US20150250872A1 - Vaccine compositions and methods of use - Google Patents

Vaccine compositions and methods of use Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150250872A1
US20150250872A1 US14/429,123 US201314429123A US2015250872A1 US 20150250872 A1 US20150250872 A1 US 20150250872A1 US 201314429123 A US201314429123 A US 201314429123A US 2015250872 A1 US2015250872 A1 US 2015250872A1
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antigen
vaccine
clauses
vaccine composition
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Frank Bedu-Addo
Eric Jacobson
Kenya JOHNSON
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PDS Biotechnology Corp
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Assigned to PDS BIOTECHNOLOGY CORPORATION reassignment PDS BIOTECHNOLOGY CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JACOBSON, ERIC
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0002—Fungal antigens, e.g. Trichophyton, Aspergillus, Candida
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A61K39/145—Orthomyxoviridae, e.g. influenza virus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55555—Liposomes; Vesicles, e.g. nanoparticles; Spheres, e.g. nanospheres; Polymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/70—Multivalent vaccine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/16034—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/16111—Influenzavirus A, i.e. influenza A virus
    • C12N2760/16134—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/16211—Influenzavirus B, i.e. influenza B virus
    • C12N2760/16234—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • influenza vaccines that are adequately effective against various infectious pathogens or diseases such as malaria, HIV, hepatitis C, influenza, and tuberculosis.
  • current influenza vaccines induce antibodies against two main surface proteins from the virus, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
  • hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are main surface proteins from the virus.
  • these two surface proteins frequently change as a consequence of mutations and re-assortment. Accordingly, influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year to contain the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins of the newly formed virus strains.
  • influenza virus infections especially pandemic strains such as H1N1 and H5N1
  • pandemic strains such as H1N1 and H5N1
  • Vaccination has been a successful means of controlling disease.
  • more efficient production methods as well as more effective influenza vaccines are being sought.
  • Influenza and other vaccines against infectious pathogens that will be effective against multiple strains of the pathogens, referred to as “universal vaccines” are actively being sought.
  • efficacy of the current influenza vaccines varies significantly. Due to the health risks associated with pandemic strains of influenza in particular, safe and effective adjuvants that are compatible with influenza antigens and which can enable effective dose sparing of current antigen stocks are also being actively sought.
  • Pathogens such as malaria, HIV, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis are intracellular, requiring the induction of strong cellular immunity (including cytotoxic responses (CTL)) to remove the infected cells.
  • CTL cytotoxic responses
  • adjuvants e.g., MF59, AS03, or aluminum salts
  • Addition of adjuvants e.g., MF59, AS03, or aluminum salts
  • CD8+ T cells recognize less variable parts of the virus and could provide a more cross-reactive response that could be induced by new vaccines.
  • CD8+ T cells that may be able to provide more cross-reactive protection.
  • the antigens that CD8+ T cells recognize are found in less variable portions of the virus.
  • peptides recognized by CD8+ T cells have been combined with a lipid moiety, Pam-2-Cys, that activates a TLR on DCs to prime protective CD8+ T cells.
  • This vaccine generates protective CD8+ T cells that migrate to the lung when administered via intranasal delivery.
  • CD8+ T cells are specific to detect agents, such as viruses, that invade the cytoplasm, and the requirements for presentation of antigen to CD8+ T cells differ from those for the CD4 helper T-cells.
  • Antigens are transported to the cell surface by molecules encoded in the MHC. Internalized antigen is carried to the cell surface by MHC class II, which promotes activation of CD4+ T-cells. In contrast, endogenous antigen reaches the cell surface by MHC class I, which activates CD8+ T-cells.
  • MHC class II which promotes activation of CD4+ T-cells.
  • endogenous antigen reaches the cell surface by MHC class I, which activates CD8+ T-cells.
  • To activate cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+) must cross to the MHC class I pathway before reappearing on the cell surface, a process known as cross-presentation, for which specific subsets of DCs are specialized.
  • Adjuvant systems that are able to activate antigen cross-present
  • DCs Dendritic cells
  • PRRs pattern-recognition receptors
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • T H 1 T helper cell
  • Adjuvants such as the saponins drive T H 1 responses and are believed to work by inducing IL-12 in DCs.
  • Aluminum salts do not directly induce signaling through TLRs and do not stimulate IL-12 production by DCs. Instead, aluminum-based adjuvants have been found to drive T H 2 responses.
