CN104272207B - 用于实时燃气涡轮性能报告的方法和*** - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于监视并诊断燃气涡轮的输出中的异常的***和方法,所述方法包括存储特定针对于所述燃气涡轮的性能的多个规则集。所述方法进一步包括接收与影响所述燃气涡轮的所述性能的参数相关的实时和历史数据输入,周期性确定所述参数的当前值,将初始值与所述当前值中的相应值进行比较,基于所述比较确定压缩机的性能、功率输出、热耗率和燃料消耗量中的至少一者随时间的降级,向所述燃气涡轮的操作者推荐一组校正性动作来校正所述降级。
Description
技术领域
本描述大体上涉及机械/电气设备操作、监视和诊断,并且更具体地说,涉及用于自动向操作者报告机械的异常行为的***和方法。
背景技术
增加燃气涡轮的效率并且优化其性能是油气制造商和客户的最优先考虑。所有燃气涡轮需要以各种间隔进行例行维修,例如从大约每隔6000小时到大约每隔两年。许多因素导致需要此类维修的性能降级,例如与轴流式压缩机和热气路径组件相关的那些。可能由于叶片结垢和腐蚀以及由堵塞引起的入口过滤器压力下降而发生与轴流式压缩机相关的降级。穿过入口过滤器的外来沉积物可积聚在压缩机叶片上。这导致轴流式压缩机效率和压力比下降,其继而导致输出性能下降,例如输出功率和热效率降低。这种输出性能下降可能能够在一个月操作内达到5%。除了叶片腐蚀和疲劳之外,大多数与轴流式压缩机相关的问题可用例行维修来消除。周期性地使用在线和离线水洗来恢复机器操作条件。类似地,替换入口过滤器可减少由于过滤器堵塞引起的性能降级。因此,连续监视机器来检测早期降级迹象有助于延长停工周期。连续监视还通过调适一些过程参数、环境条件或维修时间表来实现性能优化。
传统的性能监视***使用通式和热力学等式来计算性能度量。不考虑用于受监视燃气涡轮的特定设计和控制策略。因此,预期性能仅仅是理论上的,并且不对应于实际受监视机器。使用许多导致重大错误的假设。因此,此类***无法检测早期降级迹象。举例来说,仅1%到2%的压缩机效率变化可指示需要水洗。校正因子未准确地用以考虑不同控制策略。另外,输出性能规则仅对全负荷条件有效。然而,众所周知的是通常在部分负荷条件下操作机器。因此,此类规则通常不对所有负荷范围有效。而且,未提供输出参数与输入参数之间的链接。单独地监视每个组件。因此,未有利于故障排除。已知监视***的另一个主要缺点是其规则取决于来自并不存在或出故障的传感器的数据,从而产生不准确或过时的规则。
发明内容
在一个实施例中,一种用于监视并诊断燃气涡轮的输出中的异常的计算机实施方法,其中所述方法是使用耦合到用户接口的计算机装置和存储器装置来实施的,并且其中所述方法包括在所述存储器装置中存储多个规则集,所述规则集与所述燃气涡轮的所述输出相关,所述规则集包括表达为实时数据输出相对于实时数据输入的关系表达式的至少一个规则,所述关系表达式特定针对于所述燃气涡轮的压缩机的性能、所述燃气涡轮的功率输出、所述燃气涡轮的热耗率和所述燃气涡轮的燃料消耗量中的至少一者。所述方法进一步包括从与所述燃气涡轮相关联的条件监视***接收实时和历史数据输入,所述数据输入与影响所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的参数相关;确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的初始值;周期性地确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的当前值;将所述所确定的初始值与所述当前值中的相应值进行比较;基于所述比较来确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的所述至少一者随时间的降级;以及向所述燃气涡轮的操作者推荐一组校正性动作来校正所述降级。
在另一个实施例中,一种用于包括成流体连通的轴流式压缩机和低压涡轮的燃气涡轮的燃气涡轮监视与诊断***包括燃气涡轮性能规则集,所述规则集包括实时数据输出相对于所述燃气涡轮的压缩机的性能、所述燃气涡轮的功率输出、所述燃气涡轮的热耗率和所述燃气涡轮的燃料消耗量中的至少一者的关系表达式。
在又一个实施例中,一个或多个非暂时性计算机可读存储媒体具有体现于其上的计算机可执行指令,其中在由至少一个处理器执行时,所述计算机可执行指令致使所述处理器在存储器装置中存储多个规则集,其中所述规则集与燃气涡轮的输出相关,所述规则集包括表达为实时数据输出相对于实时数据输入的关系表达式的至少一个规则,所述关系表达式特定针对于所述燃气涡轮的压缩机的性能、所述燃气涡轮的功率输出、所述燃气涡轮的热耗率和所述燃气涡轮的燃料消耗量中的至少一者。所述计算机可执行指令进一步致使所述处理器从与所述燃气涡轮相关联的条件监视***接收实时和历史数据输入,所述数据输入与影响所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的参数相关;确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的初始值;周期性地确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的当前值;将所述所确定的初始值与所述当前值中的相应值进行比较;基于所述比较来确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的所述至少一者随时间的降级;以及向所述燃气涡轮的操作者推荐一组校正性动作来校正所述降级。
