CN112237135B - Fertilizer and water management method for high-sugar tomato cultivation - Google Patents
Fertilizer and water management method for high-sugar tomato cultivation Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
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- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
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- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 241000227653 Lycopersicon Species 0.000 claims abstract 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 50
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 45
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- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
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- 229960002061 ergocalciferol Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZSA-N ergocalciferol group Chemical group CC(C)[C@@H](C)\C=C\[C@@H](C)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2\C(\CCC[C@]12C)=C\C=C/1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- RDXARWSSOJYNLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P].[K] Chemical compound [P].[K] RDXARWSSOJYNLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- CRQQGFGUEAVUIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorothalonil Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(C#N)=C(Cl)C(C#N)=C1Cl CRQQGFGUEAVUIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
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- JVXHQHGWBAHSSF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate;hydron;iron(2+) Chemical compound [H+].[H+].[Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O JVXHQHGWBAHSSF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005944 Chlorpyrifos Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000001398 Typha domingensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorpyrifos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 235000012055 fruits and vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003958 fumigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- YTSDVWYUJXKXCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;2-[2-[carboxylatomethyl(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxymethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].OC(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC([O-])=O YTSDVWYUJXKXCC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B17/00—Other phosphatic fertilisers, e.g. soft rock phosphates, bone meal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C11/00—Other nitrogenous fertilisers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilizer water management method for high-sugar tomato cultivation, which is characterized in that the Vc content, the soluble solid content, the soluble reducing sugar, the DPPH and the organic acid content of the obtained high-sugar tomatoes are far higher than those of market products through controlling humidity, temperature, additional fertilizer, pruning and disease damage prevention and control in seedling stage, flowering and fruit setting stage, fruit expansion and color conversion stage, color conversion and harvesting stage.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tomato water and fertilizer management, and particularly relates to a fertilizer and water management method for high-sugar tomato cultivation.
Background
Tomato is a solanaceous vegetable with high economic value, and is one of crops with the largest planting area and yield in facility cultivation. The long harvesting period and high yield of tomato fruits make it a common phenomenon that the required soil has high nutrient content and large removal amount, sufficient nutrient supply is required, and fertilizer is blindly supplied in production to obtain high yield. Reasonable water and fertilizer control in the growth and development process of tomatoes can not only improve tomato yield but also greatly improve tomato quality. The research aims at researching proper fertilizer and water management measures of the high-sugar tomatoes in the growth and development process, so that the purposes of high quality and high yield of the high-sugar tomatoes are realized.
In the production process of modern tomato agriculture, the application amount of the water and the fertilizer is mainly applied according to the experience of a planter, and the unscientific fertilizer and water management scheme often causes the phenomenon of low utilization rate of fertilizer and water. Reasonable fertilizer and water management can not only improve the yield and quality of the high-sugar tomatoes, but also reduce the unreasonable investment of agriculture, but at present, no effective fertilizer and water management scheme suitable for different growth processes of the tomatoes exists, and the fertilizer and water management process for improving the quality of the tomatoes is especially aimed at.
