EP1525357B1 - Structure de mur et element de construction correspondant - Google Patents

Structure de mur et element de construction correspondant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1525357B1
EP1525357B1 EP02751048A EP02751048A EP1525357B1 EP 1525357 B1 EP1525357 B1 EP 1525357B1 EP 02751048 A EP02751048 A EP 02751048A EP 02751048 A EP02751048 A EP 02751048A EP 1525357 B1 EP1525357 B1 EP 1525357B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wall
energy
layer
air
facing
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP02751048A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1525357A1 (fr
Inventor
Christoph Schwan
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URBIGKEIT STEFAN
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URBIGKEIT STEFAN
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B1/7608—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only comprising a prefabricated insulating layer, disposed between two other layers or panels
    • E04B1/7612—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only comprising a prefabricated insulating layer, disposed between two other layers or panels in combination with an air space
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0256—Special features of building elements
    • E04B2002/0286—Building elements with coatings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a wall structure for a masonry building exterior wall with a Hämauerwerk and a facing brick and a component for such a wall structure.
  • a wall structure for a masonry building exterior wall which has a Hämauerwerk and a facing brick.
  • an insulating layer is provided on the rear masonry facing side of the facing wall, which is provided at its the back masonry facing side with a heat radiation reflective layer, and is provided a further insulation layer on the facing wall facing the masonry facing.
  • FIGS. 2 to 7 show for better understanding of the present invention cross-sections of hitherto conventional masonry and also by types of masonry with reinforced insulation layers.
  • the wall cross-section according to Fig. 2 illustrates a einschaliges masonry of conventional bricks 12, such as bricks or sand-lime bricks.
  • the masonry has a standard thickness of 36.5 cm, and it is provided on both sides with plaster 1 (exterior plaster) and 6 (interior plaster).
  • the wall structure combines supporting and facade technology functions in one. As far as building physics is concerned, the dew zone is located in the interior of the wall cross-section, depending on the climatic conditions of the room, the working heating system and the weather conditions. There it comes to condensation and a measurable moisture penetration of the building material with a corresponding increase in the thermal conductivity.
  • the water which has become drippable migrates capillary to the outer wall where it is dried off more or less quickly depending on the wind speed and relative humidity of the outside air. Under unfavorable conditions, the dew zone on the inside of the wall or immediately behind it, so it also comes to condensation on the inside of the room, associated with all by-products such as the formation of black mold.
  • the wall construction according to Fig. 2 absorbs the irradiated solar energy well. In the moistened condensation water the solar energy is passed on particularly well. In this respect, it is a good and proven wall construction, but no longer meets the requirements of the future Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV).
  • EnEV Energy Saving Ordinance
  • the in Fig. 3 shown wall construction corresponds to the Fig. 2 with the exception that it is externally provided with a usually about 80 mm thick insulating layer 4, which is mechanically attached to the masonry.
  • insulating layer 4 which is mechanically attached to the masonry.
  • the outer plaster 1 is in particular a synthetic resin plaster, which is reinforced in different ways, for example, with PVC fabric. Since the insulating effect of this construction is mainly generated by the insulating material, the wall thickness is reduced to the statically required level of 24 cm.
  • the outer thin, approximately 5 mm thick plaster layer 1 is heated, but also cools down very quickly because of their low absolute heat storage capacity.
  • the heating by irradiation also to a desirable extent promotes the drying of the insulating layer 4.
  • This construction is very disadvantageous in the case of darker coloring and strongly absorbing the solar energy, since the then considerable temperature stresses can lead to crack formation in the plaster layer 1.
  • the manufacturers of these insulation systems therefore rightly advise against a dark color. Overall, this wall construction is almost completely shielded against the irradiation gains.
  • Fig. 4 The wall construction after Fig. 4 corresponds to that of Fig. 3 , however, according to new EnEV with considerably strengthened insulating layer 4, whose recommended Minimum insulation thickness is 20 cm.
  • the technical function is essentially the same as in Fig. 3 , However, there may be static problems due to significant extra weights in the insulating layer 4 and significant Kragmomente in their anchorages.
  • the wall construction is alarming according to Fig. 4 even in conjunction with the indispensable vapor barriers even in warm and humid summer climate with rotated temperature and steam pressure drop, as it will come to condensation on the inside of the insulation.
  • the vapor barrier located there is then - as building physical outside - a source of structural damage.
  • Fig. 5 shows another traditional wall construction, consisting of a load-bearing brickwork 5 made of bricks or sand-lime bricks or other masonry materials, including concrete.
  • the masonry 5 is usually about 24 cm thick, and it is provided on the inside of the room with plaster 6.
  • an approximately 5 cm thick flowing air layer 3 is arranged.
  • the weather skin consists of a usually about 11.5 cm strong exposed masonry 2 of facing bricks or equally well suited other Vormauermaterial.
  • the background masonry 5 forms the outer supporting wall of the relevant building with predominantly static functions.
  • the flowing air layer 3 has the task of dew water in the front wall cross section, which passes capillary to the outer wall surface to dry.
  • the facing layer 2 serves as a facade and weather skin.