附图说明
图1到图8展示本说明书中所描述的方法和***的示范性实施例。
图1是根据本发明的示范性实施例的远程监视与诊断***的示意性框图;
图2是本地工业工厂监视与诊断***(例如分布式控制***(DCS))的网络架构的示范性实施例的框图;
图3是可与图1所示的LMDS一起使用的示范性规则集的框图;
图4是根据本公开的示范性实施例的确定轴流式压缩机效率和随时间的性能降级的方法的流程图;
图5是根据本公开的示范性实施例的确定轴流式压缩机流量和随时间的流量降级的方法的流程图;
图6是根据本公开的示范性实施例的确定输出功率和随时间的功率输出降级的方法的流程图;
图7是根据本公开的示范性实施例的确定输出功率和随时间的功率输出降级的方法的流程图;以及
图8是根据本公开的示范性实施例的在确定燃气涡轮燃料消耗量时所使用的规则集的方法的流程图。
虽然可能在一些附图中而未在其它附图中展示各种实施例的特定特征,但这只是出于方便起见。任何附图的任何特征可与任何其它附图的任何特征结合来提及和/或主张。
具体实施方式
以下详细描述以实例方式而非以限制方式说明本发明的实施例。预期本发明广泛适用于在工业、商业和住宅应用中监视设备操作的分析型且有条理的实施例。
校正燃气涡轮输出降级是机械操作者不变的目标。然而,输出降级通常是输入参数的降级的结果。本说明书中所描述的方法有助于识别这种降级的根本原因。所述方法用来实时监视整个机器并且将组件彼此链接。可接着构造基于输出和输入条件的故障排除流程。
使用实时热力学模拟软件来执行所述方法并且通过考虑受监视燃气涡轮的特定设计参数来改进评估的准确性,并且不对所有燃气涡轮通用。因此,结果较好地符合实际输出值。其次,热力学模拟软件算法使用经验和统计相关性来估计未知参数或校正因子。举例来说,计算轴流式压缩机效率时不采用与温度无关的比热比,像通常所做那样。而是,执行经验相关性来找出估计这个比率时所处的温度。还校正入口导叶开口和速度改变参数。规则适合每个控制区,而不管基于在加载或卸载时如何控制燃气涡轮来由速度还是由IGV开口控制机器。
降级算法考虑在第一次部署监视***时机器的初始条件并且将所述初始条件用作参考,而非使用理论预期值作为参考,所述理论预期值可能对应于或可能不对应于受监视机器。此外,所述方法使用在所有负荷条件而非仅全负荷条件下工作的规则和算法。然而,仅可在全负荷条件下评估输出降级,因为根据来自从动设备的需要会将功率输入到过程,并且由于功率下降或增大可能表示需求改变而非性能降级,这样使得在部分负荷下监视这个值没有意义。另一方面,可在全负荷和部分负荷条件下应用燃料消耗量规则。所述规则验证输入数据以确保相关联的传感器正在恰当地工作。而且,可使用所计算出的燃料流量来验证测得值,并且使用所计算出的输出功率来通过执行热平衡计算并且通过使用输出功率与某些输入参数之间的统计相关性来确定扭矩计是否出故障。
性能监视对于增加效率、降低燃料成本和预测结垢是重要的。轴流式压缩机是许多燃气涡轮性能问题的主要来源。下文所描述的本公开的实施例监视轴流式压缩机多变效率和流量效率并且相对于初始参考条件报告降级。效率计算使用经验相关性来评估比热比。而且,进行校正以考虑气体产生器速度、环境温度以及入口导叶开口。还针对ISO和全速度条件校正流量计算。这种方法提供准确的结果并且允许在较早阶段进行降级检测。所述方法还监视输出性能,主要是输出功率和热耗率。这两者都是在全负荷条件下计算的并且校正至ISO条件。相对于初始参考条件来界定降级。此外,所述方法提供还在部分负荷条件下适用的燃料消耗量规则。燃料消耗量与输出功率直接相关,并且因此,即使在部分负荷条件下也提供输出性能监视。
作为在线燃气涡轮性能监视***的一部分的基于轴流式压缩机性能规则的监视模块包括:
1.轴流式压缩机效率和流量,其是表征燃气涡轮中的轴流式压缩机的性能的两个重要参数并且可用作降级指标。多变效率被称为小阶段效率并且表示构成阶段的等熵效率。在计算这种效率时,使用经验相关性来计算比热比以俘获温度相依性。接着针对实际轴流式压缩机速度和入口导叶开口校正所计算出的效率。使用热力学模拟软件来获得校正系数。监视这种效率来相对于在监视***的第一次部署时计算出的初始效率查看降级。随时间监视这个值准许预测需要水洗或存在压缩机结垢。流量与排放压力成比例并且取决于环境温度和压力。在将环境条件校正至ISO条件之后,还基于实际速度和入口导叶开口来校正流量效率。
2.输出功率和热耗率。或者从扭矩计读取功率输出,并且或者在不可用的情况下,使用能量平衡来估计其。针对环境条件变化以及入口和出口压力损耗进行校正。这些校正因子是使用热力学模拟来获得的。监视在基本负荷条件下的被校正的功率或热耗率的降级。基于初始条件来界定降级因子,这类似于轴流式压缩机效率的界定。
