CN102014779B - 用于治疗支气管树的***、组件和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
治疗肺部疾病的***、组件和方法被用于减少到肺内支气管树的末梢区域的神经***输入。治疗***损坏神经组织以暂时或永久地减少神经***输入。治疗***能够加热神经组织、冷却神经组织、输送导致神经组织受创的可流动物质、刺穿神经组织、撕裂神经组织、切割神经组织、向神经组织施加压力、向神经组织施加超声波、向神经组织施加电离辐射、利用电能使神经组织的细胞膜***、或向神经组织输送长效神经阻滞化学品。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
根据35U.S.C.§119(e),本申请要求于2008年5月9日提交的第61/052,082号美国临时申请、于2008年10月17日提交的第61/106,490号美国临时申请、以及与2009年2月25日提交的第61/155,449号美国临时申请的优先权。上述三个临时申请中的每一个的全部内容均通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及用于治疗支气管树的***、组件和方法,更具体地,本发明涉及用于引出期望反应的***、组件和方法。
背景技术
肺部疾病可导致对肺部性能产生不利影响的诸多问题。肺部疾病,例如哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD),可导致肺部的气流阻力增加。肺部疾病对死亡率、与健康有关的费用、以及人口规模的大小的不利影响都很大。这些疾病常常对生活质量造成不利影响。肺部疾病的症状各有不同,但通常包括咳嗽、呼吸急促和喘鸣。在COPD中,例如,在进行有些剧烈的活动如跑步、慢跑、快走等时,可观察到呼吸急促。随着病情的发展,在进行非剧烈活动如散步时,可观察到呼吸急促。随着时间的推移,COPD的症状可能越来越容易发生,直到其总是存在,从而严重地限制了人完成正常任务的能力
肺部疾病的特征常常在于与气道管腔的堵塞相关的气道阻塞、气道壁的增厚、气道壁内或周围的结构变化、或以上各项的组合。气道阻塞可显著减少在肺部交换的气体量从而导致呼吸急促。气道管腔的堵塞可能由于管腔内过多的粘液和/或水肿液而引起。气道壁的增厚可能是由于气道平滑肌的过度收缩、气道平滑肌肥大、粘液腺肥大、炎症、水肿或其组合而引起。气道周围的结构变化,如肺部组织本身的破坏,可导致气道壁上的径向牵引的损失以及随之而来的气道变窄。
哮喘的特征在于气道平滑肌的收缩、平滑肌肥大、分泌过多粘液、粘液腺肥大、和/或气道的炎症和肿胀。这些异常情况是局部炎症细胞因子(由位于气道内或气道附近的免疫细胞局部释放的化学物质)、吸入刺激物(如冷空气、烟雾、过敏原或其它化学物质)、全身的激素(血液中的化学物质如抗炎皮质醇、使兴奋的肾上腺素)、局部神经***输入(神经细胞完全包含在气道壁内,可产生平滑肌细胞和粘液腺的局部刺激反射)、以及中枢神经***输入(通过交感神经将神经***信号从大脑携带至平滑肌细胞和粘液腺)的复杂相互作用的结果。这些条件常常导致广泛的临时的组织变化以及早期可逆性气流阻塞,最终可能导致永久性的组织变化以及永久性的气流阻塞,使哮喘患者难以呼吸。哮喘还可包括由气道平滑肌的高反应性收缩引起气道阻力显著增加而导致的急性发病或其它气道变窄的发作。哮喘症状包括反复发作的呼吸急促(例如,呼吸气短或呼吸困难)、气喘、胸闷和咳嗽。
肺气肿是COPD的一种类型,其特征常常在于环绕或邻近肺部中的气道的肺部组织的变化。肺气肿可包括肺部组织(例如,肺泡组织如肺泡囊)的破坏,其导致气体交换减少,并导致环绕的气道壁施加到气道壁的径向牵引减少。肺泡组织的破坏使患有肺气肿的肺部的过大空间缺乏肺泡壁和肺泡毛细血管,因此不能进行气体交换。在这些较大的空间中,空气成为“捕获的(trapped)”。该“捕获的”空气可能导致肺部的过度膨胀,并在胸部的范围内限制了富氧空气的流入以及较健康组织的正常功能。这造成了显著的呼吸急促并且可能导致血液中的低氧水平和高二氧化碳水平。这种类型的肺部组织破坏的发生是正常老化过程的一部分,即使在健康人群中也会发生。遗憾的是,接触化学物质或其它物质(如烟草烟雾)可能显著加快组织损伤或破坏的速度。呼吸急促还可能由气道阻塞增强。径向牵引的减少可导致气道壁变“松软”而使得在呼气过程中气道壁部分或全部收缩。由于呼气过程中的这种气道收缩和气道阻塞,患有肺气肿的人可能无法将空气从其肺部输送出去。
慢性支气管炎是COPD的一种类型,其特征可在于气道平滑肌的收缩、平滑肌肥大、分泌过多粘液、粘液腺肥大、以及气道壁的炎症。与哮喘相同的是,这些异常情况是局部炎症细胞因子、吸入刺激物、全身的激素、局部神经***、以及中枢神经***的复杂相互作用的结果。与哮喘不同的是,哮喘中的气道阻塞可能在很大程度上是可逆的,而慢性支气管炎中的气道阻塞主要是慢性且持久的。由于呼吸气短、气喘、胸闷的慢性症状以及粘液导致的咳嗽,慢性支气管炎的患者往往呼吸困难。
不同的技术可用于评估肺部疾病的严重程度和进展。例如,肺功能检测、运动能力和生活质量问卷常常被用来评价对象。肺功能检测包括对肺部基本生理参数(例如总气流、肺容积和交换的气体)的客观和可重复性的测量。用于阻塞性肺部疾病评估的肺功能检测指标包括1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、FEV1与FVC的比率、总肺活量(TLC)、气道阻力和动脉血气检测。FEV1是病人在从肺部被空气完全充满开始的有力呼气的第一秒中可呼出的空气体积。FEV1也是在有力呼气的第一秒中的平均流量。该参数可用于评价和确定任何气道阻塞的存在及影响。FVC是病人在从肺部被空气完全充满开始的有力呼气可呼出的空气的总体积。FEV1/FVC是在有力呼气的第一秒中可被呼出的空气占有力呼气中可被呼出的所有空气的比例。在服用至少一个支气管扩张剂后,FEV1/FVC的比率小于0.7则确定COPD的存在。TLC是当肺部完全充满时肺部内的空气总量,当空气被困在患有阻塞性肺部疾病的病人肺内时TLC可能增加。气道阻力被定义为肺泡和口部之间的压力梯度与肺泡和口部之间的气流速率的比率。同样地,给定气道的阻力将被定义为穿过给定气道的压力梯度与通过该气道的气流的比率。动脉血气检测测量在血液中的氧气量和二氧化碳量,并且是用于评估肺部以及呼吸***使氧气从空气进入血液、并使二氧化碳从血液排出体外的能力的最直接方法。
运动能力检测是对病人执行活动的能力的客观和可重复性的测量。六分钟步行检测(6MWT)是一种运动能力检测,其中,病人在6分钟内在平坦表面尽可能远地步行。另一个运动能力检测包括测量病人的最大运动能力。例如,医生可测量病人在踏车测力计上可产生的功率量。病人可呼吸百分之三十的氧气而工作负荷每3分钟可增加5-10瓦。
生活质量问卷评估病人的整体健康与舒适度。圣乔治呼吸问卷是一种生活质量问卷,其中包括旨在测量阻塞性肺部疾病对于整体健康、日常生活以及感知舒适的影响的75个问题。对肺部疾病的治疗功效可使用肺部功能检测、运动能力检测和/或问卷评估。治疗方案可基于这些检测结果和/或问卷来修改。
例如支气管热成型的治疗包括通过消融肺内的大量支气管分支的气道壁来破坏平滑肌伸缩性,从而消除肺部气道内的平滑肌和神经。有利地,经治疗后的气道不会对吸入的刺激物、全身激素、以及局部和中枢神经***输入作出反应。遗憾的是,气道壁内的这种平滑肌伸缩性及神经的破坏可能因此对肺部的性能产生不利影响。例如,吸入的刺激物,如烟雾或其它有害物质,通常刺激肺部的刺激受体以产生咳嗽及气道平滑肌收缩。消除气道壁中的神经去除了局部神经功能与中枢神经输入,从而消除了肺部利用有力咳嗽排除有毒物质的能力。气道平滑肌伸缩性的消除可消除气道收缩的能力,从而允许如有害物质等不期望的物质深度渗透进入肺部。
此外,如支气管热成型等通过消融气道壁的部分来破坏平滑肌伸缩性的方法通常具有以下限制:1)无法影响未直接消融的气道,典型为在如哮喘、肺气肿、及慢性支气管炎等阻塞性肺部疾病中也会变窄的小于约3.0mm的气道;2)由于受阻塞性肺部疾病的影响而已变窄的气道在手术期间的肿胀而带来的导致急性呼吸问题的短期肿胀;3)可能需要对肺部中的气道进行数以百计的应用以改变整体的肺部功能;4)由于对肺部内气道的多级治疗(通常2-8级),因此对肺部气道进行治疗而不丢失或对特定肺部气道部分进行过度治疗可能存在问题;5)可能需要将治疗阶段分步骤来减轻对肺部的治愈负荷,而每个额外的支气管镜疗程都会增加额外的风险及成本。
哮喘和COPD都是严重疾病,并且患者越来越多。目前包括处方药在内的治疗技术既不能完全成功也不是无副作用。此外,许多病人并不遵从其药品处方的用药管制。因此,提供能改善对气流的阻力而不需要病人遵从的治疗将是可取的。
发明内容
在一些实施方式中,治疗***可被导航穿过气道,例如肺根的右主支气管和左主支气管以及肺内的更末端的气道,以治疗各种肺部症状、病症和/或疾病,包括但不限于哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病、阻塞性肺部疾病、或导致肺内气流阻力增加的其它疾病。治疗***可治疗一个或多个目标部位而不治疗非目标部位。即使主支气管、肺叶支气管、支气管或亚段支气管段的目标解剖特征(如神经、腺体、膜等)被治疗,非目标解剖特征可基本不变。例如,治疗***可破坏目标部位的神经组织,而对非目标组织没有任何重大程度上的破坏,使得进行治疗后其仍可保持具有功能。
本文公开的至少一些实施方式可被用于影响气道壁外部的神经干的神经组织,同时保持气道响应于例如吸入刺激物、局部神经刺激、全身激素或其组合而移动(例如收缩和/或扩张)的能力。在一些实施方式中,神经干的神经组织被破坏但不消除平滑肌伸缩性。损坏神经干后,气道具有至少一些肌伸缩性,使得气道中的平滑肌如果受到刺激就可改变气道直径,以帮助维持正常的肺功能。与平滑肌伸缩性相关的广泛的不同生理功能可在治疗前、治疗期间和/或治疗后被保持。