  • Adjuvants work by various mechanisms and the ability to effect cross-presentation is ultimately dependent on the adjuvant's mechanism. Some mechanisms by which an adjuvant effect is achieved include retention of the antigen locally at the site of injection to produce a slow-release depot effect, thus enabling sustained release of the antigen to the antigen presenting cells. Adjuvants can also at as chemo-attractants to attract cells of the immune system to the antigen depot and subsequently stimulate such cells to elicit immune responses. The most commonly used adjuvant to date has been Alum (Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate). Most adjuvants including Alum are effective in only enhancing the antibody responses to antigens. Adjuvants such as MPL can activate antibody responses, and when formulated with T-cell epitope peptides, have also been demonstrated to elicit CTL responses.
  • Alum Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate
  • Hemagglutinin (HA) T cell epitopes also show less variation than antibody epitopes.
  • existing inactivated vaccines like Fluzone consist of mostly HA protein and yet do not generate significant CD8 T cell responses.
  • IFN ⁇ -producing CD8+ T cells offer more effective protection because the virus can be cleared with minimal host cell death.
  • IFN ⁇ -producing CD8+ T cells are shown to be associated with protection in individuals vaccinated with the RTS, S malaria vaccine.
  • This vaccine contains a protein from the parasite fused to a surface protein from the hepatitis B virus. It is reported that both humoral and cell-mediated immunity targeting multiple antigens expressed at different stages of the parasite's lifecycle are required for protection against malaria infection.
  • the adjuvant system used in the most successful malarial vaccine is AS02, a combination adjuvant preparation that contains both a saponin adjuvant component and the TLR agonist MPL formulated in a particulate system.
  • AS02 a combination adjuvant preparation that contains both a saponin adjuvant component and the TLR agonist MPL formulated in a particulate system.
  • both the saponin and MPL adjuvants together were required to induce cross presentation and hence a modest level of protection in immunized individuals.
  • vaccines using the same antigen with aluminum hydroxide and MPL (AS04) or in an oil-in-water emulsion (AS03) induced high levels of antibody but failed to protect against infection.
  • adjuvants have so far not reached this goal.
  • adjuvants such as aluminum salts with MPL, or by using prime-boost strategies with DNA and then viral or bacterial vectors, both humoral and cell-mediated responses can potentially be activated.
  • adjuvants such as aluminum salts with MPL
  • prime-boost strategies with DNA and then viral or bacterial vectors
  • both humoral and cell-mediated responses can potentially be activated.
  • multiple adjuvant systems are complex and have the potential for formulation and safety difficulties.
  • the present disclosure provides vaccine compositions and method of using the compositions that exhibit desirable properties and provide related advantages for cross-presentation of one or more antigens and wherein a humoral and/or a cellular immune response is achieved.
  • the present disclosure provides vaccine compositions comprising at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • the disclosure also provides methods of treating a disease in a mammal, methods of preventing a disease in a mammal, and methods of A method of effecting antigen cross presentation to induce a humoral immune response and a cellular immune response in a mammal utilizing the vaccine compositions.
  • Cross presentation of various antigens can be achieved by formulating the specific antigens with cationic lipids possessing adjuvant properties.
  • the vaccine compositions and methods according to the present disclosure provide several advantages compared to other compositions and methods in the art.
  • the vaccine compositions can induce broadly cross-protective immunity to different subtypes of influenza, as well as development of a universal influenza vaccine that can provide protection against multiple influenza strains.
  • the vaccine compositions demonstrate strong increases in both humoral and cell-mediated responses and can provide a simple adjuvant platform for developing a new generation of simple vaccines that do not require adjuvant combinations or viral vectors.
  • This approach to eliciting “cross-presentation” in the development of anti-viral and anti-bacterial vaccines could provide a novel and cost effective approach to the development of vaccines that provide improved protection and cure of various diseases.
  • influenza vaccine compositions can provide a new approach to developing a universal influenza vaccine without the need for the use of multiple T-cell epitope peptides due to the enhanced cellular CD8+ T-cell response to the HA protein and resulting “cross-reactivity” among strains in which the CD8 T-cell epitopes are known to be conserved.
  • a vaccine composition comprising at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • RAHYNIVTF SEQ. ID. NO: 1
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  • influenza vaccine comprises a glycoprotein antigen found on the surface of an influenza virus.
  • influenza vaccine is a neuraminidase subunit vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an H3N2 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an N1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an H1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine comprises one or more protein antigens from one or more influenza viruses.
  • influenza vaccine comprises an inactivated virus (e.g. an inactivated whole virus).
  • influenza vaccine comprises an attenuated virus.
  • a method of treating a disease in a mammal comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • RAHYNIVTF SEQ. ID. NO: 1
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  • influenza vaccine is a universal influenza vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine comprises a glycoprotein antigen found on the surface of an influenza viruses.