3.燃料消耗量:尽管输出规则在基本负荷条件下适用,但这个规则还可在基本负荷和部分负荷条件下应用。燃料消耗量是燃料流动速率与燃料的低热值的乘积。燃料消耗量是ISO条件下的负荷的线性函数。测量燃料流量,将燃料流量和功率校正至ISO条件,并且接着将所述结果与ISO下的预期燃料消耗量进行比较。这种情况下的偏差是可随时间监视的降级参数。如果燃料流量的可靠测量值不可用,那么使用气体控制阀上的堵塞条件来计算燃料流量。
图1是根据本发明的示范性实施例的远程监视与诊断***100的示意性框图。在所述示范性实施例中,***100包括远程监视与诊断中心102。远程监视与诊断中心102由实体操作,例如所购买的多个设备的OEM,并且由单独商业实体操作,例如操作实体。在示范性实施例中,OEM和操作实体进入支持安排,借此OEM向操作实体提供与所购买的设备相关的服务。操作实体可在单个场地或多个场地拥有并操作所购买的设备。此外,OEM可与多个操作实体进入支持安排,每个操作实体操作其自己的单个场地或多个场地。多个场地可各自含有相同的单独设备或相同的多组设备,例如设备系列。另外,至少一些设备可对于一个场地为唯一的或对于所有场地为唯一的。
在示范性实施例中,第一场地104包括一个或多个过程分析器106、设备监视***108、设备本地控制中心110和/或监视与警报面板112,其各自被配置成与相应的设备传感器和控制设备介接以实行相应设备的控制和操作。所述一个或多个过程分析器106、设备监视***108、设备本地控制中心110和/或监视与警报面板112通过网络116以通信方式耦合到智能监视与诊断***114。智能监视与诊断(IMAD)***114进一步被配置成与其它现场***(图1中未示出)和场外***(例如但不限于远程监视与诊断中心102)通信。在各种实施例中,IMAD 114被配置成使用例如专用网络118、无线链路120和因特网122来与远程监视与诊断中心102通信。
多个其它场地(例如,第二场地124和第n个场地126)中的每一者可大致上类似于第一场地104,但可完全类似于或可不完全类似于第一场地104。
图2是本地工业工厂监视与诊断***(例如分布式控制***(DCS)201)的网络架构200的示范性实施例的框图。工业工厂可包括多个工厂设备,例如燃气涡轮、离心式压缩机、齿轮箱、发电机、泵、马达、鼓风机和过程监视传感器,其通过互连管路以流动连通的方式耦合并且通过一个或多个远程输入/输出(I/O)模块以及互连电缆和/或无线通信以信号通信的方式与DCS 201耦合。在示范性实施例中,工业工厂包括DCS 201,其包括网络主干203。网络主干203可为由(例如)双绞线电缆、屏蔽同轴电缆或光纤电缆制成的硬连线数据通信路径,或可为至少部分无线的。DCS 201还可包括处理器205,其通过网络主干203以通信方式耦合到工厂设备,位于工业工厂场地或位于远程位置。应理解,任何数目的机器可操作性地连接到网络主干203。一部分机器可硬连线到网络主干203,并且另一部分机器可经由无线基站207无线地耦合到主干203,所述无线基站207以通信方式耦合到DCS 201。无线基站207可用以扩大DCS 201的有效通信范围,例如与位于远离工业工厂但仍互连到工业工厂内的一个或多个***的设备或传感器的通信。
DCS 201可被配置成接收并显示与多个设备相关联的操作参数,并且产生自动控制信号以及接收手动控制输入以用于控制工业工厂的设备的操作。在示范性实施例中,DCS201可包括软件代码片段,其被配置来控制处理器205分析在DCS 201处接收的数据,所述数据允许对工业工厂机器进行在线监视与诊断。可从每个机器(包括燃气涡轮、离心式压缩机、泵和马达)、相关联的过程传感器以及本地环境传感器(例如,包括振动、地震、温度、压力、电流、电压、环境温度和环境湿度传感器)收集数据。所述数据可由本地诊断模块或远程输入/输出模块进行预处理,或可按原始形式传输到DCS 201。
本地监视与诊断***(LMDS)213可为单独的附加硬件装置,例如个人计算机(PC),其通过网络主干203来与DCS 201以及其它控制***209和数据源通信。LMDS 213还可在DCS201和/或一个或多个其它控制***209上执行的软件程序片段中体现。因此,LMDS 213可用分布式方式进行操作,使得一部分软件程序片段在若干个处理器上同时执行。因而,LMDS213可完全集成到DCS 201和其它控制***209的操作中。LMDS 213分析由DCS 201、数据源和其它控制***209接收的数据以使用工业工厂的全局视图确定所述机器和/或采用所述机器的过程的操作健康。
