JP5126062B2 - 液晶表示素子およびその製造方法並びにそれを備えた電子ペーパー - Google Patents
液晶表示素子およびその製造方法並びにそれを備えた電子ペーパー Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
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- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
- C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
- C09K19/10—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings
- C09K19/14—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a carbon chain
- C09K19/18—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a carbon chain the chain containing carbon-to-carbon triple bonds, e.g. tolans
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- C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
- C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
- C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
- C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
- C09K19/3003—Compounds containing at least two rings in which the different rings are directly linked (covalent bond)
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- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
- C09K19/58—Dopants or charge transfer agents
- C09K19/586—Optically active dopants; chiral dopants
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- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1339—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells
- G02F1/13394—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells spacers regularly patterned on the cell subtrate, e.g. walls, pillars
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/13718—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on a change of the texture state of a cholesteric liquid crystal
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K2019/0444—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group
- C09K2019/0448—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group the end chain group being a polymerizable end group, e.g. -Sp-P or acrylate
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1341—Filling or closing of cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
- G02F1/13476—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells in which at least one liquid crystal cell or layer assumes a scattering state
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
- G02F1/13478—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells based on selective reflection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
- G02F2201/08—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 light absorbing layer
- G02F2201/086—UV absorbing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
- G02F2201/50—Protective arrangements
- G02F2201/503—Arrangements improving the resistance to shock
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/30—Gray scale
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/02—Composition of display devices
- G09G2300/023—Display panel composed of stacked panels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3622—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using a passive matrix
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
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Description
3b、43b B用液晶層
3g、43g G用液晶層
3r、43r R用液晶層
6b、46b B表示部
6g、46g G表示部
6r、46r R表示部
7b、7g、7r、47b、47g、47r 上基板
9b、9g、9r、49b、49g、49r 下基板
12 画素領域
12b 青(B)画素領域
12g 緑(G)画素領域
12r 赤(R)画素領域
15 可視光吸収層
17r、17g、17b 走査電極
19r、19g、19b データ電極
21b、21b、21r シール材
23 制御回路
24 駆動部
25 走査電極駆動回路
27 データ電極駆動回路
31 壁面構造体
33 液晶(液晶分子)
35 ポリマー層
41b、41g、41r パルス電圧源
61 モノマー
63 ポリマー
71 フォトマスク
133 開口部
液晶表示素子1の押圧および曲げに対する耐性を調べた。液晶表示素子1は、曲率半径R=30mmの曲げに対して、記憶された表示に変化は見られなかった。また、液晶表示素子1は、6kg/cm2の押圧に対しても記憶された表示に変化は見られなかった。
光硬化性物質である単官能アクリルモノマーをコレステリック液晶に混合せず、光硬化性物質を硬化させるための工程(図11および図12に示す工程)を省略する以外は、液晶表示素子1と同様の製造方法により、液晶表示素子を作製した。当該液晶表示素子の押圧および曲げに対する耐性を調べた。当該液晶表示素子は、曲率半径R=60mmの曲げに対して、記憶された表示に変化はみられなかったものの、それ以上の曲げに対しては表示の乱れが確認された。また、当該液晶表示素子の耐押圧は、2kg/cm2であった。耐押圧は、液晶表示素子の表示面を人が指で押圧したときに、その液晶表示素子が表示変化に耐えうる最大の指の押圧力を示す。
例えば、上記実施の形態では、パッシブマトリクス型(単純マトリクス型)の液晶表示素子を例に挙げたが、本発明はこれに限らず、画素毎に薄膜トランジスタ(TFT)または薄膜ダイオード(TFD)などのスイッチング素子が備えられたアクティブマトリクス型の液晶表示素子にも適用できる。
Claims (10)
- 対向配置された一対の基板と、