  • influenza vaccine is a neuraminidase subunit vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an H3N2 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an N1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an H1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine comprises one or more protein antigens from one or more influenza viruses.
  • influenza vaccine comprises an inactivated virus (e.g. an inactivated whole virus).
  • influenza vaccine comprises an attenuated virus.
  • influenza vaccine comprises a disrupted virus.
  • influenza vaccine comprises a recombinant virus.
  • MAP kinase signaling pathway is activated by stimulating at least one of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (“ERK”)-1, ERK-2, and p38.
  • ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase
  • a method of preventing a disease in a mammal comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • RAHYNIVTF SEQ. ID. NO: 1
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  • influenza vaccine is a universal influenza vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine comprises a glycoprotein antigen found on the surface of an influenza viruses.
  • influenza vaccine is a neuraminidase subunit vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an H3N2 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an N1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an H1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine comprises one or more protein antigens from one or more influenza viruses.
  • influenza vaccine comprises an inactivated virus (e.g. an inactivated whole virus).
  • influenza vaccine comprises an attenuated virus.
  • influenza vaccine comprises a recombinant virus.
  • MAP kinase signaling pathway is activated by stimulating at least one of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (“ERK”)-1, ERK-2, and p38.
  • ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase
  • a method of effecting antigen cross presentation to induce a humoral immune response and a cellular immune response in a mammal comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
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  • influenza vaccine is a universal influenza vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine comprises a glycoprotein antigen found on the surface of an influenza viruses.
  • influenza vaccine is a neuraminidase subunit vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an H3N2 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an N1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine is an H1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine comprises one or more protein antigens from one or more influenza viruses.
  • influenza vaccine comprises an inactivated virus (e.g. an inactivated whole virus).
  • influenza vaccine comprises an attenuated virus.
  • FIG. 1 shows results of a hemagglutination inhibition assay against H3N2 with a commercial influenza vaccine and the cationic lipid-based influenza vaccines.
  • FIG. 2 shows results of a hemagglutination inhibition assay against H1N1 with a commercial influenza vaccine and the cationic lipid-based influenza vaccines.
  • FIG. 3 shows results of a hemagglutination inhibition assay against B Brisbane with a commercial influenza vaccine and the cationic lipid-based influenza vaccines.
  • FIG. 4 shows that R-DOTAP enhances the T cell response to an internal class I restricted epitope of hemagglutinin.
  • BALB/c mice were vaccinated with the H5N1 vaccine (inactivated A/Vietnam 2004) alone, or adjuvanted with either CFA (emulsion) or cationic lipid.
  • FIG. 5 shows that DOTMA and DOEPC enhance the T cell response to a class I restricted epitope of the human papillomavirus Strain 16.
  • C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with the various formulations consisting of the cationic lipid adjuvants or MontanideTM and the peptide HPV-16 E743-57. Superior T-cell enhancement results with the use of the cationic lipids compared to MontanideTM.
  • a vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • a method of treating a disease in a mammal comprises the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • a method of preventing a disease in a mammal comprises the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • a method of effecting antigen cross presentation to induce a humoral immune response and a cellular immune response in a mammal comprises the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • adjuvant refers to a substance that enhances, augments and/or potentiates a mammal's immune response to an antigen. Doses of the adjuvant are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, as well as those exemplified in PCT/US2008/057678 (Stimulation of an Immune Response by Cationic Lipids), PCT/US2009/040500 (Stimulation of an Immune Response by Enantiomers of Cationic Lipids), both herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the adjuvant is an immunomodulator.
  • immunomodulator refers to an immunologic modifier that enhances, directs, and/or promotes an immune response in a mammal.
  • the adjuvant is a nanoparticle.
  • the term “nanoparticle” refers to a particle having a size measured on the nanometer scale.
  • the “nanoparticle” refers to a particle having a structure with a size of less than about 1,000 nanometers.
  • the nanoparticle is a liposome.
  • the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • cationic lipid refers to any of a number of lipid species which carry a net positive charge at physiological pH or have a protonatable group and are positively charged at pH lower than the pKa.
  • Cationic lipid-based nanoparticles have been shown to be potent immuno-modifying adjuvants in addition to their ability to act as effective delivery systems, as demonstrated in PCT/US2008/057678 (Stimulation of an Immune Response by Cationic Lipids), PCT/US2009/040500 (Stimulation of an Immune Response by Enantiomers of Cationic Lipids), both herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the cationic lipid adjuvants in vaccine formulations containing short and long T-cell epitope peptides as expected were demonstrated to elicit superior T-cell immune responses without antibody immune responses.
