CN112898092A - Special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and rain-sheltering cultivation method - Google Patents
Special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and rain-sheltering cultivation method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112898092A CN112898092A CN202110036948.2A CN202110036948A CN112898092A CN 112898092 A CN112898092 A CN 112898092A CN 202110036948 A CN202110036948 A CN 202110036948A CN 112898092 A CN112898092 A CN 112898092A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- selenium
- fertilizer
- enriched
- tomatoes
- days
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/14—Greenhouses
- A01G9/1407—Greenhouses of flexible synthetic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/24—Devices or systems for heating, ventilating, regulating temperature, illuminating, or watering, in greenhouses, forcing-frames, or the like
- A01G9/247—Watering arrangements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and a rain-sheltering cultivation method, and belongs to the technical field of tomato cultivation. The method comprises the steps of building a shed, building a reservoir and laying a drip irrigation pipeline, manufacturing a selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer and a selenium-enriched EM water fertilizer, sowing and raising seedlings, grafting, preparing soil, applying fertilizer and planting, managing the water fertilizer, comprehensively preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests and harvesting; the selenium-rich rain-sheltering cultivation method for the tomatoes, disclosed by the invention, can avoid the washing of rainwater on tomato plants, effectively improve the selenium content in tomato fruits, relatively reduce the loss of selenium fertilizer, reduce the application amount of chemical fertilizer, improve the fertilizer efficiency, fertilize the soil and improve the quality of the tomato fruits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tomato cultivation, and particularly relates to a special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and a rain-sheltering cultivation method.
Background
Because of higher day and night temperature difference in summer and autumn in south China and in southwest mountainous regions, the produced tomatoes have rich taste, are deeply popular in the market and have remarkable economic benefit; and the tomatoes are rich in selenium which is one of essential nutrient elements for human bodies, and various diseases of the human bodies are related to selenium deficiency (such as keshan disease, Kashin-Beck disease, cancer, anemia and the like).
However, the rainfall in the mountainous areas of south China and south West is high, the rain is rainy at low temperature in spring, rainstorm often falls in summer, the rain is lingering in autumn, and the tomato is mainly planted in open field; due to excessive rainwater, a high-temperature and high-humidity microclimate environment often causes various tomato plant diseases and insect pests, and the yield and the quality of tomatoes are seriously influenced; in order to improve the selenium content of the tomatoes, the application amount of the selenium fertilizer is improved during planting, most of the selenium fertilizer is inorganic selenium fertilizer, and although good effects are achieved, the inorganic selenium fertilizer is applied to soil for a long time, so that the planting cost is improved, the surplus of nutrient elements is caused, the composition of nutrient elements in the soil is influenced, the selenium absorption effect of the tomato root system to the selenium is continuously reduced along with the increase of time, and the planting mode of sustainable development is obviously not met.
Therefore, how to provide a special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and a cultivation method thereof is an urgent problem to be solved in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention discloses a special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and a rain sheltering cultivation method, which can reduce the influence of rainwater on tomatoes, improve the microclimate environment for growth of the tomatoes, effectively reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, avoid the cracking of the tomatoes, improve the fruit setting rate and prolong the harvesting period.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a fertilizer special for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes is prepared by the following steps:
(1) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer: activating and propagating EM (effective microorganisms) stock solution, uniformly mixing the EM stock solution with 10% brown sugar water in a ratio of 1 (0.5-3) according to the volume ratio, and carrying out sealed fermentation for 5-7 days to obtain EM fermentation liquor; mixing EM bacteria fermentation liquid, fresh pig manure, peanut bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium selenite (50-100): (50-200): (50-100): (5-20): (0.5-2) mixing and stirring, controlling the water content to be 60% -65%, and covering a film to seal and ferment for 25-30 days at the temperature of 20-40 ℃ to obtain the selenium-enriched EM bacteria organic fertilizer;
(2) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer: mixing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer and clear water in a proportion of 1: (5-20), precipitating for 1-3 days, and taking supernatant as the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer;
a rain sheltering cultivation method for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes comprises the following steps:
(1) sowing and seedling raising: and 3, 3-4 months, mixing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer and the culture soil according to the mass ratio of 1:1 to prepare a seedling culture substrate; the rootstock is sowed 7 days earlier than the scion, the temperature is kept between 20 and 35 ℃, and the relative air humidity is between 60 and 90 percent;
preferably, before sowing, the seedling culture substrate is thoroughly sprayed with the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer;
preferably, before sowing, soaking seeds in clear water for 3-4h, then soaking in 1% copper sulfate solution for 5-10min, fishing out the seeds, cleaning, accelerating germination until white, sowing the seeds and sowing the seeds in a seedling culture plug substrate;
(2) grafting: grafting is carried out when 4-7 true leaves grow on the stock and the scion seedling, and the water content of the stock and the scion matrix is controlled to be 65% 1 day before grafting; during grafting, 2 true leaves of the stock are reserved, the scion is 2 leaves and one core, the scion is shaded within 3 days after grafting, and the illumination is gradually increased after 3 days;
preferably, between 4 months 1 and 4 months 30 days;
(3) land preparation: 15-20 days before the field planting of the grafted tomato seedlings, each 667m2Applying 3000-3500kg of selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer and deeply turning over a soil layer;
(4) planting: the seedling grafting can be carried out 10 to 25 days after grafting, a rain shelter arched shed is built after wound healing, the south and north directions are reached, 2 planting furrows are arranged under the arched shed, the width of each furrow is 1 to 1.1m, the height of each furrow is 0.2 to 0.25m, and the distance between two furrows is 0.3 m; planting grafted seedlings on standard beds with the plant spacing of 0.6-0.8 m and the row spacing of 0.7-0.8 m 15-25 days after survival, spraying root fixing water thoroughly at one time after planting, keeping a main branch and a lateral branch below an axilla of a first inflorescence leaf 20-40 days after planting, and erasing the grafted seedlings when the rest lateral buds grow to 10 cm;
(5) topdressing:
1) after the grafted seedlings are planted and survived, each 667m2Applying 300-600kg of selenium-enriched EM bacteria water fertilizer;
2) when the diameter of the first dish fruit reaches 3cm, each 667m of the first dish fruit is prepared2The potassium sulfate selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: dissolving 25-35kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer and 10-15kg of potassium sulfate in 1000 kg of selenium-enriched and 5000kg of EM bacterial liquid fertilizer; drip irrigation is carried out by using potassium sulfate selenium-enriched EM bacteria water fertilizer;
3) 20 days after fruit setting, mixing the potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 1:500 to obtain the selenium-enriched EM bacteria foliar fertilizer; each 667m2Spraying 50-100L selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) foliar fertilizer on the front and back surfaces of leaves of a tomato plant once every 15-20 days;
(6) controlling moisture:
after planting, keeping the humidity of the soil at 60-65%;