在示范性实施例中,网络架构100包括服务器级计算机202和一个或多个客户端***203。服务器级计算机202进一步包括数据库服务器206、应用程序服务器208、网络服务器210、传真服务器212、目录服务器214和邮件服务器216。服务器206、208、210、212、214和216中的每一者可在服务器级计算机202上执行的软件中体现,或服务器206、208、210、212、214和216的任何组合可单独地或组合地在耦合于局域网(LAN)(未图示)中的单独服务器级计算机上体现。数据存储单元220耦合到服务器级计算机202。另外,工作站222(例如***管理员的工作站、用户工作站和/或监督员的工作站)耦合到网络主干203。或者,工作站222使用因特网链路226耦合到网络主干203,或通过无线连接(例如通过无线基站207)来连接。
每个工作站222可为具有网络浏览器的个人计算机。虽然通常在工作站处执行的功能被说明为在相应工作站222处执行,但此类功能可在耦合到网络主干203的许多个人计算机中的一者处执行。工作站222被描述为仅与单独示范性功能相关联以有助于理解可由能够接入网络主干203的个人执行的不同类型的功能。
服务器级计算机202被配置成以通信方式耦合到各种个人,包括雇员228,并且耦合到第三方,例如服务提供商230。示范性实施例中的通信被说明为使用因特网来执行,然而,可在其它实施例中利用任何其它广域网(WAN)型通信,即,所述***和过程不限于使用因特网来实施。
在示范性实施例中,具有工作站232的任何被授权的个人能够访问LMDS213。至少一个客户端***可包括位于远程位置的管理者工作站234。工作站222可在具有网络浏览器的个人计算机上体现。而且,工作站222被配置成与服务器级计算机202通信。此外,传真服务器212使用电话链路(未图示)与位于远端的客户端***(包括客户端***236)通信。传真服务器212被配置成还与其它客户端***228、230和234通信。
如下文更详细描述的LMDS 213的计算机化建模与分析工具可存储在服务器202中并且可由任何一个客户端***204处的请求者访问。在一个实施例中,客户端***204是包括网络浏览器的计算机,使得服务器级计算机202能够由客户端***204使用因特网来访问。客户端***204通过许多接口互连到因特网,所述接口包括网络(例如局域网(LAN)或广域网(WAN))、拨入连接、电缆调制解调器和特殊高速ISDN线。客户端***204可为能够互连到因特网的任何装置,包括基于网络的电话、个人数字助理(PDA)或其它基于网络的可连接设备。数据库服务器206连接到含有关于工业工厂10的信息的数据库240,如下文更详细描述。在一个实施例中,集中式数据库240存储在服务器级计算机202上并且可由一个客户端***204处的***通过经由一个客户端***204登录到服务器级计算机202来访问。在替代性实施例中,数据库240存储在远离服务器级计算机202处,并且可为非集中式的。
其它工业工厂***可提供服务器级计算机202和/或客户端***204能够通过通往网络主干203的独立连接来访问的数据。交互式电子技术手动服务器242服务于对与每个机器的配置相关的机器数据的请求。此类数据可包括操作能力,例如泵曲线、马达马力额定值、绝缘等级和帧大小;设计参数,例如维度、转子条或叶轮片的数目;以及机械维修历史,例如对机器的现场更改、调整前和调整后对准测量以及不使机器返回到其原始设计条件的对机器实施的修理。
便携式振动监视器244可直接或通过计算机输入端口(例如工作站222或客户端***204中所包括的端口)间歇地耦合到LAN。通常,按某一路线收集振动数据,周期性地(例如,每月或其它周期性)从预定的一列机器收集数据。还可结合故障排除、维修和试车活动来收集振动数据。另外,可实时地或准实时地连续收集振动数据。此类数据可为LMDS 213的算法提供新基线。可类似地在路线基础上或在故障排除、维修和试车活动期间收集过程数据。此外,可实时地或准实时地连续收集某些过程数据。某些过程参数可能不会永久地被检测到,并且便携式过程数据收集器245可用以收集可通过工作站222下载到DCS 201以使得其可由LMDS 213访问的过程参数数据。可通过多个在线监视器246将例如过程流体成分分析物和污染物排放分析物等其它过程参数数据提供到DCS 201。
供应到各种机器或由发电机对工业工厂产生的电力可由与每个机器相关联的马达保护继电器248监视。通常,此类继电器248位于远离马达控制中心(MCC)中的受监视设备处或位于对机器供电的开关装置250中。另外,对于保护继电器248,开关装置250还可包括监督控制与数据采集***(SCADA),其向LMDS 213提供位于工业工厂处(例如,在调车场中)的电力供应或电力递送***(未图示)设备或远程传输线路断路器和线路参数。
图3是可与LMDS 213(图1所示)一起使用的示范性规则集280的框图。规则集280可为一个或多个自定义规则以及定义所述自定义规则的行为和状态的一系列特性的组合。所述规则和特性可按XML字符串的格式来捆绑和存储,所述XML字符串可在存储为文件时基于25字符字母数字密钥来加密。规则集280是包括一个或多个输入282和一个或多个输出284的模块化知识元。输入282可为将数据从LMDS 213中的特定位置引导到规则集280的软件端口。举例来说,来自泵外置振动传感器的输入可被传输到DCS 201中的硬件输入终端。DCS201可在那个终端处对信号进行取样以在其上接收所述信号。接着可对信号进行处理并将其存储在DCS 201能够访问和/或与DCS 201成一体式的存储器中的一个位置处。规则集280的第一输入286可被映射到存储器中的所述位置,使得存储器中的所述位置的内容作为输入对于规则集280可用。类似地,输出288可被映射到DCS 201能够访问的存储器中的另一位置或映射到另一存储器,使得存储器中的所述位置含有规则集280的输出288。