  • Suitable cationic lipid include, but are not limited to: 3-.beta.[.sup.4N-(.sup.1N,.sup.8-diguanidino spermidine)-carbamoyl]cholesterol (BGSC); 3-.beta.[N,N-diguanidinoethyl-aminoethane)-carbamoyl]cholesterol (BGTC); N,N.sup.1N.sup.2N.sup.3Tetra-methyltetrapalmitylspermine (cellfectin); N-t-butyl-N′-tetradecyl-3-tetradecyl-aminopropion-amidine (CLONfectin); dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDAB); 1,2-dimyristyloxypropyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxy ethyl ammonium bromide (DMRIE); 2,3-
  • the cationic lipid is selected from the group consisting of DOTAP, DOTMA, DOEPC, and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the cationic lipid is DOTAP. In yet other embodiments, the cationic lipid is DOTMA. In other embodiments, the cationic lipid is DOEPC. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid is purified. In other embodiments, the cationic lipid is a non-steroidal cationic lipid.
  • the cationic lipid is an enantiomer of a cationic lipid.
  • the term “enantiomer” refers to a stereoisomer of a cationic lipid which is a non-superimposable mirror image of its counterpart stereoisomer, for example R and S enantiomers.
  • the enantiomer is R-DOTAP or S-DOTAP.
  • the enantiomer is R-DOTAP.
  • the enantiomer is S-DOTAP.
  • the enantiomer is purified.
  • the enantiomer is R-DOTMA or S-DOTMA.
  • the enantiomer is R-DOTMA.
  • the enantiomer is S-DOTMA. In some embodiments, the enantiomer is purified. In various examples, the enantiomer is R-DOPEC or S-DOPEC. In one example, the enantiomer is R-DOPEC. In another example, the enantiomer is S-DOPEC. In some embodiments, the enantiomer is purified.
  • the composition further comprises one or more antigens.
  • antigen refers to any agent (e.g., protein, peptide, polysaccharide, glycoprotein, glycolipid, nucleic acid, or combination thereof) that, when introduced into a mammal having an immune system (directly or upon expression as in, e.g., DNA vaccines), is recognized by the immune system of the mammal and is capable of eliciting an immune response.
  • the antigen-induced immune response can be humoral or cell-mediated, or both.
  • An agent is termed “antigenic” when it is capable of specifically interacting with an antigen recognition molecule of the immune system, such as an immunoglobulin (antibody) or T cell antigen receptor (TCR).
  • one or more antigens is a protein-based antigen. In other embodiments, one or more antigens is a peptide-based antigen. In various embodiments, one or more antigens is selected from the group consisting of a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen, and a pathogenic antigen.
  • a “microbial antigen,” as used herein, is an antigen of a microorganism and includes, but is not limited to, infectious virus, infectious bacteria, infectious parasites and infectious fungi.
  • Microbial antigens may be intact microorganisms, and natural isolates, fragments, or derivatives thereof, synthetic compounds which are identical to or similar to naturally-occurring microbial antigens and, preferably, induce an immune response specific for the corresponding microorganism (from which the naturally-occurring microbial antigen originated).
  • the antigen is a cancer antigen.
  • the antigen is a viral antigen.
  • the antigen is a fungal antigen.
  • the antigen is a bacterial antigen.
  • the antigen is a pathogenic antigen.
  • the pathogenic antigen is a synthetic or recombinant antigen.
  • At least one antigen comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of RAHYNIVTF (SEQ. ID. NO: 1), GQAEPDRAHYNIVTF (SEQ. ID. NO: 2), KSSGQAEPDRAHYNIVTF (SEQ. ID. NO: 3), YMLDLQPETT (SEQ. ID. NO: 4), KSSYMLDLQPETT (SEQ. ID. NO: 5), MHGDTPTLHEYMLDLQPETT (SEQ. ID. NO: 6), LLMGTLGIVCPICSQKP (SEQ. ID. NO: 7), KVPRNQDWL (SEQ. ID. NO: 8), SYVDFFVWL (SEQ. ID.
  • At least one antigen comprises the sequence RAHYNIVTF (SEQ. ID. NO: 1). In another embodiment, at least one antigen comprises the sequence GQAEPDRAHYNIVTF (SEQ. ID. NO: 2). In yet another embodiment, at least one antigen comprises the sequence KSSGQAEPDRAHYNIVTF (SEQ. ID. NO: 3). In some embodiments, KSSGQAEPDRAHYNIVTF (SEQ. ID. NO: 3) is modified to further comprise a hydrophobic group. In one embodiment, the hydrophobic group is a palmitoyl group.
