JP6126066B2 - 電気接点材料及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
電気接点材料及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6126066B2 JP6126066B2 JP2014232326A JP2014232326A JP6126066B2 JP 6126066 B2 JP6126066 B2 JP 6126066B2 JP 2014232326 A JP2014232326 A JP 2014232326A JP 2014232326 A JP2014232326 A JP 2014232326A JP 6126066 B2 JP6126066 B2 JP 6126066B2
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- silver
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- oxide
- electrical contact
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 82
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 105
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 100
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 95
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 85
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 72
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium oxide Inorganic materials [Cd]=O CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Cd+2] CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002042 Silver nanowire Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910017937 Ag-Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910017984 Ag—Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- UENWRTRMUIOCKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl thiol Chemical compound SCC1=CC=CC=C1 UENWRTRMUIOCKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ASMQPJTXPYCZBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Cd+2].[Ag+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Cd+2].[Ag+] ASMQPJTXPYCZBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002490 spark plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000570 Cupronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150003085 Pdcl gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Natural products N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCOJWGYINOFANG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-2].[Cd+2].[O-2] XCOJWGYINOFANG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YHWAKNUUZWTIQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper cadmium(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Cd+2].[Cu+2].[O-2] YHWAKNUUZWTIQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cu] YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- MSNOMDLPLDYDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Au] MSNOMDLPLDYDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001922 gold oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 gold-cadmium oxide Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 238000000713 high-energy ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009766 low-temperature sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013411 master cell bank Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- MOFOBJHOKRNACT-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel silver Chemical compound [Ni].[Ag] MOFOBJHOKRNACT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012779 reinforcing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ONVGIJBNBDUBCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver;silver Chemical compound [Ag].[Ag+] ONVGIJBNBDUBCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002525 ultrasonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明による電気接点材料は金属を含む。前記金属は、導電性金属であり、銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)及び金(Au)からなる群から選択される。2種以上の金属が選択されてもよい。
本発明による電気接点材料は金属酸化物を含む。前記金属酸化物は、耐摩耗性を向上させる役割を果たす。前記金属酸化物としては、焼結が容易であり、機械的特性に優れたものを用いることが好ましい。前記金属酸化物としては、酸化カドミウム、酸化インジウム、酸化スズ、酸化亜鉛又はそれらの混合物を用いてもよい。本発明の一実施形態においては、前記金属酸化物として、酸化カドミウムが用いられてもよい。前記金属酸化物の含有量は、特に限定されるものではないが、金属及び金属酸化物を100重量%として、15重量%〜25重量%であることが好ましい。前記金属酸化物の含有量が15重量%未満では、耐溶着性及び耐消耗性が劣り、25重量%を超えると、加工性が劣り、酸化物粒子間の接触抵抗が高くなり、電気接点材料として用いることができず、用いたとしても接点の寿命が短くなる。