在一些实施方式中,提供了用于治疗一种或多种肺部疾病的方法。该方法包括损坏沿支气管树气道外部延伸的交感神经干的神经组织以减弱被传送到支气管树的神经***信号。神经干可能是神经主干,包括由***的坚韧鞘束缚在一起的神经纤维束。在一些实施方式中,神经组织被损坏,但保持沿气道边延伸的一个或多个解剖特征如血管的功能性,以在神经组织被损坏后维持一部分支气管树的呼吸功能。
与肺部疾病相关的病症和症状可被减轻、限制、或基本消除。例如,气道阻塞可被治疗以减少气流阻力。在治疗期间和/或治疗后血管或其它组织可保持完整和功能性。被维持的呼吸功能可包括气体交换、纤毛运输等。在一些实施方式中,神经组织如位于气道外部的神经干的神经组织被损坏,但周向地邻近被损坏的神经组织的一部分气道壁没有任何重大程度上的损坏。因此,对气道神经组织的损坏基本不改变非目标组织。
神经组织的损坏可包括向神经组织输送能量使得被破坏的神经组织妨碍或阻止向沿支气管树更末梢的神经传送神经***信号。通过向神经组织提供不同类型的能量,神经组织可被暂时或永久损坏。例如,通过将神经组织的温度升高至第一温度(例如消融温度),而使气道壁处于低于第一温度的第二温度,神经组织可受热损伤。在一些实施方式中,位于从神经组织处径向向内一部分气道壁可处于第一温度,以防止永久性损坏一部分气道壁。第一温度可足够高以导致神经组织的永久性破坏。在一些实施方式中,神经组织是位于气道壁外部的***中的神经干的一部分。气道壁中的平滑肌和神经组织可保留功能性以将平滑肌伸缩性维持在期望水平。气道可对刺激(如由吸入的刺激物、局部神经***、或全身激素导致的刺激)做出收缩/扩张反应。在其它实施方式中,神经组织是气道壁中的神经分支或神经纤维的一部分。还有一些实施方式,神经干的神经组织和神经分支/纤维的神经组织可被同时或顺序损坏。多种类型的可激活元件如消融元件可用于输出能量。
在一些实施方式中,用于治疗对象的方法包括沿支气管树的气道管腔移动细长形组件。气道包括第一管状段、第二管状段、位于第一管状段与第二管状段之间的治疗部位、以及至少沿第一管状段、治疗部位以及第二管状段延伸的神经。神经可位于气道壁内外。在一些实施方式中,神经是气道壁外部的神经干并连接到交感神经。
本申请的方法还可包括损坏在治疗部位的一部分神经以基本防止信号通过神经在第一管状段和第二管状段之间移动。在一些实施方式中,可保持血液在第一管状段和第二管状段之间流动同时损坏一部分神经。连续的血流能保持期望的末梢肺部组织的运行。
气道的第二管状段可能扩张以回应对神经的损坏。由于神经***信号未被输送到第二管状段的气道的平滑肌,平滑肌可放松以导致气道扩张,从而减少气流阻力,甚至是与肺部疾病相关的气流阻力。在一些实施方式中,神经组织可被损坏以导致基本所有气道末梢至被损坏的组织的扩张。该神经可以是神经干、神经分支、神经纤维和/或其它可使用的神经。
在一些实施方式中,本申请的方法包括探测一个或多个气道属性并,基于该属性估计神经组织是否被损坏。评价包括比较测量的气道属性(例如比较不同时期的测量结果)、比较测量的属性与存储值(例如参考值)、计算基于测量的属性的值、监测属性的变化、及其组合或类似。
在一些实施方式中,用于治疗对象的方法包括沿支气管树的气道管腔移动腔内装置。一部分气道通过使用腔内装置被切除神经。在一些实施方式种,一部分气道被切除神经但对气道内表面没有任何重大程度上的不可逆损坏。在一些实施方式中,一部分支气管树被切除神经但对支气管树的气道壁内的神经组织(例如神经纤维的神经组织)没有任何重大程度上的不可逆损坏。内表面可定义为管腔,腔内装置沿着管腔移动。
可执行切除神经的过程,而不破坏至少一条沿气道延伸的动脉。在一些实施方式中,在切除神经过程中基本所有沿气道延伸的动脉都被保护。在一些实施方式中,在切除神经过程中嵌入气道壁的一条或多条神经通常未受损。被破坏的神经可以是气道外的神经干。
在一些实施方式中,切除神经过程可减少气道的平滑肌伸缩性,以实现期望增加流入和流出肺部的气流。在一些实施方式中,切除神经过程导致平滑肌伸缩性的显著下降以大幅增加流入和流出肺部的气流。例如,对象的FEV1可能增加超过基线FEV1至少10%。因此,主体能感受到在进行日常活动甚至剧烈活动时肺部功能的明显改善。在一些实施方式中,气道平滑肌伸缩性的减少足以导致FEV1增加约10%到30%。可对任意数量的治疗部位进行治疗以实现期望的肺功能增强,这些部位例如在主支气管、段支气管或亚段支气管中。
在一些实施方式中,用于治疗的细长形组件适用于损坏神经干的神经组织以减弱神经***信号,该神经***信号被传送到支气管树的更末梢部分。组织可被损坏,而细长形组件沿支气管树的管腔延伸。输送组件可被用于提供进入神经组织。
在一些其它实施方式中,用于治疗主体的***包括细长形组件,细长形组件形成特定尺寸以沿支气管树的气道管腔移动。细长形组件适用于减弱由神经组织例如神经干的神经组织传送的信号而对气道的内表面没有任何重大程度上的不可逆地损坏。细长形组件可包括可嵌入的末端,该末端具有至少一个可激活元件例如消融元件。在一些实施方式中,消融元件包括一个或多个可操作电极性以输出射频能量。
在一些实施方式中,方法包括损坏第一主支气管的神经组织,以基本防止神经***信号移动到基本所有的与第一主支气管连接的末梢支气管分支。在一些实施方式中,绝大部分或所有的支气管分支末梢至第一主支气管被治疗。在某些实施方式中,神经组织定位在气管与肺部之间,支气管分支穿过肺部延伸。该方法还包括损坏第二主支气管的神经组织,以基本防止神经***信号移动到基本所有的与第二主支气管连接的末梢支气管分支。导管组件可被用于损坏第一主支气管的神经组织并损坏第二主支气管的神经组织,而不将导管组件从连接到第一主支气管的气管移除。
在一些实施方式中,该方法包括切除支气管树的绝大部分的神经,以基本防止神经***信号移动到该部分基本所有的支气管分支。在某些实施方式中,切除神经手术包括使用少于约100能量应用、50能量应用、36能量应用、18能量应用、10能量应用或3能量应用的神经组织的损坏。每个能量应用可在不同的治疗部位。在一些实施方式中,在一侧或两侧肺中的基本所有的支气管分支由能量应用切除神经。
在某些实施方式中,在治疗前、治疗期间和/或治疗后使用一个或多个探测元件探测气道属性。探测元件可与气道内表面物理地接触以估计气道的物理性质。探测元件可包括一个或多个可充气的气球,该气球可被定位在目标组织的末梢。
附图说明
在图中,相同的参考数字标识相似的元件或动作。
图1是肺部和位于肺部附近及肺部内的血管和神经的示图。
图2A是根据一个实施方式放置在左主支气管内的治疗***的示意图。
图2B是治疗***和从该治疗***向远处延伸的仪器的示意图。
图3是根据一个实施方式的支气管树的气道剖视图,该气道围绕沿气道管腔放置的治疗***的末端。
图4是根据一个实施方式,当气道的平滑肌收缩且气道管腔中存在粘液时,围绕治疗***的末端的支气管树的气道剖视图。
图5A是治疗***的局部剖视图,该治疗***具有输送组件和穿过且穿出输送组件延伸的细长形组件。
图5B是图5A中设置为影响神经干的神经组织的细长形组件的末端的示意图。
图6是根据一个实施方式、支气管气道的管腔中的输送组件的侧立体图。
图7是穿过图6的输送组件移动的细长形组件的末端的侧立体图。
图8是根据一个实施方式从输送组件伸出的细长形组件的末端的侧立体图。
图9是图8中的末端的局部放大剖视图,其中该末端延伸进入气道壁。
图10A是根据一个实施方式的在气道中的自伸展式消融组件的侧立体图。
图10B是图10A的消融组件的正视图。
图11A是在气道中的自伸展式消融组件的另一实施方式的侧立体图。
图11B是图11A的消融组件的正视图。
图12A是根据一个实施方式的治疗***的局部剖视图,该治疗***具有输送组件和在输送组件内的独立的细长形组件。
图12B是图12A的治疗***的正视图。
图13A是根据一个实施方式向治疗部位输送能量的输送组件的剖视图。
图13B是图13A的输送组件的正视图。
图14A是根据一个实施方式的治疗***的局部剖视图,该治疗***具有带有定位在气道壁中的端口的细长形组件。
图14B是图14A的治疗***的正视图。
图15A是具有可膨胀组件的治疗***的侧立体图。
图15B是图15A的可膨胀组件的剖视图。
图16是组织深度相对于组织温度的曲线图。
图17是在气道中的图15A的可膨胀组件的侧立体图。
图18是图15A的可膨胀组件以及围绕该可膨胀组件的气道的剖视图。
图19A是根据一个实施方式的具有可膨胀组件的治疗***的侧立体图。
图19B是图19A的可膨胀组件的剖视图。
图20A是根据另一实施方式的具有可膨胀组件的治疗***的侧立体图。
图20B是图20A的可膨胀组件的剖视图。
图21是图20A的可膨胀组件以及围绕该可膨胀组件的气道的剖视图。
具体实施方式
在下面的说明中阐明了某些具体细节以提供对本发明的多种实施方式的全面了解。然而,本领域的技术人员能够理解本发明可实施而不限于这些细节。在其它示例中,与导管***、输送组件、可激活元件、电路和电极相关的公知结构没有详细说明以避免对本发明的实施方式的说明不必要的模糊。
除非文意另有所指,否则贯穿整个说明书及随后的权利要求书的词汇“包括(comprise)”及其变形例如“包括(comprises)”和“包括(comprising)”应被解释为开放式的、包含在内的意义,也就是“包括但不限于”。
图1示出了具有左肺11及右肺12的人的肺部10。气管20从鼻部及口部向下延伸并分为左主支气管21与右主支气管22。左主支气管21与右主支气管22均分支形成肺叶、肺段支气管以及子肺段支气管,上述各分支具有以向外的方向(即末梢方向)逐渐减小的直径及缩短的长度。主肺动脉30起源于心脏的右心室并经过肺根24的前方。在肺根24处,主动脉30分支为左肺动脉和右肺动脉,左肺动脉和右肺动脉又分支以形成血管分支网络。血管可在支气管树27的气道旁延伸。支气管树27包括左主支气管21、右主支气管22、细支气管以及肺泡。交感神经41、42在气管20旁延伸,并分支形成神经干45。