  • At least one antigen comprises the sequence YMLDLQPETT (SEQ. ID. NO: 4). In another embodiment, at least one antigen comprises the sequence KSSYMLDLQPETT (SEQ. ID. NO: 5). In yet another embodiment, KSSYMLDLQPETT (SEQ. ID. NO: 5) is modified to further comprise a hydrophobic group. In one embodiment, the hydrophobic group is a palmitoyl group.
  • At least one antigen comprises the sequence KSSMHGDTPTLHEYMLDLQPETT (SEQ. ID. NO: 6).
  • KSSMHGDTPTLHEYMLDLQPETT (SEQ. ID. NO: 6) is modified to further comprise a hydrophobic group.
  • the hydrophobic group is a palmitoyl group.
  • At least one antigen comprises the sequence KSSLLMGTLGIVCPICSQKP (SEQ. ID. NO: 7).
  • KSSLLMGTLGIVCPICSQKP (SEQ. ID. NO: 7) is modified to further comprise a hydrophobic group.
  • the hydrophobic group is a palmitoyl group.
  • At least one antigen comprises the sequence KVPRNQDWL (SEQ. ID. NO: 8). In other embodiments, at least one antigen comprises the sequence SYVDFFVWL (SEQ. ID. NO: 9). In yet other embodiments, at least one antigen comprises the sequence KYICNSSCM (SEQ. ID. NO: 10). In another embodiment, at least one antigen comprises the sequence KSSKVPRNQDWL (SEQ. ID. NO: 11). In some embodiments, KSSKVPRNQDWL (SEQ. ID. NO: 11) is modified to further comprise a hydrophobic group. In one embodiment, the hydrophobic group is a palmitoyl group.
  • the antigen comprises the sequence selected from the group comprising of gp100 (KVPRNQDWL [SEQ. ID. No. 8]), TRP2 (SYVDFFVWL [SEQ. ID. No. 9]), and p53 (KYICNSSCM [SEQ. ID. No. 10]), and combinations thereof.
  • the antigens comprise the gp100 sequence 0 (KVPRNQDWL [SEQ. ID. No. 8]) or the TRP2 sequence (SYVDFFVWL [SEQ. ID. No. 9]).
  • At least one antigen is selected from the group consisting of a lipoprotein, a lipopeptide, and a protein or peptide modified with an amino acid sequence having an increased hydrophobicity or a decreased hydrophobicity.
  • one or more antigens is an antigen modified to increase hydrophobicity of the antigen.
  • at least one antigen is a modified protein or peptide.
  • the modified protein or peptide is bonded to a hydrophobic group.
  • the modified protein or peptide bonded to a hydrophobic group further comprises a linker sequence between the antigen and the hydrophobic group.
  • the hydrophobic group is a palmitoyl group.
  • at least one antigen is an unmodified protein or peptide.
  • the vaccine composition is a universal vaccine.
  • a “universal” vaccine can protect mammals against a broad range of pathogens, for example a broad range of influenza viruses, and may be effective across multiple strains of a pathogen. Successful development of a universal influenza vaccine could protect mammals against a broad variety of related pathogens rather than just a few.
  • a universal vaccine could potentially be used “off-the-shelf” and could provide some protection against newly emerging pathogens.
  • a universal influenza vaccine influenza virus could provide some protection against newly emerging viruses experts had not identified during worldwide surveillance of these viruses.
  • a universal vaccine could decrease the severity of disease, speed up the ability of the body to clear itself of the pathogen, and reduce the fatality rate of infections until a specific vaccine against that pathogen is available.
  • the vaccine composition is an anti-viral vaccine. In some embodiments described herein, the vaccine composition is an anti-fungal vaccine. In some embodiments described herein, the vaccine composition is an anti-bacterial vaccine.
  • the vaccine composition is an influenza vaccine.
  • the influenza vaccine is a universal influenza vaccine. It is demonstrated in the present disclosure that the cationic lipids induce significantly enhanced antibody protection when formulated with the inactivated H3N2, N1N1, and Brisbane strains of the influenza virus. There is a well-established CD8 T cell epitope within hemagglutinin (HA) from the mouse-adapted PR8 strain of virus (H1N1): HA 518-526 , IYSTVASSL, K d restricted. Vaccination with this epitope has been shown to protect mice from lethal infection.