preferably, the method also comprises (7) harvesting: timely harvesting when 1/2 color of tomato fruit turns red;
preferably, the harvesting method comprises: the tomato is cut by the scissors close to the fruit stalks, and the fruit stalks are as level as possible with the tomatoes, so that the fruit peels of other tomatoes are prevented from being punctured too long;
preferably, the method also comprises (8) comprehensive pest control:
1) gray mold, early blight, late blight, damping off, bacterial wilt and leaf mold prevention and control: after field planting, spraying and irrigating roots of the tomatoes by using 300 times of bacillus subtilis aqueous solution or 1000 times of bacillus subtilis wettable powder, wherein the root irrigation liquid medicine amount is 100 mL/plant, and the application is performed once every 15 days for 4 times;
2) prevention and treatment of late blight: can be sprayed for prevention and treatment by 500 times of 69% of Anke or 600 times of 72.2% of pulikes or 500 times of 64% of arsenicum sablimatum;
3) gray mold control: in the seedling stage and the adult stage, 50 percent of iprodione (prohyacinone) wettable powder is sprayed for preventing and controlling for 1 time and 50g, and is sprayed for another time after 15 days;
4) early blight prevention and treatment: the wettable powder of 50 percent of vinyl bacteria is used for preventing and treating 800-fold liquid, or the agents of chlorothalonil, mancozeb and the like are used for preventing and treating the early blight;
5) and (3) virus disease prevention and treatment: 100 times of NS-83 resistance increasing agent or 800 times of Vicicum or 250 times of 2% ningnanmycin liquid or 1000 times of 1.5% carbendazim liquid or 1200 times of antitoxic agent 1 liquid;
6) pest control: in the period from the full-incubation period to the second-instar period, aphids are controlled by 2000 times of 10 percent imidacloprid, and the aphids can be trapped and killed by yellow boards; 1.8 percent of Avermectin 3000-times liquid is used for the liriomyza sativae; 25% deltamethrin 2000-fold solution for cotton bollworm; the spodoptera litura is prevented and treated by using a 20% of suspending agent full of 1000 times, a 10% of suspending agent completely removed of 1000 times or a 5% of Taibao 4000 times solution;
has the advantages that: the disease and insect pest are comprehensively controlled by adopting agricultural control, physical control, biological control, chemical control and the like, the rain sheltering cultivation is a simple and effective physical control method, the plants are prevented from being wetted by rainwater by covering a film on the tops of the plants, the way of spreading pathogenic bacteria through rainwater is blocked, the high-temperature and high-humidity frequent diseases in summer are reduced, although the occurrence situation of the disease and insect pest can be reduced to a certain extent by the rain sheltering cultivation, the occurrence of the disease and insect pest can not be thoroughly prevented, the diseases such as late blight, gray mold, canker, virus disease and the like or the insect pests such as aphid, leaf hidden rope, cotton bollworm, prodenia litura and the like can still occur at some time, the grafted seedling with the bacterial wilt resistance can prevent the tomato bacterial wilt, the agricultural control method is used for preventing the fungal diseases such as the gray mold, early blight, late blight, erect blight, bacterial wilt, leaf mold and the, bacillus subtilis is adopted for prevention and control; the phototaxis of the pests is effectively utilized, the pests are killed by adopting a black light lamp and a high-pressure mercury lamp, and the adverse effect on the tomatoes can be controlled within a small range;
preferably, the number of viable bacteria in the EM microbial inoculum stock solution in the step (1) is ≧ 5 × 109/mL；
Preferably, the culture soil in the step (1) is peat soil or under-forest humus soil;
preferably, the grafting in the step (1) is cleft grafting;
preferably, the step (1) also comprises a tomato seed disinfection step, wherein the tomato seeds are soaked in 1 percent copper sulfate solution or 0.1 to 0.5 percent potassium permanganate solution at the temperature of 50 to 60 ℃ for 10 to 30 minutes.
Preferably, the step (1) also comprises a seedling substrate disinfection step, wherein after the seedling substrate is thoroughly drenched with the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer, the seedling substrate is thoroughly drenched with a 0.1-0.5% potassium permanganate solution for disinfection;
preferably, the scion variety is at least one of Baili, Yongli, Guibao No. 6, Gray, Jieri, Rifei and Xili; the stock variety is at least one of Gui vegetable Fuzhu stock, Xida stock I and Bao stock 5;
preferably, the rain sheltering arched shed is 4m to 20m in length, 2.5m to 2.6m in width and 2.3m in distance between the upright posts; the length of the upright post is about 2.1m, the upright post is buried in the soil by about 0.3m, the height of the ground part of the upright post is 1.8m, and the arch height is 0.4 m; the distance between two adjacent shed upright columns is 0.4m, and the distance between the lower edges of the two sheds is 0.1m-0.2 m;
preferably, build the rain shelter after encircleing the canopy, build the cistern and drip irrigation the pipeline: building a reservoir 5-15 meters above the elevation of the tomato planting land;
preferably, the potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer N-P-K in the step (5) is 15-15-15.
In conclusion, the method is simple to operate, the labor intensity and the labor cost of production of the selenium-enriched tomatoes are reduced, the EM bacteria (effective microorganisms) are used for being matched with brown sugar, pig manure, peanut bran and selenium elements to ferment to generate organic selenium, and the sufficient organic selenium and EM bacteria are provided for the tomatoes all the time from the tomato seedling culture to the tomato flowering, fruit setting to the fruit ripening stage by using the modes of drip irrigation, foliar fertilizer spraying and the like, so that the tomatoes can absorb the organic selenium from soil and the foliar fertilizer in the whole growth period, the EM bacteria (effective microorganisms) are colonized on the root soil and the leaf surfaces of the tomatoes, the efficiency of the tomatoes for utilizing the selenium elements is improved, and the selenium content of the harvested tomatoes is obviously improved. The invention utilizes the rain shelter and the supporting facilities thereof to cultivate the selenium-rich tomatoes in a rain shelter manner, and cooperates with drip irrigation and selenium fertilizer spraying, the rain shelter measures can reduce the leaching of rainwater on the soil selenium fertilizer and the plant leaf selenium fertilizer, change the state of interference of natural climate on the absorption of the selenium fertilizer by the tomatoes, ensure that the tomatoes can absorb selenium elements for a long time, reduce the waste of the selenium fertilizer, and achieve the purpose of efficiently producing the selenium-rich tomatoes.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a front view of the tomato shelter of the present invention, with the length unit: cm;
fig. 2 is a side view of the tomato shelter of the present invention, with the length unit: cm;
fig. 3 is a real picture (top view) of a tomato shelter;
fig. 4 is a real picture (plan view) of a tomato shelter;
FIG. 5 shows the tomatoes of example 1, with no fruit cracking and no disease;
FIG. 6 shows the tomato of comparative example 1 (cultivated without rain), which has cracked fruit and serious disease (viral disease).
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Preparing selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer and water fertilizer:
(1) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer: activating and propagating EM bacteria stock solution, and according to the volume ratio, the viable bacteria number is not less than 5 multiplied by 109Mixing the EM stock solution/mL with 10% brown sugar water at a ratio of 1:0.5, sealing and fermenting for 5-7 days to obtain EM bacteria fermentation liquid; mixing EM (effective microorganisms) fermentation liquor, fresh pig manure, peanut bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium selenite in a proportion of 50: 50: 50: 5: mixing at 0.5 mass ratio, stirring, controlling water content at 60% -65%, and fermenting at 20-40 deg.C for 25-30 days under sealed condition with a film to obtain selenium-rich EM bacteria organic fertilizer;
(2) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer: mixing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer and clear water in a proportion of 1:5, precipitating for 1 day, and taking supernatant as the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer.