Therefore, how to provide a fertilizer and water management method for cultivating high-sugar tomatoes, which ensures the yield and improves the quality, is a problem to be solved in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention discloses a fertilizer and water management method for high-sugar tomato cultivation.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a fertilizer and water management method for high-sugar tomato cultivation comprises the following steps:
(1) Seedling management: the daytime temperature is controlled at 24-27 ℃, the nighttime temperature is controlled at 15-18 ℃, and the humidity is controlled at 70-75%;
the seedling stage is generally 5-10 days, and water and fertilizer are not applied at the stage;
(2) Flowering and fruit setting period management: controlling the daytime temperature to 22-25 ℃, controlling the nighttime temperature to 13-16 ℃ and controlling the humidity to 65-70%, and dressing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer;
(3) And (3) fruit swelling and color conversion period management: controlling the temperature at 27-30 ℃ in daytime, controlling the temperature at 16-19 ℃ in night, controlling the humidity at 62-67%, and dressing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer;
(4) Color transfer and harvest period management: controlling the temperature at 27-30 ℃ in daytime, controlling the temperature at 16-19 ℃ in night, controlling the humidity at 57-62%, and dressing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer;
(5) And (3) fruit harvesting management: the daytime temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the night temperature is higher than 10 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 62% -67%;
the seedling management method further comprises the following two steps: preparing before planting and managing a planting period;
preparation before field planting: including inspection and installation of facility equipment and fumigation of the shed and height Wen Menpeng;
inspection and installation of the application equipment: the maintenance and installation of the greenhouse equipment matched with the greenhouse equipment comprises a greenhouse film, an air blower, an insect-proof net, gardening ground cloth, a cultivation groove, a supporting curtain line, drip irrigation equipment and the like;
fumigating shed and height Wen Menpeng: adopting abamectin and putrescence to carry out fumigating treatment;
the mass ratio of the chlorpyrifos to the putrescence chlorothalonil is 1:1, a step of;
the dosage is 90g/667m 2 ；
The temperature of the greenhouse is not less than 70 ℃, and the time of the greenhouse is not less than 10 days;
and (3) field planting period management: comprises the steps of seedling age selection, culture medium humidity selection, field planting and seedling buffering;
seedling age: healthy seedlings which are disease-free, insect-free, neat, stuffy and solid and have four leaves and one core to five leaves and one core are selected, if the seedlings have overgrowth phenomenon, horizontal planting and oblique transplanting can be adopted, so that the heights of overgrowth seedlings and normal seedlings are basically consistent;
the humidity of the culture medium before field planting is controlled to be 70% -75%;
the seedling spacing is preferably 30-35 cm;
and (3) seedling reviving: continuing watering after field planting to control the humidity of the matrix to 80% -85%;
the organic fertilizer comprises the following components: fish protein, alginic acid and black tea fungus;
the flowering and fruit setting period management comprises the following steps of: water-soluble phosphorus: water-soluble potassium=1:1:1 ratio; the organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: seaweed extract: black tea fungus=1:1:1 ratio.
The fruit swelling and color transferring period management comprises the following steps of: water-soluble phosphorus: water-soluble potassium=1:2:2 ratio; the organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: seaweed extract: black tea fungus=1:1:1 ratio; the calcium fertilizer is calciferol.
Color conversion and harvest period management, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are prepared from the following total nitrogen in percentage by mass: water-soluble phosphorus: water-soluble potassium=1:2:2 ratio; the organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: seaweed extract: black tea fungus=1:1:1 ratio.
The nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared in proportion and are applied 5-10kg each time; the organic fertilizer prepared in proportion is diluted by 800-1000 times, and 10L of the organic fertilizer is applied each time;
preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer is (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 And urea;
preferably, the water-soluble phosphate fertilizer is P 2 O 5 ；
Preferably, the water-soluble potassium is K 2 O；
The nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared according to the proportion, and are applied for 15-20 days;
the organic fertilizer prepared according to the proportion is applied once every 15-20 days;
the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared in proportion and are applied 5-10kg each time; the organic fertilizer prepared in proportion is diluted by 800-1000 times, and 10L of the organic fertilizer is applied each time; diluting the calcium fertilizer by 800-1000 times, and using 110ml each time;
when the transverse diameter and the longitudinal diameter of the first fruit are about 2-3cm, the first fruit is about the size of the walnut, and the first fruit is topdressing;
preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer is (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 And urea;
preferably, the water-soluble phosphate fertilizer is P 2 O 5 ；
PreferablyThe water-soluble potassium is K 2 O；
The nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared according to the proportion, and are applied for 15-20 days;
organic fertilizer prepared according to the proportion is applied for 15-20 days;
preferably, the calcium fertilizer is calciferol, and Ca+Mg is larger than or equal to 100g/L;
spraying the calcium fertilizer once every 15-20 d;
spraying the calcium fertilizer for 2-3 times in the growth period;
the growth period is from the later stage of flowering and sitting to the fruit expanding period;
the calcium fertilizer is sprayed on leaf surfaces;
the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared in proportion and are applied 5-10kg each time; the organic fertilizer prepared in proportion is diluted by 800-1000 times, and 10L of the organic fertilizer is applied each time;
preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer is (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 And urea;
preferably, the water-soluble phosphate fertilizer is P 2 O 5 ；
Preferably, the water-soluble potassium is K 2 O；
The nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared according to the proportion, and are applied for 15-20 days;
organic fertilizer prepared according to the proportion is applied for 15-20 days;
the flower thinning and fruit thinning are paid attention to in the whole period from the flowering of the tomato to the sitting of the fruit, 5-8 flower buds are reserved for each flower head, and 5-7 sepals of the flower buds are reserved; the thinning leaves 4-6 fruits per ear.