  • HA hemagglutinin
  • This epitope is also shared in the H5N1 virus A/Vietnam/2004 containing full-length hemagglutinin. Immunization with H5 can induce cross-protective CD8 immunity to H1N1 in mice, and thus is considered a good model for cross protective immunity. Effective cross-presentation of the inactivated H5N1 vaccine when formulated with a cationic lipid is shown to lead to significantly enhanced CTL against the CD8 epitope IYSTVASSL.
  • the ability of the cationic lipids to cause the exogenous HA proteins from the inactivated virus to be internalized, processed and presented as a peptide via the MHC-class I pathway in addition to presenting the proteins via the MHC class II pathway provides a novel approach to the development of an effective universal influenza vaccine based on recombinant HA proteins or live attenuated and inactivated viruses.
  • the influenza vaccine comprises a glycoprotein antigen found on the surface of an influenza virus.
  • the antigen is a hemagglutinin antigen.
  • the hemagglutinin antigen comprises an epitope region HA 518-526 .
  • influenza vaccine is a neuraminidase subunit vaccine. In other embodiments described herein, influenza vaccine is an H3N2 vaccine. In yet other embodiments described herein, influenza vaccine is an N1N1 vaccine. In other embodiments described herein, influenza vaccine is a Brisbane vaccine. In yet other embodiments described herein, influenza vaccine is an H1N1 vaccine.
  • influenza vaccine comprises one or more protein antigens from one or more influenza viruses.
  • influenza vaccine comprises an inactivated virus (e.g. an inactivated whole virus).
  • influenza vaccine comprises an attenuated virus.
  • influenza vaccine comprises a disrupted virus.
  • influenza vaccine comprises a recombinant virus.
  • the vaccine composition is capable of inducing a humoral immune response.
  • the term “humoral immune response” is related to the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins and certain antimicrobial peptides.
  • the humoral immune response is an antibody response.
  • the vaccine composition is capable of inducing a humoral immune response against a conserved region of a pathogen.
  • the vaccine composition is capable of inducing a cellular immune response.
  • cellular immune response is related to the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen, and the like.
  • the cellular immune response is a T cell response.
  • the T cell response is a CD 8+ T cell response.
  • the vaccine composition is capable of inducing a cellular immune response against a conserved region of a pathogen.
  • the vaccine composition is capable of effecting antigen cross presentation to induce a humoral immune response and a cellular immune response in the patient.
  • the vaccine composition is capable of cross-presentation of one or more antigens.
  • the vaccine composition generates a humoral immune response and a cellular immune response.
  • the vaccine composition induces an immune response in a mammal by activating the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway.
  • MAP mitogen-activated protein
  • Induction of an immune response by adjuvants such as cationic lipids are described, for example, in PCT/US2008/057678 (WO/2008/116078; “Stimulation of an Immune Response by Cationic Lipids”) and PCT/US2009/040500 (WO/2009/129227; “Stimulation of an Immune Response by Enantiomers of Cationic Lipids”), the entire disclosures of both incorporated herein by reference.
  • the MAP kinase signaling pathway is activated by stimulating at least one of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (“ERK”)-1, ERK-2, and p38.
  • the composition enhances functional antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response.
  • ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase
  • p38 extracellular signal-regulated kinase
  • the composition enhances functional antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response.
  • the term “mammal” is well known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the mammal is a human.
  • a method of treating a disease in a mammal comprises comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • treatment refers to a prophylactic treatment which increases the resistance of a subject to infection with a pathogen or decreases the likelihood that the subject will become infected with the pathogen; and/or treatment after the subject has become infected in order to fight the infection, e.g., reduce or eliminate the infection or prevent it from becoming worse.
  • the method is a prophylactic treatment.
  • the disease is a pathogenic disease. In other embodiments, the disease is caused by multiple strains of a pathogen. In certain embodiments, the disease is influenza.
  • the method induces a humoral immune response in the mammal.
  • the humoral immune response is an antibody response.
  • the humoral immune response is against a conserved region of a pathogen.
  • the method induces a cellular immune response in the mammal.
  • the cellular immune response is a T cell response.
  • the T cell response is a CD 8+ T cell response.
  • the cellular immune response is against a conserved region of a pathogen.
  • the method induces a humoral immune response and a cellular immune response in the mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the administration activates an immune response via the MAP kinase signaling pathway in cells of the immune system of the mammal.
  • the MAP kinase signaling pathway is activated by stimulating at least one of ERK-1, ERK-2, and p38.
  • the immune response activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the mammal.
  • the cytotoxic T lymphocytes are CD8+ T cells.
  • the administration enhances functional antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte response.
  • the immune response activates an antibody response in the mammal.