在示范性实施例中,规则集280包括与同在工业工厂(例如,天然气回注工厂、液体天然气(LNG)工厂、发电厂、精炼厂和化学处理设施)中操作的设备相关联的特定问题的监视和诊断相关的一个或多个规则。虽然按照与工业工厂一起使用来描述规则集280,但可恰当地构造规则集280来俘获任何知识并且用于在任何领域中确定解决方案。举例来说,规则集280可含有与经济行为、金融活动、天气现象和设计过程有关的知识。规则集280可接着用以在这些领域中确定问题的解决方案。规则集280包括来自一个或多个来源的知识,使得所述知识被传输到应用规则集280的任何***。以将输出284与输入282相关的规则的形式俘获知识,使得输入282和输出284的规范允许将规则集280应用于LMDS213。规则集280可仅包括特定针对于特定工厂资产的规则,并且可仅针对于与那个特定工厂资产相关联的一个可能问题。举例来说,规则集280可仅包括适用于马达或马达/泵组合的规则。规则集280可仅包括使用振动数据确定马达/泵组合的健康的规则。规则集280还可包括使用一套诊断工具确定马达/泵组合的健康的规则,除了振动分析技术之外,所述诊断工具还可包括(例如)用于马达/泵组合的性能计算工具和/或金融计算工具。
在操作中,在软件开发工具中创建规则集280,所述软件开发工具向用户提示输入282与输出284之间的关系。输入282可接收表示(例如)数字信号、模拟信号、波形、经处理信号、手动输入和/或配置参数以及来自其它规则集的输出的数据。规则集280内的规则可包括逻辑规则、数值算法、波形和信号处理技术应用、专家***和人工智能算法、统计工具和可使输出284与输入282相关的任何其它表达式。输出284可被映射到存储器中的被保留并配置来接收每个输出284的相应位置。LMDS 213和DCS 201可接着使用存储器中的所述位置来完成LMDS 213和DCS 201可被编程来执行的任何监视和/或控制功能。规则集280的规则独立于LMDS 213和DCS 201来进行操作,但可直接地或通过居间装置间接地将输入282供应到规则集280以及将输出284供应到规则集280。
在创建规则集280期间,所述领域中的人类专家通过编程一个或多个规则来使用开发工具公布特定针对于特定资产的领域的知识。通过产生输出284与输入282之间的关系的表达式来创建所述规则。可使用图形方法从操作数库中选择操作数,例如在构建到开发工具中的图形用户接口上使用拖放。可从屏幕显示(未图示)的库部分中选择操作数的图形表示,并且将其拖放到规则创建部分中。以逻辑显示型式布置输入282与操作数之间的关系,并且在合适时基于所选择的特定操作数和特定数个输入282来向用户提示值,例如常数。由于创建了俘获专家的知识所需要的许多规则。因而,规则集280可基于客户需求和规则集280的特定领域中的技术状态来包括一组稳健的诊断和/或监视规则或一组相对较不稳健的诊断和/或监视规则。开发工具提供用于在开发期间测试规则集280的资源来确保输入282的各种组合和值在输出284处产生预期输出。
如下文所述,定义规则集来评估轴流式压缩机效率、轴流式压缩机效率流量、燃气涡轮功率输出和燃气涡轮热耗率的性能。确定中所使用的测量包括环境温度和压力、GT轴流式压缩机入口温度和压力、GT轴流式压缩机排气温度和压力、GT入口损耗、GT轴流式压缩机速度(TNH)和GT动力涡轮速度(TNL)、功率输出(来自扭矩计或从动压缩机热力学平衡)以及燃料流量和燃料成分。
图4是根据本公开的示范性实施例的确定轴流式压缩机效率和随时间的性能降级的方法400的流程图。在示范性实施例中,方法400包括确定燃气涡轮处于稳定状态402并且入口导叶位置大于55%打开404。从监视***读取406温度T2和T3。给定测得T3,评估408环境校正T3corr为:
T3corr=T3+fT3(T2),其中
fT3(T2)是基于环境温度的校正,被定义410为:
其中
c0...c3是常数,并且T3corr是评估412比热比γ时所处的温度:
其中
c0...c3是与以上常数不同的常数。
多变效率被评估为414:
应用进一步校正以便在以下范围内估计效率:94%<GT轴流式压缩机速度(TNH)<100%以及56°<IGV<85°。
从基本负荷(温度控制、TNH=100%、IGV=85)向下,通过对TNH作用(从100%到94%)并且保持IGV恒定于85°来操作控制。
环境温度校正的TNH相关性(K1)是从5°F到140°F:
Tamb参数被规格化(normalized)为:
TNH参数介于0.94与1之间。
当TNH达到94%时,通过减小IGV孔径(从85°到56°)并且保持THN恒定于94%来获得进一步负荷降低。