The rain sheltering cultivation method of the mountain selenium-rich tomatoes comprises the following steps:
(1) building a seedling raising shed: 23 days 2 months in 2019, the method is carried out in Baishi boundary of Huantian village, county, Yuan, Guilin city, county, Fangtian village, and the test area is 600m2The elevation is about 960m, subtropical monsoon climate, rainfall is abundant, the experimental plot is mountain landform, the seedling shed is built in a flat field with higher terrain and convenient drainage and irrigation, the seedling shed is built on a seedbed according to the standard that the shed width is 3.3m and the shed height is 1.7m, a shed frame is built by bamboo poles, and polyvinyl chloride Bomei with the width of 6m is used as a shed film and is covered.
(2) Building a rain shelter arch shed: the shed frame is made of cement columns, shed frame supports and beams are made of bamboo, the length of each shed is 10m, the width of each shed is 2.6m, the distance between the lower edges of the two sheds is 0.1m, the distance between two columns of different sheds is 0.4m, the distance between the columns of the same shed is 2.3m, the length of each column is 2.1m, the length of each column is about 0.3m, the height of the ground part of each column is 1.8m, the height of each shed cross frame is 1.8m, the height of each arch is 0.4m, the cross section of each arch shed is semi-arc-shaped, 2 cultivation beds are made under each arch shed, the beds are as long as the arch sheds, the width of each bed is 1m, a passageway is formed between the two beds, the width of each bed is 0.3m, longitudinal beams are arranged on the arches at two longitudinal ends of the same rain shelter, 2 iron wires are pulled between the lower edges of the arches at two longitudinal ends of the same rain shelter, bamboo strips are used.
(3) Building a reservoir and drip irrigation pipelines: a reservoir is built near the tomato planting land, the difference between the reservoir and the planting land is 10 meters, and when the reservoir is built, an irrigation water pipe is led out of the reservoir to the field, and a water outlet and a water valve are reserved.
(4) Sowing and seedling raising: and 3, 2019, 3, 20 days, performing plug seedling, selecting a disease-resistant stock variety for grafting seedling, wherein the scion variety is a hard fruit type variety-Gray introduced from Holland Rayleigh seedling company, and the stock variety is West Dart stock I (provided by Nanning Fujing tomato science and technology Co., Ltd.). The seedling raising substrate is formed by mixing peat soil and selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer in a weight ratio of 1:1, seedling damage is carried out by a plug tray with 50 holes, the seedling raising substrate is arranged in the plug hole of the seedling raising tray before seeding, the selenium-enriched EM water fertilizer is thoroughly sprayed, 0.1% potassium permanganate solution is used for disinfection, 1% copper sulfate solution at 50 ℃ is used for soaking for 30 minutes for disinfection, seeds are taken out and spread out, the temperature and moisture preservation and germination acceleration are carried out for 2 days at 20 ℃ under the condition that the relative air humidity is 60%, seeding is carried out when 60% of seeds are exposed, the seeds are directly sowed in the plug hole of the seedling raising tray, one hole is used for one seed, a layer of fine soil is uniformly paved after seeding, a layer of wet straw is covered for moisture preservation, an agricultural film is covered on the hole for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and after partial seeds are taken out, the straw is removed, the agricultural film is lifted to be changed into an arched shed for heat preservation and moisture preservation;
(5) grafting: grafting is carried out when 4-7 true leaves grow on the stock and the scion seedling, and the water content of the stock and the scion matrix is controlled to be 65% 1 day before grafting; during grafting, 2 true leaves of the stock are reserved, the scion is 2 leaves and one core, the scion is shaded within 3 days after grafting, and the illumination is gradually increased after 3 days;
(6) land preparation: field planting in 2019, 5 months and 3 days, 15 days before field planting of tomato grafted seedlings, and every 667m2Applying 3500kg of selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer, deeply turning over a soil layer and uniformly mixing the fertilizer;
(7) planting: bottom drawerAfter the seedlings are inoculated for 10 to 25 days, after the wound is healed, ditching and ridging, wherein the width of each furrow is 1m, and the width of each furrow is 0.3m, after the water is drenched on the flat ridge surface, laying drip irrigation equipment, covering a mulching film, and compacting the periphery of the mulching film by soil blocks; setting 3 cells with the area of 25m2Row spacing is 0.7m, plant spacing is 0.6m, 66 plants in each cell are planted in double rows, small holes are dug on the surface of the ridge according to the specification of the plant row spacing, robust grafted seedlings are placed in the holes, soil is covered and lightly pressed, root fixing water is drenched, a main branch and a lateral branch below an axilla of a first inflorescence leaf are reserved, the rest lateral buds are erased when the length of the lateral buds reaches 10cm, a thin bamboo rod with the length of 1.8m is used for building a reversed V-shaped frame, and a vine is bound on the frame;
(8) and (3) water and fertilizer management:
a. water content management: covering a mulching film to keep the soil moisture, keeping the soil humidity at 60-65%, carrying out proper irrigation according to weather conditions and soil moisture deficiency conditions, and pouring the EM bacterial water fertilizer obtained in the step 3 into a reservoir for drip irrigation;
b. fertilizing:
(1) and (3) seedling extraction and fertilizer application: after the grafted seedlings are planted and survived, each 667m2And (3) applying 500kg of the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer in the step (3) to improve seedlings and promote growth. After the grafted seedlings grow normally, controlling water and squatting the seedlings, and culturing strong seedlings;
(2) and (4) fruit setting fertilizer: 18 months 6 and 2019, when the diameter of the first fruit reaches 3cm, every 667m2Dissolving 30kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer with N-P-K of 15-15-15 and 12kg of potassium sulfate in selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer, and performing drip irrigation application;
(3) dressing selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) foliar fertilizer: 20 days after fruit setting, mixing and stirring potassium sulfate compound fertilizer with N-P-K of 15-15-15 and selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 1:500 to obtain selenium-enriched EM bacterial leaf fertilizer, and spraying the front and back surfaces of tomato plant leaves by using a sprayer, wherein each 667m of the leaf fertilizer is sprayed on each surface2Spraying 60L of the tomato sauce once every 20 days until the tomato is harvested;
(9) and (3) comprehensive pest control: the method comprises the steps of preventing tomato bacterial wilt by using a grafted seedling resisting bacterial wilt, preventing and treating fungal diseases such as tomato gray mold, early blight, late blight, damping off, bacterial wilt, leaf mold and the like which occur in a large area, spraying and root irrigation on tomatoes by using bacillus subtilis wettable powder 1000 times after the tomatoes are fixedly planted, wherein the spraying is to spray whole tomato plants (including the front and back surfaces of leaves) by using a knapsack sprayer, and the root irrigation liquid medicine amount is 100 mL/plant and is applied once every 15 days for 4 times; adopting a black light lamp and a high-pressure mercury lamp to kill pests, and trapping and killing aphids by using a yellow plate;
(10) harvesting: in late 6 th month of 2019, 1/2 red first disks of tomatoes turn red, and the tomatoes begin to be harvested.
The fruit set number (number/plant), average fruit weight and average yield per plant were counted, and the results are shown in the following table.