  • the immune response activates interferon-gamma (IFN- ⁇ ) in the mammal.
  • IFN- ⁇ interferon-gamma
  • a method of preventing a disease in a mammal comprises comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • the vaccine composition and the method of treating a disease in a mammal are applicable to the method of preventing a disease in a mammal described herein.
  • a method of effecting antigen cross presentation to induce a humoral immune response and a cellular immune response in a mammal comprises the step of administering an effective amount of a vaccine composition to the mammal, wherein the vaccine composition comprises at least one adjuvant and at least one antigen, and wherein the adjuvant is a cationic lipid.
  • the vaccine composition, the method of treating a disease in a mammal, and the method of preventing a disease in a mammal are applicable to the method of effecting antigen cross presentation to induce a humoral immune response and a cellular immune response in a mammal described herein.
  • Sterile water for injection (WFI) or a buffer was used in all liposome preparation procedures.
  • R-DOTAP was used as an exemplary cationic lipid.
  • Liposomes used these studies were made using lipid films. Lipid films were made in glass vials by (1) dissolving the lipids in an organic solvent such as chloroform, and (2) evaporating the chloroform solution under a steady stream of dry nitrogen gas. Traces of organic solvent were removed by keeping the films under vacuum overnight. The lipid films were then hydrated by adding the required amount of WFI or buffer to make a final concentration of 4 mM or 8 mM R-DOTAP cationic lipid. The suspensions were then extruded to a size of 200 nm and stored at 4° C. Other cationic lipids and methods used in general liposome preparation that are well known to those skilled in the art may also be used.
  • a commercial influenza vaccine formulation containing three influenza antigens B Brisbane, A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2) was diluted to 60 ⁇ g/ml or 12 ⁇ g/ml in PBS and then mixed 1:1 v/v with 8 mM or 4 mM R-DOTAP or PBS to produce 30 and 6 ⁇ g/ml in PBS, with 4 mM DOTAP, or 2 mM DOTAP, or PBS. Mixing was performed by pipetting up and down. no emulsion was created. Solution was slightly turbid, but transparent, typical of DOTAP formulations. No precipitate was visible
  • mice were injected subcutaneously in the shaved flank with 100 ⁇ l to deliver a final dose of 3 ⁇ g or 0.6 ⁇ g of the antigen in either PBS, 4 mM R-DOTAP or 2 mM R-DOTAP.
  • the mice were injected on day 0, then again with the identical formulation on day 21.
  • Tail vein bleeds were performed on days 14 and 35.
  • Serum was stored frozen at ⁇ 80° C. prior to testing. Samples were coded with respect to the treatment groups. A Hemagglutination inhibition assay was performed against the viruses A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2) to quantify the anti-influenza antibody induction and resulting protective efficacy of the vaccines.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the commercial vaccine demonstrated no protective antibody production against the H3N2 virus.
  • the cationic lipid-based vaccine however demonstrated a significant increase in HAI titers.
  • the high antigen dose vaccine shows about an 8-10 fold increase in antibody induction potency with high or low amounts of R-DOTAP.
  • the low antigen dose vaccine demonstrated about a 40-fold increase in antibody induction potency with either of the vaccine formulations containing the high or low amounts of R-DOTAP.
  • the low dose antigen vaccine with R-DOTAP increased potency about 8-fold compared to the high antigen dose commercial vaccine.
  • mice were injected subcutaneously in the shaved flank with 100 ⁇ l to deliver a final dose of 3 ⁇ g or 0.6 ⁇ g of the antigen in either PBS, 4 mM R-DOTAP or 2 mM R-DOTAP.
  • the mice were injected on day 0, then again with the identical formulation on day 21.
  • Tail vein bleeds were performed on days 14 and 35.
  • Serum was stored frozen at ⁇ 80° C. prior to testing. Samples were coded with respect to the treatment groups. A Hemagglutination inhibition assay was performed against the virus A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) to quantify the antibody induction and protective efficacy of the vaccines.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the cationic lipid-based vaccine demonstrated a superior increase in HAI titers.
  • the R-DOTAP based vaccine demonstrated a 2-8 fold increase in antibody induction potency depending on antigen and cationic lipids dose.
  • the low antigen dose vaccine with R-DOTAP is at least as potent as the high antigen dose commercial vaccine containing a 5-fold higher antigen dose.
  • mice were injected subcutaneously in the shaved flank with 100 ⁇ l to deliver a final dose of 3 ⁇ g or 0.6 ⁇ g of the antigen in either PBS, 4 mM R-DOTAP or 2 mM R-DOTAP.
