are planted in each planting ditch, the row spacing of the two rows is 15cm multiplied by 30cm, and the height of planting hilling soil is 5cm below the hinge so as to ensure that the planting furrows are not watered to the grafting opening when being watered.
Watering as soon as possible after ridging, adopting a drip irrigation mode in the watering mode, thoroughly watering for the first time, watering once every week for the first 3 weeks, and carrying out drip irrigation according to the drought conditions of the soil.
3) And 4-5 months, after the grafted 'second section' dwarf stock sprouts, bud picking is started, and the sprouts germinated from the 'first section' base stock are wiped off in time, so that sprout germination and sprout growth of the dwarf stock are promoted.
4) And 5, in the middle ten days of the month, covering soil for the first time when the dwarf stock branches of the 'second section' grow to about 30 cm. Uniformly mixing the soil and the sawdust in a ratio of 1:1, lightly spreading the mixture into a planting ditch, and covering soil with the thickness of about 10-15 cm.
After the grafted 'second-section' dwarf stock germinates, fertilizer is applied to promote the rapid growth of the nursery stock, the fertilizer is mainly applied by nitrogen fertilizer, and compound fertilizer is added in an auxiliary way. 20kg of urea is applied to each mu, and the water-soluble fertilizer can be applied along with drip irrigation.
5) And covering soil for the second time in the middle ten days of 6 months, wherein the soil is a mixture of soil and sawdust with the thickness of 1:1, and the thickness of the soil is 15-20cm, so that the dwarfing stock can root.
6) And starting grafting the scion variety of the 'third section' when the growth height of the 'second section' dwarf stock is 30-50cm away from the soil layer and the thickness of the base reaches 0.5cm from the bottom of the 7 month to the middle ten days of the 8 month, wherein the grafting mode is bud grafting with xylem.
The third section of the variety to be grafted needs to be selected as a scion with the branch which has the same thickness as the dwarfing stock, sufficient water, health and no plant diseases and insect pests.
Grafting part is at the position 5cm above the soil layer of the 'second section' dwarf stock, the grafting is carried out in a bud grafting mode with xylem, the phloem of the grafting port is aligned, and the grafting port is bound and solid by a plastic thin strip with the thickness of 0.015 mm.
The grafting bud is cut off from a position 1cm above the grafting bud after about 10 days after grafting, the cut is sealed by wax, the dwarfing stock is protected from being air-dried, and the nutrition transmission of the scion bud of the 'third section' is ensured.
Bud picking treatment is carried out on the dwarfing stock during the growth period, new branches germinated from the dwarfing stock of the 'second section' are removed in time, and only new shoots germinated from the bud of the grafted variety are reserved.
7) Fertilizing once in autumn, wherein the fertilizing amount per mu is 50 kg of compound fertilizer, 100 kg of organic fertilizer and 10 formulas of farmyard manure.
In order to promote the rapid growth of the nursery stocks, additional fertilizer is applied once in the next spring, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied, and compound fertilizer is added in an auxiliary manner. 20kg of urea is applied to each mu, and the water-soluble fertilizer can be applied along with drip irrigation.
8) In the next 3-4 months, 400ppm of the beta-ramulin is sprayed for 2-3 times to promote lateral branch germination.
9) In the next 7-8 months, the 3 rd to 5 th leaves on the top of the new tip are removed to promote the growth of lateral branches.
10) And harvesting the dwarfing self-rooted stock seedlings with branches in 11-12 months next year. 5500-6000-plant seedlings with good root systems, 0.5-0.8 cm of base thickness, 1.2-1.5 m of plant height and 3-5 branches can be harvested in each mu of land. After the seedlings are dug out, cutting off the base stock below the twisting opening, classifying according to the standards of the thickness, the height and the like of the seedlings, and performing temporary planting or cold storage on the classified seedlings.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) the method for breeding the dwarf self-rooted seedlings of the apples has the advantages of short seedling culture period, regular seedlings and good quality, and 5500-6000 dwarf self-rooted rootstock apple seedlings with the base thickness of 0.5-0.8 cm and the plant height of 1.2-1.5 m can be harvested in 2 years per mu of land.