前記一対の基板間に封止され、メモリ性を有する液晶と、
前記一対の基板の双方に接触して形成された壁面構造体と、
前記壁面構造体で囲まれた領域を連結する開口部と、
前記液晶及び前記壁面構造体のいずれとも異なる材料の重合性物質を重合して前記開口部に形成したポリマー層と
を有することを特徴とする液晶表示素子。 - 請求項1記載の液晶表示素子において、
前記重合性物質は、光硬化性を有すること
を特徴とする液晶表示素子。 - 請求項2記載の液晶表示素子において、
前記重合性物質は、室温(25℃)で液晶性を示すこと
を特徴とする液晶表示素子。 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の液晶表示素子において、
前記壁面構造体は、前記一対の基板の双方に接着されていること
を特徴とする液晶表示素子。 - 請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項に記載の液晶表示素子において、
前記壁面構造体及び前記ポリマー層は、切れ目のない構造体を形成していること
を特徴とする液晶表示素子。 - 画像を表示する電子ペーパーにおいて、
請求項1乃至5のいずれか1項に記載の液晶表示素子を備えていること
を特徴とする電子ペーパー。 - 一対の基板の一方の基板上に、壁面構造体と、前記壁面構造体で囲まれた領域を連結する開口部とを形成し、
前記壁面構造体が前記一対の基板の双方に接触するように前記一対の基板を貼り合わせ、
メモリ性を有する液晶と前記液晶及び前記壁面構造体のいずれとも異なる材料であり光硬化性を有する重合性物質とを前記一対の基板間に注入し、
前記開口部を露光して前記重合性物質を重合し、
前記開口部にポリマー層を形成すること
を特徴とする液晶表示素子の製造方法。 - 請求項7記載の液晶表示素子の製造方法において、
前記重合性物質は、室温(25℃)で液晶性を示すこと
を特徴とする液晶表示素子の製造方法。 - 請求項7又は8に記載の液晶表示素子の製造方法において、
前記壁面構造体及び前記ポリマー層が切れ目のない構造体を形成するように前記壁面構造体及び前記ポリマー層を形成すること
を特徴とする液晶表示素子の製造方法。 - 請求項7乃至9のいずれか1項に記載の液晶表示素子の製造方法において、
前記開口部に前記ポリマー層を形成した後に画素領域を露光して、前記画素領域内部に残存する前記重合性物質を重合すること
を特徴とする液晶表示素子の製造方法。
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KR101114762B1 (ko) * | 2010-02-05 | 2012-02-29 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 컬러 전자 종이 키패드 장치 |
US11435610B2 (en) | 2014-11-17 | 2022-09-06 | Alphamicron Incorporated | Method for producing a flexible electro-optic cell |
US10914991B2 (en) | 2014-11-17 | 2021-02-09 | Alphamicron Incorporated | Method for producing a flexible electro-optic cell |
JP7027165B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-17 | 2022-03-01 | アルファマイクロン インコーポレイテッド | 軟質電気光学セルを生成する方法 |
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CN117289514B (zh) * | 2023-09-15 | 2024-05-14 | 南通芯洛图电子科技有限公司 | 一种抗按压反射式显示器件及其制造方法 |
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JPS63116126A (ja) * | 1986-11-05 | 1988-05-20 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | 液晶表示装置 |
JPH0728039A (ja) * | 1993-07-15 | 1995-01-31 | Sharp Corp | 液晶表示素子およびその製造方法 |
JP2001305551A (ja) * | 2000-04-18 | 2001-10-31 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | コレステリック液晶表示素子 |
JP2001311952A (ja) * | 2000-04-28 | 2001-11-09 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 表示素子 |
WO2006100713A1 (ja) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-28 | Fujitsu Limited | 液晶表示素子 |
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JPS5813515A (ja) | 1981-07-17 | 1983-01-26 | Shionogi & Co Ltd | 抗アルドステロン活性ステロイド誘導体 |
JP3400872B2 (ja) | 1994-09-05 | 2003-04-28 | 新日本石油化学株式会社 | 表示装置 |
JPH10307288A (ja) | 1997-05-09 | 1998-11-17 | Minolta Co Ltd | 液晶素子及びその製造方法 |
JP4190089B2 (ja) * | 1998-06-30 | 2008-12-03 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置およびその製造方法 |
JP3565547B2 (ja) * | 1998-07-31 | 2004-09-15 | シャープ株式会社 | カラー液晶表示装置およびその製造方法 |
JP2000147527A (ja) | 1998-11-11 | 2000-05-26 | Minolta Co Ltd | 液晶光変調素子の製造方法 |
JP2002082340A (ja) | 2000-09-08 | 2002-03-22 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | フラットパネルディスプレイの作製方法 |
JP2004219948A (ja) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-08-05 | Nippon Hoso Kyokai <Nhk> | 液晶光学素子およびその製造方法 |
TWI368069B (en) * | 2007-04-14 | 2012-07-11 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Color cholesteric liquid crystal display devices and fabrication methods thereof |
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JPS63116126A (ja) * | 1986-11-05 | 1988-05-20 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | 液晶表示装置 |
JPH0728039A (ja) * | 1993-07-15 | 1995-01-31 | Sharp Corp | 液晶表示素子およびその製造方法 |
JP2001305551A (ja) * | 2000-04-18 | 2001-10-31 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | コレステリック液晶表示素子 |
JP2001311952A (ja) * | 2000-04-28 | 2001-11-09 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 表示素子 |
WO2006100713A1 (ja) * | 2005-03-18 | 2006-09-28 | Fujitsu Limited | 液晶表示素子 |
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US8139196B2 (en) | 2012-03-20 |
WO2008041268A1 (fr) | 2008-04-10 |
US20090231526A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
JPWO2008041268A1 (ja) | 2010-01-28 |
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