环境温度校正的IGV相关性(K2)是从5°F到140°F:
Tamb参数被规格化为:
IGV参数被规格化为:
方法400包括使用K1和K2校正416η,缓冲418值,并且确定420平均效率。使用下式确定422压缩机效率的降级:
图5是根据本公开的示范性实施例的确定轴流式压缩机流量和随时间的流量降级的方法500的流程图。
流量估计的通式为:
在示范性实施例中,方法500包括确定燃气涡轮处于稳定状态502并且入口导叶位置大于55%打开504。方法500包括读取506以°K计的T2、以绝对压力单位计的P2和压缩机排气压力(CDP)。从下式确定508流量系数:
使用环境温度校正的TNH相关性K1和环境温度校正的IGV相关性K2校正510流量系数:
流量系数校正=流量系数*K1*K2
方法500包括缓冲512值并且确定514平均流量效率。使用下式确定516流量效率的降级:
图6是根据本公开的示范性实施例的确定输出功率和随时间的功率输出降级的方法600的流程图。在示范性实施例中,方法600包括确定燃气涡轮处于稳定状态602,入口导叶位置604大于84%打开,并且GT轴流式压缩机速度(TNH)606大于98%。
针对以psi为单位的Pamb、以°F为单位的Tamb、以mm H20计的ΔP入口、以百分比为单位的RH(湿度)和以百分比为单位的TNL读取608值。使用下式计算610校正因子:
K(Pamb)*K(RH)*K*(ΔP入口)*K(Tamb,TNL)
从扭矩计、热平衡或来自离心式压缩机的吸收功率加上损耗中的一者或多者读取612功率输出,并且使用下式确定614被校正的功率输出:
被校正的输出功率=输出功率/校正因子
使用下式确定616输出功率随时间的降级:
图7是根据本公开的示范性实施例的确定输出功率和随时间的功率输出降级的方法700的流程图。在示范性实施例中,方法700包括确定燃气涡轮处于稳定状态702,入口导叶位置704大于84%打开,并且GT轴流式压缩机速度(TNH)706大于98%。
针对以psi为单位的Pamb、以°F为单位的Tamb、以mm H2O计的ΔP入口、以百分比为单位的RH(湿度)和以百分比为单位的TNL读取708值。使用下式计算710校正因子:
K(Pamb)*K(RH)*K*(ΔP入口)*K(Tamb,TNL)
使用下式确定712热耗率:
(燃料流量*LHV)/(输出功率)
使用下式确定714被校正的热耗率:
被校正的热耗率=热耗率/校正因子
使用下式确定716输出功率随时间的降级:
图8是根据本公开的示范性实施例的在确定燃气涡轮燃料消耗量时所使用的规则集的方法800的流程图。在示范性实施例中,方法800包括确定燃气涡轮处于稳定状态802。如果是,那么方法800包括接收804来自例如燃料计的测得燃料流量和来自燃料速率计算的计算得燃料速率并且使用下式确定806测得值和计算得值相对于彼此在计算得值的10%内:
abs(测得值-计算得值)/计算得值<10%
如果是808,那么下文使用测得燃料流量。如果否810,那么下文使用计算得燃料流量。使用下式确定燃料消耗量校正:
燃料消耗量校正=燃料流量*LHV/校正因子
从针对以psi为单位的Pamb、以°F为单位的Tamb、以mm H2O计的ΔP入口、以百分比为单位的RH(湿度)、以百分比为单位的TNL和以千瓦(kW)为单位的功率输出读取814的值确定校正因子。使用下式计算816校正因子:
K(Pamb)*K(RH)*K*(ΔP入口)*K(Tamb,TNL,输出功率)
使用下式确定818等量功率下的燃料消耗量校正:
ISO功率下的燃料消耗量校正=燃料消耗量校正/功率校正
从当前功率下的计算得预期等量燃料消耗量820和ISO功率下的计算得预期等量燃料消耗量822确定功率校正比。
将等量功率下的燃料消耗量校正缓冲826预定周期(例如但不限于六十分钟)以确定828实际等量燃料消耗量。还将ISO功率下的计算得预期等量燃料消耗量822缓冲830预定周期,并且确定832预期等量燃料消耗量。使用下式确定834燃料消耗量偏差:
偏差=(实际等量燃料消耗量828)-(预期等量燃料消耗量832)
附图中所描绘的逻辑流程不需要所展示的特定次序或先后次序来实现合意的结果。另外,对于所描述的流程,可提供其它步骤或可消除数个步骤,并且可向所描述的***添加其它组件或从所描述的***移除数个组件。因而,其它实施例属于所附权利要求书的范围内。
将了解,已经特别详细描述的以上实施例仅仅是实例或可能的实施例,并且存在可以包括在内的许多其它组合、添加或替代物。
而且,组件的特定命名、项目的资本化、属性、数据结构或任何其它编程或结构方面不是强制性的或重要的,并且实施本发明的机构或其特征可具有不同名称、格式或协议。此外,所述***可经由硬件与软件的组合(如所描述)或全部以硬件元件来实施。而且,本说明书中所描述的各种***组件之间的功能性的特定划分仅仅是一个实例并且不是强制性的;由单个***组件执行的功能可改为由多个组件执行,并且由多个组件执行的功能可改为由单个组件执行。
