KR101451056B1 - 열교환기 및 공기 조화기 - Google Patents
열교환기 및 공기 조화기 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR101451056B1 KR101451056B1 KR1020137021962A KR20137021962A KR101451056B1 KR 101451056 B1 KR101451056 B1 KR 101451056B1 KR 1020137021962 A KR1020137021962 A KR 1020137021962A KR 20137021962 A KR20137021962 A KR 20137021962A KR 101451056 B1 KR101451056 B1 KR 101451056B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- portions
- heat transfer
- heat exchanger
- fins
- louvers
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 32
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 26
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003657 drainage water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
- F28F1/32—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
- F28F1/325—Fins with openings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
- F28F1/30—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means being attachable to the element
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
- F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
- F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
- F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
- F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
- F28D1/05383—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with multiple rows of conduits or with multi-channel conduits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/126—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element consisting of zig-zag shaped fins
- F28F1/128—Fins with openings, e.g. louvered fins
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
- F28F1/32—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F17/00—Removing ice or water from heat-exchange apparatus
- F28F17/005—Means for draining condensates from heat exchangers, e.g. from evaporators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/0068—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for refrigerant cycles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2215/00—Fins
- F28F2215/04—Assemblies of fins having different features, e.g. with different fin densities
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2215/00—Fins
- F28F2215/12—Fins with U-shaped slots for laterally inserting conduits
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JPJP-P-2011-011248 | 2011-01-21 | ||
JP2011011248 | 2011-01-21 | ||
PCT/JP2012/000401 WO2012098919A1 (ja) | 2011-01-21 | 2012-01-23 | 熱交換器および空気調和機 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR20130129428A KR20130129428A (ko) | 2013-11-28 |
KR101451056B1 true KR101451056B1 (ko) | 2014-10-16 |
Family
ID=46515552
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020137021962A KR101451056B1 (ko) | 2011-01-21 | 2012-01-23 | 열교환기 및 공기 조화기 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20130299141A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2657637A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5141840B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101451056B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN103299150B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2012208125A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2012098919A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015058452A1 (zh) * | 2013-10-21 | 2015-04-30 | 美的集团股份有限公司 | 换热器翅片及采用该换热器翅片的换热器 |
EP2869015B1 (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2017-09-20 | MAHLE International GmbH | Method of using asymmetric corrugated fins with louvers |
US20150211807A1 (en) * | 2014-01-29 | 2015-07-30 | Trane International Inc. | Heat Exchanger with Fluted Fin |
EP3144624A4 (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2018-02-14 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Heat exchanger, and refrigeration cycle device provided with heat exchanger |
JP6361452B2 (ja) * | 2014-10-16 | 2018-07-25 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 冷媒蒸発器 |
JP6036788B2 (ja) * | 2014-10-27 | 2016-11-30 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 熱交換器 |
CN104764353B (zh) * | 2015-04-24 | 2017-07-28 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | 换热器翅片及换热器 |
EP3306251B1 (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2022-07-13 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Heat exchanger |
FR3038977B1 (fr) * | 2015-07-17 | 2019-08-30 | Valeo Systemes Thermiques | Echangeur de chaleur a ailettes comprenant des persiennes ameliorees |
KR20170015146A (ko) * | 2015-07-31 | 2017-02-08 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 열교환기 |
KR101730172B1 (ko) * | 2015-08-03 | 2017-04-25 | 동환산업 주식회사 | 헤더파이프의 수직배치 구조를 갖는 차량용 에어컨 증발기 |
CN106705270B (zh) * | 2015-11-12 | 2020-07-17 | 浙江盾安人工环境股份有限公司 | 换热器 |
CN205352165U (zh) * | 2015-12-16 | 2016-06-29 | 杭州三花微通道换热器有限公司 | 换热器芯体和具有它的换热器 |
CN106918261B (zh) * | 2015-12-25 | 2022-03-08 | 浙江盾安热工科技有限公司 | 一种翅片及热交换器 |
CN109073332B (zh) * | 2016-04-13 | 2020-12-15 | 大金工业株式会社 | 热交换器 |
CN113357937B (zh) * | 2017-12-07 | 2024-06-11 | 浙江盾安机械有限公司 | 翅片及换热器 |