Example 2
Preparing selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer and water fertilizer:
(1) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer: activating and propagating EM bacteria stock solution, and according to the volume ratio, the viable bacteria number is not less than 5 multiplied by 109Mixing the EM stock solution/mL with 10% brown sugar water at a ratio of 1:1.75, sealing and fermenting for 5-7 days to obtain EM bacteria fermentation liquid; mixing EM (effective microorganisms) fermentation liquor, fresh pig manure, peanut bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium selenite in a ratio of 75: 125: 75: 12.5: mixing at a mass ratio of 1.25, stirring, controlling the water content to be 60-65%, and performing film covering, sealing and fermentation at 20-40 ℃ for 25-30 days to obtain the selenium-enriched EM bacteria organic fertilizer;
(2) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer: mixing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer and clear water in a proportion of 1: 12.5, precipitating for 2 days, and taking supernatant as the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer.
The rain sheltering cultivation method of the mountain selenium-rich tomatoes comprises the following steps:
(1) building a seedling raising shed: 23 days 2 months in 2019, the method is carried out in Baishi boundary of Huantian village, county, Yuan, Guilin city, county, Fangtian village, and the test area is 600m2The elevation is about 960m, subtropical monsoon climate, rainfall is abundant, the experimental plot is mountain landform, the seedling shed is built in a flat field with higher terrain and convenient drainage and irrigation, the seedling shed is built on a seedbed according to the standard that the shed width is 3.3m and the shed height is 1.7m, a shed frame is built by bamboo poles, and polyvinyl chloride Bomei with the width of 6m is used as a shed film and is covered.
(2) Building a rain shelter arch shed: the shed frame is made of cement columns, shed frame supports and beams are made of bamboo, the length of each shed is 10m, the width of each shed is 2.6m, the distance between the lower edges of the two sheds is 0.1m, the distance between two columns of different sheds is 0.4m, the distance between the columns of the same shed is 2.3m, the length of each column is 2.1m, the length of each column is about 0.3m, the height of the ground part of each column is 1.8m, the height of each shed cross frame is 1.8m, the height of each arch is 0.4m, the cross section of each arch shed is semi-arc-shaped, 2 cultivation beds are made under each arch shed, the beds are as long as the arch sheds, the width of each bed is 1m, a passageway is formed between the two beds, the width of each bed is 0.3m, longitudinal beams are arranged on the arches at two longitudinal ends of the same rain shelter, 2 iron wires are pulled between the lower edges of the arches at two longitudinal ends of the same rain shelter, bamboo strips are used.
(3) Building a reservoir and drip irrigation pipelines: and (3) building a reservoir near the tomato planting land, wherein the fall between the reservoir and the planting land is 10m, and reserving a water outlet and a water valve after an irrigation water pipe is led out of the reservoir to the field during building of the reservoir.
(4) Sowing and seedling raising: and 3, 2019, 3, 20 days, performing plug seedling, selecting a disease-resistant stock variety for grafting seedling, wherein the scion variety is a hard fruit type variety-Gray introduced from Holland Rayleigh seedling company, and the stock variety is West Dart stock I (provided by Nanning Fujing tomato science and technology Co., Ltd.). The seedling raising medium is formed by mixing under-forest humus soil and selenium-rich EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer in a weight ratio of 1:1, seedling raising damage is carried out by a plug tray with 50 holes, the seedling raising medium is loaded in the plug holes of the seedling raising tray before seeding, the selenium-rich EM water fertilizer is thoroughly sprayed, 0.1% potassium permanganate solution is used for disinfection, 1% copper sulfate solution at 50 ℃ is used for soaking for 30 minutes for disinfection, the seeds are taken out and spread out, the temperature and moisture preservation and germination acceleration are carried out for 2 days at 25 ℃ under the condition that the relative air humidity is 75%, seeding is carried out when 60% of the seeds are exposed, the seeds are directly sowed in the plug holes of the seedling raising tray, one hole is used for one seed, a layer of fine soil is uniformly paved after seeding, a layer of wet straw is covered for moisture preservation, an agricultural film is covered on the straw for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and the agricultural film is lifted to be changed into a shed for heat preservation and moisture preservation after part of the seeds are arched;
(5) grafting: grafting is carried out when 4-7 true leaves grow on the stock and the scion seedling, and the water content of the stock and the scion matrix is controlled to be 65% 1 day before grafting; during grafting, 2 true leaves of the stock are reserved, the scion is 2 leaves and one core, the scion is shaded within 3 days after grafting, and the illumination is gradually increased after 3 days;
(6) land preparation: field planting in 2019, 5 months and 3 days, 18 days before field planting of tomato grafted seedlings, and every 667m2Applying 3500kg of selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer, deeply turning over a soil layer and uniformly mixing the fertilizer;
(7) planting: after grafting seedlings for 10 to 25 days, after wound healing, ditching and ridging, wherein the width of each furrow is 1m, the width of each furrow is 0.3m, after water is drenched on the flat ridge surface, laying drip irrigation equipment, covering a mulching film, and compacting the periphery of the mulching film by soil blocks; setting 3 cells with the area of 25m2Row spacing is 0.7m, plant spacing is 0.6m, 66 plants in each cell are planted in double rows, small holes are dug on the surface of the ridge according to the specification of the plant row spacing, robust grafted seedlings are placed in the holes, soil is covered and lightly pressed, root fixing water is drenched, a main branch and a lateral branch below an axilla of a first inflorescence leaf are reserved, the rest lateral buds are erased when the length of the lateral buds reaches 10cm, a thin bamboo rod with the length of 1.8m is used for building a reversed V-shaped frame, and a vine is bound on the frame;
(8) and (3) water and fertilizer management:
a. water content management: covering a mulching film to keep the soil moisture, keeping the soil humidity at 60-65%, carrying out proper irrigation according to weather conditions and soil moisture deficiency conditions, and pouring the EM bacterial water fertilizer obtained in the step 3 into a reservoir for drip irrigation;
b. fertilizing:
(1) and (3) seedling extraction and fertilizer application: after the grafted seedlings are planted and survived, each 667m2And (3) applying 500kg of the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer in the step (3) to improve seedlings and promote growth. After the grafted seedlings grow normally, controlling water and squatting the seedlings, and culturing strong seedlings;
(2) and (4) fruit setting fertilizer: 18 months 6 and 2019, when the diameter of the first fruit reaches 3cm, every 667m2Dissolving 30kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer with N-P-K of 15-15-15 and 12kg of potassium sulfate in selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer, and performing drip irrigation application;
(3) dressing selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) foliar fertilizer: 20 days after fruit setting, mixing and stirring potassium sulfate compound fertilizer with N-P-K of 15-15-15 and selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 1:500 to obtain selenium-enriched EM bacterial leaf fertilizer, and spraying the front and back surfaces of tomato plant leaves by using a sprayer, wherein each 667m of the leaf fertilizer is sprayed on each surface2Spraying 60L of the tomato sauce once every 18 days until the tomato is harvested;
(9) and (3) comprehensive pest control: the method comprises the steps of preventing tomato bacterial wilt by using a grafted seedling resisting bacterial wilt, preventing and treating fungal diseases such as tomato gray mold, early blight, late blight, damping off, bacterial wilt, leaf mold and the like which occur in a large area, spraying and root irrigation on tomatoes by using bacillus subtilis wettable powder 1000 times after the tomatoes are fixedly planted, wherein the spraying is to spray whole tomato plants (including the front and back surfaces of leaves) by using a knapsack sprayer, and the root irrigation liquid medicine amount is 100 mL/plant and is applied once every 15 days for 4 times; adopting a black light lamp and a high-pressure mercury lamp to kill pests, and trapping and killing aphids by using a yellow plate;
(10) harvesting: in late 6 th month of 2019, 1/2 red first disks of tomatoes turn red, and the tomatoes begin to be harvested.