Pest control
Sterilizing and disinfecting with ozone water: spraying ozone water on the ground of a greenhouse and the surface of plants every 5-7 days;
the ozone water sprayed has a certain insect expelling effect;
red backboard: 20 red basketball boards of each mu of greenhouse are hung in the middle of the greenhouse to trap pests.
In summary, the invention solves the problem that the existing high-sugar tomato cultivation management has no systematic water and fertilizer management flow, and the high-sugar tomatoes produced by adopting the high-sugar tomato water and fertilizer management flow not only ensure the yield, but also greatly improve the quality, and the Vc content, the soluble solids, the soluble reducing sugar, the DPPH and the organic acid content of the obtained tomatoes are far higher than those of market products.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Cultivation and arrangement
The organic biofertilizer is BMC microbial agent (special for fruits and vegetables) purchased from Uely bioengineering Co., ltd. In Hubei; the special fertilizer for the high-sugar tomatoes is purchased from Shanghai Yongtong ecological engineering Co., ltd; fish proteins were purchased from Ningbo sea cattail biology limited; the alginic acid is purchased from the ocean biotechnology limited company of the generation of the wahai city; self-made black tea fungus; black tea fungus films were purchased from Taiyuan Black tea fungus Biotechnology Co., ltd; the tomato variety was "181" (influence of nutrient solution concentration on mineral element content of matrix cultivated tomato fruits, university of Gansu agricultural report, month 4, 2 nd, jin Li etc.), and the following examples were conducted in this variety.
The preparation method of the black tea fungus self-fermentation liquid comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing the raw materials of rock sugar, tea and water according to a proportion of 5:0.2:100 are mixed to obtain a mixed solution A,
(2) Inoculating black tea fungus membrane when the temperature of the mixed solution A is reduced to 32 ℃ to obtain mixed solution B;
(3) And standing and culturing the mixed solution B at the temperature of 27 ℃ for 14d until the mixed solution is free of sweet taste, and ending fermentation.
Wherein, the inoculation amount of the step (2) is as follows: each 5 liters of the mixture A was inoculated with 15 cm.times.15 cm.times.1 cm black tea fungus film.
Special culture medium for high-sugar tomatoes:
(1) The grass carbon, vermiculite and perlite are proportioned according to the proportion of 10:5:1, and uniformly stirred after proportioning, so as to obtain a main culture medium of the high-sugar tomatoes;
(2) Adding into main culture medium of high sugar tomato500g/m 3 Uniformly stirring the lime of the tomato, and a high-sugar tomato lime culture substrate;
(3) Adding 3kg/m into high sugar tomato lime culture medium 3 Special fertilizer for high-sugar tomatoes (shown in table 1) and 300g/m 3 And (5) uniformly stirring the organic biofertilizer to obtain the special culture medium for the high-sugar tomatoes.