2) The dwarfing self-rooted seedling breeding method for the apple provided by the invention has the advantages that the obtained dwarfing self-rooted stock seedling has developed root system, more fibrous roots and 3-5 branches, is favorable for quickly building a garden for the dwarfing self-rooted stock seedling, and has important significance for popularizing a dwarfing close planting cultivation mode.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 'first section' Malus hupehensis Rehd and 'second section' dwarfing stock M9T337 'double tongue grafting',
FIG. 2 'second paragraph' dwarfing anvil M9T337 rooting,
FIG. 3 shows that the Fuli/M9T 337 obtained by the three-stage 'winching method' dwarfed self-rooted saplings,
FIG. 4 the harvest was carried out by cutting off the ` first stage ` of Malus hupehensis Rehd,
FIG. 5 at harvest Flori/M9T 337 dwarfed self-rooted plantlet growth.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the invention provides a propagation method of dwarf self-rooted apple seedlings, and aims to improve the quality and production quantity of the dwarf self-rooted apple seedlings, shorten the seedling culture period and improve the survival rate of seedlings. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the following examples, which are intended to illustrate and not to limit the present invention.
Example (b): the method is adopted to breed Fuli/M9T 337 dwarfing self-rooted stock seedlings.
The three-section type 'twisting method' suitable for rapid propagation of dwarf self-rooted seedlings of apples provided by the invention comprises the following operation steps:
1) the implementation place of the invention is in the national university of Qingdao, Guzhou modern agriculture science and technology demonstration garden and Lexi city fine breed breeding farm.
2) The required materials are as follows: annual 'Malus hupehensis' seed seedling, annual 'M9T 337' branch, and 'Fuli' apple scion.
3) The grafting time is in the middle-upper ten days of 3 months in spring. Grafting the 'second section' of dwarf stock 'M9T 337' and the 'first section' of base stock 'Malus hupehensis Chun', wherein the grafting method is a 'double tongue method' (figure 1), the grafting part is 10cm above the root part of the base stock, a bud is reserved when grafting the 'M9T 337', the grafting part and the cut of the scion are bound and solid by a plastic thin strip with the thickness of 0.015 mm, and a layer of plastic film is bound at the bud of the scion.
And (3) binding the thin iron wire at a position 1cm below the bud of the grafting opening by using a pair of pliers for two to three circles, and performing the twisting treatment.
4) After the first section of the ' rootstock ' Malus hupehensis Rehd ' and the ' second section of the ' dwarfing rootstock ' M9T337 ' are grafted, the seedlings are respectively planted in a Guozhou modern agricultural science and technology demonstration garden of Qingdao agricultural university and a fine breed breeding field of Lexi city.
The specification of the planting ditch is as follows: the depth is 40cm, the width is 40cm, and the interval between two planting ditches is 1.5 m. Two rows are planted in each planting ditch, the row spacing of the two rows is 15cm multiplied by 30cm, and the height of planting hilling soil is 5cm below the constriction position.
After hilling, the water is thoroughly poured by adopting a drip irrigation mode, the water is poured once every week for the first 3 weeks, and then the drip irrigation is carried out according to the soil drought.
5) In 4-5 months, after the grafted 'second section' dwarf stock 'M9T 337' germinates, bud picking is started, the new bud germinated from the 'first section' stock 'Malus hupehensis Rehd' is timely wiped off, and the germination of the new bud and the growth of the new tip of the 'M9T 337' are promoted.
6) And 5, in the middle ten days of the month, covering soil for the first time when the branches of the 'second section' of the dwarfing stock 'M9T 337' grow to about 30 cm. Uniformly mixing the soil and the sawdust in a ratio of 1:1, lightly spreading the mixture into a planting ditch, and covering soil with the thickness of about 10-15 cm.
7) And covering soil for the second time in the middle ten days of 6 months, wherein the covering soil is a mixture of the soil and the sawdust by 1:1, and the thickness of the covering soil is 15-20 cm. After 2 times of covering soil and digging soil layer, it can be observed that 'M9T 337' has rooted (FIG. 2)
8) And in 7-8 middle ten days of the month, the growth height of the 'second section' dwarf stock 'M9T 337' is 30-50cm away from the soil layer, and when the thickness of the base reaches 0.5cm, the 'third section' scion 'Fuli' is grafted, and the grafting mode is bud grafting with xylem.
The grafting part is at the position 5cm above the soil layer of the 'second segment' dwarf stock 'M9T 337', the grafting opening phloem is aligned, and plastic thin strips with the thickness of 0.015 mm are used for binding and fructification.
After grafting for about 10 days, the grafting bud is cut off from a position 1cm above the grafting bud, and the cut is sealed by wax.
Bud picking treatment is carried out on the dwarfing anvil M9T337 'during the growth period, and new buds germinated from the dwarfing anvil M9T 337' in a second section are removed in time.
9) Fertilizing once in autumn, wherein the fertilizing amount per mu is 50 kg of compound fertilizer, 100 kg of organic fertilizer and 10 formulas of farmyard manure. The scion variety 'Fuli' grafted in the 'third stage' can grow 10-15cm in length generally when the scion is dormant in winter. In order to promote the rapid growth of the nursery stocks, additional fertilizer is applied once in the next spring, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied, and compound fertilizer is added in an auxiliary manner. 20kg of urea is applied to each mu, and the water-soluble fertilizer can be applied along with drip irrigation.