The fruit set number (number/plant), average fruit weight and average yield per plant were counted, and the results are shown in the following table.
Example 3
Preparing selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer and water fertilizer:
(1) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer: activating and propagating EM bacteria stock solution, and according to the volume ratio, the viable bacteria number is not less than 5 multiplied by 109Mixing the EM stock solution/mL with 10% brown sugar water at a ratio of 1:3, and sealing and fermenting for 5-7 days to obtain EM bacteria fermentation liquid; mixing EM (effective microorganisms) fermentation liquor, fresh pig manure, peanut bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium selenite in a proportion of 100: 200: 100: 20: 2, mixing and stirring the mixture, controlling the water content to be 60-65%, and covering a film to seal and ferment the mixture for 25-30 days at the temperature of 20-40 ℃ to obtain the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer;
(2) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer: mixing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer and clear water in a proportion of 1: 20, precipitating for 3 days, and taking supernatant as the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer.
The rain sheltering cultivation method of the mountain selenium-rich tomatoes comprises the following steps:
(1) building a seedling raising shed: 23 days 2 months in 2019, the method is carried out in Baishi boundary of Huantian village, county, Yuan, Guilin city, county, Fangtian village, and the test area is 600m2The elevation is about 960m, the subtropical monsoon climate has abundant rainfall, the test land is mountain landform, the seedling raising shed is built on a flat field with higher terrain and convenient drainage and irrigation, the width of the shed is 3.3m on the seedbed, and the height of the shed is 1.And (3) building a seedling raising shed with the standard of 7m, building a shed frame by using bamboo poles, and using polyvinyl chloride Bomei with the width of 6m as a shed film and covering the shed film.
(2) Building a rain shelter arch shed: the shed frame is made of cement columns, shed frame supports and beams are made of bamboo, the length of each shed is 10m, the width of each shed is 2.6m, the distance between the lower edges of the two sheds is 0.1m, the distance between two columns of different sheds is 0.4m, the distance between the columns of the same shed is 2.3m, the length of each column is 2.1m, the length of each column is about 0.3m, the height of the ground part of each column is 1.8m, the height of each shed cross frame is 1.8m, the height of each arch is 0.4m, the cross section of each arch shed is semi-arc-shaped, 2 cultivation beds are made under each arch shed, the beds are as long as the arch sheds, the width of each bed is 1m, a passageway is formed between the two beds, the width of each bed is 0.3m, longitudinal beams are arranged on the arches at two longitudinal ends of the same rain shelter, 2 iron wires are pulled between the lower edges of the arches at two longitudinal ends of the same rain shelter, bamboo strips are used.
(3) Building a reservoir and drip irrigation pipelines: a reservoir is built near the tomato planting land, the difference between the reservoir and the planting land is 10 meters, and when the reservoir is built, an irrigation water pipe is led out of the reservoir to the field, and a water outlet and a water valve are reserved.
(4) Sowing and seedling raising: and 3, 2019, 3, 20 days, performing plug seedling, selecting a disease-resistant stock variety for grafting seedling, wherein the scion variety is a hard fruit type variety-Gray introduced from Holland Rayleigh seedling company, and the stock variety is West Dart stock I (provided by Nanning Fujing tomato science and technology Co., Ltd.). The seedling raising medium is formed by mixing peat soil and selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer in a weight ratio of 1:1, seedling damage is carried out by a plug tray with 50 holes, the seedling raising medium is loaded in the plug holes of the seedling raising tray before seeding, the selenium-enriched EM water fertilizer is thoroughly sprayed, 0.1% potassium permanganate solution is used for disinfection, 1% copper sulfate solution at 50 ℃ is used for soaking for 30 minutes for disinfection, seed soaking and sterilization are carried out, the seedling raising tray is taken out and spread out, the temperature and moisture preservation and germination acceleration are carried out for 2 days at 35 ℃ under the condition that the relative air humidity is 90%, seeding is carried out when 60% of seeds are exposed, the seeds are directly dibbled into the plug holes of the seedling raising tray, one hole is used for one seed, a layer of fine soil is uniformly paved after seeding, a layer of wet straw is covered for moisture preservation, an agricultural film is covered on the seedling raising tray for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and the straw film is lifted to be changed into an arched shed for heat preservation and moisture preservation;
(5) grafting: grafting is carried out when 4-7 true leaves grow on the stock and the scion seedling, and the water content of the stock and the scion matrix is controlled to be 65% 1 day before grafting; during grafting, 2 true leaves of the stock are reserved, the scion is 2 leaves and one core, the scion is shaded within 3 days after grafting, and the illumination is gradually increased after 3 days;
(6) land preparation: field planting in 2019, 5 months and 3 days, 20 days before field planting of tomato grafted seedlings, and every 667m2Applying 3500kg of selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer, deeply turning over a soil layer and uniformly mixing the fertilizer;
(7) planting: after grafting seedlings for 10 to 25 days, after wound healing, ditching and ridging, wherein the width of each furrow is 1m, the width of each furrow is 0.3m, after water is drenched on the flat ridge surface, laying drip irrigation equipment, covering a mulching film, and compacting the periphery of the mulching film by soil blocks; setting 3 cells with the area of 25m2Row spacing is 0.7m, plant spacing is 0.6m, 66 plants in each cell are planted in double rows, small holes are dug on the surface of the ridge according to the specification of the plant row spacing, robust grafted seedlings are placed in the holes, soil is covered and lightly pressed, root fixing water is drenched, a main branch and a lateral branch below an axilla of a first inflorescence leaf are reserved, the rest lateral buds are erased when the length of the lateral buds reaches 10cm, a thin bamboo rod with the length of 1.8m is used for building a reversed V-shaped frame, and a vine is bound on the frame;
(8) and (3) water and fertilizer management:
a. water content management: covering a mulching film to keep the soil moisture, keeping the soil humidity at 60-65%, carrying out proper irrigation according to weather conditions and soil moisture deficiency conditions, and pouring the EM bacterial water fertilizer obtained in the step 3 into a reservoir for drip irrigation;
b. fertilizing:
(1) and (3) seedling extraction and fertilizer application: after the grafted seedlings are planted and survived, each 667m2And (3) applying 500kg of the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer in the step (3) to improve seedlings and promote growth. After the grafted seedlings grow normally, controlling water and squatting the seedlings, and culturing strong seedlings;
(2) and (4) fruit setting fertilizer: 18 months 6 and 2019, when the diameter of the first fruit reaches 3cm, every 667m2Dissolving 30kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer with N-P-K of 15-15-15 and 12kg of potassium sulfate in selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer, and performing drip irrigation application;
(3) dressing selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) foliar fertilizer: 20 days after fruit setting, mixing potassium sulfate compound fertilizer with N-P-K of 15-15-15 with selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizerMixing and stirring according to the weight ratio of 1:500 to obtain the selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) bacteria leaf fertilizer, and spraying the front and back surfaces of tomato plant leaves by using a sprayer, wherein each 667m of the leaf fertilizer is2Spraying 60L of the tomato sauce once every 15 days until the tomato is harvested;
(9) and (3) comprehensive pest control: the method comprises the steps of preventing tomato bacterial wilt by using a grafted seedling resisting bacterial wilt, preventing and treating fungal diseases such as tomato gray mold, early blight, late blight, damping off, bacterial wilt, leaf mold and the like which occur in a large area, spraying and root irrigation on tomatoes by using bacillus subtilis wettable powder 1000 times after the tomatoes are fixedly planted, wherein the spraying is to spray whole tomato plants (including the front and back surfaces of leaves) by using a knapsack sprayer, and the root irrigation liquid medicine amount is 100 mL/plant and is applied once every 15 days for 4 times; adopting a black light lamp and a high-pressure mercury lamp to kill pests, and trapping and killing aphids by using a yellow plate;
(10) harvesting: in late 6 th month of 2019, 1/2 red first disks of tomatoes turn red, and the tomatoes begin to be harvested.
