WO2015037613A1 - 排ガス浄化触媒 - Google Patents
排ガス浄化触媒 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015037613A1 WO2015037613A1 PCT/JP2014/073917 JP2014073917W WO2015037613A1 WO 2015037613 A1 WO2015037613 A1 WO 2015037613A1 JP 2014073917 W JP2014073917 W JP 2014073917W WO 2015037613 A1 WO2015037613 A1 WO 2015037613A1
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst layer
- catalyst
- void
- exhaust gas
- voids
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- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249981—Plural void-containing components
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an exhaust gas purification catalyst that can be used to purify exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine such as a two-wheeled vehicle or a four-wheeled vehicle.
- the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines such as automobiles that use gasoline as fuel contains harmful components such as hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). It is necessary to simultaneously purify and exhaust the components using a redox reaction. For example, hydrocarbon (THC) is oxidized and converted into water and carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO) is oxidized and converted into carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) is reduced and converted into nitrogen for purification. There is a need to.
- exhaust gas purification catalyst As a catalyst for treating exhaust gas from such an internal combustion engine (hereinafter referred to as “exhaust gas purification catalyst”), a three-way catalyst (Threee Way Catalysts: TWC) capable of oxidizing and reducing CO, THC and NOx. Is used.
- TWC Three Way Catalysts
- a noble metal is supported on a refractory oxide porous particle such as an alumina porous particle having a high surface area, and this is made of a base material such as a refractory ceramic or a metal honeycomb structure.
- a base material such as a refractory ceramic or a metal honeycomb structure.
- a noble metal is carried on a particulate catalyst carrier having a high specific surface area.
- a refractory inorganic oxide such as silica, alumina, and titania compound are known.
- activated alumina made of a mixture of gamma phase alumina and delta phase alumina has a particularly high surface area and is an excellent material as a catalyst carrier.
- the exhaust gas of automobiles has a problem that the exhaust gas is difficult to diffuse to the deep part of the catalyst layer because the gas flow rate is high, and sufficient catalyst performance cannot be exhibited. Therefore, in order to improve gas diffusibility and improve purification performance, the following proposals for forming voids in the catalyst layer have been made.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-191988
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-253968
- NOx occlusion reduction type catalyst in which the NOx occlusion agent is supported to enhance the gas diffusibility of the exhaust gas and improve the NOx purification efficiency.
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-025013
- the catalyst coat layer includes at least Contains a powder of oxygen storage / release material, has a pore with a center pore diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and a pore volume within a range of ⁇ 50% of the center pore diameter is 0.05 cc / g or more.
- An exhaust gas purifying catalyst is disclosed.
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-110485 discloses a carrier and a plurality of layers formed on the carrier as an exhaust gas catalyst that improves the gas diffusibility of the exhaust gas in the catalyst layer and improves the catalyst efficiency. And at least one layer of the plurality of layers contains a catalyst component and has voids in the layer, and the average diameter of the voids is 0. 0.
- An exhaust gas purification catalyst having a size of 2 to 500 ⁇ m is disclosed.
- a method of forming a large void in the catalyst layer a method of forming a large void by adding carbon particles, resin particles, etc., and firing to burn off the carbon particles or resin particles is disclosed. ing.
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2012-240027
- catalyst particles and a carbon compound material are mixed with a solvent to prepare a catalyst slurry, which is burned off in a subsequent step, thereby forming the shape of the carbon compound material.
- a void having the same shape as in the catalyst layer is formed in the catalyst layer.
- the present invention is intended to propose a new exhaust gas purification catalyst that can enhance gas diffusibility and mixing properties in the catalyst layer and thereby exhibit excellent catalyst performance.
- the present invention provides an exhaust gas purification catalyst comprising a catalyst layer having two or more types of inorganic porous particles having different particle sizes, a catalytically active component, and voids, wherein the voids satisfying the following (formula 1)
- the first characteristic is that it occupies 50% by number or more of the total voids in the layer, and that the average void radius obtained by assuming a perfect circle in the void cross-sectional area of the catalyst layer is 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the exhaust gas purification catalyst characterized by 2 is proposed. L / 2 / ( ⁇ S) 1/2 ⁇ 2 (Expression 1) S: void cross-sectional area, L: void cross-sectional outer circumference length
- the void satisfying the above occupies 50% by number or more of the total voids in the catalyst layer, and the average void radius is 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. Since it has voids, the continuity of the voids is good, the area inside the voids is large, and the shape of the voids is complicated. As a result, the main gas passage is secured and the gas in the catalyst layer is Mixability and diffusibility are improved, and thereby excellent purification performance can be exhibited.