左交感神经41和右交感神经42起源于脑干,经过颈部,并通过胸部分别延伸至气管20两侧。交感神经41、42蔓延至包括前、后肺丛的神经干45,前、后肺丛缠绕气管20、左主支气管21以及右主支气管22。神经干45还在支气管树27的气道分支的外面沿其延伸。神经干45是神经的主干,包括由坚韧的***鞘束缚在一起的神经纤维束。
肺部10的主要功能是将空气中的氧气交换进入血液,并将二氧化碳从血液中交换至空气。气体交换过程从富氧空气被吸入肺部10时开始。膈膜和胸壁肋间肌的收缩配合来减少胸内的压力,使富氧空气流经肺部10的气道。例如,空气通过口部、鼻部、气管20,然后通过支气管树27。最终空气输送至用于气体交换过程的肺泡气囊。
将缺氧血液从心脏右侧通过肺动脉30泵送,并最终输送至肺泡毛细血管。该缺氧血液含有丰富的废弃二氧化碳。薄半透膜将毛细血管中的缺氧血液与肺泡中的富氧空气隔离。这些毛细血管在肺泡之间缠绕并延伸。来自空气的氧气穿过膜扩散进入血液,而来自血液的二氧化碳穿过膜扩散至肺泡中的空气。随后,新的富氧血液从肺泡毛细血管穿过肺静脉***的血管分支流动到心脏。心脏将富氧血液泵送到全身。肺部中氧气被消耗后的空气在膈膜和肋间肌放松时被呼出,肺和胸壁则弹性地恢复至正常的放松状态时。以这种方式,空气可流过细支气管分支、支气管21、22和气管20,并最终通过口部和鼻部被排出。
图2A的治疗***198可用于治疗肺部10用以调整在呼气和/或吸气过程中的气流。例如,气道可扩大(如扩张)以减少气流阻力从而增加气体交换。治疗***198可影响神经组织,如神经干的神经组织,来扩张气道。
在一些实施方式中,治疗***198选择神经***为目标,神经***使用电信号与化学信号提供肺部10和大脑之间的通信。自主神经***的神经组织网络感知并控制呼吸***和脉管***的活动。神经组织包括纤维,纤维使用化学信号和电信号将感觉和运动信息从身体的一部分传递到另一部分。例如,神经组织可将运动信息以神经***输入的方式传递,如导致肌肉收缩或其它反应的信号。这些纤维可由神经元构成。神经组织可由***,即,神经外膜,围绕。自主神经***包括交感神经***和副交感神经***。交感神经***在很大程度上参与了紧张时的“兴奋”功能。副交感神经***在很大程度上参与了能量节约期间的“生长性”功能。交感神经和副交感神经***是同时活跃的,一般对器官***具有互动效应。尽管血管的神经支配来源于这两个***,但气道的神经支配在本质上主要是副交感神经***的,并在右交感神经42与左交感神经41中在肺部和大脑之间移动。
治疗***198可对一个或多个该神经干45执行多个处理以影响与该神经干相关的肺部部分。由于神经干45的网络中的一些神经组织接合到其它神经(例如,连接到食道的神经、穿过胸部进入腹部的神经等),因此治疗***198可治疗具体部位,以最小化、限制或大幅消除对那些其它神经的不必要的损伤。当前肺丛和后肺丛的一些纤维向外移动至肺部10中时,其接合于沿气管20、支气管分支和细支气管的外表面延伸的小神经干。该小神经干沿支气管分支不断彼此分叉并传送纤维进入气道壁,如参照图3和图4所描述的。
治疗***198可影响与感兴趣的特定部位相关的特定神经组织,例如交感神经组织。交感神经组织包括在神经分支中彼此平行的传出纤维与传入纤维。传出神经组织将信号从大脑传递至气道效应细胞,主要是气道平滑肌细胞和粘液分泌细胞。传入神经组织从多方面响应刺激与伸张的气道感受器传递信号至大脑。传出神经组织使从气管20一直到末端细支气管的平滑肌细胞受神经支配,而传入纤维的神经支配主要限于气管20和较大的支气管。传出交感神经组织对气道具有恒定的基线紧张作用,导致平滑肌收缩与粘液分泌保持基线水平。
治疗***198可影响传出组织和/或传入组织以控制气道平滑肌(例如,使平滑肌受神经支配)和粘液分泌。与肺部疾病相关的气道平滑肌的收缩和过多的粘液分泌往往导致相对高的气流阻力,从而导致气体交换的减少和肺部性能的下降。
例如,治疗***198可减弱沿交感神经41、42传送的导致肌肉收缩、粘液分泌等的信号的传递。该减弱可包括但不限于阻碍、限制、阻止和/或中断信号的传递。例如,该减弱可包括减小神经信号的信号振幅或减弱神经信号的传递。减少或停止到末梢气道的神经***输入可改变气道平滑肌的伸缩性、气道粘液分泌、气道炎症等,从而控制流入和流出肺部10的气流。在一些实施方式中,可减少神经***输入以相应地减少气道平滑肌伸缩性。在一些实施方式中,可将气道粘液分泌减少足够的量以大幅减少咳嗽和/或气流阻力。信号减弱可允许平滑肌放松并防止、限制或基本消除由粘液分泌细胞分泌的粘液。以这种方式,可改变健康的和/或患病的气道以调整肺部功能。治疗后,可使用多种类型的问卷或检测来评估受治疗者对治疗的反应。如果需要或想要,可进一步执行其它处理以减少咳嗽频率、减少呼吸困难、减少喘息等。
图1的主支气管21、22(即,1级气道)可被治疗以影响支气管树27的末梢部分。在一些实施方式中,在沿左、右肺根24且位于左肺11、右肺12的外部的位置处,对左主支气管21和右主支气管22进行治疗。治疗部位可远离交感神经分支连接于气管和主支气管21、22处,并与肺部11、12接近。可使用包括两种疗法应用的单个疗程治疗整个支气管树27或其绝大部分。延伸进入肺部11、12的基本全部支气管分支都可受到作用,以提供高水平的治疗效果。由于主支气管21、22中的支气管动脉具有相对较大的直径和高散热能力,因此可保护支气管动脉免受治疗造成的意外伤害。
在一些实施方式中,对左主支气管21、右主支气管22的其中之一进行治疗以治疗支气管树27的一侧。主支气管21、22中的另一个则可基于首次治疗的效果进行治疗。例如,可对左主支气管21进行治疗以治疗左肺11。可对右主支气管22进行治疗以治疗右肺12。在一些实施方式中,单个治疗***可损坏支气管21、22的其中之一的神经组织,并可损坏另一个主支气管21、22的神经组织而无需将治疗***从气管20移除。因而可损坏沿主支气管21、22的神经组织,而无需从气管20移除治疗***。在一些实施方式中,可进行单个处理就方便地治疗病人的支气管树的基本全部或者至少大部分(例如,支气管气道的至少50%、70%、80%、90%)。在其它处理中,在治疗肺11、12的其中之一后,治疗***可从病人移除。如果需要,之后用另一处理对肺11、12中的另一个进行治疗。
图2A和图2B的治疗***198可治疗在主支气管21、22末梢的气道。例如,治疗***198可被定位在较高级的气道中(如气道级>2),以影响支气管树27的远处末梢部分。治疗***198可导航通过曲折气道以执行各种不同处理,例如,对肺叶的一部分、整个肺叶、多个肺叶、或者单肺或两肺进行神经切除。在一些实施方式中,对肺叶支气管进行治疗以切除肺叶的神经。例如,可针对沿肺叶支气管的一个或多个治疗部位,以切除连接到该肺叶支气管的整个肺叶的神经。可治疗左肺叶支气管以影响左上肺叶和/或左下肺叶。可治疗右肺叶支气管以影响右上肺叶、右中肺叶、和/或右下肺叶。肺叶可同时或依次进行治疗。在一些实施方式中,医生可治疗一个肺叶。基于治疗效果,医生可同时或依次治疗另外的肺叶。以这种方式,支气管树的不同隔离区域可被治疗。
治疗***198还可用于段支气管或亚段支气管。每个段支气管可通过沿各段支气管输送能量至单独的治疗部位而被治疗。例如,能量可被输送到右肺的每个段支气管。在一些处理中,10种能量应用可治疗右肺的绝大部分或基本上整个右肺。在一些处理中,通过使用少于36种不同能量应用治疗两侧肺部的绝大部分或基本全部。依照支气管树的解剖结构,往往可通过使用一种或两种能量应用切除段支气管的神经。
治疗***198可影响神经组织,同时保持其它组织或解剖特点如粘液腺、纤毛、平滑肌、体脉管(如血管)等的功能。神经组织包括神经细胞、神经纤维、树突、以及如神经胶质等支持组织。神经细胞传递电脉冲,神经纤维延长传导脉冲的轴突。电脉冲转换为化学信号以与效应细胞或其它神经细胞通信。利润,治疗***198能够切除支气管树27的一部分气道的神经,以减弱由神经组织传递的一个或多个神经***信号。切除神经可包括损坏沿气道的一部分神经干的所有神经组织,以阻断基本所有的信号沿支气管树通过神经干的受损部分传送到更远的位置。如果多个神经干沿气道延伸,每个神经干均可受到损坏。因此,沿支气管树的一部分的神经分布也被切除。当信号被切断时,末梢气道平滑肌可放松从而导致气道扩张。这种气道扩张减少气流阻力,从而增加在肺部10内的气体交换,因此减少、限制、或基本消除如呼吸急促、气喘、胸闷等一个或多个症状。目标神经组织的周围或附近的组织可能受到影响,但不会永久损坏。在一些实施方式中,例如,治疗前后,沿经治疗的气道的支气管血管能够将类似的血液量输送到支气道壁组织,沿经治疗的气道的肺部血管能够将类似的血液量输送到支气管树27的末梢区域的肺泡囊。这些血管可继续输送血液以保持足够的气体交换。在一些实施方式中,气道平滑肌没有被明显损坏。例如,没有明显影响呼吸功能的、气道壁中一段相对较小的平滑肌能可逆地变化。如果用能量破坏气道外的神经组织,有疗效的有效量的能量将不到达非目标平滑肌组织的重要部分。
图2A的治疗***198包括治疗控制器202和与控制器202连接的管腔内细长形组件200。细长形组件200可***气管20,并被导航进入且通过具有或不具有输送组件的支气管树27。细长形组件200包括能够选择性地影响组织的末端203。
图2A的控制器202可包括一个或多个处理器、微处理器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)和/或专用集成电路(ASIC)、内存装置、总线、电源等。例如,控制器202可包括与一个或多个内存装置通信的处理器。总线可将内部或外部电源连接到处理器。内存可能采取多种形式,包括例如一个或多个缓冲器、寄存器、随机存取存储器(RAM)、和/或只读存储器(ROM)。控制器202还可包括显示器,如屏幕。