本発明による電気接点材料はカーボンナノチューブを含んでもよい。前記カーボンナノチューブは、炭素原子がsp2結合で互いに連結されて六員環ネットワーク構造を形成した管状の新素材である。前記カーボンナノチューブの直径は、炭素壁の層数に応じて異なるが、数〜数十ナノメートル(nm)程度の範囲である。前記カーボンナノチューブは、電気的・機械的・熱的特性に非常に優れているので、複合材料の強化材として用いることができる。前記カーボンナノチューブは、電気ブリッジの役割を果たし、電気接点材料の電気的・機械的特性を向上させる。
本発明による電気接点材料は銀ナノワイヤを含んでもよい。前記銀ナノワイヤは、細長比が大きいので、低い濃度でもパーコレーションスレッショルド(percolation threshold)が生じる。よって、低い銀含有量でも電気的ネットワークを形成するので、従来の電気接点材料であるAg−CdO系又はAg−Ni系合金の製造コストを低減することができる。前記銀ナノワイヤは、直径10nm〜300nm、長さ10μm〜70μmのものが好ましい。なお、図1Cは銀ナノワイヤの走査型電子顕微鏡写真である。
本発明の一態様による電気接点材料の製造方法は、(a)(i)銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)及び金(Au)からなる群から選択される1種以上の金属とニッケル(Ni)の合金と、(ii)銀ナノ粒子がコーティングされたカーボンナノチューブ(nAgCNT)、銀メッキされたカーボンナノチューブ(Ag plated CNT)、又は銀ナノワイヤとを混合して粉末混合体を製造する段階と、(b)前記粉末混合体を超音波分散させ、真空乾燥する段階と、(c)前記真空乾燥した粉末混合体を焼結する段階とを含む。
銀ナノ粒子とカーボンナノチューブの複合材(nAgCNT)を製造する。まず、AgNO3をエタノールに溶解し、その後ベンジルメルカプタンを少量添加することにより、銀ナノ粒子を形成させる。ベンジルメルカプタンのベンジル基と結合した銀ナノ粒子は、バスソニケーション(bath sonication)が行われる数時間内にCNTと結合する。こうすることにより、nAgCNTが形成される。
銀メッキされたカーボンナノチューブ(Ag plated CNT)を製造する。まず、CNTをHNO3溶液中に入れて超音波分散及び酸処理を1分間行い、その後バスソニケーションにより4時間分散させる。分散及び酸処理が行われたCNTは、真空濾過(vacuum filtration)法を用いて脱イオン水で洗浄する。洗浄されたCNTをSnCl2+HCl混合溶液とPdCl2+HCl混合溶液に順次入れて30分ずつ超音波を加えることにより、CNTの表面にSn2+とPd2+を順次結合させる。次いで、アンモニア水溶液を添加してpH8.5に調整し、CNTをAgNO3溶液及びHCHO溶液と混合することにより、Ag plated CNTを得る。
nAgCNT又はAgナノワイヤを金属、金属酸化物と均一に混合して粉末混合体を製造する。例えば、高エネルギーボールミリング(High energy ball milling)法を用いて、1〜10時間金属ジャー(jar)で混合粉末と金属ボールを1:4で混ぜることにより、均一に混合してもよい。このとき、金属粒子は初期より微細化され、酸化を防止するために金属ジャーに不活性ガスを充填する。超音波を用いた均一混合の場合は、混合粉末をエタノールなどの溶媒に分散させ、その後超音波を10分間当てることにより均一に混合する。混合された粉末は真空濾過法を用いて溶媒と分離する。分離した混合粉末は真空雰囲気1×10-3Torrで24時間乾燥した後に粉砕して得られる。
前記粉末混合体を摂氏750度〜830度の温度で1分間保持して焼結する。
本発明の一実施形態によれば、図3A〜図3Cに示すように、製造された電気接点材料は、マイクロメートルサイズの銀(Ag)粒子、ニッケル(Ni)粒子、酸化カドミウム粒子と、銀ナノ粒子がコーティングされたカーボンナノチューブ(nAgCNT)(図3A)、銀メッキされたカーボンナノチューブ(Ag plated CNT)(図3B)、銀ナノワイヤ(図3C)とを含む。
マグネットバー(magnetic bar)を用いた攪拌機を用いて、AgNO3をエタノールに1時間溶解し、その後ベンジルメルカプタンを少量添加して3日間攪拌することにより、銀ナノ粒子を形成させた。ベンジルメルカプタンのベンジル基と結合した銀ナノ粒子は、バスソニケーションが行われる数時間内にCNTと結合した。
マイクロサイズの銀粉末(59.9重量%)、合成されたnAgCNT(0.1重量%)及びニッケル粉末(40重量%)を、それぞれ、エタノールに入れて超音波(ultra sonication)を用いて10分間均一に分散させた。分散した溶液を合わせ、再び超音波を用いて10分間分散させた。分散した混合粉末を真空濾過法で溶媒と分離し、その後真空乾燥させた。乾燥した粉末を粉砕して最終的に混合粉末を得た。
マイクロサイズの銀粉末を60重量%用い、nAg−CNTを用いていないことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方式でAg−Ni複合体試料を製造した。
マイクロサイズの銀粒子を60重量%用い、金属酸化物であるCdOを40重量%用い、銀ナノワイヤを用いていないことを除いては、実施例3と同様の方式でAg−CdO複合体試料を製造した。
実施例1〜3及び比較例1、2で製造された電気接点の硬度及び電気伝導度を測定した結果を下記表1に示した。
硬度は、ビッカース硬度計を用いて試料の5箇所を測定してその平均値を示した。
電気伝導度は、4 point probe in−line法を用いて測定した。電気伝導度を測定してIACS(%)に換算し、その値が50%を超えれば「優秀」とし、50%未満であれば「不良」とした。
Claims (6)
- (i)銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)及び金(Au)からなる群から選択される1種以上の金属とニッケル(Ni)の合金と、
(ii)銀ナノ粒子がコーティングされたカーボンナノチューブからなり、
前記銀ナノ粒子の粒径が3nm〜5nmであり、
前記合金を100重量%として、前記金属の含有量が55重量%〜65重量%であり、前記ニッケル(Ni)の含有量が35重量%〜45重量%であり、
前記合金を100重量%として、前記カーボンナノチューブの含有量が0.1重量%〜0.5重量%であることを特徴とする電気接点材料。 - (i)銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)及び金(Au)からなる群から選択される1種以上の金属と、
(ii)酸化カドミウム、酸化インジウム、酸化スズ、酸化亜鉛又はそれらの混合物である金属酸化物と、
(iii)銀ナノ粒子がコーティングされたカーボンナノチューブからなり、
前記銀ナノ粒子の粒径が3nm〜5nmであり、
前記金属及び前記金属酸化物を100重量%として、前記金属の含有量が75重量%〜85重量%であり、前記金属酸化物の含有量が15重量%〜25重量%であり、
前記金属及び前記金属酸化物を100重量%として、前記カーボンナノチューブの含有量が0.1重量%〜0.5重量%であることを特徴とする電気接点材料。 - 前記金属が銀(Ag)である、請求項1又は2に記載の電気接点材料。
- 前記金属酸化物が酸化カドミウムである、請求項2に記載の電気接点材料。
- (a)(i)銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)及び金(Au)からなる群から選択される1種以上の金属と、(ii)酸化カドミウム、酸化インジウム、酸化スズ、酸化亜鉛又はそれらの混合物である金属酸化物と、(iii)銀ナノ粒子がコーティングされたカーボンナノチューブとを混合して粉末混合体を製造する段階と、
(b)前記粉末混合体を超音波分散させ、真空乾燥する段階と、
(c)前記真空乾燥した粉末混合体を焼結する段階とを含み、
前記銀ナノ粒子の粒径が3nm〜5nmであり、
前記金属及び前記金属酸化物を100重量%として、前記金属の含有量が75重量%〜85重量%であり、前記金属酸化物の含有量が15重量%〜25重量%であり、
前記金属及び前記金属酸化物を100重量%として、前記カーボンナノチューブの含有量が0.1重量%〜0.5重量%である、電気接点材料の製造方法。 - 前記焼結段階は、放電プラズマ焼結段階である、請求項5に記載の電気接点材料の製造方法。
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