The fruit set number (number/plant), average fruit weight and average yield per plant were counted, and the results are shown in the following table.
| Fruit set number (one/plant) | Average single fruit weight (g) | Average Individual plant yield (kg) | 667m2Yield (kg) | |
| Example 1 | 55.22 | 175.54 | 9.69 | 15381.72 |
| Example 2 | 56.51 | 176.46 | 9.97 | 15826.19 |
| Example 3 | 55.74 | 177.77 | 9.91 | 15730.95 |
Comparative example 1
2 treatments were set, treatment a being example 2 and treatment B being a cultivation method of selenium-enriched tomatoes without rain (open field cultivation): the cultivation and management measures are the same as those of treatment A except that no rain shelter cultivation shed is provided.
Measurement items: recording the length of the tomato harvesting period (initial harvest period and final harvest period) from the beginning of the first cluster fruit ripening to the seedling pulling period, measuring the single fruit weight, the fruit number and the single tomato yield of the selected plants, calculating the average value, and converting into 667m2The tomato yield of (a); after the fruits are ripe, 10 fruits with consistent maturity are taken in each cell, the fruit cracking rate of the fruits is measured, and the content of soluble solid matters (refractometer method), soluble sugar (anthrone colorimetry), vitamin C (2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol titration method) and selenium (fluorescence spectrophotometry) in the fruits are measured; and (4) counting tomato diseases, and investigating tomato disease conditions of all treatment districts in 2 months after planting (7 months in 2019, high-temperature rainy period and high disease development period). Disease grading investigation shows that 0 grade is no occurrence, the first grade is within 5 percent of plant disease occurrence, the second grade is within 5 to 25 percent of plant disease occurrence, and the third grade is 25 percentMore than 50% of plants are attacked, the fourth grade is 50% -75% of plants are attacked, and the fifth grade is more than 75% of plants are attacked.
The results are as follows:
TABLE 1 harvesting periods (initial and final harvest periods) for tomatoes of different treatments
| Treatment of | Initial receiving period | Final harvest period | Harvesting period |
| Treatment A (rain-sheltering cultivation) | 24 days 6 months in 2019 | 11/7/2019 | 136 days |
| Treatment B (cultivation without rain) | 6 and 28 months in 2019 | 10 and 19 months in 2019 | 113 days |
As can be seen from table 1, the tomatoes can be harvested and marketed 4 days earlier and 19 days later by the rain-sheltering cultivation measures. The harvesting period of the tomatoes which are planted in a rain shelter is as long as 136 days, and is 23 days longer than that of the tomatoes which are not planted in a rain shelter.
TABLE 2 number of set, weight and yield per plant of differently treated tomatoes
As shown in table 2, the fruit set number of each plant of the rain-sheltered tomatoes is 56.51, which is significantly higher than that of the open tomatoes (46.62), and is increased by 21.21% compared with that of the open tomatoes. The single-plant fruit yield of the tomatoes cultivated in the rain shelter and the single-plant fruit yield of the tomatoes cultivated in the open are respectively 9.97kg and 8.36kg, the single-plant yield of the tomatoes cultivated in the rain shelter is obviously higher than that of the tomatoes cultivated in the open, and the single-plant yield of the tomatoes cultivated in the rain shelter is improved by 19.34% compared with that of the tomatoes cultivated in the open. Therefore, the rain sheltering cultivation measures can prolong the harvest time (see table 1), so that the fruit setting number of the tomatoes is increased, the single-plant yield of the tomatoes is increased, and the yield of 667m2 is increased.
TABLE 3 fruit quality index of differently treated tomatoes
As shown in table 3, the content of soluble solid, soluble sugar, vitamin C and selenium in the rain-sheltered tomatoes is significantly higher than that in the non-rain-sheltered tomatoes, and the fruit cracking rate of the rain-sheltered tomatoes is only 1.34% and is significantly lower than that of the open tomatoes (17.95%), and the fruit cracking rate is reduced by 16.61%. Therefore, the rain sheltering cultivation measures have obvious influence on the nutritional quality indexes of the tomatoes, and the content of soluble solid matters, soluble sugar, vitamin C and selenium can be obviously improved, so that the content of the soluble solid matters, the soluble sugar, the vitamin C and the selenium reaches the selenium-rich content value in accordance with the national selenium-limited sanitary standard GB 1305-91 in food, the nutritional value of the tomatoes is improved, and the product value is obviously improved; can also reduce the cracking rate of the tomatoes, thereby improving the appearance quality of the tomatoes.
TABLE 4 disease incidence in tomato treated differently
From the table 4, the main disease incidence rate of the rain-sheltered tomatoes is lower than that of the rain-sheltered tomatoes, and the incidence rates of gray mold, early blight, late blight and virus disease of the rain-sheltered tomatoes are obviously lower than that of the rain-sheltered tomatoes, so that the rain-sheltered tomatoes can prevent most of tomato plant stems and leaves from being wetted by rainwater, prevent the rectangular areas of the cultivation fields from being wetted by rainwater, control the air humidity under a rainwater weather shed, create a small environment which is not beneficial to relatively dry germ propagation, block the germ propagation path, and therefore the disease incidence rate of the rain-sheltered tomatoes is lower.
Comparative experiment 1 summary: the comparison test 1 shows that the rain sheltering cultivation method of the invention avoids the washing of the tomato plant and the cultivation soil by rain water, avoids the leaching loss of the selenium fertilizer by the rain water, improves the utilization rate of the selenium fertilizer, overcomes the problems of serious plant diseases and insect pests, fruit cracking and the like caused by high temperature and heavy rain in the flowering and fruit-bearing period of the tomato, can effectively avoid or reduce the occurrence of main diseases such as tomato gray mold, early blight, late blight, virus disease and the like caused by raininess, reduce the application amount of pesticides and fertilizers, can also obviously improve the content of soluble solid matters, soluble sugar, vitamin C and selenium, therefore, the nutritional value of the tomatoes is improved, the yield and the quality of the tomatoes are improved, the harvesting period can be prolonged to 11 months by rain sheltering cultivation, the yield is improved by about 20 percent compared with that of open field cultivation, the economic benefit is obvious, and the purposes of cost saving and efficiency improvement are achieved.