在一些实施方式中,控制器202具有闭环***或开环***。例如,控制器202可具有闭环***,其中,基于来自一个或多个传感器的反馈信号控制提供至末端203的电量,上述传感器被配置为传递(或传送)指示一个或多个组织特征、能量分布、组织温度、或其它任何感兴趣的可测量参数中的一个或多个的信号。基于这些读数,控制器202可调整末端203的操作。此外,治疗***198可以是开环***,其中,末端203的操作是由用户输入设置的。例如,治疗***198可被设置为固定功率模式。治疗***198可在闭环***和开环***之间反复切换以治疗不同类型的部位是可以预期的。
图2A至图4的末端203可以肺10中的多个部位为目标,包括但不限于神经组织(如交感神经41、42、神经干45的组织等)、纤维组织、病变或异常组织(如癌组织、发炎组织等)、肌肉组织、血液、血管、解剖特征(如膜、腺体、纤毛等)、或者其它感兴趣的部位。多种类型的末端将参照图5A至图14B描述。
图3是作为支气管示出的健康气道100的横向剖视图。末端203沿由气道100的内表面102界定的腔101被定位。示出的内表面102由基质112a围绕的上皮110的收缩层界定。一层平滑肌组织114围绕基质112a。一层基质112b位于肌肉组织114和***124之间。粘液腺116、软骨板118、血管120以及神经纤维122位于基质层112b之内。支气管动脉分支130和神经干45在气道100的壁103的外部。示出的动脉130和神经干45位于由气道壁103围绕的***124内,并大致朝向平行于气道100的方向。在图1中,例如神经干45从交感神经41、42开始沿气道100朝向气囊延伸。神经纤维122位于气道壁103中并从神经干45向肌肉组织114延伸。神经***信号通过神经纤维122从神经干45传递至肌肉114。
图3的末端203可损坏、刺激或以其它方式导致沿上皮110的纤毛期望的响应,以便控制(例如,增加或减少)纤毛运输。当人呼吸时许多颗粒被吸入,而气道作为过滤器作用以除去空气中的微粒。纤毛运输***作为自清洁机制用于遍及肺部10的所有气道。纤毛运输是清理肺部10的远端部分的粘液的主要方法,从而作为肺部10的主要免疫屏障作用。例如,图3的内表面102可被纤毛覆盖且覆有粘液。作为纤毛运输***的一部分,粘液使许多吸入颗粒陷入其中(例如,无用的污染物如烟草烟雾)并将这些颗粒向喉部移动。纤毛的纤毛摆动使由粘液及陷入的颗粒形成的连续覆层从肺部10的远端部分经过咽喉部从呼吸***排出。末端203可损坏纤毛以减少粘膜纤毛运输或刺激纤毛以增加粘膜纤毛运输。
在一些实施方式中,末端203选择性地治疗气道壁103内侧的目标治疗部位(例如,基质112a、112b中的解剖特征)。例如,可使粘液腺116受到损坏以使粘液分泌减少足够的量以防止会导致气流阻力增加的粘液聚积,同时,如果需要或想要,还保留足够的粘液分泌以保持有效的粘膜纤毛运输。在一些实施方式中,例如,末端203输出消融能量,其穿过气道壁103的内部***向粘液腺116移动。在其它实施方式中,末端203***气道壁103中以将末端203定位在粘液腺116旁。嵌入的末端203随后治疗粘液腺116,同时限制对周围组织的治疗。末端203还可用于破坏经过气道壁103或气道壁103中的其它解剖特征的神经分支/纤维。
如果气道100过度收缩,则气道100中的气流阻力可能相对较高。末端203可放松肌肉组织114以扩张气道100以便减少气流阻力,从而使更多空气到达用于气体交换过程的肺泡囊。支气管树47的多个气道的肌肉可响应于穿过神经干45传送的信号而收缩。末端203可能损坏遍及肺部10的部位以使收缩的气道扩张。
图4是气道100的一部分的横向剖视图,该部分具有处于收缩状态的平滑肌组织114和来自肥大的粘液腺116的粘液150。收缩的肌组织114和粘液150共同局部地阻塞管腔101。末端203可使平滑肌组织114放松,并减少、限制、或基本消除粘液腺116的粘液分泌。随后气道100可扩张而粘液150的量可减少,以有效地扩大管腔101。
图3和图4的末端203可输送不同类型的能量。本文中所使用的术语“能量”是广义的解释,包括但不限于,热能、低温能(如冷却能源)、电能、声能(如超声能量)、无线电频率能、高电压脉冲能、机械能、电离辐射、光学能源(如光能)及其组合,以及适于治疗组织的其它类型的能量。通过举例的方式,热能可用于加热组织。机械能可用于刺穿、撕裂、剪切、挤压、损坏组织、或对组织进行其它物理损坏。在一些实施方式中,末端203对组织应用压力以便暂时或永久地损坏组织。电能特别适于破坏细胞膜,如神经干组织或其它目标解剖特征的细胞膜。声能可根据具体应用的参数以连续波或脉冲波的方式发射。此外,声能可被以多种形状的波形发射,如正弦波、三角波、方波、或其它波形。
在一些实施方式中,使用流体(如液体、气体或其混合物)破坏组织。末端203可包括一个或多个流元件,通过这些元件流体可循环以控制流元件的表面温度。流元件可以是一个或多个气球、可膨胀的部件等。流体可以是加热的/冷却的盐水、低温液体等。此外又或者,末端203可包括一个或多个端口,流体通过这些端口流向受创伤的组织。
在一些实施方式中,末端203输送一种或多种物质(如放射性粒子、放射性物质等)、治疗剂等。示例性但非限制性的治疗剂包括但不限于一种或多种抗生素、消炎药、药用活性物质、支气管收缩药、支气管扩张剂(如β-肾上腺素受体激动剂、抗胆碱能药物等)、神经阻滞药、光反应剂或其组合。例如,长效或短效神经阻断药物(如抗胆碱能药物)可被输送到神经组织以暂时或永久地减弱信号的传输。物质也可直接输送到神经122和/或神经干45,以化学地伤害神经组织。
图5A至图14B示出了用于沿气道管腔输送的实施方式。示出的实施方式只是能够执行特定处理的一些治疗***类型的示例。应当认识到,每个本文描述的治疗***均可根据要进行的治疗被修改以治疗不同位置的组织。治疗可在位于左肺与右肺的内部或外部的气道中进行。图5A至图13B示出能够输出能量的治疗***。这些治疗***可在预定的时间周期内连续地输出能量同时保持稳定。此外,治疗***可产生脉冲、可被多次激活、或者以这些方式的任意组合驱动。不同的能量应用模式可通过配置治疗***本身、或可能包括向不同位置移动治疗组件或其任何组成部分而实现。
参照图5A,治疗***198A包括细长形组件200A,该细长形组件具有沿气道100定位的末端203A。细长形组件200A穿过输送组件400的工作管腔401延伸,并包括软管道500以及从管道500突出的可展开的消融组件520。
管道500可以是大致直形的管道,并且管道500在沿着管腔401移动时是弯曲的。在一些实施方式中,管道500具有预制的非线性段503以引导消融组件520朝向气道壁103。如图5A所示,管腔401的直径可显著大于管道500的外径。当管道500通过到输送组件400外部时,管道500呈现预置配置。软管道500可全部或部分地由一种或多种金属、合金(例如钢合金如不锈钢)、塑料、聚合物及其组合,以及其它生物相容性材料构成。
在一些实施方式中,管道500在输送配置和治疗配置之间选择性地移动。例如,管道500可具有用于输送的基本为直形的配置,及用于接合组织的弯曲的配置。在这样的实施方式中,管道500可全部或部分地由一种或多种形状记忆材料构成,该材料被激活时使管道500在输送配置和治疗配置之间移动。形状记忆材料包括,例如形状记忆合金(如镍)、形状记忆聚合物、铁磁材料等。当被激活时(例如热激活),这些材料可从第一预设配置向第二预设配置转变。
消融组件520包括保护段524和消融元件525。当消融元件525被激活时,消融元件525向目标组织输出能量。保护段524抑制或阻止输出的能量以保护非目标组织。消融元件525和保护段524合作以提供本地化的能量输送,以最小化、限制、或基本消除不期望的与输出的能量相关的辅助创伤。
消融元件525可适用于输出消融组织的能量。术语“消融(ablate)”或“消融(ablation)”包括其衍生词,包括但不限于组织的电气性能、力学性能、化学性能、或其它性能的重大变化。在参照本文的各示例性实施方式示出和描述的肺部消融应用的上下文中,“消融”包括神经组织性质的充分变化以基本阻止电信号传输穿过经消融的神经组织。
在文中“消融元件”中的术语“元件”包括分立元件(如电极),或多个分立元件(如多个空间分离的电极),其被设置以共同治疗组织区域治疗分离的部位。一种类型的消融元件在耦合于电源并由电源供电时放出消融组织的能量。示例的发射能量的消融元件包括但不限于,可与直流(DC)电源或交流(AC)电源(例如射频(RF)电流源)耦合的电极元件、可由微波能源供应能量的天线元件、脉冲高电压源、加热元件(如金属元件或其它被通电的热导体,其通过对流热交换、传导传热来发出热量)、发光元件(例如,当光纤耦合到光源时,光纤传输能够发射足够的光能消融组织)、光源(如激光、发光二极管等)、超声波元件如超声元件,当其耦合到适合的激励源时,超声元件适用于发射足够的超声波以消融组织)及其组合等。
本文中所使用的术语“消融”包括其变形,并被解释为包括但不限于破坏、永久损坏或伤害组织、或使组织受创。例如,消融可包括局部组织破坏、细胞溶解、细胞缩小、坏死、或其组合。
在一些实施方式中,消融组件520可通过管道500内的电线连接到能源发生器(例如射频(RF)发电机)。例如,RF发电机可并入图2A的控制器202。在一些实施方式中,RF发电机被并入消融组件520。
RF能量可被以基于治疗的所需频率输出。示例频率包括但不限于,在约50KHZ至约1000MHZ的范围内的频率。当RF能量被导入组织时,组织内的能量被转换为热能,导致组织温度变为在约40℃至90℃的范围内。RF能量可被用于约1秒至120秒的时长范围内。在一些实施方式中,RF发生器具有单一通道且输送约1至25瓦特的RF能量,并具有连续流动能力。其它频率范围、在体内的时间以及输出功率也可被使用。
保护段524可以盾的形式制成,其全部或部分由相对于来自消融元件525的能量为非透射的材料构成。在一些实施方式中,保护段524由一种或多种金属、透光材料等组成。如果消融元件525输出消融能量,保护段524可阻挡足够量的消融能量以防止消融直接在保护段524旁边的组织。以这种方式,非目标组织不会被永久损坏。