10) In the next 3-4 months, 400ppm of the beta-ramulin is sprayed for 2-3 times to promote lateral branch germination.
11) In the next 7-8 months, the 3 rd to 5 th leaves on the new tip of the Fuli are removed to promote the growth of lateral branches.
12) The next 11-12 months, Fuli/M9T 337 dwarfed self-rooted rootstock seedlings with branches were harvested (FIG. 3).
After the seedlings are dug out, cutting off the base stock below the twisting opening (figure 4), classifying according to the standards of the thickness, the height and the like of the seedlings, and performing temporary planting or cold storage on the classified seedlings.
By adopting the method, 6000 dwarfed self-rooted stock apple seedlings with good root systems, 0.8 cm of base thickness, 1.5M of plant height and 3-5 branches are harvested in each mu of land (figure 3 and figure 5).
Finally, it should be noted that: the above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention by the apple dwarfing self-rooted rootstock, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and any simple modifications, equivalent substitutions, modifications, etc. made in accordance with the technical spirit of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A three-section type 'winching method' apple dwarfing self-rooted seedling rapid breeding method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) in the middle-upper ten days of 3 months in spring, grafting the annual branches of 'first section' of base stock nursery stocks and 'second section' of dwarfing stocks stored at low temperature in a cold storage by a 'double-tongue method', and simultaneously binding two to three circles at a position 1cm below the buds of a grafting opening by using iron wires for twisting;
(2) after the first section of the basic stock and the second section of the dwarf stock are grafted, ditching and planting are carried out;
the specification of the planting ditch is as follows: the depth is 40cm, the width is 40cm, and the interval between two planting ditches is 1.5 m;
2 rows are planted in each planting ditch, and the row spacing of the 2 rows is 15cm multiplied by 30 cm; the height of the planting hilling is 5cm below the hinge;
watering as soon as possible after planting and hilling, adopting a drip irrigation mode, wherein the first time of watering is thorough, the first 3 weeks of watering are once a week, and then carrying out drip irrigation according to the drought condition of the soil;
(3) in 4-5 months, after the grafted 'second section' dwarf stock germinates, bud picking is started, and all new buds germinated from the lower 'first section' base stock are wiped off;
(4) in the middle ten days of 5 months, when the dwarf stock branches of the 'second section' grow to about 30cm, first earthing, wherein the earthing is a mixture of soil and sawdust of 1:1, and the thickness of the earthing is 10-15 cm;
(5) covering soil for the second time in the middle ten days of 6 months, wherein the soil is a mixture of soil and sawdust with the thickness of 1:1, and the thickness of the soil covering is 15-20 cm;
(6) grafting a third section of scion variety from the bottom of 7 months to the middle ten days of 8 months, wherein the grafting mode is bud grafting with xylem; when grafting the scion variety of the 'third section', the requirement of the 'second section' on the growth height of the dwarfing stock is that the distance between the scion variety and the soil layer is 30-50cm, and the thickness of the base part is 0.5 cm;
the grafting part is positioned at the position 5cm above the soil layer of the 'second section' dwarf stock;
cutting off branches with grafting buds of more than 1cm after 10 days;
(7) fertilizing once in autumn and topdressing once in spring of the next year;
(8) spraying 400ppm of the branchiogenin 2-3 times in 3-4 months next year to promote lateral branch germination;
(9) in the next 7-8 months, removing the 3 rd to 5 th leaves from the top of the new tip to promote the growth of lateral branches;
(10) harvesting the dwarfing self-rooted stock seedlings with branches in 11-12 months next year; after the seedlings are dug out, cutting off the base stock below the twisting opening.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: in 5-6 months, after the grafted 'second-section' dwarf stock germinates, applying fertilizer to promote the rapid growth of the nursery stock, wherein the fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer and is added with compound fertilizer in an auxiliary manner; 20kg of urea is applied to each mu.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the scion variety grafted in the third section can grow 5-10cm in length until dormancy in winter.
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| CN113068562A (en) * | 2018-08-02 | 2021-07-06 | 辽宁省果树科学研究所 | Grafting method for dwarf apples |
| CN111418367B (en) * | 2020-05-13 | 2021-10-19 | 石家庄涵煦农业科技有限公司 | Large-scale propagation method for dwarfing apples from rootstock SH38 or SH40 |
| CN115735772B (en) * | 2022-12-01 | 2023-08-29 | 青岛农业大学 | Application of 5-AzaC in apple stock tissue rooting culture or sugarless rooting culture |
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