TABLE 1 content of fertilizer ingredients specific for high sugar tomato (%)
| Total nitrogen (N) | ≥20 |
| Water-soluble phosphorus (P2O 5) | ≥20 |
| Water-soluble potassium (K2O) | ≥20 |
| EDTA-copper (Cu) | ≥0.05 |
| EDTA-iron (Fe) | ≥0.1 |
| EDTA-manganese (Mn) | ≥0.1 |
| EDTA-Zinc (Zn) | ≥0.1 |
| Boron (B) | ≥0.15 |
Example 1
Preparation before field planting
Inspection and installation of facility equipment: overhauling and installing greenhouse equipment such as greenhouse films, air vents, insect-proof nets, gardening ground cloths, cultivation tanks, supporting curtain wires, drip irrigation equipment and the like;
fumigating shed and high temperature closing shed: mixing the abamectin and the putrescence chlorothalonil according to the mass ratio of 1:1, and then fumigating the mixture to obtain 90g/667m total 2 Selecting continuous fine weather to perform canopy sealing, wherein the canopy sealing temperature is set at 70 ℃ and the canopy sealing time is 10 days;
preparation of a substrate: filling the culture tank with the uniformly stirred culture medium special for high-sugar tomatoes, lightly compacting the culture medium, and adding the culture medium to a position 2cm away from the top of the culture tank;
fixed planting period management
Seedling age: healthy seedlings (disease-free, insect-free, tidy and stuffy) with four leaves and one heart to five leaves and one heart are selected. If the seedlings are overgrown, horizontal planting and oblique transplanting can be adopted, so that the heights of the overgrown seedlings and normal seedlings are basically kept consistent;
watering before field planting: the humidity of the substrate is controlled at 70%;
planting: the tomato planting time is generally from the end of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, and is generally 30cm after four points in the afternoon on a rainy day or a sunny day, and Miao Jianju is suitable;
watering and seeding water: after field planting, continuing to water to control the humidity of the matrix to 80%, so that the matrix is better contacted with the seedlings, and the seedling rooting is more favorable for the seedling rooting;
seedling management
The seedling recovery period is 5 days, fertilization is not needed in the period, the humidity of the substrate is maintained at 70%, the temperature is required to be paid attention to in the period, the temperature in the daytime is preferably 24 ℃, the temperature in the night is preferably 15 ℃, and measures such as ventilation and the like can be adopted to reduce the temperature.
Flowering and fruit setting period management
Matrix humidity: gradually reducing the humidity of the substrate at this stage to 65%; the daytime temperature is controlled at 22 ℃ and the nighttime temperature is controlled at 13 ℃.
1) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O 5 ) And water-soluble potassium (K) 2 O) is prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and the prepared fertilizer is applied by a fertilizer applicator with the proportion of (1:100), wherein each 630m 2 And 5-10kg of the powder is applied for 15-20 d.
2) And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. Preparing fish protein, alginic acid and black tea fungus according to a mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluting by 800 times, and then flushing every 630m 2 The dosage is 10L, and the flushing is carried out for 1 time every 15 d.
Fruit enlargement and color conversion period management
Matrix humidity: the humidity of the substrate is continuously reduced at the stage, the influence on the yield is paid attention to while the taste of the high-sugar tomatoes is improved, and the humidity of the substrate is reduced to 62 percent at the stage; the daytime temperature was controlled at 27℃and the nighttime temperature was controlled at 16 ℃.
When the first fruit reaches the walnut size, namely the transverse diameter and the longitudinal diameter are about 2cm, the dosage of the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer needs to be supplemented at the stage.
1) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O5) and Water-soluble Potassium (K) 2 O) is prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:2:2, and the prepared fertilizer is applied by flushing through a fertilizer applicator with the proportion of (1:100), wherein each 630m 2 5kg is applied and 15d is applied once.
2) And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. Preparing fish protein, alginic acid and black tea fungus according to a mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluting by 800 times, and then flushing every 630m 2 The dosage is 10L, and the flushing is carried out for 1 time every 15 d.
3) And spraying a foliar organic fertilizer containing calcium element on the foliar. Diluting calciferol (Ca+Mg is more than or equal to 100 g/L) 800 times, every 630m 2 The dosage is about 110ml, the spraying period is 15d, and the whole growth period is sprayed for 2 times.
Color transfer and harvest time management
Matrix humidity: in this stage, the humidity of the matrix needs to be reduced to 57% in order to improve the taste of the sugar-rich tomatoes, the temperature in the daytime is controlled at 27 ℃ and the temperature at night is controlled at 16 ℃, and in order to improve the taste of the fruits, the fruits are not watered 3 days before harvesting.
1) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O5) and Water-soluble Potassium (K) 2 O) is prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and the prepared fertilizer is applied by a fertilizer applicator with the proportion of (1:100), wherein each 630m 2 5kg is applied and 15d is applied once.