JP7092987B2 (ja) * | 2018-01-22 | 2022-06-29 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 室内熱交換器および空気調和装置 |
WO2020239120A1 (zh) * | 2019-05-31 | 2020-12-03 | 杭州三花微通道换热器有限公司 | 扁管、多通道换热器和空调制冷*** |
EP4130634B1 (en) * | 2020-03-30 | 2024-06-19 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Heat exchanger and refrigeration cycle device |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61153498A (ja) * | 1984-12-27 | 1986-07-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | フイン付熱交換器 |
JPH0271096A (ja) * | 1988-09-05 | 1990-03-09 | Matsushita Refrig Co Ltd | フィン付熱交換器 |
JP2001041670A (ja) * | 1999-07-30 | 2001-02-16 | Hitachi Ltd | クロスフィンチューブ形熱交換器 |
JP2005201467A (ja) * | 2004-01-13 | 2005-07-28 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 熱交換器 |
Family Cites Families (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2428145A (en) * | 1944-09-11 | 1947-09-30 | Pacific Metals Company Ltd | Heat transfer fin |
US3309763A (en) * | 1962-12-20 | 1967-03-21 | Borg Warner | Method for making a heat exchanger |
JPS6136698A (ja) * | 1984-07-27 | 1986-02-21 | Hitachi Ltd | 熱交換装置 |
JPS61159094A (ja) * | 1984-12-27 | 1986-07-18 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | フイン付熱交換器 |
JPS61204183U (ja) * | 1985-06-06 | 1986-12-23 | ||
EP0769669A1 (en) * | 1995-10-17 | 1997-04-23 | Norsk Hydro Technology B.V. | Heat exchanger |
JP3942210B2 (ja) * | 1996-04-16 | 2007-07-11 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 熱交換器、及びこの熱交換器を用いたルームエアコン並びにカーエアコン |
JPH11294984A (ja) | 1998-04-09 | 1999-10-29 | Zexel:Kk | 並設一体型熱交換器 |
JP4105320B2 (ja) * | 1999-02-17 | 2008-06-25 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 熱交換器 |
KR100347894B1 (ko) * | 2000-07-06 | 2002-08-09 | 엘지전자주식회사 | 세경관형 열교환기 |
US6964296B2 (en) * | 2001-02-07 | 2005-11-15 | Modine Manufacturing Company | Heat exchanger |
JP2002372389A (ja) * | 2001-06-13 | 2002-12-26 | Denso Corp | 熱交換器 |
FR2832789B1 (fr) * | 2001-11-27 | 2004-07-09 | Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa | Ailette de module d'echange de chaleur, en particulier pour vehicule automobile |
JP4096226B2 (ja) | 2002-03-07 | 2008-06-04 | 三菱電機株式会社 | フィンチューブ型熱交換器、その製造方法及び冷凍空調装置 |
JP4300508B2 (ja) * | 2002-12-25 | 2009-07-22 | 株式会社ティラド | 熱交換器用プレートフィンおよび熱交換器コア |
JP2004251554A (ja) * | 2003-02-20 | 2004-09-09 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | ヒートポンプ用室外熱交換器 |
US7578339B2 (en) * | 2003-05-23 | 2009-08-25 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Heat exchanger of plate fin and tube type |
JP2005201492A (ja) * | 2004-01-14 | 2005-07-28 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 熱交換器 |
FR2872891A1 (fr) * | 2004-07-12 | 2006-01-13 | Valeo Thermique Moteur Sas | Ailette de dispositif d'echange de chaleur a persiennes et lanieres |
JP2008045765A (ja) * | 2006-08-10 | 2008-02-28 | Denso Corp | 熱交換器 |
US7866042B2 (en) * | 2007-01-12 | 2011-01-11 | Centrum Equities Acquisition, Llc | Method for producing a split louver heat exchanger fin |
MX2009005538A (es) * | 2007-01-12 | 2009-06-08 | Proliance International Inc | Aleta de intercambiador termico. |
JP5320846B2 (ja) | 2008-06-20 | 2013-10-23 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 熱交換器 |
CN101672554B (zh) * | 2009-10-10 | 2011-01-05 | 三花丹佛斯(杭州)微通道换热器有限公司 | 具有改善排水性能的换热器 |
-
2012
- 2012-01-23 US US13/980,644 patent/US20130299141A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-01-23 JP JP2012010821A patent/JP5141840B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-01-23 AU AU2012208125A patent/AU2012208125A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-01-23 KR KR1020137021962A patent/KR101451056B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-01-23 WO PCT/JP2012/000401 patent/WO2012098919A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2012-01-23 EP EP12737182.1A patent/EP2657637A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-01-23 CN CN201280005048.0A patent/CN103299150B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61153498A (ja) * | 1984-12-27 | 1986-07-12 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | フイン付熱交換器 |
JPH0271096A (ja) * | 1988-09-05 | 1990-03-09 | Matsushita Refrig Co Ltd | フィン付熱交換器 |
JP2001041670A (ja) * | 1999-07-30 | 2001-02-16 | Hitachi Ltd | クロスフィンチューブ形熱交換器 |
JP2005201467A (ja) * | 2004-01-13 | 2005-07-28 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 熱交換器 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2657637A4 (en) | 2014-07-09 |
KR20130129428A (ko) | 2013-11-28 |
JP2012163320A (ja) | 2012-08-30 |
CN103299150B (zh) | 2015-09-16 |
CN103299150A (zh) | 2013-09-11 |
EP2657637A1 (en) | 2013-10-30 |
US20130299141A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
WO2012098919A1 (ja) | 2012-07-26 |
AU2012208125A1 (en) | 2013-08-08 |
JP5141840B2 (ja) | 2013-02-13 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A201 | Request for examination | ||
E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
E701 | Decision to grant or registration of patent right | ||
GRNT | Written decision to grant | ||
LAPS | Lapse due to unpaid annual fee |