Comparative example 2
3 treatments are set, wherein the treatment 1 is the embodiment 2 of the invention, and the treatment 2 is the same as the embodiment 2 except that EM bacteria are not added in the embodiment 2, and other cultivation and management measures are the same as the embodiment 2; treatment 3 was the same as in example 2 except that no sodium selenite was added in example 2, and the cultivation and management measures were the same. The average value of the selenium content in the soil of the test site is 0.42 mg/kg.
Measurement items: selenium content (fluorescence spectrophotometry); tomato diseases are investigated, and tomato diseases of all treatment districts are investigated 2 months after planting (7 months in 2019, high-temperature rainy season, and high-incidence period of tomato diseases). Disease grading survey shows that 0 grade is no occurrence, the first grade is within 5% of plant morbidity, the second grade is within 5% -25% of plant morbidity, the third grade is within 25% -50% of plant morbidity, the fourth grade is within 50% -75% of plant morbidity, and the fifth grade is over 75% of plant morbidity.
TABLE 5 disease incidence and selenium content in fruits of differently treated tomatoes
As can be seen from Table 5, the disease of gray mold, early blight, late blight and virus disease of tomato treated in 2 is higher than that of treated in 1, and has obvious difference, therefore, the application of the EM bacteria has obvious effect on preventing and treating tomato diseases, the EM bacteria can quickly and stably occupy ecological status in tomato plants and soil, form advantageous microbial dominant communities and compete for nutrition with pathogenic microorganisms, thereby controlling the propagation of pathogenic microorganisms and the attack on tomatoes, and table 5 also shows that the selenium content of the three treatments is 1, 2 and 3 from large to small, therefore, compared with the treatment 3 (no selenium fertilizer is applied), the selenium fertilizer is applied to improve the selenium content in the tomato fruits, and EM (the invention) bacteria are added while the selenium fertilizer is applied, so that the utilization efficiency of the tomato on the selenium fertilizer can be promoted, and the selenium content in the fruits is higher.
The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to the above-described embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (9)
1. The fertilizer special for the mountain selenium-rich tomatoes is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer: activating and propagating EM (effective microorganisms) stock solution, uniformly mixing the EM stock solution with 10% brown sugar water in a ratio of 1 (0.5-3) according to the volume ratio, and carrying out sealed fermentation for 5-7 days to obtain EM fermentation liquor; mixing EM bacteria fermentation liquid, fresh pig manure, peanut bran, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium selenite (50-100): (50-200): (50-100): (5-20): (0.5-2) mixing and stirring, controlling the water content to be 60% -65%, and covering a film to seal and ferment for 25-30 days at the temperature of 20-40 ℃ to obtain the selenium-enriched EM bacteria organic fertilizer;
(2) preparing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer: mixing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer and clear water in a proportion of 1: (5-20), precipitating for 1-3 days, and taking supernatant as the selenium-enriched EM bacterial water fertilizer.
2. A rain sheltering cultivation method for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) sowing and seedling raising: and 3, 3-4 months, mixing the selenium-enriched EM bacterial organic fertilizer and the culture soil according to the mass ratio of 1:1 to prepare a seedling culture substrate; the rootstock is sowed 7 days earlier than the scion, the temperature is kept between 20 and 35 ℃, and the relative air humidity is between 60 and 90 percent;
(2) grafting: grafting is carried out when 4-7 true leaves grow on the stock and the scion seedling, and the water content of the stock and the scion matrix is controlled to be 65% 1 day before grafting; during grafting, 2 true leaves of the stock are reserved, the scion is 2 leaves and one core, the scion is shaded within 3 days after grafting, and the illumination is gradually increased after 3 days;
(3) land preparation: 15-20 days before the field planting of the grafted tomato seedlings, each 667m2Applying 3000-3500kg of selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) organic fertilizer and deeply turning over a soil layer;
(4) planting: after grafting seedlings for 10 to 25 days, building a rain-sheltering arched shed after wound healing, wherein the south-north direction is followed, 2 planting furrows are arranged under the arched shed, the width of each furrow is 1 to 1.1m, the height of each furrow is 0.2 to 0.25m, and the distance between two furrows is 0.3 m; planting grafted seedlings on standard beds with the plant spacing of 0.6-0.8 m and the row spacing of 0.7-0.8 m 15-25 days after survival, spraying root fixing water thoroughly at one time after planting, keeping a main branch and a lateral branch below an axilla of a first inflorescence leaf 20-40 days after planting, and erasing the grafted seedlings when the rest lateral buds grow to 10 cm;
(5) topdressing:
1) after the grafted seedlings are planted and survived, every 667m2Applying 300-600kg of selenium-enriched EM bacteria water fertilizer;
2) when the diameter of the first dish fruit reaches 3cm, each 667m of the first dish fruit is prepared2The potassium sulfate selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: dissolving 25-35kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer and 10-15kg of potassium sulfate in 1000 kg of selenium-enriched and 5000kg of EM bacterial liquid fertilizer; drip irrigation is carried out by using potassium sulfate selenium-enriched EM bacteria water fertilizer;
3) 20 days after fruit setting, mixing the potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and the selenium-enriched EM bacterial liquid fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 1:500 to obtain the selenium-enriched EM bacteria foliar fertilizer; each 667m2Spraying 50-100L selenium-enriched EM (effective microorganisms) foliar fertilizer on the front and back surfaces of leaves of a tomato plant once every 15-20 days;
(6) controlling moisture:
after planting, keeping the soil humidity at 60-65%.
3. The fertilizer special for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of viable bacteria in the stock solution of the EM microbial inoculum in step (1) is ≧ 5 × 109/ml。
4. The method for culturing selenium-enriched tomatoes in mountainous regions as claimed in claim 2, wherein the culture soil in step (1) is peat soil or under-forest humus soil.
5. The method for cultivating selenium-enriched tomatoes in mountainous regions as claimed in claim 2, wherein the grafting in step (1) is a cleft grafting method.
6. The method for cultivating selenium-enriched tomatoes in mountainous regions as claimed in claim 2, wherein the scion variety is at least one of Baili, Yongli, Guibao No. 6, Gray, Jie Rui, Ruifei and Xili; the stock variety is at least one of Gui vegetable Fuzhu stock, Xida stock I and Bao stock 5.
7. The method for cultivating selenium-rich tomatoes in mountainous regions as claimed in claim 2, wherein the rain sheltering shed has a length of 4m to 20m, a width of 2.5m to 2.6m, and a column spacing of 2.3 m; the length of the upright post is about 2.1m, the upright post is buried in the soil by about 0.3m, the height of the ground part of the upright post is 1.8m, and the arch height is 0.4 m; the distance between the upright columns of two adjacent sheds is 0.4m, and the distance between the lower edges of the two sheds is 0.1m-0.2 m.
8. The method for cultivating the selenium-enriched tomatoes in the mountainous regions according to claim 2, wherein after a rain shelter arched shed is built, a water storage tank and a drip irrigation pipeline are built: and building a water reservoir 5-15m above the elevation of the tomato planting land.