2) And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. Preparing fish protein, alginic acid and black tea fungus according to a mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluting by 800 times, and then flushing every 630m 2 The dosage is 10L, and the flushing is carried out for 1 time every 15 d.
Recovery period management
The daytime temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the night temperature is higher than 10 ℃ and the humidity is controlled at 62%; after the fruits enter the harvesting period, the first spike fruits can be harvested 3 days after the complete color change, the fruits of other spikes are harvested within 7 days after the complete color change, and the harvesting time is preferably in the early morning with low temperature, and the temperature is lower than 20 ℃.
Flower and fruit thinning: flower and fruit thinning is carried out after the tomatoes bloom and during the period from fruit sitting to lodging;
flower thinning: selecting 5 normal and robust flower buds from each ear inflorescence, removing all other flower buds, and setting the number of sepals of the normal flower buds to be 5;
thinning fruits: after more than 4 walnut fruits are seated on each ear, the malformed fruits, special effects and the like are removed, and 4 high-quality fruits without obvious defects are reserved.
Pest control: preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests in the whole process
Sterilizing and disinfecting with ozone water: and spraying ozone water on the ground of the greenhouse and the plant surface every 5 days in combination with the growth condition of tomatoes in the greenhouse.
Red backboard: 20 red basketball boards of each mu of greenhouse are hung in the middle of the greenhouse to trap pests.
The Vc content, soluble solids, soluble reducing sugar, DPPH and organic acid content of the high-sugar tomatoes after picking are counted, and the results are shown in Table 2.
Example 2
Preparation before field planting
Inspection and installation of facility equipment: overhauling and installing greenhouse equipment such as greenhouse films, air vents, insect-proof nets, gardening ground cloths, cultivation tanks, supporting curtain wires, drip irrigation equipment and the like;
fumigating shed and high temperature closing shed: adopting abamectin to carry out fumigating shed treatment, the dosage is 90g/667m 2 Selecting continuous fine weather to carry out canopy sealing, wherein the canopy sealing temperature is set at 90 ℃, and the canopy sealing time is 15 days;
preparation of a substrate: filling the culture tank with the uniformly stirred culture medium special for high-sugar tomatoes, lightly compacting the culture medium, and adding the culture medium to a position 2cm away from the top of the culture tank;
fixed planting period management
Seedling age: healthy seedlings (disease-free, insect-free, tidy and stuffy) with four leaves and one heart to five leaves and one heart are selected. If the seedlings are overgrown, horizontal planting and oblique transplanting can be adopted, so that the heights of the overgrown seedlings and normal seedlings are basically kept consistent;
watering before field planting: the humidity of the substrate is controlled between 75%;
planting: the tomato planting time is generally from the end of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, and is generally selected to be after four points in the afternoon on a rainy day or a sunny day, and Miao Jianju is preferably 35 cm;
watering and seeding water: after field planting, continuing to water to enable the humidity of the matrix to reach 85%, so that the matrix is better contacted with the seedlings, and the seedling rooting is facilitated;
seedling management
The seedling recovery period is 10 days, fertilization is not needed in the period, the humidity of the substrate is maintained to be 75%, the temperature is needed to be noted in the period, the temperature in the daytime is preferably 27 ℃, the temperature in the night is preferably 18 ℃, and measures such as ventilation and the like can be adopted to reduce the temperature.
Flowering and fruit setting period management
Matrix humidity: gradually reducing the humidity of the substrate at this stage to 70%; the daytime temperature is controlled at 25 ℃, and the nighttime temperature is controlled at 16 ℃.
3) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O5) and Water-soluble Potassium (K) 2 O) is prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and 10kg of prepared fertilizer is applied each time and 20d of fertilizer is applied each timeAnd twice.
4) And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. The fish protein, the alginic acid and the black tea fungus are prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluted 1000 times and then applied by flushing, wherein the dosage of each time is 10L, and the flushing is carried out for 1 time every 20 d.