  • the mice were injected on day 0, then again with the identical formulation on day 21.
  • Tail vein bleeds were performed on days 14 and 35.
  • Serum was stored frozen at ⁇ 80° C. prior to testing. Samples were coded with respect to the treatment groups. A Hemagglutination inhibition assay was performed against the virus B Brisbane to quantify the antibody induction and protective efficacy of the vaccines.
  • TIV vaccines like Fluzone consist of mostly HA protein and do not generate significant CD8 T cell responses. Examples 2-4 show that R-DOTAP can greatly enhance the antibody response to HA after Fluzone vaccination.
  • the peptide IYSTVASSL is used in an IFN ⁇ ELISPOT assay, along with an irrelevant peptide to assess CD8 responses.
  • CFA Complete Freund's Adjuvant
  • mice BALB/c mice, 5 mice/group Vaccinate on Day 0, boost on Day 7, perform ELISPOT on day 14.
  • IFN-gamma ELISPOT plates 2.5 ⁇ 105 splenocytes/well, stimulatory peptides: HA 518-526 and HPV E6 29-38 (irrelevant peptide), both at 10 mM.
  • the ELISPOT plates were developed and the plates scanned and IFN-gamma spots counted.
  • ELISPOTS were obtained to the HA 518-526 epitope after vaccination with H5N1 alone, and greater number of spots were obtained after adjuvanting with CFA or R-DOTAP ( FIG. 4 ).
  • CFA enhanced the H5N1 spots only modestly, whereas R-DOTAP stimulated a 2-fold enhancement of the response.
  • the response was specific: very low numbers of spots in the no-peptide wells or in response to the irrelevant peptide. However, there were significant “background” spots in the wells from CFA vaccinated mice (up to 25 spots). This is in keeping with the high level of non-specific immune activation following CFA immunization.
  • HLA-A2 mice were injected subcutaneously with R-DOTAP formulated with HPV-16 E7 peptide (aa43-57). The mice were vaccinated on days 1, 21, and 42 and blood was drawn on day 57 and evaluated by ELISA for the induction of IgG and IgM antibodies to the peptide vaccine.
  • the T-cell immune responses using vaccine formulations comprising varying cationic lipid nanoparticles and varying antigen assemblies were evaluated by ELISPOT.
  • the vaccine formulations were be formulated using various cationic lipid nanoparticles DOEPC and DOTMA, and compared with the emulsion adjuvant MontanideTM.
  • the antigen comprised the peptide antigen palmitoy-KSSGQAEPDRAHYNIVTF [SEQ. ID. No. 3] (0.11 mM), and the cationic lipid DOEPC (1 mM).
  • the antigen comprised the peptide antigen palmitoy-KSSGQAEPDRAHYNIVTF [SEQ. ID. No. 3] (0.11 mM), and the cationic lipid DOTMA (1 mM).
  • the antigen assembly comprised the modified peptide antigen [SEQ. ID. No. 3] (0.11 mM) and the emulsion adjuvant MontanideTM.
  • T-cell potency of the various vaccine formulations was evaluated by determining the antigen-specific immune response via ELISPOT to the T-cell epitope peptide HPV-16 E7 49-57 RAHYNIVTF [SEQ. ID. No. 2].
  • ELISPOTS were obtained to the E7 49-57 epitope after vaccination of DOTMA, DOEPC and MontanideTM, each formulated with SEQ1.
  • a greater number of spots was obtained after formulating with the cationic lipids DOTMA or DOEPC compared to the MontanideTM adjuvant (see FIG. 5 ).
  • This example demonstrates show that the cationic lipids act as potent immunomodulatory adjuvants and induce superior CD8+ T-cell immune responses compared to the emulsion adjuvant MontanideTM.
  • CD8 T cell epitope within hemagglutinin from the mouse-adapted PR8 strain of virus (H1N1): HA 518-526 , IYSTVASSL, K d restricted.
  • the peptide IYSTVASSL is used in an IFN ⁇ ELISPOT assay, along with an irrelevant peptide to assess CD8 responses.
  • DOTMA or DOEPC including enantiomers of each
  • DOEPC including enantiomers of each
  • CFA Complete Freund's Adjuvant
  • mice/group can be evaluated Vaccinate on Day 0, boost on Day 7, perform ELISPOT on day 14.
  • IFN-gamma ELISPOT plates 2.5 ⁇ 105 splenocytes/well, stimulatory peptides: HA 518-526 and HPV E6 29-38 (irrelevant peptide), both at 10 mM.
  • the ELISPOT plates can be developed and the plates can be scanned and IFN-gamma spots can be counted.

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