在治疗进行前、进行后与进行期间,用户可通过使用图5A和图5B的组件400可视地检查气道100以定位并评估治疗部位和非目标组织400。输送组件400可以是导管、输送鞘、支气管镜、内窥镜或其它用于引导细长形组件200A的适合装置。在一些实施方式中,输送组件400包括一个或多个察看装置,如光学察看装置(例如照相机)、光学套件(例如一套镜头)等。例如,输送组件400可以为支气管镜的形式,其具有一个或多个用于照明的灯和用于传送图像的光纤。通过另一个示例的方式,输送组件400可具有超声波察看装置,如参照图11A和11B所描述的。
图6至图9示出使用治疗***198A的示例方法。一般来说,治疗***198A可改变气道100的神经组织以控制神经***向一部分肺部的输入,同时不对其它肺部结构造成重大损坏。
如图6所示,输送组件400沿气道100的管腔101移动,如箭头560所指示的。细长形组件200A由输送组件400承载,以防止在放置输送组件400时伤害气道100。
图7示出细长形组件200A沿管腔401向开口564移动,如箭头568所指示的。虽然细长形组件200A移动穿过输送组件400(在剖视图中示出),但是消融组件520(在剖视图中示出)可被封装在管道500内以防止损坏气道100和/或输送组件400。用户可将管道500从输送组件400朝向气道壁103推出。
图8示出了与壁103接近的管道500的远端570。尖锐的消融组件520从管道500展开并接触壁103。消融组件520随后前进穿过壁103直至外露的消融组件525嵌入壁103内,如图9所示。消融组件520相对于气道103的位置可通过延长或收回消融组件520来调整。由于消融组件520相对较小,因此壁103可受到的创伤无足轻重。
示出的消融组件520与RF发生器的一条导线连接,而RF发生器的另一导线可连接到外部电极。当RF发生器被激活时,消融元件525输送RF能量到接触或邻近消融元件525的组织。射频能量流经组织并转换成热能。热量集中在气道壁103的外部。例如,图5B的消融元件525输出RF能量,造成对神经干45的损坏。在一些实施方式中,足够量的RF能量输送到神经干45以破坏神经干45的整个纵断面,同时保持到达血管130的能量低于导致组织破坏的量。对其它非目标区域(如上皮细胞)的损坏也可保持在或低于可接受的水平。因此,治疗可以进行而不对气道100的其它区域,甚至是邻近治疗部位的区域,造成任何重大损坏。
自然的身体功能可帮助防止、减少或限制对组织的损坏。如果支气管动脉分支130由治疗***198A加热,血管130内的血液可吸收热能,然后将热能从分支130的加热部分带走。以这种方式,热能传送到血液。进行治疗后,支气管动脉分支130可继续保持肺部组织的健康。
此过程可被重复从而损坏神经干45位于壁103的圆周外的其它组织。在一些实施方式中,可对围绕气道100的所有神经进行治疗,以防止信号在气道100的近端部分572和气道100的远端部分573之间经过,如图5A所示。由于信号没有传送到远端部分573,远端部分573可扩张。气道100还可大致维持不受损坏,以保持远端部分573健康。治疗过程完成后,消融组件520缩回到管道500内,以便从气道100移走或布置到其它治疗位置。
治疗效果可至少部分地基于一个或多个气道属性、肺功能检测、运动能力检测和/或问卷被评估。病人可被评估以跟踪和监控其进展。如果需要或想要,可执行其它处理直到得到所需的响应。
用于评估气道属性的不同类型的仪器可与治疗***一起使用。消融过程中,来自仪器的反馈可指示目标组织是否已被消融。一旦目标组织被消融,治疗可中断以最小化或限制对健康的非目标组织造成的附带损坏(如果有的话)。图2B示出了具有探测元件的气球形式的仪器199。流体(如空气、生理盐水等)可用于使气球膨胀以评估气道属性。仪器199可以是用于气道扩张、气道阻塞等的常规仪器。可使用可从许多医疗供应商处,包括Ackrad实验室(Ackrad Laboratories)、克兰福德(Cranford)、新泽西和埃里希耶格(New Jersey and ErichJaeger)、赫希贝格(Hoechberg)、德国,购买的仪器或将其修改后与本文公开的治疗***一起使用。该仪器可被穿过治疗***(例如穿过治疗***的中心管腔)输送以将探测元件定位到治疗***的远端。
由仪器的评估的气道属性可包括但不限于,气道的物理性质(如气道可塑性、收缩性质等)、气道阻力、气道管腔尺寸(例如,气道形状、气道直径等)、气道反应(如对刺激的反应)、肌肉特征(例如肌伸缩性、肌肉张力等)或类似的。在一些实施方式中,可通过测量膨胀到已知压力的管腔内气球的压力变化来监控气道肌肉特征的变化。基于气球内的压力变化,医生确定对治疗的影响(如果有的话),包括但不限于目标组织是否受到刺激、损坏、消融或类似。例如,气球可定位到目标组织的远端。由于神经组织受损,气球周围的气道内的肌肉张力被减少,导致气道膨胀以及气球膨胀。气球膨胀时气球内的压力下降。
仪器199和治疗***198可穿过输送装置中的不同管腔被输送,输送装置包括但不限于多腔导管、输送鞘、支气管镜、内窥镜或其它用于输送与引导多个装置的适合装置。输送装置可基于治疗部位的位置、治疗***的配置等来选择。
气道阻力的减少可能表示气道的通道是开放的,例如,响应于输入这些气道的神经***输入的减弱而导致的气道阻力减少。与治疗低级气道(例如,主支气管、肺叶支气管、段支气管)相关的气道阻力的减少量可能大于与治疗高级气道(例如亚段支气管)相关的气道阻力的减少量。医生可为治疗选择适当的气道以实现期望的气道阻力的减少,并且可在病人口部、邻近治疗部位的支气管分支、气管、或任何其它合适的位置测量气道阻力。可在进行治疗前、进行治疗期间和/或进行治疗后测量气道阻力。在一些实施方式中,在支气管树内的位置通过例如使用通气的治疗***对气道阻力进行测量,通气的治疗***允许从远离治疗部位的区域呼吸。
图10A至图14B示出治疗组件,除了下文所述内容之外,该治疗组件与参照图5A至图9所描述的治疗组件198A大致类似。图10A示出了治疗***198B,其包括细长柔性管道610和多个径向可展开的消融组件620。当管道610穿过输送组件400被拉近时(在剖视图中示出),消融组件620可向内收缩。当多个消融组件620被从输送组件400推出时,消融组件620通过径向向外偏置而自伸展。
每个电极组件620包括用于刺穿气道壁103的尖锐尖端,并且包括可延伸且可缩回的尖锐的消融元件625。消融组件620优选地是绝缘的,除了外露的消融元件625。消融组件620可通过在管道610内移动的电线连接到RF发电机。虽然治疗***198B被传输,但消融组件620可定位在管道610内。消融组件620可从管道610移出并带入接触壁103。消融组件620可同时穿过气道壁103移动直到消融组件625的期望长度位于气道壁103内。
如在图10B所示,被以电极示出的多个消融元件625可沿气道壁103彼此周向地分离。消融元件625可均匀或不均匀地彼此分离。
所有的消融组件620可与RF发生器的一条导线连接,而RF发生器的另一条导线可连接到外部电极623(在剖视图中示出),使电流在消融组件620之间流动和/或在一个或多个消融组件620与外部电极623之间流动。在一些实施方式中,选定数量的消融组件620与RF发生器的一条导线连接,而其它的消融组件620与RF发生器的另一条导线连接,使得电流在消融组件620之间流动。
当RF发生器被激活时,电流穿过组织流动并产生期望的热量。该热量可集中在气道壁103的外部以损坏周围组织。例如,***的温度可高于基质、平滑肌、和/或上皮细胞的温度。通过举例的方式,***的温度可高到足以导致损坏神经干45的神经组织,而气道100的其它非目标组织保持低温,以防止或限制对非目标组织的损坏。在其它实施方式中,热量可被集中在气道壁103的一个或多个内部层(如基质)或气道壁103的内边缘(例如上皮)。
如图10B所示,支气管动脉分支130的一个或多个血管可相对接近消融元件625。由消融元件625产生的热量可被控制,以使得穿过支气管动脉分支130流动的血液保护分支130免受热损伤,同时神经组织被损坏,即使神经组织位于动脉分支130旁。治疗过程完成后,将消融组件620缩回至管道610内以从气道100移走或放置在其它的治疗位置。
图11a和图11B示出治疗***198C,其包括细长柔性管道710和多个可伸长并可缩回的消融组件720。当消融组件720展开时,消融组件720径向向外偏置并与气道100的管状段719接触。消融组件720的消融元件725可轴向且周向地在管状段719的治疗长度LT上分布。
消融组件720可包括保护段721和外露消融元件725。保护段721可从管道710延伸至气道100的内表面。消融元件725从相应的保护段721伸出。消融组件720可通过在管道710内移动的电线连接到射频(RF)发电机。
治疗***198C被输送到气道100内的期望治疗位置。当治疗***198C被输送时,消融组件720缩回管道710内,以免破坏气道100和/或输送装置400。一旦就位,尖锐消融元件725被带入接触气道壁103。然后,元件725穿过气道壁103前进直至消融元件625嵌入气道壁103内。基本上所有的消融组件720都可连接到RF发生器的一条导线,而RF发生器的另一条导线可连接到外部电极,使电流在消融组件720和外部电极之间流动。此外,选定的消融组件720可连接到RF发生器的一条导线,而其它消融组件720可连接到RF发生器的另一条导线,使电流可在消融组件720之间流动。
图12A示出图5A和图5B的通过输送组件400A的细长形组件200A,其作为支气管镜被示出,细长形组件200A具有成像装置850。成像装置850定位在输送组件400A的尖端413A。在一些实施方式中,成像装置850包括工作频率为约1MHz至约250MHz且具有多普勒功能的超声换能器阵列。图12A和图12B中示出成像装置850输出的波阵面860。
使用时,输送装置400A前进到气道100的期望治疗区域。成像装置850随后用于将气道壁103的至少一部分成像,从而定位位于气道壁外部的***124中的解剖结构,如神经干45和/或支气管动脉分支130。例如,成像装置850可用于气道100的周向成像。在一些操作模式中,目标组织(如神经干45、粘液腺116等)的位置使得仅壁103上直接邻近目标组织的部分和***124被治疗。在其它操作模式中,非目标组织(如支气管动脉分支130)的位置使得壁103的所有其它区域和***124被治疗。
当治疗神经干45时,输送组件400A的尖端413可被引导并定位在选取的神经干45附近。一旦就位,尖锐消融元件525被带入且与壁103接触。消融元件525随后穿过壁103前进直到消融元件525被嵌入。示出的外露消融元件525邻近***124中的神经干。RF发生器被激活,电流在消融组件520与壁103的组织之间流动。电流导致神经干45的组织温度升高直到加热的组织被损坏。通过将消融组件520定位在神经干45附近,神经干45有选择性地受损,同时使对非目标组织如支气管动脉130的伤害最小化。此过程可能重复以损坏围绕壁103的圆周或在***124内部或附近的其它神经分支45。
多种类型的装置可用于远程治疗目标组织。图13A和图13B示出支气管镜形式的治疗***200E,其尖端413E处具有高能量超声换能器阵列950。超声换能器阵列950可被设置为对期望的治疗部位成像。超声换能器阵列950随后用于壁103进行周向成像以定位神经干45和/或支气管动脉130。在一些操作模式中,神经干45被定位,并且仅气道100的壁103的区域和包围神经干45的***124被使用超声能量进行治疗。在其它操作模式中,支气管动脉130被定位,而气道100的壁103的所有其它区域和***124被使用超声能量进行治疗。
超声换能器阵列950可将高度集中的声波960传送到***124以破坏神经干45,并最小化或避免对支气管动脉130的伤害。支气管镜400B的尖端413E可被定位为使得输出能量被引导为远离或不达到支气管动脉分支130。根据需要,该远程治疗组织的过程可能重复执行以损坏围绕壁103的圆周或在***124中的其它神经干45。支气管镜400B可被用于损坏位于气道100的特定段的所有或至少一部分神经干45。
图14A和图14B示出包括细长形组件200F的治疗***198F。细长形组件200F包括细长管道1110和可伸长且可缩回的刺穿尖部1120。刺穿尖部1120适用于通过组织并包括至少一个端口1130。示出的刺穿尖部1120包括用于输出可流动物质的单侧端口1130。管腔可从端口1130通过管道1110向近处延伸。可流动物质可穿过管腔向远处从端口1130流出。示例的可流动物质包括但不限于一种或多种加热液体、冷却液体、加热气体、冷却气体、化学溶液、药品等,以及其它可能导致组织损坏的物质。例如,生理盐水(例如加热或冷却盐水)或低温液体可通过端口1130输送。
图14A和图14B的细长形组件200F可使用输送组件400被输送至期望的治疗部位。细长形组件200F被输送时,刺穿尖部1120缩回管道1110内,以不损坏气道100和/或输送组件400。一旦就位,尖锐的空尖端1020被带入为接触气道壁103。尖端1020随后穿过气道壁103前进直到侧端口1130处于***124内或其附近。可流动物质通过尖端1020被输送并从端口1130输出,迎着气道100的组织流动。在一些实施方式中,被排出的物质切割、粉碎、或以其它方式损坏组织。在一些实施方式中,可流动物质包括至少一种长效神经阻滞药,其部分或完全阻塞神经干45的神经传导。
图15A至图19B示出治疗***,除了下文所述的内容之外,该治疗***与参照图5A-图9中描述的治疗***198A大致类似。图15A是可扩张的气球、加热流体/冷却电极导管形式的治疗***2000的纵向侧视图。图15B是***2000的可扩张组件2001的剖视图。示出的可扩张组件2001处于扩张状态。流线2100代表流体穿过扩张组件2001的运动。扩张组件2001包括可扩张部件2002和消融电极2004。当治疗***2000穿过输送组件移动(例如向近拉或向远推)时,消融电极2004可向内收缩。当治疗***2000被推出输送组件时,通过对可扩张部件2002充气,消融电极2004可向外膨胀。
治疗***2000一般包括可膨胀部件2002(以膨胀、导热的气球形式示出的)、消融电极2004、导电元件2031、流入线2011和流出线2021。消融电极2004是可膨胀的,并连接到导电元件2031的末梢端2033。导电元件2031的近端2035连接到电源连接器2038。能量从电源连接器2038穿过导电元件2031被转移到可膨胀电极2004。导电元件2031可包括但不限于一个或多个电线、导电管或类似的。
流入线2011的近端2009具有流入阀2012。流出线2021的近端2015也具有流出阀2022。流入阀2011可通过连接器2018连接到流体供应源,如冷却源。流体穿过流入线2011流入气球2002,并通过流出线流出气球2002。流体可包括但不限于控温流体,例如水、生理盐水、或适用于病人的其它流体。
流入线2011的管腔2017和流出线2021的管腔2019提供与气球2002的流体连通。流体可穿过管腔2017流入气球2002。流体在气球2002内循环并通过管腔2019流出气球2002。流体可通过连接器2028至流体回收***,该***可能冷却流体并将流体再循环至流体供应源。
不同类型的材料可用于形成***2000的不同组件。在一些实施方式中,整个或一部分气球2002由可膨胀的、化学惰性的、无毒的、电绝缘的并且导热的材料制成。例如,气球2002可由聚合物、塑料、硅橡胶、聚乙烯、及其组合或类似材料制成。在一些实施方式中,整个或一部分流入线2011和流出线2021由任何适合的柔性的、化学惰性的、无毒物质制成,用于承受运行压力而无显著扩张。流入线2011与流出线2021可具有适合的长度以被允许进入肺部和支气管树。例如,线2011、2021的长度可为大约80cm。其它长度也是有可能的。
图15B示出了流入线2011与流出线2021被设置为最小化、减少、基本防止两线2011、2021之间的横向流动、虹吸作用或回流。示出的流入线2011支撑气球2004。流入线2011可进入气球2002的近端2003,延伸穿过气球2002的长度,到达气球2002的远端2007。示出的流入线2011与远端2007连接以将气球2002保持为细长形组件状。
尖端2005从气球2002伸出。示出的尖端2005是无创伤尖端并被定位在流入线2011一端的对面。在尖端2005附近,流入线2011具有将流体释放进入气球2002的孔2013。流体在气球2002内流动并被聚集入流出线2021。示出的流出线2021具有用于接收流体的开口2023。开口2023一般位于气球2002中的流出线2021部分的远端,并收集来自任何方向的流体。由于开口2013、2023位于气球2002的相对的两端,流体一般可以一个方向流动穿过气球2002。这确保流体以期望的温度填充气球2002。
电极2004和气球2002的形状是可选择的,使得电极2004和气球2002共同膨胀/放气。当气球2002充气时,电极2004随气球2002膨胀。当气球2002放气时,电极2004随气球2002收缩。电极2004可与气球2002的外表面或内表面耦合,电极2004可由不同类型的导电材料制成,包括但不限于任何化学惰性的、无毒的、在结构上有弹性的导电材料。在一些实施方式中,电极2004耦合于气球2002的外表面,并且其整体或部分由高导电、可变形的材料制成。由电极2004输出的能量被直接输出到气道壁103而不经过气球2002的壁。电极2004可以是绝大部分或全部由铜制成的细线或细条。该线可根据应用被涂层或无涂层。在其它实施方式中,电极2004被嵌入气球2002的壁中。任意数量的电极2004可被沿气球2002设置。例如,空间分离的电极阵列可沿气球设置以治疗一定长度的气道。
导电元件2031沿一侧移动,并且一般与线2011、2021的其中之一或两条都平行。电极2004可通过导电元件2031和电源连接器2038与能量源如RF发电机连接。如果能量源是RF发电机,则一条导线可耦合到连接器2038。RF发生器的另一条导线可连接到外部电极如图10B中剖视图示出的外部电极623,以使电流在可膨胀电极2004和外部电极之间流动。
随着气球2002放气且电极2004收缩,膨胀的气球、冷却流体电极导管2000可被输送入肺部的气道。电极2004可保持收缩或闭合形状以允许导管2000易通过肺部。导管2000穿过气道移动直到电极2004位于期望的治疗位置。一旦就位,流体(如冷却液)被允许穿过流入线2011流动进入气球2002。流体填充气球2002,气球2002则膨胀电极2004。流体穿过流出线2021的流出可被调节,使得气球2002继续膨胀直到电极2004与气道壁接触或接近。
治疗可开始于RF发生器激活。当RF发生器被激活时,RF能量通过电连接器2038、通过电连接元件2031、通过延伸的电极2004被传送到气道的组织。RF能量加热气道壁的组织(如表面和深部组织),而穿过气球2002流动的流体2100(例如冷却液)冷却气道壁的组织(例如表面组织)。由RF能量提供的表面及深层加热与由穿过气球2002循环的冷却剂2100提供的表面冷却的净影响是在气道壁100外层上的热量聚集。冷却液可以是冷冻液体。***的温度可以高于上皮细胞、基质、和/或平滑肌的温度。通过示例,对***温度可高到足以导致对神经干组织的损坏,而气道的其它非目标组织保持低温以防止或限制对非目标组织的损坏。在其它实施方式中,热量可被集中在气道壁的一个或多个内部层(如基质)或气道壁的内层(如上皮细胞)。
图16和图17示出RF能量提供的表面及深层加热与由气球2002中的循环冷却剂2100提供的表面冷却产生的效应。图16示出沿图15B的虚线2200的横截面温度分布,虚线2200与气球2002的长轴垂直。图16和图17日将在下文中详细描述。
图16是曲线图,其中水平轴对应从与电极2004接触的点或区域到气道壁组织的深度,其以毫米为单位;垂直轴对应组织的温度,其以摄氏度为单位。在曲线图上的点“0”对应消融电极2004和气道壁组织之间的接触点或接触区域。曲线图中示出的三条曲线A、B和C对应于被输送到组织的三种不同功率水平的无线电频率能量。曲线图上的温度高至约100℃。示出的温度约100℃或略少,因为其已被认为是在RF消融过程中组织温度的上限。大约在90℃时,组织液开始沸腾,组织在消融电极2004上凝固并烧焦,从而大大增加其阻抗并折衷其将RF能量传送入气道壁组织的能力。因此,使组织温度保持低于90℃是可取的。温度约为50℃时,线2201代表超过该温度时组织细胞发生死亡,低于该温度组织不受重大的长期影响(或任何长期影响)。
图16所示的曲线A代表发生在相对较低的功率水平下,例如约10瓦特的RF能量,消融电极2004提供冷却与不提供冷却时的情况。曲线A分为三段A1、A2和A3。虚线A2代表了在不进行冷却时指数曲线A3的延续。由曲线A可以看出,无冷却时电极-组织交界面处的温度达到80℃,并随着进入气道100的组织深度的增加而成指数减少。如图所示,曲线A3在深度约为5mm处穿过由线2201代表的50℃组织细胞死亡边界。因此,如果不冷却电极,会出现细胞死亡的深度将为由距离d1代表的约5mm。在此功率级会停止进一步的细胞死亡。
如果采用主动冷却,温度则下降到更低的水平,例如约35℃,其由在距离为0mm的电极-组织交界面的曲线A1代表。由于此温度低于50℃,细胞死亡不会发生直到曲线A2与50℃的细胞死亡线在距离为d2(例如距表面深度为3mm)的点处交叉。细胞死亡将发生在由距离d3代表的从3mm到5mm的深度。这样的冷却消融过程是有利的,因为其允许细胞死亡和组织破坏的发生离电极-组织交界面有一定的距离(或距离范围)处,而不破坏直接位于电极-组织交界面下方的上皮和组织。在一些实施方式中,沿气道外部延伸的神经组织可被消融而不损坏上皮或下面的结构,如基质和平滑肌细胞。
曲线B代表发生在高功率水平下,例如20瓦特的RF能量,在冷却与不冷却电极时的情况。曲线B的段B2代表没有冷却的段B3的指数曲线的延续。可看出,在电极-组织交界面的温度接近100℃,该温度可能是不可取的,因为这个温度下组织液会沸腾而在组织-电极交界面会发生组织凝固且烧焦,从而使组织的阻抗大大增加,并将传输其它RF能量到气道壁的能力折衷。通过提供主动冷却,曲线B1示出了在电极-组织交界面处的温度下降到约40℃,并且细胞死亡发生在由d4代表的2mm深到约8mm深处,在深度约为8mm处曲线B3与50℃交叉。因此,可看出,使用更高的功率水平而不达到不希望的高温(例如,会导致电极-组织界面的组织凝固且烧焦的温度)以提供细胞死亡的更深、更大的区域是可能的。该***可用于实现在气道的上皮表面下方的细胞死亡,从而无需破坏表面,因此促进病人从治疗早日康复。
曲线C代表更高的功率水平,例如,40瓦特的RF能量。曲线C包括段C1、C2和C3。虚线C2是指数曲线C3的延续。段C2示出,在电极-组织交界面的温度远远超过100℃并且不适用于没有主动冷却的情况。利用主动冷却,使在电极-组织交界面的温度接近80℃,并逐步升高至接近95℃,然后成倍地下降至与温度为50℃的细胞死亡线2201交叉,细胞死亡线2201离由距离d6代表的气道的上皮表面处的电极-组织界面约15mm距离。由于起始温度高于50℃,细胞死亡线2201、组织细胞死亡将发生在从上皮表面至约15mm的深度以提供组织破坏大而深的区域。
图17是气球可膨胀的、液体冷却电极导管2000的纵向剖视图。流线2100代表冷却液穿过扩张的气球2002的运动。等温曲线示出温度,该温度是当电极2004通电且冷却剂(例如室温的生理盐水溶液)被输送到气球2002时,在气球2002的外表面上的电极2004处、从电极-组织交界面进入气道壁100的不同深度处所达到的温度。通过调整传输到电极2004的功率速率、生理盐水溶液传递到气球2002中的速率、生理盐水溶液的温度、以及气球2002的尺寸,可对各等温线的确切轮廓及温度进行修改。例如,通过选择适当的温度和生理盐水的流速及输送到电极的功率速率,可达到不同的温度,例如,在各等温线的温度为A=60℃、B=55℃、C=50℃、D=45℃、E=40℃及F=37℃。进一步的调整使有可能达到等温线温度为A=50℃、B=47.5℃、C=45℃、D=42.5℃、E=40℃及F=37℃。只有包含在50℃等温线中的区域将被加热到足以导致细胞死亡。将图17所示的等温线推到三维,组织2250的环带将有可能被加热到超过50℃,使气道100的上皮110附近的组织免受伤害。不同的温度和等温线也可被实现。
图18是一部分气道100与定位在气道100中的气球可膨胀的、流体冷却电极导管2000的横向剖视图。由于可膨胀电极2004的起伏形状,电极作为许多椭圆形出现。气球2002被充气以便与可膨胀电极2004和气道100的上皮表面相一致。电极2004可被对着气道100挤压。当RF能量穿过电极2004被传送入气道100的组织并且气球2002用流动的冷却剂2100填充时,RF的能量加热气道壁100表面和深层组织及***124,而冷却剂2100冷却气道壁100的表面组织。由RF能量提供的表面及深层加热与由循环的冷却剂2100提供的表面冷却的净效应是气道壁100的外层如***124中的热量聚集。组织的带2250可被选择性地加热到超过50℃。例如,***124的温度可高于上皮110、基质112、和/或平滑肌114的温度。此外,一个或多个支气管动脉分支130的血管可位于带2250内。使用电极2004产生的热量可被控制,使得血液通过支气管动脉分支130的流动保护这些分支130免受热伤害而神经干组织45被损坏,即使神经组织位于动脉分支旁。
电极导管2000可治疗组织但不会在治疗部位形成气道壁穿孔,以防止或减少感染的频率。这还可能促进病人的最接近细胞死亡区域的组织更快地痊愈。导管2000可产生相对较小的细胞死亡区域。例如,在气道壁100中部或沿气道壁100的外表面的2至3mm的组织带可被破坏。通过适当应用电力且适当去除来自电极的热量,可在任何期望的深度制造损伤但不损坏气道的内表面。
治疗过程完成后,可停止将冷却剂流入气球2002。气球2002被放气,导致可膨胀电极2004从气道壁100缩回。当气球2002完全瘪时,气球可被充气的流体冷却电极导管2000可能被重新定位用于治疗肺部中其它位置或从气道100完全移除。
图19A和图19B示出与参照图15A至图18所描述的导管2000大致相同的治疗***。气球可被充气的流体散热电极导管2500具有与流入阀2512和连接器2518相关的单冷却剂线2511,流入阀2512和连接器2518提供散热流体在气球2502内外的交替的流入与流出。随着气球放气,气球可膨胀的流体冷却电极导管2500可收缩电极被输送肺部的气道内。导管2500可在气道内移动直到电极2504处于期望的治疗位置。一旦就位,散热流体通过线2511年进入气球2502,从而填充气球2502并使电极2504膨胀。流体被传送到气球2502中直到电极2504被带入与气道壁100接触。
传送入电极导管2500的气球2502的散热流体一般是静态的并作为散热器作用,以稳定电极2504的温度和气道壁100的表面组织。由气球2502中的流体提供的静态散热器能产生温度分布和与图16和图17所示的等温线相似的等温线。例如,电极导管2500可导致气道的***中细胞死亡的组织带,而上皮、基质、和/或平滑肌相对完好。因此,神经组织可被损坏而其它非目标气道组织被保护。
图20A至图21示出治疗***,其可与图15A至图18所示的气球可膨胀的流体冷却电极导管2000大致相同。图20A是径向超声引导流体冷却电极导管3000的纵向侧视图。图20B是径向超声引导流体冷却电极导管3000的局部纵向剖视图,其中径向超声引导流体冷却电极导管3000穿过具有流线3100的气球3002,流线3100代表冷却剂穿过膨胀的气球3002与用于引导消融装置的超声成像的波面3047的运动。
电极导管3000一般包括可膨胀的导热气球3002、电极3004、导电元件3031、流入线3011、流出线3021和超声波探头3045。可膨胀电极3004连接到导电元件3031的末梢端。导电元件3031的近端连接到电源连接器3038用于传送能量(例如RF能量)到电极3004。冷却剂流入线3011的近端具有流入阀3012。冷却剂流出线3021的近端也具有流出阀3022。流入阀3012可由连接器3018连接到冷却剂源。流入线3011的管腔与流出线3021的管腔被设置用于使流体从流体源流动至气球3002内,并用于使流体穿过另一个连接器3028流动至冷却剂返回处,在该处冷却剂被重新冷却并再循环至流体供应。
流入线3011与流出线3021具有适合的长度以被允许进入肺部和支气管树。例如,导管3000的长度可为大约80cm。图20B示出了导管3000被设置为减少、限制、或基本防止气球3002内的两线之间的横向流动、虹吸作用或回流。流入线3011进入气球3002的近端,延伸穿过气球3002的长度,到达气球3002的远端并连接到气球3002。流入线3011具有将冷却剂释放进入气球3002的位于尖端3005附近的孔3013。流体在气球3002内流动,随后通过开口3023被聚集入流出线3021。开口3023一般位于流出线3021的末梢端并收集来自任何方向的冷却剂。
电极3004位于气球3002的表面,使得当气球3002利用流体填充时,电极3004被带入与气道壁100接触。导电元件3031沿一侧移动并平行于流入线3011、流出线3021、和超声鞘3041。电极3004可通过导电元件3031和电气连接器3038与RF发生器连接。RF发生器的另一条导线可连接到外部电极,使电流在可膨胀电极3004和外部电极之间流动。
超声探头3045可为超声引导流体冷却电极导管3000的组成部分或可为与配置为越过标准径向超声探头滑动的径向超声引导液体冷却电极导管3000一起的独立、标准径向超声探头,如由标准奥林巴斯处理器EU-M60驱动的奥林巴斯UM-2R-3或UM-3R-3探头。