- An exhaust gas purification catalyst (hereinafter referred to as “the present catalyst”) as an example of an embodiment of the present invention includes a catalyst layer (“the present catalyst layer”) having two or more kinds of inorganic porous particles having different particle sizes, catalytic active components, and voids. )) And a base material.
- the catalyst may have a configuration in which the present catalyst layer is formed on the surface of the base material, or the surface of the base material may be interposed with another layer.
- the catalyst layer may be configured to be formed, or the catalyst layer may be configured to be formed at a location other than the surface side of the substrate. .
- This catalyst may be provided with a catalyst layer composed of one layer, or may be provided with two or more catalyst layers.
- the “catalyst layer” means a layer having a gas adsorbing action or a gas purifying catalytic action, and corresponds to a gas purifying catalytic action if it contains a catalytically active component. It does not have to contain any components.
- the present catalyst has two or more catalyst layers
- at least one of them may be the present catalyst layer.
- the catalyst layer may be one layer or two or more layers, and one layer or two or more other layers may be laminated in the vertical direction of the catalyst layer.
- a layer which is not a catalyst layer for example, a layer made of porous refractory inorganic oxide powder, a layer made of porous refractory inorganic oxide powder and a promoter component, etc. between the catalyst layer and the catalyst layer May be present.
- you may provide the other catalyst layer different from this catalyst layer in the distribution direction of exhaust gas.
- the present catalyst layer is a porous layer having two or more kinds of inorganic porous particles having different particle sizes, a catalytically active component, and other components as required, and having a large number of communicating voids.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an example of the shape of voids in the catalyst layer (cross section) of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention.
- the gray part surrounded by the black line shows a space
- the surrounding white part has shown the part which comprises a catalyst layer, ie, an inorganic porous particle, a catalyst active component, and a binder component. .
- total voids are intended for voids having a void cross-sectional area of 0.05% or more with respect to the catalyst layer cross-sectional area in image analysis.
- the cross section of the catalyst layer is observed with an electron microscope, there may be a void partly missing at the edge of the catalyst layer. Such voids partially missing are also included in the voids defined by the present invention. Therefore, for example, it is included in the above-mentioned “total voids”.
- “L / 2 / ( ⁇ S) 1/2 ” in the relational expression (1) indicates that the closer the value is to 1, the closer it is to circular or sphericity, and the value is 2 or more. Means that the degree of non-circularity is high, in other words, there are irregularities around the gap. Thus, when there are irregularities around the gap, the gas that hits the inner peripheral surface of the gap diffuses and mixes, so that the diffusibility and mixing of the gas in the catalyst layer can be improved. From this point of view, in this catalyst layer, in the above relational expression (1), voids having a value of “L / 2 / ( ⁇ S) 1/2 ” of 2 or more occupy 50% by number or more of all the voids. Among them, it is more preferable to occupy 50% by number or more and 70% by number or less, and more preferably 50% by number or more or 60% by number or less.
- the average void radius obtained by assuming a perfect circle in the void cross-sectional area is 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the average void radius is calculated on the assumption that the void is a perfect circle.
- An average void radius in the void cross-sectional area of the catalyst layer of 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m means that the average void diameter is large. If the average gap radius is 10 ⁇ m or more, not only the main gas flow path can be secured, but also the gap that becomes a tributary of gas diffusion can be secured, so that the gas diffusibility to the deep part of the catalyst layer can be increased. Can be increased. Moreover, if the said average space
- two types of inorganic porous particles having an average particle size ratio of 2.0 or more are used to form a slurry.
- the method include preparing the slurry, coating the slurry with extremely high viscosity, and quickly drying the slurry. However, it is not limited to this method.
- a void having a cross-sectional area of 1.96 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ m 2 or larger is a large void corresponding to a void having a cross-sectional area of 25 ⁇ m or more in radius when converted to a perfect circular void. If 2.0 or more such large voids exist per 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ m 2 of the catalyst layer cross-sectional area, the large voids communicate with each other and the main flow passage of the gas is further expanded. As a result, the contact property between the exhaust gas component and the catalyst component is improved, and the precious metal is effectively used, so that the purification ability can be further improved.
- the number of voids having a cross-sectional area of 1.96 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ m 2 or more per catalyst layer cross-sectional area of 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ m 2 is 2.0 or more, especially 2.3 or more. It is particularly preferable that there are 2.5 or more.
- a slurry is prepared using two kinds of inorganic porous particle powders having an average particle size ratio of 2.0 or more, particularly preferably 3.5 or more, and the slurry is coated with a very high viscosity,
- the method of quick-drying can be mentioned. However, it is not limited to this method.
- the catalyst layer preferably has an average thickness of 10 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
- This catalyst layer contains two or more types of inorganic porous particles having different particle sizes.
- the average particle size of the other inorganic porous particle is more than twice the average particle size of the one inorganic porous particle. Among them, it is preferably 3 times or more and 6 times or less, more preferably 4 times or more and 5 times or less.
- porous particles of a compound selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina and titania compounds more specifically, for example, alumina, silica, silica-alumina, alumino- Mention may be made of porous particles composed of compounds selected from silicates, alumina-zirconia, alumina-chromia and alumina-ceria.
- alumina having a specific surface area larger than 50 m 2 / g for example, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ alumina can be suitably used as the alumina.
- ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ alumina is preferably used.
- trace amount La can also be included. It is also preferable that the alumina lattice is previously stabilized with an alkaline earth metal oxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide or rare earth oxide.
- the inorganic porous particles may include an OSC material, that is, a promoter (OSC material) having an oxygen storage capacity (OSC).
- OSC material include a cerium compound, a zirconium compound, and a ceria / zirconia composite oxide.
- the two or more types of inorganic porous particles having different particle sizes may be two or more types of inorganic porous particles made of the same material, or may be two or more types of inorganic porous particles made of different materials. Good. Of these, particles containing silica and alumina are preferable as the inorganic porous particles having a large particle diameter, and silica and alumina particles are particularly preferable. OSC material particles containing ceria and zirconia are preferred as the inorganic porous particles having a small particle diameter, and ceria and zirconia particles are particularly preferred.
- a preferable example is a particle powder having a D50 of 15 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m determined by a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measurement method and a composite oxide particle powder having a D50 of 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- a combination of two types of inorganic porous particles that are 2 times or more larger than D50 of the ceria / zirconia composite oxide particle powder, especially 3 times or more larger can be mentioned.
- Catalytic active ingredient examples of the catalytically active component contained in the catalyst layer, that is, the metal exhibiting catalytic activity include palladium, platinum, rhodium, gold, silver, ruthenium, iridium, nickel, cerium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, osmium, strontium, etc. Can be mentioned. Among these, platinum, rhodium, and palladium are preferably included.
- the content of the catalytically active component in the catalyst layer is preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass of the catalyst layer, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 7% by mass or less. Among them, the content is more preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- the catalyst layer can contain stabilizers, binders and other components.
- the stabilizer examples include alkaline earth metals and alkali metals. Of these, one or more metals selected from the group consisting of magnesium, barium, boron, thorium, hafnium, silicon, calcium, and strontium can be selected. Among these, barium is preferable from the viewpoint that the temperature at which PdOx is reduced is highest, that is, it is difficult to reduce. Further, a known additive component such as a binder component may be included. As the binder component, an inorganic binder, for example, an aqueous solution such as alumina sol can be used.
- the material of the base material used in the present catalyst examples include refractory materials such as ceramics and metal materials.
- Materials for the ceramic substrate include refractory ceramic materials such as cordierite, cordierite-alpha alumina, silicon nitride, zircon mullite, spojumen, alumina-silica magnesia, zircon silicate, sillimanite, magnesium silicate, Examples thereof include zircon, petalite, alpha alumina, and aluminosilicates.
- the material of the metal substrate can include refractory metals such as other suitable corrosion resistant alloys based on stainless steel or iron.
- the shape of the substrate can include a honeycomb shape, a pellet shape, and a spherical shape.
- honeycomb material for example, cordierite material such as ceramics can be used.
- a honeycomb made of a metal material such as ferritic stainless steel can also be used.
- a honeycomb-shaped substrate for example, a monolith type substrate having a large number of parallel and fine gas flow passages, that is, channels, can be used so that fluid flows through the substrate.
- the catalyst layer can be formed by coating the inner wall surface of each channel of the monolith substrate with the catalyst composition by wash coating or the like.
- a slurry is prepared using two types of inorganic porous particle powders having different particle diameters, and the slurry is coated with a very high viscosity, followed by quick drying. be able to.
- the ratio of the average particle size is preferably 2.0 or more, particularly 3.5 or more, and more preferably 4.0 or more. Further preferred.
- a ceria-zirconia particle powder and an alumina particle powder having an average particle size of twice or more that of the ceria-zirconia particle powder can be used.
- inorganic porous particle powders having different average particle diameters a catalytically active component, and, if necessary, an OSC material, a stabilizing material, a binder, water, and the like are mixed and stirred to obtain a slurry.
- the method include forming the catalyst layer on the surface of the substrate by subjecting the prepared slurry to wash coating on a substrate such as a ceramic honeycomb body and firing it. However, it is not limited to this method.
- the slurry viscosity is adjusted to 5,000 to 40,000 cp, particularly 5,000 cp or more or 35,000 cp or less, and more preferably 5,000 cp or more or 30,000 cp or less, from the viewpoint of making the gap non-circular and large. Is preferred.
- the hot air of about 100 to 200 ° C. is directly applied to the coated surface so that the hot air is passed through the gap, and the air is quickly dried while removing moisture. Is preferred.
- any known method can be adopted as a method for producing the catalyst, and the method is not limited to the above example.
- Example 1 Ceria-zirconia powder (D50: 7.9 ⁇ m, indicated as “OSC” in the table) and La-added alumina powder (D50: 18.1 ⁇ m, indicated as “Al 2 O 3 ” in the table) were successively added to an aqueous Pd nitrate solution. After stirring for a predetermined time, a binder component was added and further stirred to obtain a slurry having a viscosity of 2.2 ⁇ 10 4 cp. 300 g / L of the slurry obtained above was applied to a ceramic honeycomb substrate having a diameter of 25 mm ⁇ L 30 mm (600 cells) and a carrier volume of 0.015 L.
- an exhaust gas purification catalyst (sample) for activity evaluation.
- the various components in the slurry were 60.0 parts by mass of ceria-zirconia powder, 29.5 parts by mass of La-added alumina, 10.0 parts by mass of binder, and 0.5 parts by mass of Pd. At this time, the average thickness of the catalyst layer was 112 ⁇ m.
- Example 2 an exhaust gas purification catalyst (sample) for activity evaluation was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that D50 of the La-added alumina powder and the slurry viscosity were changed. At this time, the average thickness of each catalyst layer was 126 ⁇ m in Example 2 and 129 ⁇ m in Example 3.
- Example 1 The ceria-zirconia powder of Table 1, the above La-added alumina powder, and commercially available resin particles as the burned-out material (average particle size: 20 ⁇ m) were added to the aqueous Pd nitrate solution in order, for activity evaluation in the same manner as in Example 1. An exhaust gas purification catalyst (sample) was obtained. At this time, the average thickness of the catalyst layer was 130 ⁇ m.
- ⁇ Comparative example 2> Exhaust gas purification for activity evaluation as in Example 1 except that the ceria-zirconia powder, the La-added alumina powder, and commercially available resin particles (average particle size: 50 ⁇ m) as burned material were sequentially added to the aqueous Pd nitrate solution. A catalyst (sample) was obtained. At this time, the average thickness of the catalyst layer was 150 ⁇ m.
- 300 g / L of the slurry obtained above was applied to a ceramic honeycomb substrate having a diameter of 25 mm ⁇ L 30 mm (600 cells) and a carrier volume of 0.015 L, and the excess slurry was blown off, followed by hot air drying at 150 ° C. for 5 hours. It was dried for 4 minutes, and then calcined at 600 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain an exhaust gas purification catalyst (sample) for activity evaluation.
- the various components in the slurry were 60.0 parts by mass of ceria-zirconia powder, 29.5 parts by mass of La-added alumina, 10.0 parts by mass of binder, and 0.5 parts by mass of Pd.
- the average thickness of the catalyst layer was 101 ⁇ m.
- Example 4 Exhaust gas purification catalyst (sample) for activity evaluation was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the slurry viscosity was adjusted to 4.5 ⁇ 10 3 cp.
- the outlet gas component at 100 to 500 ° C. was measured using a CO / HC / NO analyzer (MOTOR EXHAUST GAS ANALYZER MEXA9100 manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.) through the ceramic honeycomb catalyst.
- the L / O evaluation of the honeycomb catalyst was performed by comparing the performance of the catalyst after simulated exhaust gas durability.
- the catalyst is set in an electric furnace maintained at 1,000 ° C., and the mixed gas (50 s) and air (50 s) of C 3 H 6 or CO and O 2 (complete combustion ratio) are cycled. Simulated exhaust gas was circulated and treated for 50 hours.
- ⁇ Image analysis method> A test piece was cut out from the honeycomb catalyst carrier, and the test piece was embedded in a curable resin. After the resin is cured, the cross section of the catalyst layer and the base material is smoothed by polishing so that the cross section of the catalyst layer and the base material can be observed by SEM, and the cross section of the catalyst layer is observed at a magnification of 500 times using SEM (Hitachi High Technologies, TM3000 Miniscope). .
- the SEM images collected by the above method were taken into IMAGE-PRO (registered trademark) PLUS (Media Cybernetics, Inc.), and image analysis was performed according to the following procedure.
- the catalyst layer portion to be analyzed was selected by a free curve AOI (Area of Interest).
- Perimeter length, area, and area ratio were selected as measurement items in count / size (automatic measurement).
- the color of the cell opening was selected, and voids in the catalyst layer showing the same color were extracted.
- the above (formula 1): L / 2 / ( ⁇ S) 1/2 was applied with a void of 0.05% or more in the area ratio as an analysis target. At this time, the void cross-sectional area (S) and the void cross-sectional outer peripheral length (L) were the void area and the void perimeter at the time of analysis, respectively.
- ratio of voids satisfying formula 1 ⁇ 2 [%] is the formula 1: L / 2 / ( ⁇ S) 1 among all voids in the catalyst layer with the area ratio of 0.05% or more.
- average void radius [ ⁇ m] indicates a value ( ⁇ m) of an average void radius obtained by assuming that the void is a perfect circle in the void cross-sectional area of the catalyst layer.
- the number of voids having a radius of 25 ⁇ m or more indicates the number of voids having a cross-sectional area of 1.96 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ m 2 or more per 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ m 2 of the catalyst layer cross-sectional area.
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Abstract
Description
この種の触媒担体として、例えばシリカ、アルミナ、チタニア化合物などの耐火性無機酸化物からなる多孔質粒子が知られている。中でも、ガンマ相アルミナとデルタ相アルミナの混合物からなる活性化アルミナは、特に高い表面積を有しており、触媒担体として優れた材料である。
L/2/(πS)1/2 ≧2・・・(式1)
S:空隙断面積、L:空隙断面外周長
本発明の実施形態の一例としての排ガス浄化触媒(以下「本触媒」と称する)は、粒度の異なる2種類以上の無機多孔質粒子、触媒活性成分、及び空隙を有する触媒層(「本触媒層」と称する)と、基材と、を備えた排ガス浄化触媒である。
本触媒は、一層からなる触媒層を備えていてもよいし、二層以上の触媒層を備えていてもよい。
なお、本発明において「触媒層」とは、ガス吸着作用乃至ガス浄化触媒作用を有する層を意味し、触媒活性成分を含有していればガス浄化触媒作用を有するから該当するが、必ずしも触媒活性成分を含有していなくてもよい。
また、排気ガスの流通方向に本触媒層とは異なる他の触媒層を備えていてもよい。
本触媒層は、粒度の異なる2種類以上の無機多孔質粒子と、触媒活性成分と、必要に応じてその他の成分とからなり、連通した多数の空隙を有する多孔質な層である。
本触媒層は、下記(式1)の条件を満たす空隙が、当該触媒層における全空隙のうちの50個数%以上を占め、且つ、当該触媒層の空隙断面積において、真円と仮定して求めた平均空隙半径が10μm~20μmであることを特徴とする。
L/2/(πS)1/2 ≧2・・・(式1)
図1は、本発明の排ガス浄化触媒の触媒層(断面)における空隙の形の一例を模式的に示した図である。この図1において、黒線で囲まれた灰色部分が空隙を示し、その周りの白色部分は触媒層を構成する成分、すなわち無機多孔質粒子、触媒活性成分及びバインダー成分からなる部分を示している。
また、測定の際、触媒層の断面積を100%とした時に、空隙断面積が0.05%未満の小さな空隙は、効果にほとんど影響しないため、無視することとする。よって、上記の「全空隙」とは、画像解析において触媒層断面積に対する空隙断面積が0.05%以上の空隙を対象としている。
さらにまた、触媒層の断面を電子顕微鏡で観察した際、触媒層の端縁部に、一部が欠けた空隙が存在する場合がある。このような一部が欠けた空隙も、本発明が規定する空隙に含まれるものとする。よって、例えば上記の「全空隙」にも含まれる。
かかる観点から、本触媒層は、上記関係式(1)において、「L/2/(πS)1/2」の値が2以上である空隙が、全空隙のうちの50個数%以上を占めることが好ましく、中でも50個数%以上或いは70個数%以下、その中で特に50個数%以上或いは60個数%以下を占めるのがさらに好ましい。
この際、本触媒層の空隙断面積は形状が不定形であるため、空隙を真円と仮定して平均空隙半径を算出するものである。
よって、このような観点から、真円と仮定して求めた平均空隙半径は12μm~16μmであることが好ましく、中でも14μm以上或いは16μm以下であるのが特に好ましい。
本触媒層においては、1.0×104μm2の触媒層断面積当たり、1.96×103μm2以上の断面積を有する空隙が2.0個以上存在することが好ましい。
かかる観点から、1.0×104μm2の触媒層断面積当たり、1.96×103μm2以上の断面積を有する空隙が2.0個以上、中でも2.3個以上、その中でも2.5個以上存在することが特に好ましい。
本触媒層は、層形成および剥離耐性の観点から、その平均厚さが10μm~500μmであるのが好ましく、中でも50μm以上或いは300μm以下、その中でも50μm以上或いは200μm以下であるのがさらに好ましい。
本触媒層は、粒度の異なる2種類以上の無機多孔質粒子を含んでいる。
この際、本触媒層内に上記のような空隙を形成するためには、一方の無機多孔質粒子の平均粒径に対し、他方の無機多孔質粒子の平均粒径が2倍以上であるのが好ましく、中でも3倍以上或いは6倍以下、その中でも4倍以上或いは5倍以下であるのがさらに好ましい。
上記アルミナの格子をアルカリ土類金属酸化物、二酸化珪素、二酸化ジルコニウム又は希土類の酸化物によって予め安定化させたものも好ましい。
かかるOSC材としては、例えばセリウム化合物、ジルコニウム化合物、セリア・ジルコニア複合酸化物などを挙げることができる。
中でも、大きな粒径の無機多孔質粒子として好ましいのは、シリカ、アルミナを含む粒子などであり、特にシリカ、アルミナ粒子が好ましい。小さな粒径の無機多孔質粒子として好ましいのは、セリア、ジルコニアを含むOSC材粒子であり、特にセリア、ジルコニア粒子が好ましい。
好ましい一例としては、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法により求められるD50が15μm~40μmである粒子粉末と、該D50が1μm~10μmである複合酸化物粒子粉末とからなり、アルミナ粒子粉末のD50がセリア・ジルコニア複合酸化物粒子粉末のD50よりも2倍以上大きい、中でも3倍以上大きい2種類の無機多孔質粒子の組み合わせを挙げることができる。
本触媒層が含有する触媒活性成分、すなわち触媒活性を示す金属としては、例えばパラジウム、白金、ロジウム、金、銀、ルテニウム、イリジウム、ニッケル、セリウム、コバルト、銅、鉄、マンガン、オスミウム、ストロンチウム等の金属を挙げることができる。
中でも、プラチナ、ロジウム、パラジウムを含むのが好ましい。
本触媒層は、安定剤、バインダ-及びその他の成分を含むことができる。
また、バインダ-成分など、公知の添加成分を含んでいてもよい。
バインダ-成分としては、無機系バインダ-、例えばアルミナゾル等の水溶性溶液を使用することができる。
本触媒に用いる基材の材質としては、セラミックス等の耐火性材料や金属材料を挙げることができる。
セラミック製基材の材質としては、耐火性セラミック材料、例えばコージライト、コージライト-アルファアルミナ、窒化ケイ素、ジルコンムライト、スポジュメン、アルミナ-シリカマグネシア、ケイ酸ジルコン、シリマナイト(sillimanite)、ケイ酸マグネシウム、ジルコン、ペタライト(petalite)、アルファアルミナおよびアルミノシリケート類などを挙げることができる。
金属製基材の材質としては、耐火性金属、例えばステンレス鋼または鉄を基とする他の適切な耐食性合金などを挙げることができる。
ハニカム形状の基材を用いる場合、例えば基材内部を流体が流通するように、基材内部に平行で微細な気体流通路、すなわちチャンネルを多数有するモノリス型基材を使用することができる。この際、モノリス型基材の各チャンネル内壁表面に、触媒組成物をウォッシュコートなどによってコートして触媒層を形成することができる。
本触媒を製造する方法の一例として、粒径が異なる2種類の無機多孔質粒子粉末を使用してスラリーを調製すると共に、このスラリーの粘度を極めて高くしてコートし、速乾する方法を挙げることができる。
この際、粒径が異なる2種類の無機多孔質粒子粉末としては、平均粒径の比率が2.0以上であるのが好ましく、中でも3.5以上、その中でも4.0以上であるのがさらに好ましい。例えば、セリア-ジルコニア粒子粉末と、セリア-ジルコニア粒子粉末に対して平均粒径が2倍以上のアルミナ粒子粉末とを用いることができる。
本明細書において「X~Y」(X,Yは任意の数字)と表現する場合、特にことわらない限り「X以上Y以下」の意と共に、「好ましくはXより大きい」或いは「好ましくはYより小さい」の意も包含する。
また、「X以上」(Xは任意の数字)或いは「Y以下」(Yは任意の数字)と表現した場合、「Xより大きいことが好ましい」或いは「Y未満であることが好ましい」旨の意図も包含する。
セリア-ジルコニア粉末(D50:7.9μm、表には「OSC」と示す)およびLa添加アルミナ粉末(D50:18.1μm、表には「Al2O3」と示す)を、順次硝酸Pd水溶液に添加して所定時間撹拌した後、バインダ-成分を添加し、さらに撹拌することで粘度2.2×104cpのスラリーを得た。
φ25mm×L30mm(600セル)、担体容積0.015Lのセラミックハニカム基材に、上記で得たスラリーを300g/L塗布し、過剰なスラリーを吹き払った後、150℃の熱風がスラリー塗付面に直接当たるようにして5分間乾燥させ、次に600℃で3時間焼成して活性評価用の排ガス浄化触媒(サンプル)を得た。
なお、スラリー中の各種成分は、セリア-ジルコニア粉末60.0質量部、La添加アルミナ29.5質量部、バインダ-10.0質量部とし、Pd0.5質量部であった。
この際、触媒層の平均厚さは112μmであった。
表1に示すように、La添加アルミナ粉末のD50と、スラリー粘度とを変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に活性評価用の排ガス浄化触媒(サンプル)を得た。
この際、各触媒層の平均厚さは、実施例2が126μm、実施例3が129μmであった。
表1のセリア-ジルコニア粉末、上記La添加アルミナ粉末および焼失材料としての市販の樹脂粒子(平均粒径:20μm)を、順次硝酸Pd水溶液に添加した以外、実施例1と同様に活性評価用の排ガス浄化触媒(サンプル)を得た。
この際、触媒層の平均厚さは130μmであった。
上記セリア-ジルコニア粉末、上記La添加アルミナ粉末および焼失材料としての市販の樹脂粒子(平均粒径:50μm)を、順次硝酸Pd水溶液に添加した以外、実施例1と同様に活性評価用の排ガス浄化触媒(サンプル)を得た。
この際、触媒層の平均厚さは150μmであった。
セリア-ジルコニア粉末(D50:7.9μm、表には「OSC」と示す)およびLa添加アルミナ粉末(D50:8.1μm、表には「Al2O3」と示す)を、順次硝酸Pd水溶液に添加して所定時間撹拌した後、バインダ-成分を添加し、さらに撹拌することで粘度1.7×104cpのスラリーを得た。
φ25mm×L30mm(600セル)、担体容積0.015Lのセラミックハニカム基材に、上記で得たスラリーを300g/L塗布し、過剰なスラリーを吹き払った後、熱風乾燥を用いて150℃で5分間乾燥させ、次に600℃で3時間焼成して活性評価用の排ガス浄化触媒(サンプル)を得た。
なお、スラリー中の各種成分は、セリア-ジルコニア粉末60.0質量部、La添加アルミナ29.5質量部、バインダ-10.0質量部とし、Pd0.5質量部であった。
また、触媒層の平均厚さは101μmであった。
スラリー粘度を4.5×103cpに調整した以外、実施例1と同様に活性評価用の排ガス浄化触媒(サンプル)を得た。
基材にスラリーを塗布して過剰なスラリーを吹き払った後に、熱風乾燥(速乾)させなかった以外は、実施例1と同様に行った。
ハニカム触媒のL/O評価は、CO、CO2、C3H6、O2、NO、H2OおよびN2バランスから成る完全燃焼を想定した模擬排ガスを、SV=200,000h‐1となるように、上記セラミックハニカム触媒に流通させて、100-500℃における出口ガス成分をCO/HC/NO分析計(堀場製作所製MOTOR EXHAUST GAS ANALYZER MEXA9100)を用いて測定した。
模擬排ガス耐久処理は、1,000℃に保持した電気炉に触媒をセットし、C3H6若しくはCOとO2(完全燃焼比)の混合ガス(50s)及びAir(50s)を周期させながら模擬排ガスを流通させて50時間処理した。
ハニカム触媒担体から試験片を切り出し、試験片を硬化性樹脂に埋没させた。樹脂が硬化した後、触媒層と基材断面をSEM観察できるように、断面研磨して平滑化し、SEM(日立ハイテクノロジーズ、TM3000形Miniscope)を用いて500倍の倍率で触媒層断面を観察した。
1)自由曲線AOI(Area of Interest:対象領域)にて解析対象の触媒層部を選択した。
2)カウント/サイズ(自動測定)にて測定項目として周囲長、面積、面積比を選択した。
3)セル開口部の色を選択し、同様の色味を示す触媒層内の空隙部を抽出した。
4)面積比のうち、0.05%以上の空隙を解析対象として、上記(式1):L/2/(πS)1/2を適用した。このとき、空隙断面積(S)と空隙断面外周長(L)はそれぞれ解析時の空隙面積、空隙周囲長とした。
また、「平均空隙半径[μm]」は、触媒層の空隙断面積において、空隙を真円と仮定して求めた平均空隙半径の値(μm)を示している。
また、「半径25μm以上の空隙数」は、1.0×104μm2の触媒層断面積当たりの、1.96×103μm2以上の断面積を有する空隙の個数を示している。
「L/2/(πS)1/2」≧2を満たす空隙の割合を50個数%以上とすることにより、空隙の内周面の凹凸に当たったガスがより拡散及び混合するため、触媒層におけるガスの拡散性及び混合性を高めることができた結果、CO、HC、NOxのη400、NOxのMax Conv.を向上させることができた(比較例2と実施例1-3)。
また、半径25μm以上の空隙の数を2個以上とすることにより、COのη―400を76.0%以上に、NOx MAX Conv.を88%以上に改善できた(実施例1と実施例2,3)。
またさらに、真円と仮定して求めた平均空隙径を14μm以上とすることにより、COのη―400を77.0%以上に、HCのη―400を90.0%以上に、NOx MAX Conv.を89.0%以上に改善できた(実施例2と実施例3)。
Claims (2)
- 粒度の異なる2種類以上の無機多孔質粒子と、触媒活性成分と、空隙とを有する触媒層を備えた排ガス浄化触媒において、下記(式1)の条件を満たす空隙が、当該触媒層における全空隙のうちの50個数%以上を占めることを第1の特徴とし、当該触媒層の空隙断面積において、真円と仮定して求めた平均空隙半径が10μm~20μmであることを第2の特徴する排ガス浄化触媒。
L/2/(πS)1/2 ≧2・・・(式1)
S:空隙断面積、L:空隙断面外周長 - 1.0×104μm2の触媒層断面積当たり、1.96×103μm2以上の断面積を有する空隙が2.0個以上存在することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の排ガス浄化触媒。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN105473229A (zh) | 2016-04-06 |
EP3045227B1 (en) | 2019-12-11 |
EP3045227A4 (en) | 2017-07-12 |
US9381510B2 (en) | 2016-07-05 |
EP3045227A1 (en) | 2016-07-20 |
JP2015171716A (ja) | 2015-10-01 |
US20150273462A1 (en) | 2015-10-01 |
JP6150845B2 (ja) | 2017-06-21 |
CN105473229B (zh) | 2017-05-17 |
JPWO2015037613A1 (ja) | 2017-03-02 |
JP5931214B2 (ja) | 2016-06-08 |
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