Fruit enlargement and color conversion period management
Matrix humidity: the humidity of the substrate is continuously reduced at the stage, the influence on the yield is paid attention to while the taste of the high-sugar tomatoes is improved, and the humidity of the substrate is reduced to 67%; the daytime temperature is controlled at 30 ℃ and the nighttime temperature is controlled at 19 ℃. When the first fruit reaches the walnut size, namely the transverse diameter and the longitudinal diameter are about 3cm, the dosage of the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer needs to be supplemented at the stage.
1) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O5) and Water-soluble Potassium (K) 2 O) is prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:2:2, and the prepared fertilizer is applied by 10kg for 20d for one time.
2) And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. The fish protein, the alginic acid and the black tea fungus are prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluted 1000 times and then applied by flushing, wherein the dosage of each time is 10L, and the flushing is carried out for 1 time every 20 d.
3) And spraying a foliar organic fertilizer containing calcium element on the foliar. The calciferol (Ca+Mg is more than or equal to 100 g/L) is diluted 1000 times, the dosage is about 110ml each time, the spraying period is 20d, and the whole growth period is sprayed for 3 times.
Color transfer and harvest time management
Matrix humidity: in this stage, in order to increase the taste of the sugar-rich tomatoes, the humidity of the matrix needs to be continuously reduced, the humidity of the matrix is reduced to 62%, the temperature in the daytime is controlled at 30 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled at 19 ℃, and in order to increase the taste of the fruits, watering is not carried out 3 days before the fruits are harvested.
1) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O5) and Water-soluble Potassium (K) 2 O) is prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and the prepared fertilizer is applied by 10kg for 20d for one time.
And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. The fish protein, the alginic acid and the black tea fungus are prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluted 1000 times and then applied by flushing, wherein the dosage of each time is 10L, and the flushing is carried out for 1 time every 20 d.
Recovery period management
The daytime temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the night temperature is higher than 10 ℃ and the humidity is controlled at 67%; after the fruits enter the harvesting period, the first spike fruits can be harvested 5 days after the complete color change, the fruits of other spikes are harvested within 10 days after the complete color change, and the harvesting time is preferably in the early morning with low temperature, and the temperature is lower than 20 ℃.
Flower and fruit thinning: flower and fruit thinning is carried out after the tomatoes bloom and during the period from fruit sitting to lodging;
flower thinning: 8 normal and robust flower buds are selected and reserved for each ear inflorescence, all the rest flower buds are removed, and the number of sepals of the normal flower buds is 7;
thinning fruits: after more than 4 walnut fruits are seated on each ear, malformed fruits, special effect fruits and the like are removed, and 6 high-quality fruits without obvious defects are reserved.
Pest control: pest control in the whole process
Sterilizing and disinfecting with ozone water: and (3) spraying ozone water on the ground of the greenhouse and the plant surface every 7 days in combination with the growth condition of tomatoes in the greenhouse.
Red backboard: 20 red basketball boards of each mu of greenhouse are hung in the middle of the greenhouse to trap pests.
The Vc content, soluble solids, soluble reducing sugar, DPPH and organic acid content of the high-sugar tomatoes after picking are counted, and the results are shown in Table 3.
Example 3
Preparation before field planting
Inspection and installation of facility equipment: overhauling and installing greenhouse equipment such as greenhouse films, air vents, insect-proof nets, gardening ground cloths, cultivation tanks, supporting curtain wires, drip irrigation equipment and the like;
fumigating shed and high temperature closing shed: adopting abamectin to carry out fumigating shed treatment, the dosage is 90g/667m 2 Selecting continuous fine weather to perform canopy sealing, wherein the canopy sealing temperature is set at 80 ℃, and the canopy sealing time is 13 days;
preparation of a substrate: filling the culture tank with the uniformly stirred culture medium special for high-sugar tomatoes, lightly compacting the culture medium, and adding the culture medium to a position 2cm away from the top of the culture tank;
fixed planting period management
Seedling age: healthy seedlings (disease-free, insect-free, tidy and stuffy) with four leaves and one heart to five leaves and one heart are selected. If the seedlings are overgrown, horizontal planting and oblique transplanting can be adopted, so that the heights of the overgrown seedlings and normal seedlings are basically kept consistent;
watering before field planting: the humidity of the substrate is controlled between 73%;
planting: the tomato planting time is generally from the end of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, and is generally selected to be 33cm after four points in the afternoon on a rainy day or a sunny day, and Miao Jianju is suitable;
watering and seeding water: after field planting, continuing watering to ensure that the humidity of the matrix reaches 83%, so that the matrix is better contacted with seedlings, and the seedling rooting is more favorable for the seedling rooting;
seedling management
The seedling recovery period is 7 days, fertilization is not needed in the period, the humidity of the substrate is maintained to be 73%, the temperature is needed to be noted in the period, the daytime temperature is 25 ℃ and the nighttime temperature is 16 ℃, and measures such as ventilation and the like can be adopted to reduce the temperature.