超声***可包括在约7MHz至50MHz之间的中心频率下运行的宽带超声换能器。如果超声探头3045是电极导管3000的组成部分,则超声探头3045可能包含在声学匹配超声盖3041中并通过超声连接器3048连接到超声驱动单元。在运行过程中,由于穿过超声连接器3048的超声驱动单元与处理器,超声探头3045围绕在其超声盖3041中的纵向轴旋转以允许拍摄图像(例如360度径向图像)。这些图像可以与超声探头3045的长轴垂直的方向被拍摄。气球3002中的流体可声学地将超声探头3045与气道壁耦接。
电极导管3000可与处于放气状态的气球3002一起被输送到肺部的气道内。导管3000定位在气道内的期望的治疗位置处或其附近。一旦就位,流体穿过流入线3011流动并流入气球3002。气球3002膨胀以将电极3004带入与气道的上皮表面接触。流体穿过流出线3021的流出可被控制,使得气球3002继续膨胀直到电极3004被带入与气道壁100接触。
超声驱动单元和处理器可被激活。超声探头3045可拍摄图像。例如,位于超声盖3041内的探头3045可围绕其纵向轴旋转以产生气道和血管气道壁结构的360°径向图像。电连接线3031可将超声图像引导至电极3004的位置。沿气球3002延伸(如横越表面)的线3031的一段在超声图像中可见。线3031的一段可因此暗示电极3004的位置。在一些实施方式中,在超声图像中神经干和支气管血液可被识别,超声引导流体冷却电极导管3000可旋转直到电极3004被带入第一神经干45附近。
当RF发生器被激活时,RF能量由发生器通过电源连接器3038、通过电连接线3031、穿过延伸的电极3004被传送到气道的组织内。RF能量加热直接覆盖电极3004的区域的气道壁100的表面和深层组织和***124,流经气球3002的冷却剂3100冷却气道壁100的表面组织。这种RF能量对表面和深层的加热及穿过气球3002循环的冷却剂3100对表面的冷却的净效应是直接覆盖电极3004的气道壁外层中的热量聚集。例如,单神经干45区域中的***124的温度可高于上皮细胞110、基质112、和/或平滑肌114的温度。通过示例,***的温度可高到足以造成对神经组织45的损坏,而气道100的其它非目标保持较低的温度,以防止或限制对非目标组织的损坏。治疗可根据需要在其它区域重复进行。
图21是一部分气道100和定位在气道100中的超声引导流体冷却电极导管3000的横向剖视图。该剖视图沿电极3004本身截取。
气球3002与电极3004和气道100的上皮表面相一致。当RF能量通过电极3004传送到气道组织且气球3002被流动的冷却剂3100填充时,RF能量加热直接覆盖电极3004的气道壁的表面和深层组织。冷却剂3100流动以控制气道壁100的表面组织的温度。净效应是直接覆盖电极3004的气道壁100外层中的热量聚集,产生单独的被超过治疗温度(例如约50℃)加热的目标组织体积3250。例如,位于直接覆盖电极3004的区域内的单神经干45部位的***124的温度高于上皮细胞110、基质112、和/或平滑肌114的温度。
支气管动脉分支130的血管可在RF能量应用过程中产生的加热体积内或其附近。由电极3004产生的热量可被控制,使得流过支气管动脉分支130的血液保护这些分支130免受热损伤但神经组织45被损坏,即使神经组织位于动脉分支旁。
本文所公开的实施方式可用于呼吸***、消化***、神经***、血管***或其它***。例如,本文公开的细长形组件可通过血管被输送以治疗导管***。本文公开的治疗***及其组成部分可用作其它医疗手术,如微创手术、开放式手术、半开放式手术、或其它外科手术(如肺部减容手术)中的附件,优选地提供了对期望的目标部位的进入。在胸部的多种外科手术可提供对肺部组织的进入。使用进入技术和手术提供对目标区域的进入,其可通过外科医生和/或机器人***实现。本领域技术人员认识到,进入目标区域有许多不同的方法。
本文公开的细长形组件可与导线、输送鞘、光学仪器、导引器、套管针、活检针、或其它适当的医疗设备共同使用。如果目标治疗部位位于病人体内远端的位置(例如,图1的肺根24附近的治疗部位),广泛的仪器和技术可被用于进入该部位。通过使用例如,可操纵输送装置如内窥镜和支气管镜,软的细长形组件可容易地定位在病人体内,如上所述。
半硬的细长形组件或硬的细长形组件可使用套管、进入端口、半开放式手术、开放式手术、或其它的输送工具/手术使用的硬的输送鞘被输送,以提供略直的输送路径。有利地,半硬的或硬的细长形组件可以是足够硬的以进入并治疗组织,如沿气道的交感神经、神经分支、神经纤维和/或神经干,而无需通过气道输送细长形组件。本文公开的实施方式和技术可用于其它手术如支气管热成形。
上述多种实施方式可结合以提供进一步的实施方式。按照上述详细说明的实施方式可发生这些或其它变化。本文所述的实施方式、特点、***、装置、材料、方法和技术可在一些实施方式中与任何一个或多个实施方式、特点、***、装置、材料、方法和技术类似,其由于2008年5月9日提交的美国临时专利申请第61/052,082号、于2008年10月17日提交的美国临时专利申请第61/106,490号、于2009年2月25日提交的美国临时专利申请第61/155,449号所公开。此外,本文所述的实施方式、特点、***、装置、材料、方法和技术可在某些实施方式中适用或用于与任何一个或多个实施方式、特点、***、装置、材料、方法和技术相关,其由上述的于2008年5月9日提交的美国临时专利申请第61/052,082号、于2008年10月17日提交的美国临时专利申请第61/106,490号、于2009年2月25日提交的美国临时专利申请第61/155,449号所公开。本文通过引用上述申请的每一个的全部内容将其纳入本文。一般来说,在所附的权利要求书中,所使用的术语不应该被解释为限制说明书和权利要求书中公开的具体实施方式的权利要求范围,而应解释为包括等同于权利要求书限定的全部范围的所有可能的实施方式。因此,权利要求不由说明书限定。
Claims (13)
1.一种导管,包括:
细长形主体,冷却剂能够穿过所述细长形主体流动;
电极,被配置为输出能量以消融支气管树的气道壁中的神经组织;以及
可膨胀部件,所述可膨胀部件具有收缩状态和膨胀状态,其中,在处于膨胀状态时,所述可膨胀部件在所述电极的近端和远端均具有接触区域,以在在电极-组织界面的远端和近端都接触所述支气管树的气道壁,
其中所述电极与所述可膨胀部件耦接,以使得当所述可膨胀部件从收缩状态向膨胀状态转变时,所述电极朝向所述气道壁移动,其中,在所述膨胀状态,所述电极和所述可膨胀部件的接触区域都与所述气道壁相接触,
其中所述电极被配置为输出足够的能量以消融沿所述支气管树延伸的神经干的一部分,从而减弱传送到所述支气管树的一部分的神经***信号,而所述可膨胀部件处于膨胀状态,以及
其中所述细长形主体包括流入管腔和流出管腔,用于使所述可膨胀部件内接近所述电极的冷却剂循环,从而冷却所述气道壁的电极-组织界面,以及冷却所述气道壁的表面中的位于所述电极-组织界面的近端和远端位置处的部分,以限制或防止损坏所述电极与所述神经组织之间的组织。
2.如权利要求1所述的导管,其中,所述流入管腔与接近所述可膨胀部件的一端的冷却剂入口连接,所述流出管腔与位于所述可膨胀部件的另一端的冷却剂出口连接。
3.如权利要求1所述的导管,其中,所述电极围绕所述可膨胀部件周向地延伸。
4.如权利要求1所述的导管,其中,所述电极被定位在所述可膨胀部件的外部,使得所述电极能够直接向所述气道壁输出能量。
5.如权利要求1所述的导管,其中,所述电极被嵌入所述可膨胀部件的壁中。
6.如权利要求1所述的导管,其中,所述电极与所述可膨胀部件的外表面或所述可膨胀部件的内表面耦接。
7.如权利要求1所述的导管,还包括多个空间分离的电极,所述多个空间分离的电极与所述可膨胀部件耦接并被配置为输出能量。
8.如权利要求1所述的导管,还包括超声探头,所述超声探头能够输出穿过所述可膨胀部件的壁的超声能量用以成像。
9.如权利要求1所述的导管,其中,所述电极与所述可膨胀部件被配置为升高所述神经组织的温度,以导致所述神经组织的细胞死亡,同时保持其它组织的温度低于细胞死亡发生的温度。
10.如权利要求1所述的导管,其中,所述电极与所述可膨胀部件被配置为共同作用以升高位于气道壁中2mm至8mm深度的组织的温度从而导致细胞死亡,同时使位于气道壁中深度小于2mm处的组织的温度保持为低于细胞死亡发生的温度。
11.一种用于治疗支气管树的***,包括:
冷却剂源;
射频发生器;以及
导管,所述导管包括:
细长形主体,冷却剂能够穿过所述细长形主体流动,其中所述细长形主体与所述冷却剂源流体连通;
电极,被配置为输出能量以消融支气管树的气道壁中的神经组织,其中所述电极与所述射频发生器电连接;以及
可膨胀部件,所述可膨胀部件具有收缩状态和膨胀状态,其中,在处于膨胀状态时,所述可膨胀部件在所述电极的近端和远端均具有接触区域,以在电极-组织界面的远端和近端位置处都与所述支气管树的气道壁的表面相接触,
其中所述电极与所述可膨胀部件耦接,以使得当所述可膨胀部件从收缩状态向膨胀状态转变时,所述电极朝向所述气道壁移动,其中,在所述膨胀状态所述电极和所述可膨胀部件的接触区域都与所述气道壁相接触,
其中所述电极被配置为输出足够的能量以消融沿所述支气管树延伸的神经干的一部分,从而减弱传送到所述支气管树的一部分的神经***信号,而所述可膨胀部件处于膨胀状态,
其中所述细长形主体包括流入管腔和流出管腔,用于使所述可膨胀部件内的接近所述电极的冷却剂进行循环,从而冷却所述气道壁的电极-组织界面,以及冷却所述气道壁的表面中的位于所述电极-组织界面远端和近端位置处的部分,从而限制或防止损坏所述电极与所述神经组织之间的组织,
其中,所述冷却剂源被配置为向所述可膨胀部件输送冷却剂,而所述射频发生器被配置为向所述电极输送能量以在所述气道壁的外层中聚积热量。
12.如权利要求11所述的***,其中,所述冷却剂源被配置为输出低温冷却剂,所述低温冷却剂吸收热能以冷却与所述可膨胀部件接触的组织。
13.如权利要求11所述的***,还包括:
支气管镜,所述支气管镜具有的输送管腔用于接纳所述导管。
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