以上描述的一些部分按照算法和对信息的运算的符号表示来呈现特征。这些算法描述和表示可由数据处理领域的技术人员用来最有效地将其工作的实质传达给所述领域的其它技术人员。尽管在功能上或在逻辑上描述这些操作,但这些操作被理解为由计算机程序实施。此外,还已经证明在不失一般性的情况下将这些操作布置称为模块或通过功能名称来提及这些操作布置有时是方便的。
如从以上论述中容易明白,除非另有特殊陈述,否则应了解,在整个描述中,利用例如“处理”或“计算”或“推算”或“确定”或“显示”或“提供”等术语的论述是指计算机***或类似的电子计算装置的动作和过程,其操纵和转变计算机***存储器或暂存器或者其它此类信息存储、传输或显示装置内的表示为物理(电子)量的数据。
虽然已经按照各种特定实施例来描述本公开,但将认识到,可在权利要求书的精神和范围内用修改来实施本公开。
如本说明书中所使用的术语“处理器”是指中央处理单元、微处理器、微控制器、精简指令集电路(RISC)、专用集成电路(ASIC)、逻辑电路以及能够执行本说明书中所描述的功能的任何其它电路或处理器。
如本说明书中使用,术语“软件”和“固件”是可互换的,并且包括存储在存储器中以供处理器205执行的任何计算机程序,所述存储器包括RAM存储器、ROM存储器、EPROM存储器、EEPROM存储器和非易失性RAM(NVRAM)存储器。上述存储器类型仅为示范性的,并且因此对于能够用于存储计算机程序的存储器的类型不具限制性。
如基于前述说明书将了解,本公开的上述实施例可使用计算机编程或工程设计技术来实施,所述技术包括计算机软件、固件、硬件或者其任何组合或子集,其中所述技术效果包括(a)将多个规则集存储在存储器装置中,所述规则集与燃气涡轮的输出有关,所述规则集包括表达为实时数据输出相对于实时数据输入的关系表达式的至少一个规则,所述关系表达式特定针对于燃气涡轮的压缩机的性能、燃气涡轮的功率输出、燃气涡轮的热耗率和燃气涡轮的燃料消耗量中的至少一者;(b)从与燃气涡轮相关联的条件监视***接收实时和历史数据输入,所述数据输入与影响所述压缩机的性能、功率输出、热耗率和燃料消耗量中的至少一者的参数相关;(c)确定压缩机的性能、功率输出、热耗率和燃料消耗量中的至少一者的初始值;(d)周期性确定压缩机的性能、功率输出、热耗率和燃料消耗量中的至少一者的当前值;(e)将所确定的初始值与当前值中的相应值进行比较;(f)基于所述比较确定压缩机的性能、功率输出、热耗率和燃料消耗量中的所述至少一者随时间的降级;(g)向燃气涡轮的操作者推荐一组校正性动作来校正所述降级;(h)使用热力学模拟算法确定未知或未感测到的参数和校正因子;(i)使用历史数据输入中的至少一者和热力学模拟算法检验提供实时数据输入的传感器的可操作性;(j)使用温度相依性比热比确定轴流式压缩机效率;(k)使用经验相关性确定评估所述比热比所在的温度;(1)监视轴流式压缩机多变效率和流量效率;(m)针对轴流式压缩机的实际速度和入口导叶的实际开口校正所确定的效率;(n)使用热力学模拟确定校正系数;(o)将环境条件校正至等量条件;(p)基于实际轴流式压缩机速度和入口导叶开口校正流量效率;(q)从扭矩计接收功率输出信号;(r)使用能量平衡算法确定功率输出来产生计算功率输出信号;(s)使用燃料流动速率和燃料的低热值确定燃料消耗量的值;以及(t)确定在全负荷和部分负荷中的至少一者下的燃料消耗量的值。任何此类所得程序(其具有计算机可读代码构件)可在一个或多个计算机可读媒体内体现或提供,进而根据本公开的所论述的实施例制作计算机程序产品,即制品。计算机可读媒体可为(例如但不限于)固定(硬盘)驱动器、软盘、光盘、磁带、半导体存储器(例如只读存储器(ROM))和/或任何发射/接收媒体(例如因特网或者其它通信网络或链路)。可通过从一个媒体直接执行代码、通过将代码从一个媒体复制到另一个媒体或通过经由网络发射代码来制作且/或使用含有计算机代码的制品。
本说明书中所描述的许多功能单元已经被标示为模块,以便更明确地强调其实施独立性。举例来说,可将模块实施为硬件电路,所述硬件电路包含自定义超大规模集成(“VLSI”)电路或门阵列、成品半导体(例如逻辑芯片)、晶体管或其它离散组件。模块还可在可编程硬件装置中实施,所述可编程硬件装置例如为现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、可编程阵列逻辑、可编程逻辑装置(PLD)等。
模块还可用软件来实施以供各种类型的处理器执行。举例来说,所识别的可执行代码的模块可包含计算机指令的一个或多个物理或逻辑块,其可(例如)被组织成对象、程序或函数。然而,所识别的模块的可执行代码不需要在物理上位于一起,而是可包含存储在不同位置中的全异指令,所述指令当在逻辑上结合在一起时组成所述模块并且实现所述模块的所述用途。
可执行代码的模块可为单个指令或许多指令,并且甚至可分布在若干个不同代码片段上、不同程序当中以及若干个存储器装置上。类似地,可在本说明书中在模块内识别和说明操作数据,并且所述操作数据可按任何合适的形式来体现并且在任何合适类型的数据结构内组织。可将操作数据收集为单个数据集,或者可将操作数据分布在不同位置上,包括分布在不同存储装置上,并且操作数据可至少部分地仅作为电子信号存在于***或网络上。
包括规则模块的方法和在线燃气涡轮性能监视***的上述实施例提供用于提供有意义的操作推荐和故障排除动作的具成本效益且可靠的方式。此外,所述***是较准确的,并且产生假警报的倾向较小。更具体地说,本说明书中所描述的方法和***可在比已知***早得多的阶段预测组件故障以有助于显著减少停机时间并防止跳闸。另外,上述方法和***有助于在较早阶段预测异常,从而使得现场人员能够准备并计划设备的停工。因而,本说明书中所描述的方法和***有助于以具成本效益且可靠的方式操作燃气涡轮和其它设备。
这个书面描述使用实例来揭示本发明,包括最佳模式,而且还使得本领域的任何技术人员能够实施本发明,包括制作和使用任何装置或***并且执行任何所并入的方法。本公开的可取得专利的范围由权利要求书界定,并且可包括本领域的技术人员想到的其它实例。如果此类其它实例具有未相异于权利要求书的文字语言的结构元件,或者如果其包括与权利要求书的文字语言具有非实质性差异的等效结构元件,那么此类其它实例意欲属于权利要求书的范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种用于监视并诊断燃气涡轮的输出中的异常的计算机实施方法,所述方法是使用耦合到用户接口的计算机装置和存储器装置来实施的,所述方法包括:
在所述存储器装置中存储多个规则集,所述规则集与所述燃气涡轮的所述输出相关,所述规则集包括表达为实时数据输出相对于实时数据输入的关系表达式的至少一个规则,所述关系表达式特定针对于所述燃气涡轮的压缩机的性能、所述燃气涡轮的功率输出、所述燃气涡轮的热耗率和所述燃气涡轮的燃料消耗量中的至少一者;
从与所述燃气涡轮相关联的条件监视***接收实时和历史数据输入,所述数据输入与影响所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的参数相关;
确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的初始值;
周期性地确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的当前值;
将所述所确定的初始值与所述当前值中的相应值进行比较;
基于所述比较来确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的所述至少一者随时间的降级;以及
向所述燃气涡轮的操作者推荐一组校正性动作来校正所述降级。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括使用温度相依性比热比确定轴流式压缩机效率。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其进一步包括针对所述轴流式压缩机的实际速度和入口导叶的实际开口校正所述所确定的效率。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中确定所述功率输出的值包括以下至少一者:从扭矩计接收功率输出信号;以及使用能量平衡算法确定所述功率输出以产生计算功率输出信号。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中确定所述燃料消耗量的值包括在全负荷和部分负荷中的至少一者下确定所述燃料消耗量的值。
6.一种用于包括成流体连通的轴流式压缩机和低压涡轮的燃气涡轮的燃气涡轮监视与诊断***,所述***包括多个燃气涡轮性能规则集,所述规则集包括实时数据输出相对于所述燃气涡轮的压缩机的性能、所述燃气涡轮的功率输出、所述燃气涡轮的热耗率和所述燃气涡轮的燃料消耗量中的至少一者的关系表达式,其中所述规则集被配置用于:
从与所述燃气涡轮相关联的条件监视***接收实时和历史数据输入,所述数据输入与影响所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的参数相关;
确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的初始值;
周期性地确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的至少一者的当前值;
将所述确定的初始值与所述当前值中的相应值进行比较;
基于所述比较来确定所述压缩机的所述性能、所述功率输出、所述热耗率和所述燃料消耗量中的所述至少一者随时间的降级;以及
向所述燃气涡轮的操作者推荐校正性动作来校正所述降级。
7.根据权利要求6所述的***,其中所述规则集被配置来使用所述历史数据输入中的至少一者和热力学模拟算法检验提供所述实时数据输入的传感器的可操作性。
8.根据权利要求6所述的***,其中所述规则集被配置来使用温度相依性比热比确定轴流式压缩机效率。
9.根据权利要求8所述的***,其中所述规则集被配置来使用经验相关性确定估计所述温度相依性比热比时所处的温度。
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