9. The method for cultivating selenium-rich tomatoes in mountainous regions as claimed in claim 2, wherein the potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer N-P-K in step (5) is 15-15-15.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110036948.2A CN112898092A (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2021-01-12 | Special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and rain-sheltering cultivation method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110036948.2A CN112898092A (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2021-01-12 | Special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and rain-sheltering cultivation method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112898092A true CN112898092A (en) | 2021-06-04 |
Family
ID=76112485
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110036948.2A Pending CN112898092A (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2021-01-12 | Special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and rain-sheltering cultivation method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112898092A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113636889A (en) * | 2021-09-22 | 2021-11-12 | 河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所 | Special compound fertilizer for selenium-rich tomatoes and preparation method and application thereof |
Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1657509A (en) * | 2005-03-10 | 2005-08-24 | 浙江丰产农业科技有限公司 | Production method of selenium-enriched yield increasing agent |
| CN104429751A (en) * | 2014-11-08 | 2015-03-25 | 印天寿 | Organic selenium-enrichment rice planting method |
| CN104813850A (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2015-08-05 | 广西大学 | Grafting method for tomato |
| CN104844313A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-08-19 | 苏州葛家坞生物科技有限公司 | Method for preparing dedicated bio-organic fertilizer for selenium-enriched cherry tomatoes |
| CN106278673A (en) * | 2016-08-10 | 2017-01-04 | 西南大学 | A kind of vegetable multifunctional enriched-selenium biological preparation and preparation method thereof, using method |
| CN106386023A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2017-02-15 | 刘从珍 | Cultivating method of tomato trees |
| CN106912286A (en) * | 2017-03-08 | 2017-07-04 | 长阳土家族自治县高山蔬菜研究所 | A kind of high mountain rain shelter cultivation method of tomato |
| CN107371454A (en) * | 2017-07-27 | 2017-11-24 | 宿州市埇桥区永盛蔬菜专业合作社 | A kind of cultural method of tomato |
| CN110506583A (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2019-11-29 | 贵州大学 | A kind of tomato rain shelter cultivation method |
| CN111448957A (en) * | 2020-04-26 | 2020-07-28 | 江苏德得健康产业有限公司 | Organic planting method for cherry tomatoes rich in organic selenium |
| CN111480528A (en) * | 2020-04-26 | 2020-08-04 | 江苏德得健康产业有限公司 | High-efficiency high-yield planting method for selenium-rich small tomatoes |
-
2021
- 2021-01-12 CN CN202110036948.2A patent/CN112898092A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1657509A (en) * | 2005-03-10 | 2005-08-24 | 浙江丰产农业科技有限公司 | Production method of selenium-enriched yield increasing agent |
| CN104429751A (en) * | 2014-11-08 | 2015-03-25 | 印天寿 | Organic selenium-enrichment rice planting method |
| CN104813850A (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2015-08-05 | 广西大学 | Grafting method for tomato |
| CN104844313A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-08-19 | 苏州葛家坞生物科技有限公司 | Method for preparing dedicated bio-organic fertilizer for selenium-enriched cherry tomatoes |
| CN106386023A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2017-02-15 | 刘从珍 | Cultivating method of tomato trees |
| CN106278673A (en) * | 2016-08-10 | 2017-01-04 | 西南大学 | A kind of vegetable multifunctional enriched-selenium biological preparation and preparation method thereof, using method |
| CN106912286A (en) * | 2017-03-08 | 2017-07-04 | 长阳土家族自治县高山蔬菜研究所 | A kind of high mountain rain shelter cultivation method of tomato |
| CN107371454A (en) * | 2017-07-27 | 2017-11-24 | 宿州市埇桥区永盛蔬菜专业合作社 | A kind of cultural method of tomato |
| CN110506583A (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2019-11-29 | 贵州大学 | A kind of tomato rain shelter cultivation method |
| CN111448957A (en) * | 2020-04-26 | 2020-07-28 | 江苏德得健康产业有限公司 | Organic planting method for cherry tomatoes rich in organic selenium |
| CN111480528A (en) * | 2020-04-26 | 2020-08-04 | 江苏德得健康产业有限公司 | High-efficiency high-yield planting method for selenium-rich small tomatoes |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| 周广熊: "番茄高山反季节避雨技术", 《中国瓜菜》 * |
| 曾彦粤: "桂林地区番茄避雨栽培技术", 《中国瓜菜》 * |
| 朱昌锋 等: "避雨栽培对番茄产量及品质的影响", 《南方农业》 * |
| 赵晓美 等: "桂林高山番茄避雨栽培与露地栽培比较试验", 《农业科技通讯》 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113636889A (en) * | 2021-09-22 | 2021-11-12 | 河北省农林科学院农业资源环境研究所 | Special compound fertilizer for selenium-rich tomatoes and preparation method and application thereof |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN104823674A (en) | Muskmelon organic cultivation annual production method | |
| CN113197012B (en) | Method for raising seedlings of radix tinosporae with high germination rate and survival rate | |
| CN103430799A (en) | Greenhouse Huping jujube culturing technology | |
| CN105230312A (en) | Planting method of Chinese angelica | |
| CN105230428A (en) | Chinese lace bark pine seedling growing method | |
| CN102197751A (en) | Three-dimensional high-efficiency planting method for gingers and bitter gourds in plastic greenhouse | |
| CN105475076A (en) | Ligustrun lucidum ait cutting and cultivating method | |
| CN110301318A (en) | The implantation methods of selenium-rich peanuts | |
| CN108633669A (en) | Method for cultivating medium-ripened trailing short cowpea variety in south China in open field in summer | |
| CN107027457A (en) | A kind of small fruit type aspermous watermelon nursery and the method for high-yield culturing | |
| CN111316877B (en) | Cassava lodging-resistant yield-increasing cultivation method | |
| CN106386316A (en) | High-yield cultivation method for high strength general selenium rice variety | |
| CN111466263A (en) | Grafting seedling method for pepper cultivation in sunlight greenhouse | |
| CN115104495A (en) | High-yield high-efficiency pesticide-application-reduction cultivation method for facility asparagus bean | |
| CN103430743B (en) | A soil Optimum Cultivation method of planting ginseng | |
| CN107801619A (en) | A kind of implantation methods of greenhouse cherry and tomato | |
| CN110810100B (en) | Method for sowing, seedling raising and afforestation of photinia serrulata in winter | |
| CN106665047B (en) | Greenhouse melon cultivation method | |
| CN110199739B (en) | Pollution-free high-yield high-quality dendrobium huoshanense planting method | |
| CN105123170B (en) | The domestication of wild asarum sieboldii and biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion cultural method | |
| CN112898092A (en) | Special fertilizer for mountain selenium-rich tomatoes and rain-sheltering cultivation method | |
| CN108401821B (en) | High-latitude cold-region potato and rice double-season continuous cropping planting method | |
| CN112841016B (en) | Solar greenhouse pepper substrate groove culture method for Gobi desert area of river corridor | |
| CN105248082A (en) | Method for rapidly cultivating seed balls of Liatris spicata (L.) Willd | |
| CN112237135B (en) | Fertilizer and water management method for high-sugar tomato cultivation |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |