WO2013033270A2 - Ligands de brodomaines capables de se dimériser dans une solution aqueuse, et procédés d'utilisation de ceux-ci - Google Patents

Ligands de brodomaines capables de se dimériser dans une solution aqueuse, et procédés d'utilisation de ceux-ci Download PDF

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WO2013033270A2
WO2013033270A2 PCT/US2012/052943 US2012052943W WO2013033270A2 WO 2013033270 A2 WO2013033270 A2 WO 2013033270A2 US 2012052943 W US2012052943 W US 2012052943W WO 2013033270 A2 WO2013033270 A2 WO 2013033270A2
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alkyl
group
phenyl
halogen
independently selected
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PCT/US2012/052943
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WO2013033270A3 (fr
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Lee Daniel Arnold
Kenneth W. Foreman
Douglas S. Werner
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Coferon, Inc.
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Publication of WO2013033270A2 publication Critical patent/WO2013033270A2/fr
Priority to US14/193,522 priority Critical patent/US20140243286A1/en
Publication of WO2013033270A3 publication Critical patent/WO2013033270A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/695—Silicon compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/166—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the carbon of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. procainamide, procarbazine, metoclopramide, labetalol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/4706—4-Aminoquinolines; 8-Aminoquinolines, e.g. chloroquine, primaquine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
    • A61K31/551—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole having two nitrogen atoms, e.g. dilazep
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/69—Boron compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D261/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings
    • C07D261/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D261/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D261/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00

Definitions

  • the BET family of bromodomain containing proteins bind to acetylated lysine residues in histones and other proteins to influence transcription, etc.
  • Proteins in the BET family are typically characterisized by having tandem bromodomains.
  • Exemplary protein targets having tandem bromodomains include BRD4, a member of the BET family.
  • BRD4 is also a proto-oncogene that can be mutated via chromosomal translocation in a rare form of squamous cell carcinoma.
  • proteins having tandem bromodomains such as BRD4 may be suitable as a drug target for other indications such as acute myeloid leukemia.
  • Bromodomains are typically small domains having e.g., about 1 10 amino acids. Bromodomain modulators may be useful for various diseases or conditions, including those relating to systemic or tissue inflammation, inflammatory response to infection, malignant cell activation and proliferation, lipid metabolism, cell differentiation, and prevention and treatment of viral infections.
  • such monomers may be capable of binding to another monomer in an aqueous media (e.g. in vivo) to form a multimer, (e.g., a dimer).
  • Contemplated monomers may include a ligand moiety (e.g., a pharmacophore for the target biomolecule), a linker element, and a connector element that joins the ligand moiety and the linker element.
  • a ligand moiety e.g., a pharmacophore for the target biomolecule
  • linker element e.g., a pharmacophore for the target biomolecule
  • a connector element that joins the ligand moiety and the linker element.
  • contemplated monomers may join together via each linker element and may thus be capable of modulating one or more biomolecules
  • a first monomer capable of forming a biologically useful multimer capable of modulating a protein having a first bromodomain when in contact with a second monomer in an aqueous media is provided.
  • Such a first monomer may be represented by the formula: X ⁇ Y ⁇ Z 1 (Formula I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, metabolites, and hydrates thereof, wherein
  • X 1 is a first ligand moiety capable of modulating the first bromodomain on said protein
  • Y 1 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 1 and Z 1 ;
  • Z 1 is a first linker capable of binding to the second monomer; and the second monomer is represented by the formula:
  • X 2 is a second ligand moiety capable of modulating a second domain on said protein
  • Y 2 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 2 and Z 2 ; and Z 2 is a second linker capable of binding to the first monomer through Z 1 .
  • a therapeutic multimer compound formed from the multimerization in an aqueous media of a first monomer and a second monomer is provided.
  • Such a first monomer may be represented by:
  • X 1 is a first ligand moiety capable of modulating a first bromodomain
  • Y 1 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 1 and Z 1 ;
  • Z 1 is a first linker capable of binding to Z 2 to form the multimer;
  • X 2 is a second ligand moiety capable of modulating a second protein domain
  • Y 2 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 2 and Z 2 ;
  • Z 2 is a boronic acid or oxaborale moiety capable of binding with the Z 1 moiety of Formula I to form the multimer;
  • a first monomer is provided, wherein the first monomer is represented by the formula X 3 -Y 3 -Z 3 (Formula III) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, metabolites and hydrates thereof, wherein
  • X 3 is a first ligand moiety capable of modulating a bromodomain
  • Y 3 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 3 and Z 3 ;
  • Z 3 is a linker capable of forming a therapeutic multimer with another monomer or other monomers of Formula III, wherein Z 3 is the same for the first and second monomer.
  • a method of treating a disease associated with a protein having tandem bromodomains in a patient in need thereof can include administering to said patient a first monomer represented by:
  • X ⁇ Y ⁇ Z 1 (Formula I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, metabolites and hydrates thereof, wherein X 1 is a first ligand moiety capable of modulating a first bromodomain; and administering to said patient a second monomer represented by: X 2 -Y 2 -Z 2 (Formula II), wherein X 2 is a second ligand moiety capable of modulating a second bromodomain, wherein upon administration, said first monomer and said second monomer forms a multimer in vivo that binds to the first and the second bromodomain.
  • FIG. 1 shows a screenshot of a protein X-ray crystal structure in which the structures of I-BET762 and an isoxazole pharmacophore are overlaid, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 shows a non-limiting set of pharmacophores (i.e., ligands) with preferred attachment points for connecting the pharmacophores to connecting moieties indicated by arrows, according to an embodiment.
  • pharmacophores i.e., ligands
  • such monomers may be capable of binding to another monomer in an aqueous media (e.g., in vivo) to form a multimer, (e.g., a dimer).
  • Contemplated monomers may include a ligand moiety (e.g., a pharmacophore moiety), a linker element, and a connector element that joins the ligand moiety and the linker element.
  • contemplated monomers may join together via each linker element and may thus be capable of modulating one or more biomolecules substantially simultaneously, e.g., modulate two or more binding domains on a protein or on different proteins.
  • contemplated monomers may be separate or separatable in a solid or in an aqueous media under one set of conditions, and when placed in an aqueous media having one or more biomolecules (e.g., under a different set of conditions) can 1) form a multimer with another monomer through the linker on each monomer; and either: 2a) bind to the biomolecule in two or more locations (e.g., protein domains) through each ligand moiety of the respective monomer or 2b) bind to two or more biomolecules through each ligand moiety of the respective monomer.
  • disclosed monomers may interact with another appropriate monomer (i.e., a monomeric pair) in an aqueous media (e.g., in vivo) to form a multimer (e.g., a dimer) that can bind to two separate target biomolecule domains (e.g., protein domains).
  • a multimer e.g., a dimer
  • the two separate target domains can be tandem domains on the same target, for example, tandem BET bromodomains.
  • the ligand moiety of a contemplated monomer may be a pharmacophore or a ligand moiety that is, e.g., capable of binding to and/or modulating a biomolecule, such as, for example, a protein, e.g, a specific protein domain, a component of a biological cell, such as a ribosome (composed of proteins and nucleic acids) or an enzyme active site (e.g., a protease, such as tryptase).
  • the linker element comprises a functional group capable of forming a chemical bond with another linker element.
  • the linker moiety may also serve as a signaling entity or "reporter," and in some instances the assembly of two or more linkers can produce a fluorescent entity or fluorophore with properties distinct from the individual linker moiety.
  • a plurality of monomers, each comprising a linker element may react to form a multimer connected by the linker elements.
  • the multimer may be formed in vivo.
  • the multimer may have enhanced properties relative to the monomers that form the multimer. For example, in certain embodiments, the multimer may bind to a target with greater affinity than any of the monomers that form the multimer. Also described are methods of making the compositions and methods of administering the compositions.
  • the first ligand moiety may be capable of binding to a bromodomain.
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 of Formula I, II, III or IV may each be capable of binding to a bromodomain in a protein selected from the group consisting of BRD2 D2, BRD3 D2, BRD4 D2, BRD-t D2, yBdfl D2, yBdf2 D2, KIAA2026, yBdfl D l, yBdf2 Dl, TAF1L D1, TAF1 Dl, TAF1L D2, TAF1 D2, ZMY D8, ZMY D1 1, ASH1L, PBRM D3, PBRM Dl, PBRM D2, PBRM D4, PBRM D5, SMARCA2, SMARCA4 ySnf2, ySth, PBRM D6, yRscl D2, yRsc2 D2,
  • multimers contemplated herein may be capable of binding to a tandem bromodomain.
  • a multimer may be capable of binding to a tandem bromodomain in a protein selected from the group consisting of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRD-t.
  • the second ligand moiety may also be capable of binding to a bromodomain.
  • the second ligand moiety may be capable of binding to epigenetically associated domains.
  • epigenetically associated domains include HATs (acetyl transferases), bromodomains (acetyl readers), HDACs (deacetylases) , Methyltransferases (PRMTs , KMTs, DNMTs), Methyl readers (Chromo, Mathematics, MBT, PHD, PWWP, WD40), Methyl erasers (K-specific demethylases, JmJC, MethylCytosine hydroxylase), kinases, phosphate readers (14-3-3, WD40, BRCT), phosphatases, Citruline writers (Protein arginine deiminase), SANT/MYB domain, BAH, E3 ligases, SUMO
  • the second ligand moiety may be capable of binding to domains such as methyl transferases, ATPases, ubiquinases, histone acetyl transferases, methyl readers (PWWP, WD40), protein adaptors (extraterminal domains, MYND), and DNA binders (zinc fingers, BBOX).
  • domains such as methyl transferases, ATPases, ubiquinases, histone acetyl transferases, methyl readers (PWWP, WD40), protein adaptors (extraterminal domains, MYND), and DNA binders (zinc fingers, BBOX).
  • a plurality of monomers may assemble to form a multimer.
  • the multimer may be used for a variety of purposes. For example, in some instances, the multimer may be used to perturb a biological system. As described in more detail below, in some embodiments, the multimer may bind to or modulate a target biomolecule, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or polysaccharide. In certain embodiments, a contemplated multimer may be used as a pharmaceutical.
  • a multimer may form in vivo upon administration of suitable monomers to a subject. Also advantageously, the multimer may be capable of interacting with a relatively large target site as compared to the individual monomers that form the multimer.
  • a target may comprise, in some embodiments, two protein domains separated by a distance such that a multimer, but not a monomer, may be capable of binding to both domains essentially simultaneously.
  • contemplated multimers may bind to a target with greater affinity as compared to a monomer binding affinity alone.
  • a contemplated multimer may advantageously exhibit enhanced properties relative to the monomers that form the multimer.
  • a multimer may have improved binding properties as compared to the monomers alone.
  • a multimer may have improved signaling properties.
  • the fluorescent properties of a multimer may be different as compared to a monomer.
  • the fluorescent brightness of a multimer at a particular wavelength may be significantly different (e.g., greater) than the fluorescent brightness at the same wavelength of the monomers that form the multimer.
  • a difference in signaling properties between the multimer and the monomers that form the multimer may be used to detect formation of the multimer.
  • detection of the formation of the multimer may be used to screen monomers, as discussed in more detail below.
  • the multimers may be used for imaging or as diagnostic agents.
  • a multimer as used herein, may be a homomultimer
  • a contemplated multimer may comprise 2 to about 10 monomers, for example, a multimer may be a dimer, a trimer, a tetramer, or a pentamer.
  • a monomer may comprise a ligand moiety, a linker element, and a connector element that associates the ligand moiety with the linker element.
  • the linker element of a first monomer may combine with the linker element of a second monomer.
  • the linker element may comprise a functional group that can react with a functional group of another linker element to form a bond linking the monomers.
  • the linker element of a first monomer may be substantially the same as the linker element of a second monomer.
  • the linker element of a first monomer may be substantially different than the linker element of a second monomer.
  • the ligand moiety may be a pharmacophore.
  • the ligand moiety (e.g., a pharmacophore) may bind to a target molecule with a dissociation constant of less than 1 mM, in some embodiments less than 500 microM, in some embodiments less than 300 microM, in some embodiments less than 100 microM, in some embodiments less than 10 microM, in some embodiments less than 1 microM, in some embodiments less than 100 nM, in some embodiments less than 10 nM, and in some embodiments less than 1 nM.
  • a dissociation constant of less than 1 mM, in some embodiments less than 500 microM, in some embodiments less than 300 microM, in some embodiments less than 100 microM, in some embodiments less than 10 microM, in some embodiments less than 1 microM, in some embodiments less than 100 nM, in some embodiments less than 10 nM, and in some embodiments less than 1 nM.
  • the IC50 of the first monomer against a first target biomolecule and the IC5 0 of the second monomer against a second target biomolecule may be greater than the apparent IC5 0 of a combination of the monomers against the first target biomolecule and the second target biomolecule.
  • the combination of monomers may be any suitable ratio.
  • the ratio of the first monomer to the second monomer may be between 10: 1 to 1 : 10, in some embodiments between 5: 1 and 1 :5, and in some embodiments between 2: 1 and 1 :2.
  • the ratio of the first monomer to the second monomer may be essentially 1 : 1.
  • the ratio of the smaller of the IC5 0 of the first monomer and the second monomer to the apparent IC5 0 of the multimer may be at least 3.0. In other instances, the ratio of the smaller IC5 0 of the first monomer or the second monomer to the apparent IC5 0 of the multimer may be at least 10.0. In some embodiments, the ratio of the smaller IC5 0 of the first monomer or the second monomer to the apparent IC5 0 of the multimer may be at least 30.0.
  • IC5 0 resulting from an essentially equimolar combination of monomers against the first target biomolecule and the second target biomolecule may be, in some embodiments, at least about 3 to 10 fold lower, at least about 10 to 30 fold lower, at least about 30 fold lower, or at least about 40 to 50 fold lower than the lowest of the IC5 0 of the second monomer against the second target biomolecule or the IC5 0 of the first monomer against the first target biomolecule.
  • oligomer e.g., dimer
  • concentrations favoring greater extent of oligomer (e.g., dimer) formation As the binding of monomers to the target biomolecule increases their proximity and effectively increases their local concentration on the target, the rate and extent of dimerization (oligomerization) is promoted when geometries are favorable. As a result, the occupancy of the target by favorable monomers may be nearly completely in the homodimeric (or oligomeric) state. In this manner the target, for example, may serve as a template for the dimerization (or oligomerization) of the monomers, significantly enhancing the extent and rate of dimerization.
  • the affinity of the multimer for the target biomolecule(s) are less than 1 ⁇ , in some embodiments, less than 1 nM, in some embodiments, less than 1 pM, in some embodiments, less than 1 fJVI, and in some
  • Affinities of heterodimerizing monomers for the target biomolecule can be assessed through the testing of the respective monomers in appropriate assays for the target activity or biology because they do not typically self-associate.
  • the testing of homodimerizing monomers may not, in some embodiments, afford an affinity for the monomeric or dimeric state, but rather the observed effect (e.g. IC 50 ) is a result of the monomer-dimer dynamics and equilibrium, with the apparent binding affinity (or IC 50 ) being, e.g., a weighted measure of the monomer and dimeric inhibitory effects upon the target.
  • the pH of the aqueous fluid in which the multimer forms may be between pH 1 and 9, in some embodiments, between pH 1 and 3, in some embodiments, between pH 3 and 5, in some embodiments, between pH 5 and 7, and in some embodiments, between pH 7 and 9.
  • the multimer may be stable in an aqueous solution having a pH between pH 1 and 9, in some embodiments between pH 1 and 3, in some embodiments between pH 3 and 5, in some embodiments between pH 5 and 7, and in some embodiments between pH 7 and 9.
  • the aqueous solution may have a physiologically acceptable pH.
  • the ligand moiety may be capable of binding to a target and at least partially disrupting a biomolecule-biomolecule interaction (e.g., a protein-protein interaction). In some embodiments, the ligand moiety may be capable of binding to a target and at least partially disrupting a protein-nucleic acid interaction. In some cases, the ligand moiety may be capable of binding to a target and at least partially disrupting a protein-lipid interaction. In some cases, the ligand moiety may be capable of binding to a target and at least partially disrupting a protein-polysaccharide interaction. In some embodiments, the ligand moiety may be capable of at least partially stabilizing a biomolecule-biomolecule interaction. In certain embodiments, the ligand moiety may be capable of at least partially inhibiting a conformational change in a biomolecule target.
  • a biomolecule-biomolecule interaction e.g., a protein-protein interaction
  • the ligand moiety may be capable of binding to a target and at least partially disrupt
  • the linker element may be capable of generating a signal.
  • the linker element may be capable of fluorescing.
  • the linker element may have greater fluorescence when the monomer to which it is attached is part of a multimer as compared to when the monomer to which it is attached is not part of a multimer.
  • the fluorescent brightness of a linker element may increase by at least 2-fold, in some embodiments, by at least 5-fold, in some embodiments, by at least 10-fold, in some embodiments, by at least 50-fold, in some embodiments, by at least 100-fold, in some embodiments, by at least 1000-fold, and in some embodiments, by at least 10000-fold.
  • a linker element in a multimer may have a peak fluorescence that is red-shifted relative to the peak fluorescence of the linker element in a monomer. In other embodiments, a linker element may have a peak fluorescence that is blue-shifted relative to the peak fluorescence of a linker element in a monomer.
  • a first monomer may be capable of forming a biologically useful multimer capable of modulating a protein having a bromodomain when in contact with a second monomer in an aqueous media.
  • a first monomer may be represented by the formula:
  • X ⁇ Y ⁇ Z 1 (Formula I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, metabolites, and hydrates thereof, wherein X 1 is a first ligand moiety capable of binding to or modulating a bromodomain on said protein;
  • Y 1 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 1 and Z 1 ;
  • Z 1 is a first linker capable of binding to the second monomer; and
  • a second monomer may be represented by the formula:
  • X 2 is a second ligand moiety capable of binding to a second domain on said protein
  • Y 2 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 2 and Z 2 ;
  • Z 2 is a second linker capable of binding to the first monomer through Z 1 .
  • the monomers when in contact in an aqueous solution each has a different linker, e.g., Z 1 and Z 2 are different, the monomers may be referred to as 'hetero' monomers.
  • X 1 and X 2 are the same. In another embodiment, X 1 and X 2 are different.
  • the protein is independently selected from the group consisting of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRD-t.
  • the second domain is a second bromodomain.
  • the second domain is a bromodomain within 50A of the first bromodomain.
  • a monomer may be represented by the formula:
  • X 3 is a ligand moiety capable of binding to a bromodomain
  • Y 3 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 3 and Z 3 ;
  • Z is a linker capable of binding to one or more Z moieties from other X -Y -Z monomers to form a biologically useful multimer.
  • a first monomer is capable of forming a biologically useful multimer when in contact with a second monomer in an aqueous media, wherein the first monomer is represented by the formula:
  • X ⁇ Y ⁇ Z 1 (Formula I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, metabolites, and hydrates thereof, wherein X 1 is a first ligand moiety capable of binding to a bromodomain;
  • Y 1 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 1 and Z 1 ;
  • Z 1 is a first linker capable of binding to the second monomer (e.g., in-vivo); and the second monomer is represented by the formula:
  • X 4 is a second ligand moiety capable of binding to a protein domain, wherein the protein domain is e.g., within about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or more A, e.g. within about 50 A of the bromodomain (e.g the protein domain may be another bromodomain, or may be a different type of domain such as the NUT portion of a BRD-
  • Y 4 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 4 and Z 4 ; and Z 4 is a second linker capable of binding to the first monomer through Z 1 .
  • a first monomer may be capable of forming a biologically useful multimer when in contact with one, two, three or more monomers (e.g. a first silyl monomer and a second silyl monomer).
  • a first and second monomer may be represented by the formula:
  • X 3 -Y 3 -Z 3 (Formula III) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, metabolites and hydrates thereof, wherein X 3 is a first ligand moiety capable of binding to and modulating a first target biomolecule (e.g., bromodomain);
  • Y 3 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 3 and Z 3 ;
  • Z 3 is linker capable of forming a therapeutic multimer (e.g., dimer) with another monomer or other monomers of Formula III, wherein Z 3 is the same for the first and second monomer, as noted below.
  • a first and second monomer capable of forming a multimer e.g., dimer
  • the monomers may be referred to as 'homo' monomers.
  • linker moieties Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 of Formulas I, II, III and IV may, in some embodiments, be the same or different.
  • the first monomer is represented by the formula
  • X ⁇ Y ⁇ Z 1 wherein Z 1 is a first linker that, for example, may form a dimer with a
  • Z 1 is a first linker selected from the group consisting of
  • Ai is (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic;
  • a 2 independently for each occurrence, is (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of -N- acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic, provided that at least one of Ai and A2 is present; or
  • Ai and A 2 together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring;
  • A3 is selected from the group consisting of -NHR', -SH, or -OH;
  • W is CR' or ;
  • R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -NH 2 , -N0 2 , -SH, or -OH;
  • n 1-6;
  • Ri is (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -NH 2 , -N0 2 , -SH, or -OH;
  • Qi is (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; or
  • Ri and Qi together with the atoms to which they are attached form a substituted or unsubstituted 4-8 membered c cloalkyl or heterocyclic ring;
  • BB independently for each occurrence, is a 4-8 membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl moiety, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl moiety is optionally substituted with one or more groups represented by I3 ⁇ 4, wherein the two substituents comprising -OH have a 1,2 or 1,3 configuration;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, oxo, sulfonate, -N0 2 , -CN, - OH, -NH 2 , -SH, -COOH, -CONHR', substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic, or two R2 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused substituted or unsubstituted 4-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclic bicyclic ring system;
  • Ai independently for each occurrence, is (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic;
  • R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or na hthyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -NH 2 , -N0 2 , -SH, or -OH;
  • BB is a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl moiety;
  • A3 independently for each occurrence, is selected from the group consisting of -NHR' or -OH;
  • R 3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, or R 3 and R4 taken together from a 3-6 membered ring;
  • R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-4alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halogen, or thio; Ci-4alkoxy; halogen; -OH; -CN; - COOH; -CONHR' ; or R5 and Re taken together form phenyl or a 4-6 membered heterocycle; and
  • R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphth l, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -NH 2 , -N0 2 , -SH, or -OH;
  • Ai is (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic;
  • A3 independently for each occurrence, is selected from the group consisting of -NHR' or -OH;
  • AR is a fused phenyl or 4-7 membered aromatic or partially aromatic heterocyclic ring, wherein AR is optionally substituted by oxo, Ci- 4 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halo, or thio; d_ 4 alkoxy; -S- d_ 4 alkyl; halogen; -OH; -CN; -COOH; -CONHR';
  • R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci_ 4 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halo, or thio; Ci_ 4 alkoxy; halogen; -OH; -CN; - COOH; CONHR'; and
  • R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -NH 2 , -N0 2 , -SH, or -OH;
  • Qi is selected from the group consisting of Ci_ 4 alkyl, alkylene, or a bond;
  • 6cycloalkyl a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; or phenyl; Q2, independently for each occurrence, is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, alkylene, or a bond; Ci- 6 cycloalkyl; a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • A3 independently for each occurrence, is selected from the group consisting of -NH 2 or
  • a 4 is selected from the group consisting of -NH- NH 2 ; -NHOH, -NH-OR", or -OH;
  • R" is selected from the group consisting of H or Ci_ 4 alkyl
  • a 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, -NH 2 , -SH, -NHR' ";
  • R'" is selected from -NH 2 ; -OH; phenoxy; heteroaryloxy; and Ci_ 4 alkoxy;
  • R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci_ 4 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halo, or thio; Ci_ 4 alkoxy; halogen; -OH; -CN; - COOH; -CONHR'; or R5 and R6 taken together may form a 5-6 membered ring;
  • R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, -NH 2 , -SH, or -OH.
  • Ai may be selected from the group consisting of Ci-
  • Z 1 may be wherein R2, independently for each occurrence, is selected from H, Ci-4 alkyl, or two Ri moieties taken together form a 5- or
  • Z 1 may be A 3 . In some cases, Z 1 may be
  • Z 1 may be HO 'N
  • Z 1 may be a monosaccharide or a disaccharide.
  • Z may be selected from the group consisting of OH , or ; wherein
  • X is selected from O, S, CH, NR', or when X is NR', N may be covalently bonded to Y of Formula I;
  • R' is selected from the group consisting of H
  • R5, R6, and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of H,
  • AA is a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted by Ci-4alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halo, or thio; halogen; -OH; -CN; -COOH; - CONHR', or -S- Ci-4alkyl.
  • Z 1 may be some instances, Z may be ay be nitrogen.
  • Z 1 may
  • Z 1 may be . In other embodiments, Z 1 may be [0051] In some cases, Z 1 may be In some embodiments, Z 1 may be
  • Z 1 may be .
  • Z 1 may be
  • Z 1 may be . In other embodiments, Z 1
  • the second monomer may be X 2 -Y 2 -Z 2 (Formula II), wherein Z 2 is a boronic acid or oxaborale moiety, and wherein X 2 is a second ligand capable of binding to a second target biomolecule segment (e.g. a segment of a fusion protein or a bromodomain of tandem bromodomains), and Y 2 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 2 and Z 2 .
  • X 1 and X 2 may be the same. In other instances, X 1 and X 2 may be different.
  • the second monomer may be X 4 -Y 4 -Z 4 (Formula IV), wherein Z 4 is a boronic acid or oxaborale moiety, and wherein X 4 is a second ligand moiety capable of binding to a protein domain, wherein the protein domain is within e.g., about 50 A of the bromodomain (e.g. a segment of a fusion protein or a second bromodomain of tandem bromodomains), and Y 4 is absent or is a connector moiety covalently bound to X 4 and Z 4 .
  • Form IV Formula IV
  • Z 4 is a boronic acid or oxaborale moiety
  • X 4 is a second ligand moiety capable of binding to a protein domain, wherein the protein domain is within e.g., about 50 A of the bromodomain (e.g. a segment of a fusion protein or a second bromodomain of tandem bromodomains)
  • Y 4
  • X 1 may be capable of binding to a first bromodomain
  • X 4 may be capble of binding to a second bromodomain, wherein the second bromodomain is within, e.g., about 50 A of the first bromodomain.
  • X 1 and X 4 may be the same. In other instances, X 1 and X 4 may be different.
  • the first target biomolecule and the second target biomolecule may be different. In other embodiments, the first target biomolecule and the second target biomolecule may be the same.
  • the linker of the second monomer for example, Z 2 or Z 4 may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Rs is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, oxo, Ci- 4 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halo or thio; C 2 - 4 alkenyl, Ci_ 4 alkoxy; -S- Ci- 4 alkyl; -CN; - COOH; or -CONHR';
  • Ai is (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic;
  • AA independently for each occurrence, is phenyl, naphthyl, or a 5-7 membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring having one, two, or three heteroatoms, wherein AA is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, Ci_ 4 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halogen, or thio; C 2 - 4 alkenyl, Ci_ 4 alkoxy; -S- Ci_ 4 alkyl; -CN; -COOH; -CONHR'; or two substituents together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused 4-6 membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclic bicyclic ring system; and R' is H or Ci_ 4 alkyl.
  • Rs and the substituent comprising boronic acid may be ortho to each other, and Rs may be -CH 2 H 2 .
  • the linker of the second monomer may be selected from
  • the linker of the second monomer may be selected from the group consisti
  • Rs is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, oxo, Ci_ 4 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halo or thio; C2- 4 alkenyl, Ci- 4 alkoxy; -S- Ci- 4 alkyl; -CN; COOH; or -CONHR'; AA, independently for each occurrence, is a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring having one, two, or three heteroatoms, or phenyl, wherein AA is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, Ci-4alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, amino, halo, or thio; C2- 4 alkenyl, Ci- 4 alkoxy; -S- Ci- 4 alkyl; -CN; -COOH; - CONHR' ; or two substituents together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused 4-6 membered cycloalkyl or
  • R' is H or Ci_ 4 alkyl.
  • a monomer may be represented by the formula:
  • a 3 is -OH, -SH, or -NHR';
  • R3 is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, and heterocycle, wherein C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, or heterocycle may be optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, amino, or hydroxyl; and
  • R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, Ci-4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl, and heterocycle, wherein C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, or heterocycle may be optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, amino, or hydroxyl; or
  • R 3 and R 4 can be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl or substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle;
  • R' is H or Ci- 4 alkyl
  • R' is Ci- 4 alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl; -NH 2 ; -OH; and
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, C3_ 6 cycloalkyl and heterocycle, wherein C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, or heterocycle may be optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, amino, or hydroxyl;
  • R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-4alkyl, C3-6cycloalkyl and heterocycle, wherein Ci- 4 alkyl, C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, or heterocycle may be optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, amino, or hydroxyl; or
  • R3 and R4 can be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl or substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle; and
  • Z 3 is a linker moiety capable of binding to one or more X 3 -Y 3 -Z 3 monomers to form a biologically useful multimer.
  • silyl monomers are contemplated that are capable of forming a biologically useful multimer when in contact with one, two, three or more second silyl monomers in an aqueous media.
  • the silyl monomers can be represented by Formula III above, (e.g., X 3 -Y 3 -Z 3 ), but wherein Z 3 is inde endently selected from the group consisting of: wherein
  • R w is selected from the group consisting of -Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -0-Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -N(R a )-, -N(R a )-
  • W 1 independently for each occurrence, is (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of -Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -0-Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -C(0)-Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -N(R a )-Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -C(0)-0-Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -C 2 - 6 alkenyl-, -C 2 - 6 alkynyl-, -C3_ 6 cycloalkyl-, -phenyl- or -heteroaryl-; wherein Ci_ 4 alkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 2 - 6 alkynyl, C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, R', phenyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted independently, for each occurrence, with one, two, three or more substituents selected from the group consisting of -C(0)Ci_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)-0-
  • R' is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, and substituted or unsubstituted
  • Q 1 is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of -NHR',
  • R a and R b are independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen and Ci- 4 alkyl; wherein may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, oxo and hydroxyl; or
  • R a and R b together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring, which may have an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, or N; wherein the 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, oxo and hydroxyl;
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected independently, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of
  • BB independently for each occurrence, is a 4-7-membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl moiety, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl moiety is optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups represented by R BB ; wherein R 1 , independently for each occurrence, may be optionally bonded to BB; each R BB is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, amino, thio, -COOH, -CONHR', substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; or two R BB together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclic bicyclic ring system; and wherein
  • Q 2A is selected from the group consisting of -NH-, -S-, -0-, -O -C h alky 1-, -Ci- 6 alkyl- 0-, -N(R')-Ci- 6 alkyl-, -Ci-6alkyl-N(R')-, -S-Ci- 6 alkyl-, -Ci- 6 alkyl-S- and -0-Ci- 6 alkyl-NR a - W 1 and W 1A , independently for each occurrence, are (a) absent; or (b) selected from the group consisting of -0-, -Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -0-Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -N(R a )-Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -C(0)Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -C(0)-0- Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -C2- 6 alkenyl-, -C2- 6 alkynyl-, -
  • R' is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, and substituted or unsubstituted
  • Q 1 and Q 1A are independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of -NHR', -SH, -OH, -0-Ci- 6 alkyl, -S-Ci_ 6 alkyl, phenoxy, -S-phenyl, heteroaryl, -O-heteroaryl, -S-heteroaryl, halogen and -0-Ci- 6 alkyl-NR a R b ;
  • R a and R b are independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen and Ci_ 4 alkyl; wherein Ci_ 4 alkyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, oxo and hydroxyl; or
  • R a and R b together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring, which may have an additional heteroatom selected from O, S, or N; wherein the 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, oxo and hydroxyl;
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected independently, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of -OH, Ci_ 6 alkyl, -0-Ci_ 6 alkyl, C 2 - 6 alkenyl, C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl, -Ci_ 6 alkyl-NR a R b , phenyl and heteroaryl; wherein Ci- 6 alkyl, C2- 6 alkenyl, C3- 6 cycloalkyl, R a , R b , phenyl and heteroaryl, independently selected, for each occurrence, may be optionally substituted by one
  • W 2A is selected from the group consisting of N and CR W2A .
  • R W2A is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-4alkyl, -0-Ci-4alkyl, C2-
  • C2- 6 alkenyl, C2- 6 alkynyl, C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl and heteroaryl wherein C2- 6 alkenyl, C2- 6 alkynyl, C3- 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted independently, for each occurrence, with one, two, three or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl and cyano;
  • BB independently for each occurrence, is a 4-7-membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl moiety; wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl moiety may be optionally substituted with one, two, three or more groups represented by R BB ; wherein R 1 , independently for each occurrence, may be optionally bonded to BB;
  • each R BB is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, amino, thio, -COOH, -CONHR', substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; or two R BB together with the atoms to which they are attached may form a fused 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclic bicyclic ring system.
  • a monomer may be capable of reacting with one or more other monomers to form a multimer.
  • a first monomer may react with a second monomer to form a dimer.
  • a first monomer may react with a second monomer and a third monomer to form a trimer.
  • a first monomer may react with a second monomer, a third monomer, and a fourth monomer to form a tetramer.
  • each of the monomers that form a multimer may be essentially the same.
  • each of the monomers that form a multimer may be substantially different.
  • at least some of the monomers that form a multimer may be essentially the same or may be substantially different.
  • the linker element of a first monomer and the linker element of a second monomer may be substantially different.
  • a connector element of a first monomer and a connector element of a second monomer may be substantially different.
  • the ligand moiety (e.g., a pharmacophore) of a first monomer and the ligand moiety (e.g., a pharmacophore) of the second monomer may be substantially different.
  • formation of a multimer from a plurality of monomers may be irreversible. In some embodiments, formation of a multimer from a plurality of monomers may be reversible.
  • the multimer may have an oligomer or dimer dissociation constant between 10 mM and 1 nM, in some embodiments between 1 mM and 100 nM, in some embodiments between 1 mM and 1 ⁇ , and in some embodiments between 500 ⁇ and 1 ⁇ .
  • the multimer may have a dissociation constant of less than 10 mM, in some embodiments less than 1 mM, in some embodiments less than 500 ⁇ , in some embodiments less than 100 ⁇ , in some embodiments less than 50 ⁇ , in some embodiments less than 1 ⁇ , in some embodiments less than 100 nM, and in some embodiments less than 1 nM.
  • dissociation constant of less than 10 mM, in some embodiments less than 1 mM, in some embodiments less than 500 ⁇ , in some embodiments less than 100 ⁇ , in some embodiments less than 50 ⁇ , in some embodiments less than 1 ⁇ , in some embodiments less than 100 nM, and in some embodiments less than 1 nM.
  • ligand moieties X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 of Formulas I, II, III and IV may, in some embodiments, be the same or different.
  • ligand moieties are independently contemplated herein.
  • the ligand moiety may be a pharmacophore.
  • pharmacophore is typically an arrangement of the substituents of a moiety that confers biochemical or pharmacological effects. In some embodiments, identification of a
  • pharmacophore may be facilitated by knowing the structure of the ligand in association with a target biomolecule.
  • pharmacophores may be moieties derived from molecules previously known to bind to target biomolecules (e.g., proteins), fragments identified, for example, through NMR or crystallographic screening efforts, molecules that have been discovered to bind to target proteins after performing high- throughput screening of natural products libraries, previously synthesized commercial or non-commercial combinatorial compound libraries, or molecules that are discovered to bind to target proteins by screening of newly synthesized combinatorial libraries. Since most pre-existing combinatorial libraries are limited in the structural space and diversity that they encompass, newly synthesized combinatorial libraries may include molecules that are based on a variety of scaffolds.
  • monomers that include a pharmacophore may bind to a bromodomain.
  • Such monomers may form a multimer, as disclosed herein, that may be capable of binding to tandem bromodomains, e.g. within a BET family of bromodomains that contain tandem bromodomains in close proximity, making them capable of binding two acetylated lysine residues with greater specificity.
  • a "BET bromodomain” may refer to the bromodomains in BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 or BRD-t.
  • a ligand e.g., a pharmacophore
  • an attachment point on a pharmacophore may be chosen so as to preserve at least some ability of the pharmacophore to bind to a bromodomain.
  • preferred attachment points may be identified using X-ray crystallography. The following description of a non-limiting exemplary method illustrates how a preferred attachment point may be identified. For example, as shown in FIG. 1 , using the
  • the I-BET triazolo ring (indicated by white circle 120) contains two adjacent nitrogen atoms in the 3 and 4 positions and a methyl group 130 bound to the adjacent carbon at the 5 position. Together, the nitrogen atoms and methyl group constitute an acetyl lysine mimetic.
  • the corresponding acetyl lysine mimetic in the new pharmacophore 140 (light gray) should be aligned to these elements.
  • the final conformation and orientation of the newly aligned pharmacophore 140 in the site may be determined using a variety of approaches known to computational chemists, but can be done as simply as performing an energy minimization using a molecular mechanics forcefield.
  • the alphanumeric identifiers in FIG. 1 correspond to amino acid residues in the 3P50 structure, where the letter of the identifier is the one-letter amino acid symbol and the number of the identifier is the position of the amino acid residue in the primary sequence of the protein.
  • Attachment points 150 on the aligned pharmacophore which permit access to amino acid residues D96, Y139, N140, K141, D 144, D145, M149, W81, or Q85 in the 3P50 structure are considered preferred attachment points for linkers. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that overlays of the I-BET
  • pharmacophore with other alternate pharmacophores can be used to identify potential attachment points.
  • FIG. 2 provides a non-limiting set of pharmacophores (i.e., ligands) showing preferred attachment points (indicated by circled arrows) for connecting the pharmacophore to a linker.
  • pharmacophores i.e., ligands
  • preferred attachment points indicated by circled arrows
  • X 1 is a first ligand moiety capable of binding to a first bromodomain.
  • X 2 is a second ligand moiety capable of binding to a second bromodomain, or to another domain, e.g., near or adjacent to the first bromodomain.
  • III and IV may be or include bromodomain ligands as described herein. It will be appreciated that the ligands disclosed herein can be attached at any open site to a -Y-Z moiety (e.g., -Y ⁇ Z 1 ,
  • bromodomain ligands include quinolines represented by the structures:
  • X is O or S
  • R 1 is Ci_ 6 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) n OR la , or -(CH 2 ) m NR lb R lc ; wherein R la is hydrogen, Ci- 6 alkyl or haloCi- 6 alkyl; R lb and R lc , which may be the same or different, are hydrogen, Ci- 6 alkyl or haloCi- 6 alkyl; and m and n, which may be the same or different, are 1, 2 or 3;
  • R 2 is R 2a , -OR 2b , or -NR 2c R 2d ; wherein R 2a and R 2b are carbocyclyl, carbocyclylCi_ 4 alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylCi- 4 alkyl, or R 2a is carbocyclylethenyl or heterocyclylethenyl, wherein any of the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups defined for R 2a or R 2b are optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C h alky!, haloCi- 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, dimethylamino, benzoyl and azido; or two adjacent groups on any of the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups defined for R 2a or R 2b together with the interconnecting atoms form a 5 or 6-membered ring which ring may contain 1 or
  • R 2a and R 2b are Ci- 6 alkyl or haloCi_ 6 alkyl; and R 2c and R 2d , which may be the same or different, are carbocyclyl, carbocyclylCi- 4 alkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylCi- 4 alkyl, wherein any of the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups defined for R 2c or R 2d are optionally substituted by one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, Ci_ 6 alkyl, haloCi_ 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano and -C0 2 C 1-4 alkyl; or two adjacent groups on any of the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups defined for R 2c and R 2d together with the interconnecting atoms form a 5 or 6-membered ring which ring may contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, S and
  • R 2c and R 2d are independently hydrogen, Ci_ 6 alkyl or haloCi_ 6 alkyl;
  • R 3 is Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted independently by one or more substitutents selected from the group consisting of halogen, -SR, -S(0)R', -NHR', -OR', d_ 6 alkyl, haloCi_ 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 alkoxy, haloCi_ 6 alkoxy, nitro and cyano;
  • R' is H or Ci_ 6 alkyl
  • A is a benzene or aromatic heterocyclic ring, each of which is optionally substituted;
  • n 0, 1 or 2.
  • compounds of Formula F or Formula G may be selected from the group consisting of: [0074]
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include
  • X is phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl
  • R 1 is Ci_ 3 alkyl
  • R 2 is -NR 2a R 2a or -OR 2b ; wherein one of R 2a or R 2a' is hydrogen, and R 2b or the other of R 2a or R 2a is selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkyl, R 2c R 2c -C2- 6 alkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloCi-4alkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylCi-4alkyl, wherein any of the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C h alky!, haloCi_ 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, carbonyl, -CO-carbocyclyl, azido, amino, hydroxyl, nitro and cyano, wherein the - CO-carbocyclyl group may be optionally substituted by one
  • R 2c and R 2c' are independently hydrogen or Ci- 6 alkyl
  • each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, thiol, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfone, sulfoxide, -OR 1 , -NR l R tt , -SCO ⁇ R'R", -S ⁇ W R'R" (where t and tt are independently selected from H, phenyl or Ci- 6 alkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2), halo, Ci_ 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -COOR 5 , -Ci_ 4 alkylamino , phenoxy, benzoxy, and Ci- 4 alkylOH;
  • XX is selected from the group consisting of a bond, NR" ' (where R' " is H, Ci-6alkyl or phenyl), -0-, or S(0) w wherein w is 0, 1 or 2, and Ci- 6 alkyl; (and wherein in some
  • each R 4 is hydroxyl, halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, hydroxyCi_ 6 alkyl, aminoCi_ 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, acylaminoCi_ 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -COOR 5 ;
  • R 5 is Ci_ 3 alkyl
  • n is an integer 1 to 3 ;
  • n is an integer 1 to 5.
  • the chiral center has an S configuration.
  • compounds of Formula H or Formula I may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • compounds of Formula F, Formula G, Formula H or Formula I may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 4 is hydrogen, cyano or C 1-6 alkyl; A is selected from the group consisting of
  • R x is O, NR , R 1 is Ci_ 6 alkyl, C3_ 6 cycloalkyl, a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, an aromatic group or a heteroaromatic group, wherein the aromatic group or the heteroaromatic group is optionally substituted by one to three groups selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci- 4 alkoxy, haloCi- 4 alkyl, haloCi- 4 alkoxy, hydroxyCi- 4 alkyl, Ci- 4 alkoxy Ci_ 4 alkyl, Ci- 4 alkylsulfonyl, Ci- 4 alkylsulfonyloxy, Ci_ 4 alkyl and Ci- 4 alkylsulfonamido;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or Ci_ 6 alkyl
  • R 2a is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci_ 6 alkyl, (CH 2 ) m cyano, (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m C 1 _ 6 alkoxy, (CH ⁇ C ⁇ haloalkoxy, (CH 2 ) m C 1 _ 6 haloalkyl,
  • R a and R b together with the N to which they are attached form a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl
  • R 2b is H, d-ealkyl, (CH 2 ) 2 C 1 _ 6 alkoxy, (CH 2 ) 2 cyano, (CH 2 ) m phenyl or
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R 6 is hydrogen or Ci_ 6 alkyl
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • n 0, 1 or 2;
  • p 0, 1 or 2.
  • compounds of Formulae A, Al, and A2 may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include
  • A is a bond, or -C(O)-;
  • X is:
  • R 1 is:
  • phenyl optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 haloalkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, - S0 2 Ci_ 6 alkyl and -COR 7 ,
  • a 5 to 10 membered heteroaromatic comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, Ci- 6 alkyl, Ci_ 6 haloalkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy and -COR 7 , or
  • Ci_ 6 alkyl Co- 6 alkylcyano, Co- 6 alkylCi_ 6 alkoxy, Co-2alkylC(0)R 7 or cyclohexyl;
  • R 2 is Ci_ 6 alkyl
  • R 3 is Ci_ 6 alkyl
  • R 4 is:
  • R 4a is H, halogen, Ci- 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy or Co- 6 hydroxyalkyl;
  • R 5 is H, halogen, Ci- 6 alkyl or Ci- 6 alkoxy
  • R 6 is H, Co- 6 alkylcyano, Co- 6 alkylCi_ 6 alkoxy or Co-2alkylC(0)R 7 ;
  • R 7 is hydroxyl, Ci_ 6 alkoxy, -NH 2 , -NHCi_ 6 alkyl or N(Ci_ 6 alkyl) 2 ;
  • R 8 and R 9 independently are:
  • heterocyclyl or heteroaromatic may comprise 1, 2 or 3 further heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S;
  • R 10 is hydroxyl, Ci-6alkoxy or a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl or heteroaromatic comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S;
  • R n and R 12 independently are:
  • R 11 and R 12 together with the N to which they are attached form a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl or heteroaromatic wherein said heterocyclyl or heteroaromatic may comprise 1, 2 or 3 further heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
  • compounds of Formula B or Formula C may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include
  • R 1 is Ci_ 6 alkyl, C3_7cycloalkyl or benzyl
  • R 2 is Ci- 4 alkyl
  • R 3 is Ci_ 4 alkyl
  • X is phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl
  • R 4a is hydrogen, Ci_ 4 alkyl or is a group L-Y in which L is a single bond or a Ci_ ealkylene group and Y is OH, OMe, C0 2 H, C0 2 C 1-6 alkyl, CN, or NR 7 R 8 ;
  • R 7 and R 8 are independently hydrogen, a heterocyclyl ring, Ci- 6 alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl, or a heterocyclyl ring; or
  • R 7 and R 8 combine together to form a heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted by Ci- 6 alkyl, CO 2 Ci_ 6 alkyl, NH 2 , or oxo;
  • R and R 4C are independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci- 6 alkyl, or Ci- 6 alkoxy;
  • R is Ci- 4 alkyl or is a group -L-Y- in which L is a single bond or a Ci_ 6 alkylene group and Y is -0-, -OCH 2 -, -C0 2 -, -C0 2 Ci_ 6 alkyl-, or -N(R 7 )-;
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, Ci- 6 alkyl, or Ci- 6 alkoxy
  • R 6 is hydrogen or Ci_ 4 alkyl.
  • compounds of Formula D or Formula E may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Formula E may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands are represented by the , where X is O, NR 4 , or S, and R 4 is independently selected from the g roup consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, amino, thiol, Ci- 6 alkyl,
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include heterocycles represented by the structures: Formula L, and
  • A is independently, for each occurrence, a 4-8 membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl moiety, each optionally substituted with one, two, three or R 1 substituents;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, oxo, amino, imino, thiol, sulfanylidene, C , ; . !kyi. hydroxyC- ( - 6 alkyl, -0-Ci -6 alkyl, N l l -O f ,a!k v !. ⁇ ( ' () ⁇ ! I . -C(0)d.
  • Ci-ealkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, amino, nitro, phenyl and Ci-caikyl; or two R 1 substitutents may be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a fused aliphatic or heterocyclic bicyclic ring system;
  • R 2 is -NR 2a R 2a or -OR 2b ; wherein one of R 2a or R 2a' is hydrogen, and R 2b or the other of R 2a or R 2a is selected from the group consisting of haloCi_ 6 alkyl, R 2c R 2c -C2- 6 alkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloCi-4alkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylCi-4alkyl, wherein any of the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, Ci- 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, carbonyl, -CO-carbocyclyl, azido, amino, hydroxyl, nitro and cyano, wherein the - CO-carbocyclyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hal
  • R 2c and R 2c' are independently hydrogen or Ci- 6 alkyl
  • compounds of Formula J may be selected from the group nsisting of:
  • Q is independently, for each occurrence, N or CH;
  • V is independently, for each occurrence, O, S, NH, or a bond
  • R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, amino, thiol, C h alky!, haloCi_ 6 alkyl, -NH-Ci_ 6 alkyl, -S-Ci_ 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -C(0)0-Ci_ 6 alkyl, -Ci_ 4 alkylamino , phenoxy, benzoxy, and Ci_ 4 alkylOH. ⁇
  • R is independently, for each occurrence, N or CH;
  • V is independently, for each occurrence, a bond, O or NR 4 ;
  • R 4 is independently, for each occurrence, hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, amino, -SO 2 , thiol, Ci_ 6 alkyl, Ci-6alkoxy, -NH-Ci_ 6 alkyl, -S-Ci- 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, - CF ?
  • Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, amino and Ci- 6 alkyl; and
  • W is independently, for each occurrence, "3 ⁇ 4 * , O, S, or NR 4 .
  • compounds of Formula M may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • B is selected from the group consisting of
  • Q is independently, for each occurrence, N or CH;
  • V is independently, for each occurrence, O, S, NR 4 , or a bond; and R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, amino, thiol, C h alky!, haloCi_ 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, -NH-Ci- 6 alkyl, -S-Ci- 6 alkyl, haloCi_ 6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -C(0)0-Ci-6alkyl, -Ci-4alkylamino , phenoxy, benzoxy, and Ci- 4 alkylOH.
  • compounds of Formula J, Formula K, Formula L or Formula M may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Q is independently, for each occurrence, N or CH;
  • V is independently, for each occurrence, O, S, NR 4 , or a bond: W is independently, for each occurrence, H, halogen, Ci- 6 alkyl, -NH-Ci_ 6alkyl, or -S-Ci_ 6 alkyl; and
  • R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halo, amino, thiol, C h alky!, -NH-Ci- 6 alkyl, -S-Ci- 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -C(0)0-Ci_ 6 alkyl, -Ci_ 4 alkylamino , phenoxy, benzoxy, and Ci_ 4alkylOH.
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structures: Formula N or Formula O, wherein:
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, heteroalkyl, S0 2 , NH 2 , N0 2 , CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , OCH 3 , OCOCH 3 , CH 2 COCH 3 , OH, CN, and halogen;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, aralkyl, heteroalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, S0 2 , NH 2 , NH 3 ⁇ N0 2 , CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , OCH 3 , OCOCH 3 , CH 2 COCH 3 , OH, halogen, carboxy, and alkoxy;
  • X is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, S0 2 , NH, N0 2 , CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , OCH 3 , OCOCH 3 , CH 2 COCH 3 , OH, carboxy, and alkoxy; and
  • n is an integer from 0 to 10.
  • compounds of Formula N or Formula O may be selected from the group consisting of: Formula N and Formula O
  • a ligand may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structures: R R Formula P, R 4 R 5 Formula Q,
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, S0 2 , NH 2 , NH 3 + , NO 2 , SO 2 , CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , OCH 3 , OCOCH3, CH 2 COCH 3 , OCH 2 CH 3 , OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , OCH 2 COOH,
  • Formula S may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structure: Formula T,
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, S0 2 , NH 2 , NH 3 + , N0 2 , S0 2 , CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , OCH 3 , OCOCH 3 , CH 2 COCH 3 , OH, SH, halogen, carboxy, and alkoxy;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, S0 2 , NH, N0 2 , CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , OCH 3 , OCOCH 3 , CH 2 COCH 3 , OH, carboxy, and alkoxy.
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structures:
  • X is O or ;
  • Y is O or N; wherein at least one of X or Y is O;
  • W is C or ;
  • R 1 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl, halo, CN, OR A , NR A R B ,
  • each R A is independently alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, each containing 0, 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, or N; phenyl; naphthyl, heteroaryl; heterocyclic; carbocyclic; or hydrogen;
  • each R B is independently alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, each containing 0, 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, or ; phenyl; naphthyl; heteroaryl; heterocyclic; carbocyclic; or hydrogen; or
  • R A and R B together with the atoms to which each is attached, can form a
  • heterocycloalkyl or a heteroaryl each of which is optionally substituted;
  • Ring A is cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl;
  • R c is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1-5 independently selected R 4 , and when L 1 is other than a covalent bond, R c is additionally selected from H;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, -OR, -SR, -CN, -N(R')(R"), -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R')(R' '), -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R')(R"), - C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R')(R"), - N(R')C(S)N(R')(R"), - N(R')C
  • R2 and R3 together with the atoms to which each is attached, form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered saturated or unsaturated spiro-fused ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • each R x is independently halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, -OR, -SR, -CN, -N(R')(R"), -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R')(R"), -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R')(R"), -C(S)OR, - S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(S)N(R')(R"), -N(R')S0 2 R, -
  • L 1 is a covalent bond or an optionally substituted bivalent Ci_6 hydrocarbon chain wherein one or two methylene units is optionally replaced by -NR'-, -N (R')C(O)-, - C(0)N(R')-, -N(R')S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R')- -0-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)-, -C(0)0-, -S-, -SO- or -S0 2 -; each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R' is independently -R, -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -C(S)N(R) 2 , - S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R) 2 , or two R groups on the same nitrogen are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; each R" is independently - R, -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -C(S)N(R) 2 , -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R) 2 , or two R groups on the same nitrogen are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; or
  • R' and R together with the atoms to which each is attached, can form cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl; each of which is optionally substituted; each R 4 is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, halogen, -OR, -SR, -N(R')(R"), -CN, -N0 2 , -C(0)R, -C(S)R, - C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R')(R"), -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R')(R"), -C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R')(R")
  • each R 5 is independently -R, halogen, -OR, -SR, -N(R')(R"), -CN, -N0 2 , -C(0)R, - C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R')(R"), -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R')(R"), - C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R')(R"), - N(R')C(S)N(R')(R"), -N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 N(R')(R"), -N(R')S0 2 R
  • n 0-5;
  • each q is independently 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 1-6.
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structure:
  • X is O or ;
  • Y is O or N; wherein at least one of X or Y is O;
  • W is C or ;
  • R 1 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl, halo, CN, OR A ,
  • each R A is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl, each containing 0, 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, or N; phenyl; naphthyl; heteroaryl; heterocyclic; carbocyclic; or hydrogen;
  • each R B is independently alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, each containing 0, 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, or N; phenyl; naphthyl; heteroaryl; heterocyclic; carbocyclic; or hydrogen; or
  • R A and R B together with the atoms to which each is attached, can form a heterocycloalkyl or a heteroaryl; each of which is optionally substituted;
  • Ring A is cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl;
  • R c is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 1-5 independently selected R 4 , and when L 1 is other than a covalent bond, R c is additionally selected from H;
  • R 2 is H, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, -OR, -SR, -CN, -N(R')(R"), -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, - C(0)N(R')(R"), -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R')(R"), -C(S)OR, - S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(S)N(R')(R"), - N(R')S0 2 R, -N
  • R 3 is a bond or optionally substituted alkyl
  • R 2 and R3 together with the atoms to which each is attached, form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered saturated or unsaturated spiro-fused ring having 0-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • each R x is independently halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, -OR, -SR, -CN, -N(R')(R"), -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R')(R"), -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R')(R"), -C(S)OR, - S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(S)N(R')(R"), -N(R')S0 2 R, -
  • L 1 is a covalent bond or an optionally substituted bivalent Ci_6 hydrocarbon chain wherein one or two methylene units is optionally replaced by -NR'-, -N (R')C(O)-, - C(0)N(R')-, -N(R')S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R')-, -0-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)-, -C(0)0-, -S-, -SO-, or -S0 2 -; each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl;
  • each R' is independently -R, -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -C(S)N(R) 2 , -
  • each R" is independently - R, -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -C(S)N(R) 2 , -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R) 2 , or two R groups on the same nitrogen are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl group; or
  • R' and R together with the atoms to which each is attached, can form cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or heteroaryl; each of which is optionally substituted; each R 4 is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, halogen, -OR, -SR, -N(R')(R"), -CN, -N0 2 , -C(0)R, -C(S)R, - C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R')(R"), -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R')(R"), -C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R')(R")
  • each R 5 is independently -R, halogen, -OR, -SR, -N(R')(R"), -CN, -N0 2 , -C(0)R, - C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R')(R"), -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R')(R"), - C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R')(R"), -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R')(R"), - N(R')C(S)N(R')(R' '), -N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 N(R')(R"), -N(R')N(R')(R"), -N(R
  • n 0-5;
  • each q is independently 0, 1, or 2;
  • p 1-6.
  • W may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • each of these compounds may be connected to a -Y-Z moiety, for example, as illustrated for generic structures Formula U, Formula V, and Formula W above.
  • compounds of Formula U, Formula V, and Formula W may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • each of these compounds may be connected to a -Y-Z moiety, for example, as illustrated for generic structures Formula U, Formula V, and Formula W above.
  • compounds of Formula U, Formula V, and Formula W may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • each of these compounds may be connected to a -Y-Z moiety, for example, as illustrated for generic structures Formula U, Formula V, and Formula W above.
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structures:
  • Ring A is benzo, or a 5-6 membered fused heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • Ring B is a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated, phenyl or naphthyl ring, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1 -2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
  • L 1 is a covalent bond or an optionally substituted bivalent Ci_6 hydrocarbon chain wherein one or two methylene units is optionally replaced by -NR'-, -N(R')C(0)-, - C(0)N(R'), -N(R')S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R'), -0-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)-, -C(0)0-, -S-, -SO- or -S0 2 -;
  • R 1 is hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic, -OR, -SR, -CN, -N(R') 2 , - C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R') 2 , -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R') 2 , - C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R') 2 , - N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R
  • R x is halogen, optionally substituted Ci_ 6 aliphatic, -OR, -SR, -CN, -N(R') 2 , -C(0)R, - C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R') 2 , -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R') 2 , -C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R') 2 , - N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R'
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -SR, or optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic, or:
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro-fused ring having 0-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from Ci_6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated, phenyl or naphthyl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms
  • each R' is independently -R, -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -C(S)N(R) 2 , -
  • S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R) 2 , or two R' on the same nitrogen are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted group selected from a 4-7 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 1 -2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or a 7-12 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic fused ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
  • W C— , H , or— — ;
  • R 3 is optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic
  • X is oxygen or sulfur, or:
  • R 3 and X are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 5 -membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • each of m and n is independently 0-4, as valency permits;
  • each of R 4 and R 5 is independently -R, halogen, -OR, -SR, -N(R') 2 , -CN, -N0 2 , -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R') 2 , -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R') 2 , - C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R') 2 , - N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structures:
  • Ring A is benzo, or a 5-6 membered fused heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • Ring B is a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an
  • L 1 is a covalent bond or an optionally substituted bivalent Ci_6 hydrocarbon chain wherein one or two methylene units is optionally replaced by -NR'-, -N(R')C(0)-, -
  • R 1 is hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic, -OR, -SR, -CN, -N(R') 2 , - C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R') 2 , -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R') 2 , - C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R') 2 , - N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R
  • p 0-3;
  • R x is halogen, optionally substituted Ci_ 6 aliphatic, -OR, -SR, -CN, -N(R') 2 , -C(0)R, -
  • R 2 is a bond or optionally substituted Ci-6 aliphatic, or:
  • R 1 and R 2 are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro-fused ring having 0-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from Ci_6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated, phenyl, or naphthyl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms
  • each R' is independently -R, -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -C(S)N(R) 2 , - S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R) 2 , or two R' on the same nitrogen are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted group selected from a 4-7 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 1 -2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or a 7-12 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic fused ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
  • R 3 is optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic;
  • X is oxygen or sulfur, or:
  • R 3 and X are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted
  • 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • each of m and n is independently 0-4, as valency permits;
  • each of R 4 and R 5 is independently -R, halogen, -OR, -SR, -N(R') 2 , -CN, -N0 2 , - C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R') 2 , -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R') 2 , - C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R') 2 , - N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)
  • a compound of Formula X, Formula Y, or Formula Z may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • each of these compounds may be connected to a -Y-Z moiety, for example, as illustrated for generic structures Formula X, Formula Y, and Formula Z above.
  • ZZ may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structures:
  • Ring A is benzo, or a 5-6 membered fused heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;
  • Ring B is a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated, phenyl, or naphthyl ring, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1 -3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
  • L 1 is a covalent bond or an optionally substituted bivalent Ci_6 hydrocarbon chain wherein one or two methylene units is optionally replaced by -NR'-, -N(R')C(0)-, - C(0)N(R'), -N(R')S0 2 -, -S0 2 N(R'), -0-, -C(O)-, -OC(O)-, -C(0)0-, -S-, -SO- or -S0 2 -;
  • R 1 is independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted Ci-6 aliphatic, -OR, -SR, -
  • p 0-3;
  • R 2 is a bond, hydrogen, or optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic
  • each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from Ci-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 3-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated, phenyl, or naphthyl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a 7-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms
  • each R' is independently -R, -C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R) 2 , -C(S)N(R) 2 , -
  • S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R) 2 , or two R' on the same nitrogen are taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted group selected from a 4-7 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 1 -2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or a 7-12 membered bicyclic saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic fused ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
  • W is C or ;
  • R 3 is optionally substituted Ci_6 aliphatic
  • each of m and n is independently 0-4, as valency permits;
  • each of R 4 and R 5 is independently -R, halogen, -OR, -SR, -N(R') 2 , -CN, -N0 2 , - C(0)R, -C(S)R, -C0 2 R, -C(0)N(R') 2 , -C(0)SR, -C(0)C(0)R, -C(0)CH 2 C(0)R, -C(S)N(R') 2 , - C(S)OR, -S(0)R, -S0 2 R, -S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(0)R, -N(R')C(0)N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)N(R') 2 , - N(R')S0 2 R, -N(R')S0 2 N(R') 2 , -N(R')N(R') 2 , -N(R')C(S)
  • XX may be a bond, Ci- 6 alkyl, -NR 1 - (where t is H, phenyl, or Ci- 6 alkyl), -0-, or -S(0)w- wherein w is 0, 1, or 2;
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structure:
  • X is selected from N and CH;
  • Y is CO
  • R 1 and R 3 are each independently selected from alkoxy and hydrogen; R 2 is selected from alkoxy, alkyl, and hydrogen;
  • R 6 and R 8 are each independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, chloride, and hydrogen; R 5 and R 9 are each hydrogen;
  • R 7 is selected from amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy, and alkyl substituted with a heterocyclyl;
  • R 10 is hydrogen;
  • each W is independently selected from C and N, wherein if W is N, then p is 0 or 1, and if W is C, then p is 1 ;
  • W is N and p is 1 ;
  • W is C, p is 1 and R 4 is H, or W is N and p is 0.
  • a compound of Formula AA may be:
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structures:
  • Y and W are each independently selected from carbon and nitrogen;
  • Ra 6 is selected from fluoride, hydrogen, C1-C3 alkoxy, cyclopropyloxy, SO2R3, SOR 3 , and SR 3 , wherein if Y is nitrogen then Ra 6 is absent;
  • Ra 7 is selected from hydrogen, fluoride, SO2R 3 , SOR 3 , and SR3;
  • Ra 8 is selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkoxy, cyclopropyloxy, chloride, and bromide;
  • n is selected from 1 , 2, or 3;
  • D is selected from O, NH, NRi, S, or C;
  • Rb 3 and Rb 5 are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C3 alkyl
  • Rc 3 and Rc 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, and
  • R 1 , R' 1 , R 2 and R' 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoride, C1-C3 alkyl, and cyclopropyl, wherein R 1 and R 2 and/or R' 1 and R' 2 may be connected to form a 3-6 membered ring;
  • R 3 is selected from C1-C3 alkyl and cyclopropyl; and R 4 is selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C3-C5 cycloalkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl, provided that if Ra 7 or Ra 6 is fluoride, then Rc 4 is not bromide.
  • Formula AA2 may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structure:
  • Q and V are independently selected from CH and nitrogen;
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl
  • Rc is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, and C3-C6 cycloalkyl
  • Ra 1 , Ra 2 , and Ra 3 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkenyl, C1-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halogen, amino, amide, hydroxyl, heterocycle, and C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein Ra 1 and Ra 2 and/or Ra 2 and Ra 3 may be connected to form a cycloalkyl or a heterocycle;
  • Rb 2 and Rb 6 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, and amino;
  • Rb 3 and Rb 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, and amino, wherein Rb 2 and Rb 3 and/or Rb 5 and Rb 6 may be conn cycloalkyl or a heterocycle; represents a 3-8 membered ring system wherein: W is selected from carbon and nitrogen; Z is selected from CR 6 R 7 , NR 8 , oxygen, sulfur, -S(O)-, and -SO2-;
  • said ring system being optionally fused to another ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocycle, and phenyl, and wherein said ring system is optionally selected from rings having the structures:
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, C -Ce alkyl, C -Ce alkenyl, Ci-Ce alkynyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, aryloxy, hydroxyl, amino, amide, oxo, -CN, and sulfonamide;
  • R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from hydrogen, C -Ce alkyl, C -Ce alkenyl, C -Ce alkynyl, C 3 -C6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, halogen, hydroxyl, -CN, amino, and amido; and
  • R 8 is selected from hydrogen, Ci.Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce alkenyl, Ci.Ce alkynyl, acyl, and C 3 -C6 cycloalkyl;
  • R 9 , R 10 , R u , and R 12 are independently selected from hydrogen, C -Ce alkyl, C -Ce alkenyl, Ci-Ce alkynyl, C 3 -C6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocycle, hydroxyl, sulfonyl, and acyl.
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structure:
  • Q is selected from N and CRa 3 ;
  • V is selected from N and CRa 4 ;
  • W is selected from N and CH;
  • X is selected from OH, SH, NH 2 , S(0)H, S(0) 2 H, S(0) 2 NH 2 , S(0)NH 2 , NHAc, and NHS0 2 Me;
  • Ra 1 , Ra 3 , and Ra 3 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C 3 -C6 cycloalkyl, and halogen;
  • Ra 2 is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, amino, amide, and halogen;
  • Rb 2 and Rb 6 are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl and fluorine;
  • Rb 3 and Rb 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C 3 -C6 cycloalkyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy;
  • Rb 2 and Rb 3 and/or Rb 5 and Rb 6 may be connected to form a cycloalkyl or a heterocycle, provided that at least one of Ra 1 , Ra 2 , Ra 3 , and Ra 4 is not hydrogen.
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include compounds represented by the structure:
  • Q is selected from N and CRa 3 ;
  • V is selected from N and CRa 4 ;
  • W is selected from N and CH;
  • X is selected from OH, SH, NH 2 , S(0)H, S(0) 2 H, S(0) 2 NH 2 , S(0)NH 2 , NHAc, and NHS0 2 Me;
  • Ra 1 , Ra 3 , and Ra 3 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C 3 -C6 cycloalkyl, and halogen;
  • Ra 2 is selected from hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, amino, amide, and halogen;
  • Rb 2 and Rb 6 are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl and fluorine;
  • Rb 3 and Rb 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, and Ci-Ce alkoxy;
  • Rb 2 and Rb 3 and/or Rb 5 and Rb 6 may be connected to form a cycloalkyl or a heterocycle, provided that at least one of Ra 1 , Ra 2 , Ra 3 , and Ra 4 is not hydrogen.
  • exemplary bromodomain ligands include fused heterocyclic s stems represented by the structures:
  • V is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of NH, S, N(Ci_ 6 alkyl), O, or CR 4 R 4 ;
  • Q is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of C(O), C(S), C(N), S0 2 , or CR 4 R 4 ;
  • U is independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, C(O), C(S), C(N),
  • W and T are independently selected from the group consisting of NH, N(Ci- 6 alkyl), O, or Q;
  • V c is selected from the group consisting of N, SH or CR 4 ;
  • A is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl or bicyclic moiety, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl, or bicyclic moiety is optionally substituted with one, two, three, four or more groups represented by R 4 ;
  • R is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, hydroxyCi_ 6 aikyl, aminoCi_ 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, acylaminoCi_ 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -C(0)OCi_ 6 alkyl, -OS(0)2Ci_4alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, or phenylmethoxy, wherein Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of -0-, amino, Ci- 6 alkyl, -0-Ci_ 6 alkyl-, hydroxylCi- 6 alkyl, aminoCi- 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, acylaminoCi- 6 alkyl, -C(O)-, - C(0)0-, -C(0)NCi_ 6 alkyl-, -OS(0) 2 Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -OS(0) 2 -, -S-Ci_ 6 alkyl-, phenyl, naphthyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, or phenylmethoxy, wherein Ci_ 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro;
  • R 4 is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxo, imino, amino, halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocyclyl, -0-Ci- 6 alkyl, -NH-Ci- 6 alkyl, -N(Ci- 6 alkyl)Ci- 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , - OCF 3 , -C(0)OCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)NHCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)NH 2 or -OS(0) 2 Ci_ 4 alkyl;
  • n is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • n is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, or 2;
  • p is selected from the group consisting of 0 or 1.
  • compounds of Formula 1, Formula 2 or Formula 5 may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • compounds of Formula 1, Formula 2 or Formula 5 may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • compounds of Formula 3, Formula 3' or Formula 4 may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • bromodomain ligands include fused heterocyclic systems represented by the structures:
  • V is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of NH, S,
  • Q is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of C(O), C(S), C(N), S0 2 , or CR 4 R 4 ;
  • W and T are independently selected from the group consisting of NH, N(Ci- 6 alkyl), O, or Q;
  • V c is selected from the group consisting of N, SH or CR 4 ;
  • A is a ring selected from the group consisting of: phenyl, a 5-6 membered cycloalkyl, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms each selected from S, N or O, and a 4-7 membered heterocycle having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms each selected from N or O;
  • R A1 is R 1 ; or two R A1 substituents may be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form phenyl, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms each selected from S, N or O, and a 4-7 membered heterocycle having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms each selected from N or O;
  • R 1 is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halo, Ci_ 6 alkyl, hydroxyCi_ 6 aikyl, aminoCi_ 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, acylaminoCi_ 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -C(0)OCi_ 6 alkyl, -OS(0)2Ci_4alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy or phenylmethoxy, wherein Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of -0-, amino, Ci- 6 alkyl, -0-Ci_ 6 alkyl-, hydroxylCi_ 6 alkyl, aminoCi_ 6 alkyl, haloCi_ 6 alkyl, acylaminoCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(O)-, - C(0)0-, -C(0)NCi_ 6 alkyl-, -OS(0) 2 Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -OS(0) 2 -, -S-Ci_ 6 alkyl-, phenyl, naphthyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy or phenylmethoxy, wherein Ci- 6 alkyl phenyl, and naphthylare optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or Ci- 6 alkyl
  • R 4 is independently selected, for each occurrence, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxo, imino, amino, halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocyclyl, -0-Ci_ 6 alkyl, -NH-Ci- 6 alkyl, -N(Ci- 6 alkyl)Ci_ 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , - OCF 3 , -C(0)OCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)NHCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)NH 2 or -OS(0) 2 Ci_ 4 alkyl;
  • n is independently selected, for each occurrence, selected from the group consisting of
  • n is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, or 2;
  • p is selected from the group consisting of 0 or 1.
  • compounds of Formula la, Formula 2a or Formula 5a may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • compounds of Formula 3a or Formula 4a may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • bromodomain ligands include fused heterocyclic s stems represented by the structures:
  • V is selected from the group consisting of a NH, S, N(Ci_ 6 alkyl), O, or CR 4 R 4 ;
  • Q is selected from the group consisting of a bond, C(O), C(S), C(N), S0 2 , or CR 4 R 4 ;
  • A is a ring selected from the group consisting of: phenyl, a 5-6 membered cycloalkyl, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms each selected from S, N or O, and a 4-7 membered heterocycle having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms each selected from N or O;
  • R A1 is R 1 ; or two R A1 substituents may be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form phenyl, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms each selected from S, N or O, and a 4-7 membered heterocycle having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms each selected from N or O;
  • R 1 is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, hydroxyCi_ 6 alkyl, aminoCi- 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, acylaminoCi- 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -C(0)OCi- 6 alkyl, -OS(0) 2 Ci- 4 alkyl, -S(Ci_ 4 alkyl)C(0)R', phenyl, naphthyl
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of -0-, amino, Ci- 6 alkyl, -0-Ci_ 6 alkyl-, hydroxylCi_ 6 alkyl, aminoCi_ 6 alkyl, haloCi_ 6 alkyl, acylaminoCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(O)-, - C(0)0-, -C(0)NCi- 6 alkyl-, -OS(0) 2 Ci- 4 alkyl-, -OS(0) 2 -S(Ci- 4 alkyl)C(0)R"-, -S-Ci- 6 alkyl-, phenyl, naphthyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, or phenylmethoxy, wherein Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, amino, or nitro;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or Ci- 6 alkyl
  • R 4 is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxo, imino, amino, halo, cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocyclyl, -0-Ci- 6 alkyl, -NH-Ci- 6 alkyl, -N(Ci- 6 alkyl)Ci- 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , - OCF 3 , -C(0)OCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)NHCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)NH 2 or -OS(0) 2 Ci_ 4 alkyl;
  • R' is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, thio, phenyl, naphthyl, or Ci_ 6 alkyl, wherein Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro;
  • R" is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of-O-, amino, thio, phenyl, naphthyl, or Ci_ 6 alkyl, wherein Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro;
  • n is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • n is selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, or 2;
  • p is selected from the group consisting of 0 or 1.
  • Exemplary bromodomain ligands include fused heterocyclic systems represented by the structures:
  • L and L x are independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of N, CH, and CR 1 ;
  • L N1 and L N2 are independently selected from the group consisting of C3 ⁇ 4, CHR , CR ⁇ 1 , NH, and N(Ci- 6 alkyl); wherein Ci- 6 alkyl is optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro;
  • L N3 is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH, and N(Ci_ 6 alkyl); wherein Ci_ 6 alkyl is optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro; U is independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, C(O), C(S), C(N), S0 2 , or CR 4 R 4 ;
  • A is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl, or bicyclic moiety, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl, or bicyclic moiety is optionally substituted with one, two, three, four or more groups represented by R 4 ;
  • R 1 is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, hydroxyCi_ 6 aikyl, aminoCi_ 6 alkyl, Ci- 6 alkoxy, haloCi- 6 alkoxy, acylaminoCi_ 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -C(0)OCi_ 6 alkyl, -OS(0) 2 Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, or phenylmethoxy, wherein Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, amino, or nitro;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of -0-, amino, Ci- 6 alkyl, -0-Ci_ 6 alkyl-, hydroxylCi_ 6 alkyl, aminoCi_ 6 alkyl, haloCi- 6 alkyl, acylaminoCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(O)-, - C(0)0-, -C(0)NCi_ 6 alkyl-, -OS(0) 2 Ci_ 4 alkyl-, -OS(0) 2 -, -S-Ci_ 6 alkyl-, phenyl, naphthyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, or phenylmethoxy, wherein Ci- 6 alkyl, phenyl, and naphthyl are optionally substituted by one two or three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, Ci- 6 alkyl, amino, or nitro;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or Ci- 6 alkyl
  • R 4 is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, oxo, imino, amino, halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heterocyclyl, -0-Ci_ 6 alkyl, -NH-Ci- 6 alkyl, -N(Ci- 6 alkyl)Ci_ 6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, CF 3 , - OCF 3 , -C(0)OCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)NHCi_ 6 alkyl, -C(0)NH 2 or -OS(0) 2 Ci_ 4 alkyl.
  • compounds of Formula 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • the ligand is one of the compounds listed in Table
  • connector moieties Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 of Formulas I, II, III and IV may, in some embodiments, be the same or different.
  • connector moieties are
  • a monomer may comprise a connector that joins the ligand moiety with the linker element.
  • such connectors do not have significant binding or other affinity to an intended target.
  • a connector may contribute to the affinity of a ligand moiety to a target.
  • a connector element may be used to connect the linker element to the ligand moiety.
  • a connector element may be used to adjust spacing between the linker element and the ligand moiety.
  • the connector element may be used to adjust the orientation of the linker element and the ligand moiety.
  • the spacing and/or orientation the linker element relative to the ligand moiety can affect the binding affinity of the ligand moiety (e.g., a pharmacophore) to a target.
  • connectors with restricted degrees of freedom are preferred to reduce the entropic losses incurred upon the binding of a multimer to its target biomolecule. In some embodiments, connectors with restricted degrees of freedom are preferred to promote cellular permeability of the monomer.
  • the connector element may be used for modular assembly of monomers.
  • a connector element may comprise a functional group formed from reaction of a first and second molecule.
  • a series of ligand moieties may be provided, where each ligand moiety comprises a common functional group that can participate in a reaction with a compatible functional group on a linker element.
  • the connector element may comprise a spacer having a first functional group that forms a bond with a ligand moiety and a second functional group that forms a bond with a linker element.
  • Contemplated connecters may be any acceptable (e.g. pharmaceutically and/or chemically acceptable) bivalent linker that, for example, does not interfere with multimerization of the disclosed monomers.
  • linkers may be substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, acyl, sulfone, phosphate, ester, carbamate, or amide.
  • Contemplated connectors may include polymeric connectors, such a polyethylene glycol (e.g., , where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
  • X is O, S, NH, or -C(0)-) or other
  • a. connector may be from about 7 atoms to about 13 atoms in length, or about 8 atoms to about 12 atoms, or about 9 atoms to about 11 atoms in length. For purposes of counting connector length when a ring is present in the connector group, the ring is counted as three atoms from one end to the other.
  • a connecter moiety may maximally span from about SA to about 50 A, in some embodiments about 5 A to about 25 A, in some embodiments about 20.4 to about 50A, and in some embodiments about ⁇ to about 15A in length.
  • the connector element there are, e.g., three possible attachment points for the connector element: the phenyl ether, the amino group, or the chloro position of the chlorophenyl ring.
  • the connector element may be identified as a Y group in benzodiazepine-connector 1 A, benzodiazepine- connector 2 B, and benzodiazepine-connector 3 D:
  • X CH 2 , S, O, or NH.
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 may be Y as described above in connector 1 A, connector 2 B, or connector 3 D.
  • the synthetic route in Scheme Xa illustrates a general method for preparing benzodiazepine-connector 1 derivatives.
  • the method involves attaching the desired substituents to the phenol core.
  • Benzodiazepine 1 can be prepared following procedures described below.
  • the desired Y group attached at the 4-position of the phenol can be installed by reacting benzodiazepine 1 with the appropriate electrophile 2 to provide 3 (benzodiazepine- connector 1 derivative).
  • Scheme Xa provides for a connector Y (e.g. Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 or Y 4 ).
  • n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
  • Table U indicates exemplary benzodiazepine-connector 1 derivatives (e.g., 3 of Scheme Xa) that include a ligand moiety (X) and a connector (Y). It is understood that such derivatives can be modified to include a pharmacophore (Z) such as provided for herein.
  • Any free amino group seen in the Y examples of Table A above may be functionalized further to include additional functional groups, e.g., a benzoyl moiety.
  • attachment point identified in A may be further elaborated to incorporate not only the connector moiety (Y), but also the linker (Z), as represented by:
  • the Y-Z moiety may be formed from direct attachment of Y-Z to the phenyl ether, or the Y-Z moiety may be formed from the further functionalization of any free amino group seen in the Y examples of Table A above to include the linker moiety (Z).
  • Examples of Y-Z groups having a boronic acid linker (Z) can be found in Table A", seen below. It is clear from the linker section described above that a first monomer that has a boronic acid linker may be capable of forming a multimer with a second monomer that has a diol linker. Table A'
  • the synthetic route in Scheme Xb illustrates a general method for preparing benzodiazepine-connector 2 derivatives.
  • the method involves attaching the desired substituents to the carbonyl substituent.
  • the desired R group attached at the carbonyl substituent can be installed by reacting carboxylic acid 4 with common coupling reagents such as l -ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and then further reacting the activated ester 6 with the appropriate nucleophile, for example, amine 7, to provide 8a (benzodiazepine-connector 2 derivative).
  • Scheme Xb provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) wherein Y is -NH-R (e.g., -NH-R of 8a).
  • R may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • n may be 0, 1, 2, 3,4 or 5.
  • R may generally be represented for example, by:
  • n may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • Table V contains exemplary benzodiazepine-connector 2 derivatives (e.g., 8a of Scheme Xb) that include a ligand moiety (X) and a connector (Y).
  • exemplary benzodiazepine-connector 2 derivatives e.g., 8a of Scheme Xb
  • X ligand moiety
  • Y connector
  • Any free amino group seen in the -NH-R examples (e.g., Y examples) of Table B above may be functionalized further to include additional functional groups, e.g., a benzoyl moiety.
  • attachment point identified in B may be further elaborated to incorporate not only a connector moiety, but also a linker, as e.g., represented by:
  • ay be formed from direct attachment of Y-Z to the carbonyl, or the Y-Z moiety may be formed from the further functionalization of any free amino group seen in the -NH-R examples (i.e., Y examples) of Table B above to include the linker moiety (Z).
  • Examples of -NH-R-Z groups e.g., Y-Z groups
  • a boronic acid, diol or silanol linker (Z) can be found in Table B", seen below. It is clear from the linker section described above that a first monomer that has a boronic acid linker may be capable of forming a multimer with a second monomer that has a diol linker. In another embodiment, a first monomer that has a silanol linker may be capable of forming a multimer with a second monomer that has the same or different silanol linker.
  • the two attachment points identified in A and B may be further elaborated to incorporate not only a connector moiety, but also a linker.
  • Scheme Xc provides a synthetic procedure for making A derivatives having various connectors attached to both the benzodiazepine compound and to any of the above- identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Phenol 1 is converted to carboxylic acid 10 using ethyl-2-bromoacetate, followed by hydrolysis.
  • the general procedure outlined in Scheme Xb can be utilized in the synthesis of the benzodiazepine-connector 1 derivative 12.
  • Scheme Xc provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -CH 2 -C(0)-R- (e.g., -CH 2 -C(0)-R- of 12).
  • R-Z may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Scheme Xd provides an exemplary synthetic procedure for making B derivatives having various connectors attached to both the benzodiazepine compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Activated ester 6 is reacted with various nucleophiles to provide
  • Scheme Xd provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y 3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -R- (e.g., -R- of 8b).
  • Y e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y 3 or Y 4
  • Z linker moiety
  • R-Z i.e., Y-Z
  • Y-Z may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Scheme Xe provides a synthetic procedure for making B derivatives having various connectors of shorter length attached to both the benzodiazepine compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Activated ester 6 is reacted with various nucleophiles to provide benzodiazepine-connector 2 derivative 8c.
  • Scheme Xe provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -R- (e.g., -R- of 8c).
  • R-Z i.e.,Y-Z
  • Y-Z may be represented by the structure: wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, e.g. n is 1 to 5.
  • Scheme Xe provides for a linker Y (e.g. Y Y 2 , Y 3 or Y 4 ).
  • Scheme Xf provides an additional exemplary synthetic procedure for making B derivatives having various connectors attached to both the benzodiazepine compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Activated ester 6a is reacted with various nucleophiles to provide benzodiazepine-connector 2 derivative 8d.
  • Scheme Xf provides for a connector Y (e.g.
  • Y is -NHCH 2 -C(0)-R- (e.g., -NHCH 2 -C(0)-R- of 8d).
  • R-Z may be represented by the structure: H n , wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, e.g. n is 1 to 5.
  • Scheme Xg provides an alternative synthetic procedure for making B derivatives having various connectors attached to both the benzodiazepine compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Activated ester 6a is reacted with Boc-protected ethylenediamine and followed by Boc-removal with TFA to afford diamine 20.
  • the terminal amino group of 20 may be reacted with a variety of electrophiles to afford benzodiazepine- connector 2 derivative 21.
  • Scheme Xg provides for a connector Y (e.g.
  • Y is -NHCH 2 CH 2 NH-R- (e.g., - NHCH 2 CH 2 NH-R- of 21).
  • R-Z may be represented by the structure: [ A00164] Additional examples for Z-R-W and R-Z that can be utilized in Scheme Xg can be found in Table E, seen below:
  • a connector element may be identified as a Y group in benzodiazepine-connector ⁇ A', benzodiazepine- connector 3 C, and benzodiazepine-connector 4 D:
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 may be Y as described above in connector 1 ' A' or connector 3 C.
  • Scheme Xa' illustrates a general method for preparing benzodiazepine-connector 1 ' derivatives.
  • the method involves attaching the desired substituents to the phenol core.
  • the desired Y group attached at the 4- position of the phenol can be installed by reacting benzodiazepine 3 (see Scheme Xa") with the appropriate electrophile 5a to provide 4 (benzodiazepine-connector derivative).
  • Scheme Xa' provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ).
  • Y may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Scheme Xb' illustrates a general method for preparing benzodiazepine-connector 3 derivatives.
  • the method involves attaching the desired carbonyl substituents to the free amine.
  • the carbonyl group can be installed by reacting amine 2 (see Scheme Xa") with carboxylic acid 7 to provide 6' (benzodiazepine-connector 3 derivative).
  • Scheme Xb provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ), wherein Y is - C(0)R (e.g., -C(0)R of 6').
  • -C(0)R i.e., Y
  • Y may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • a three step procedure is used to prepare thioamide 8: cleavage of the carbamate 5, Boc-protection of amine 6, and thiolation, utilizing P4S1 0 as the sulfur source.
  • the fused triazole 9 is formed from 8 following a three step procedure: hydrazone formation, acylation and cyclization. Boc-group removal from the reaction of 9 with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) affords the key intermediate 2, which is used to prepare benzodiazepine-connector 3 derivatives.
  • Intermediate 2 is reacted further to prepare phenol 3, which is a key intermediate in the formation of benzodiazepine- connector derivatives.
  • cleavage of methyl ether 2 and selective coupling of the free amine affords phenol 3.
  • the two attachment points identified in A' and C may be further elaborated to incorporate not only a connector moiety (Y), but also a linker (Z).
  • Scheme Xc' provides a synthetic procedure for making A' derivatives having various connectors attached to both the benzodiazepine compound and to any of the above- identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Phenol 3 is converted to carboxylic acid 9 using ethyl-2-bromoacetate, followed by hydrolysis.
  • the general procedure outlined in Scheme Xb can be utilized in the synthesis of the benzodiazepine-connector derivative 12.
  • Scheme Xc' provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -CH 2 -C(0)-R- (e.g., -CH 2 -C(0)-R- of 12).
  • R-Z may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Scheme Xd' provides an exemplary synthetic procedure for making C
  • Scheme Xd' provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -CH 2 -C(0)-R- (e.g., -CH 2 -C(0)-R- of 15).
  • Y is -CH 2 -C(0)-R- (e.g., -CH 2 -C(0)-R- of 15).
  • R-Z may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Scheme Xe' provides a synthetic procedure for making C derivatives having various connectors of shorter length attached to both the benzodiazepine compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Amine intermediate 2 is reacted with various electrophiles, for example, a carboxylic acid, to provide benzodiazepine-connector 3 derivative 17.
  • Scheme Xe' provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -R- (e.g., -R- of 17).
  • Y e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4
  • R-Z e.g., Y-Z
  • Y-Z may be represented by the structure:
  • Scheme Xf provides a synthetic procedure for making
  • -C(0)CH 2 -NHR- (e.g., -C(0)CH 2 -NHR- of 20).
  • R-Z may be represented by the structure:
  • Scheme Xb' provides a synthetic procedure for making key intermediate 6b.
  • the intermediate (+)-JQl may be prepared, for example, by known methods.
  • the activated ester 6b can be prepared by reacting (+)-JQl with a coupling reagent, such as EDC or HOBt.
  • Schemes Xd-Xg can also utilize intermediate 6b, in place of intermediate 6 or 6a, in the preparation of B' derivatives.
  • an exemplary B' derivative is represented by the structure:
  • R is, for example, selected from the group consisting of: .
  • 8h provides for a connector Y
  • an exemplary B' derivative is represented by the structure:
  • 21a provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is
  • an exemplary B' derivative is represented by the structure:
  • R-Z is, for example, H " Z , wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, e.g. n is 1 to 5.
  • 8e provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -NHCH 2 C(0)R-.
  • an exemplary B' derivative is represented by the structure:
  • 8f (see Scheme Xe) ; wherein R-Z is, for example, ' H " ⁇ , wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, e.g. n is 1 to 5.
  • 8f provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -R-.
  • an exemplary B' derivative is represented by the structure:
  • 8g provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -R-.
  • Y e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4
  • Z linker moiety
  • the connector element may attach at one of at least two possible attachment points for example, via a terminal amino group or via. a carbonyl substituent.
  • a connector element may be identified as a Y group in tetrahydoquinoline-connector 1 ⁇ ', teirahydoquinoline-connector 1 iOB' and tetrahydroquinoline-connector 2 IOC:
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 may be Y as described above in connector 1
  • the synthetic route in Scheme Xh illustrates a divergent procedure for preparing tetrahydroqumoline-connector 1 derivatives.
  • the tetrahydroquinoline core is formed in a two step-process beginning with the condensation of 5, 6 and acetaldehyde to form 7 and followed by conjugate addition to acrylaldehyde to afford 8.
  • Tetrahydroquinoline 8 is utilized in a divergent step to install varying phenyl substituents via reaction with the bromo-group to provide 9A and 9B.
  • the desired Y group is attached at the terminal amino group by reacting the unsubstituted amines of 4A or 3 with the appropriate electrophile to provide 10A or 10B (tetrahydroquinoline-connector 1 derivative).
  • Scheme Xh provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ).
  • W-Y may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Scheme Xi illustrates a general method for preparing tetrahydroquiiiolirse-connector 2 derivatives.
  • Tetrahydroquinoline 3 is converted to phenyl- substituted 11 utilizing a Suzuki coupling, and the ester of 11 is hydrolyzed to afford carboxylic acid 2.
  • the connecter moieties can be installed via a peptide coupling of the carboxylic acid 2 to prepare 12 (tetrahydroquinoline-connector 2 derivatives IOC).
  • Scheme Xi provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ), wherein Y is -W-R (e.g., -W-R of 12).
  • R may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • the synthetic route in Scheme Xj illustrates a general method for preparing teirahydroquinoline-connector 1 derivatives having various connectors attached to both the tetrahydroquinoline compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • the amino group of 4 is reacted with bromo-acetic acid to afford amide 13.
  • the a-bromo amide 13 may be reacted with a variety of nucleophiles to afford retrabydroquinoiine-connector 1 derivative 14, following deprotection of the benzylic amine.
  • Scheme Xj provides for a connector Y (e.g. Y Y 2 , Y 3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is e.g, -C(0)CH 2 -R- of 14.
  • R-Z may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Scheme Xj for preparing tetrahydfoquinoline-connector 1 derivatives having various connectors attached to both the tetrahydroqiunoiine compound and to any of the above- identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Scheme Xk provides a procedure for the direct linkage of a connector moiety to the carbonyl substituent.
  • the amino group of 4 may be reacted with a variety of electrophiles, for example, a carboxylic acid, to afford tetrahydroqinnoline-connector 1 derivative 15, following deprotection of the benzylic amine.
  • Scheme Xk provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -R- (e.g., -R- of 15).
  • Y e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4
  • Z linker moiety
  • R-Z may be represented by the structure:
  • the synthetic route in Scheme XI illustrates an method for preparing tetrahydroquinoline-connector 1 derivatives having various connectors attached to both the tetrahydroquinoiine compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • a portion of a connector moiety is installed via reaction of the amino group of 4 with acid 4a.
  • Global deprotection of 16 affords the free amine of 16, which can be reacted with a variety of electrophiles, for example, a carboxylic acid, to afford tetraliydroqu incline-connector 1 derivative 17.
  • Scheme XI provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z), wherein Y is -C(0)CH 2 NHR- (e.g., -C(0)CH 2 NHR- of 17).
  • Y is -C(0)CH 2 NHR- (e.g., -C(0)CH 2 NHR- of 17).
  • R-Z may be represented by the structure:
  • the above-identified imidazoquinolme compounds may have an attachment point for a connector element via the imidazole group.
  • a connector element may be identified as a Y group in imidazoquinoline-connector 1 C and imidazoquinoline-
  • Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and Y 4 may be Y as described above in
  • Scheme Xn provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y 3 or Y 4 ).
  • Y may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Y may be selected from the group consisting of: [00211] Additional examples for NHY and -Y that can be utilized in Scheme Xm and Scheme Xn can be found in Table M, seen below:
  • the divergent synthetic route in Scheme Xo illustrates a general method for providing imidazoqumolme-connector 1 derivatives having various connectors attached to both the imidazoqu incline compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • Scheme Xo provides for a connector Y (e.g. Yi, Y 2 , Y3 or Y 4 ) attached to a linker moiety (Z).
  • -Y-Z may be selected from the group consisting of:
  • the divergent synthetic route in Scheme Xq illustrates a general method for providing imidazoquinoline-connector 1 derivatives having various ethylene-substituted connectors attached to both the imidazoquinoline compound and to any of the above-identified linkers (Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 ).
  • the linker moiety is designated by Z.
  • the ethylene diamine connector is installed via nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
  • the divergent cyclization steps provide imidazoquinoline 19 (fused-imklazoquinoHne) and 22 (fused-imidazole), respectively.

Abstract

L'invention concerne des monomères capables de former un multimère biologiquement actif lorsqu'il entre en contact avec un, deux, trois autres monomères, voire plus, dans un milieu aqueux. Dans un aspect, de tels monomères sont capables de se lier à un autre monomère dans un milieu aqueux, (par exemple, in vivo) pour former un multimère (par exemple, un dimère). Les monomère selon l'invention peut comprendre un fragment de ligand, un élément lieur et un élément connecteur qui relie le fragment de ligand et l'élément lieur. Dans un milieu aqueux, ces monomères peuvent se rejoindre par l'intermédiaire de chacun élément lieur et ils sont, ainsi, capable de moduler une ou plusieurs biomolécules essentiellement simultanément, par exemple, moduler au moins deux domaines de liaison sur une protéine ou sur différentes protéines.
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