Flowering and fruit setting period management
Matrix humidity: gradually reducing the humidity of the substrate at the stage, and reducing the humidity of the substrate to 67%; the daytime temperature is controlled at 24 ℃, and the nighttime temperature is controlled at 15 ℃.
1) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O5) and Water-soluble Potassium (K) 2 O) preparing the prepared fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and carrying out flushing and applying for 15-20d once each time.
2) And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. The fish protein, the alginic acid and the black tea fungus are prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluted by 900 times and then applied by 1 time per 17d, wherein the dosage of each time is 10L.
Fruit enlargement and color conversion period management
Matrix humidity: the humidity of the substrate is continuously reduced at the stage, the influence on the yield is paid attention to while the taste of the high-sugar tomatoes is improved, and the humidity of the substrate is reduced to 65%; the daytime temperature was controlled at 28℃and the nighttime temperature was controlled at 18 ℃.
When the first fruit reaches the walnut size, namely the transverse diameter and the longitudinal diameter are about 3cm, the dosage of the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer needs to be supplemented at the stage.
1) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O5) and Water-soluble Potassium (K) 2 O) preparing the fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 1:2:2, and flushing 7kg for 17d each time.
2) And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. The fish protein, the alginic acid and the black tea fungus are prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluted by 900 times and then applied by 1 time per 17d, wherein the dosage of each time is 10L.
3) And spraying a foliar organic fertilizer containing calcium element on the foliar. The calciferol (Ca+Mg is more than or equal to 100 g/L) is diluted by 900 times, the dosage is about 110ml each time, the spraying period is 17d, and the whole growth period is sprayed for 3 times.
Color transfer and harvest time management
Matrix humidity: in this stage, in order to increase the taste of the sugar-rich tomatoes, the humidity of the matrix needs to be continuously reduced, the humidity of the matrix is reduced to 60%, the temperature in the daytime is controlled at 28 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled at 18 ℃, and in order to increase the taste of the fruits, watering is not carried out 3 days before the fruits are harvested.
1) And (5) flushing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Will [ (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 Urea]Water-soluble phosphorus (P) 2 O5) and Water-soluble Potassium (K) 2 O) preparing the fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and flushing 7kg for 17d each time.
And (5) flushing Shi Gaotang the organic fertilizer special for tomatoes. The fish protein, the alginic acid and the black tea fungus are prepared according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, diluted by 900 times and then applied by 1 time per 17d, wherein the dosage of each time is 10L.
Recovery period management
The daytime temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the night temperature is higher than 10 ℃ and the humidity is controlled to 65%; after the fruits enter the harvesting period, the first spike fruits can be harvested 4 days after the complete color change, the fruits of other spikes are harvested within 8 days after the complete color change, and the harvesting time is preferably in the early morning with low temperature, and the temperature is lower than 20 ℃.
Flower and fruit thinning: flower and fruit thinning is carried out after the tomatoes bloom and during the period from fruit sitting to lodging;
flower thinning: 6 normal and robust flower buds are selected and reserved for each ear inflorescence, all other flower buds are removed, and 6 sepals of the normal flower buds are removed;
thinning fruits: after more than 4 walnut fruits are seated on each ear, malformed fruits, special effect fruits and the like are removed, and 5 high-quality fruits without obvious defects are reserved.
Pest control: pest control in the whole process
Sterilizing and disinfecting with ozone water: and spraying ozone water on the ground of the greenhouse and the plant surface every 6 days in combination with the growth condition of tomatoes in the greenhouse.
Red backboard: 20 red basketball boards of each mu of greenhouse are hung in the middle of the greenhouse to trap pests.
The Vc content, soluble solids, soluble reducing sugar, DPPH and organic acid content of the high-sugar tomatoes after picking are counted, and the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
In the present specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment is mainly described in a different point from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to the embodiments described above will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (3)
1. The fertilizer and water management method for high-sugar tomato cultivation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Seedling management: the daytime temperature is controlled at 24-27 ℃, the nighttime temperature is controlled at 15-18 ℃, and the humidity is controlled at 70-75%;
(2) Flowering and fruit setting period management: controlling the daytime temperature to 22-25 ℃, controlling the nighttime temperature to 13-16 ℃ and controlling the humidity to 65-70%, and dressing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer;
(3) And (3) fruit swelling and color conversion period management: controlling the temperature at 27-30 ℃ in daytime, controlling the temperature at 16-19 ℃ in night, controlling the humidity at 62-67%, and dressing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer;
(4) Color transfer and harvest period management: controlling the temperature at 27-30 ℃ in daytime, controlling the temperature at 16-19 ℃ in night, controlling the humidity at 57-62%, and dressing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer;
(5) And (3) fruit harvesting management: the daytime temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the night temperature is higher than 10 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 62% -67%;
the organic fertilizer is as follows: fish protein, alginic acid and black tea fungus;
the flowering and fruit setting period management in the step (2) is carried out, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are prepared from the following total nitrogen in mass ratio: water-soluble phosphorus: water-soluble potassium=1:1:1 ratio; the organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: seaweed extract: black tea fungus=1:1:1 ratio; the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared in proportion and are applied 5-10kg each time; diluting the organic fertilizer by 800-1000 times, and applying 10L each time;
and (3) managing the fruit swelling and color conversion period, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers comprise the following total nitrogen in mass ratio: water-soluble phosphorus: water-soluble potassium=1:2:2 ratio; the organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: seaweed extract: black tea fungus=1:1:1 ratio; the calcium fertilizer is calciferol; the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared in proportion and are applied 5-10kg each time; diluting the organic fertilizer by 800-1000 times, and applying 10L each time; diluting the calcium fertilizer by 800-1000 times, and using 110mL each time;
and (3) color conversion and harvest period management, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are prepared from the following total nitrogen in mass ratio: water-soluble phosphorus: water-soluble potassium=1:2:2 ratio; the organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: seaweed extract: black tea fungus=1:1:1 ratio; the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are prepared in proportion and are applied 5-10kg each time; diluting the organic fertilizer by 800-1000 times, and applying 10L each time;
the tomato variety is as follows: tomato variety 181;
the total nitrogen is (NH) 4 ) 2 SO 4 And urea; the water-soluble phosphorus is P 2 O 5 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The water-soluble potassium is K 2 O；
The black tea fungus is homemade black tea fungus;
the preparation method of the black tea fungus self-fermentation liquid comprises the following steps:
a. mixing the raw materials of rock sugar, tea and water according to a proportion of 5:0.2:100, mixing to obtain a mixed solution A;
b. inoculating black tea fungus membrane when the temperature of the mixed solution A is reduced to 32 ℃ to obtain mixed solution B;
c. standing and culturing the mixed solution B at the temperature of 27 ℃ for 14d until the mixed solution B has no sweet taste, and ending fermentation;
wherein, the inoculation amount of the step b is as follows: each 5 liters of the mixture A was inoculated with 15 cm.times.15 cm.times.1 cm black tea fungus film.
2. The fertilizer and water management method for high sugar tomato cultivation according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of: preparation before planting and management of planting period.
3. The method for managing fertilizer and water for high-sugar tomato cultivation according to claim 1, wherein flowers and fruits are thinned during the period from flowering to fruit setting of the tomatoes, 5-8 flower buds are reserved for each flower head, and 5-7 sepals are reserved for the flower buds; the thinning leaves 4-6 fruits per ear.
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