  • the arrangement of the Fig. 5 a good wall construction, which is preferably used in coastal areas of northern Germany. However, it does not meet the requirements for minimum heat protection, and it is completely inadmissible under the new EnEV.
  • Fig. 6 shows a meanwhile widespread wall construction, in which, for example, a 24 cm thick supporting inner wall (Hintermauerwerk) 5 are provided with superior insulating layer 4, a rear ventilation zone 3 and an example 11.5 cm thick weather skin from facing bricks 2.
  • This wall construction is about the same as building construction Fig. 3 to rate.
  • the facing layer 2 is not rated thermally. she can be replaced by any other type of superior and ventilated facade.
  • solar radiation there are only minimal differences to the wall structure Fig. 3 , It is a good wall construction with sufficient heat storage and sufficient insulation effect, which is assessed as insufficient according to the future EnEV.
  • the Hintermauerwerk 5 takes over essentially static tasks. Since a 24 cm thick brick or sand-lime brick wall does not provide sufficient thermal protection, the back-masonry 5 of the arrangement according to Fig. 6 wear an insulating layer 4 of at least 60 mm on its side facing the facing wall 2 in order to meet the requirements of DIN 4108. Between the insulating layer 4 and the inside of the facing wall 2 is the example in the example about 50 mm wide air gap 3 for ventilation of the facing wall 2. An interior wall plaster is indicated again at 6.
  • Such a conventional wall construction is based on the standardized requirements for thermal insulation in building construction.
  • the standard (DIN 4108) is based on the idea of a "heat flow", and the standardized insulation technique therefore tries to increase the insulating capacity of a wall construction by incorporating materials with low thermal conductivity. This succeeds quite well even with correct dimensioning of the insulation materials.
  • DIN 4108 which was initially only intended to prevent thawing damage, a change in meaning has begun. For years the goal of the standard is more and more the energy saving. Consequently, over the years the minimum thicknesses of the insulating layers have been continually increased in the standard.
  • the built-in insulating material turns out to be very disadvantageous because it hinders the energy flow from outside to inside.
  • the flowing air layer extracts the radiated energy by convection of the front wall shell before it can benefit the back wall.
  • the layer thickness before the thawing zone is already 8 to 10 cm thick. This distance can no longer be overcome by the water. The water thus remains in the insulating material, where it soaks through the area of the dew zone. The soaked area becomes ineffective as an insulating layer. It turns into the opposite of a thermal insulation, namely a zone of increased heat conduction. In the self-paced further The process moves the dew zone further inwards and finally reaches the wall cross-section. It comes to the wetting of the masonry, which is a source of considerable structural damage.
  • This object is based on a wall structure for a masonry building exterior wall with a background masonry and a facing brick achieved in that the front wall shell is at least partially constructed of components such as bricks, bricks or the like, which are provided only on their the back wall facing side with a heat radiation reflecting layer and according to the invention between the facing wall and the back masonry no insulation layers are provided, however, a substantially standing air layer is formed.
  • the invention is based on the finding that the above-described conventional wall construction only takes into account the problem of heat conduction within the building materials, because the "k-numbers" contained in the standard (heat coefficients in W / (m 2 x ° K) only say something about
  • energy losses are not caused by energy turnover within the building materials, but only by the fact that heat energy is released to the environment, but how the energy transfer from an outer wall into the environment takes place can not be deduced from the k-numbers and is also not the subject of relevant standards.
  • components of the facing brick itself especially brick or sand-lime bricks, but also provided for subsequent plaster bricks of the facing wall or other materials used for the production of shells in masonry materials, formed at their the masonry facing side heat radiation reflective by having a reflective layer, eg made of vapor-deposited aluminum or other materials with a reflective effect.
  • a reflective layer eg made of vapor-deposited aluminum or other materials with a reflective effect.
  • the heat energy emitted from inside and radiated outwards is for the most part reflected in the heated masonry cross section.
  • the ventilated front shell is the ventilated front shell. Additional insulating layers are unnecessary here. As far as they are to be used anyway, they can be kept very weak.
  • the insolation gains from sunlight are considerable even in winter. These are also not significantly hindered by the heat radiation-reflecting formation of components of the facing brick, for example by vapor deposition of an aluminum layer. A reflection of the radiated energy back into the facing shell is therefore not possible because no light waves can develop between the reflective layer and the background masonry. For this purpose, at least the wavelength of infrared light would be required. On the other hand, the radiation of the heat energy can at best be slightly hindered by the fact that bright metallic surfaces are poor emitters.
  • FIG. 1 illustrated embodiment of the novel wall structure of a masonry building exterior wall has a supporting brickwork 5 from conventional bricks, which are usually about 24 cm thick. In principle, however, weaker reinforced concrete walls and the like come into consideration.
  • a facing brick 2 which in the illustrated embodiment is about 11.5 cm thick.
  • the air chambers 9 are in the illustrated embodiment, about 30 mm thick and separated by horizontally extending, the gap between the facing brick 2 and the background masonry 5 webs 10 from each other to suppress airflow.
  • a generally standing air layer is formed in the air chambers 9. This standing air layer acts as a very good Insulation layer, and it replaces the usual insulation materials in this area.
  • An interior wall plaster is again indicated at 6.
  • the facing brick 2 is constructed of components 11, which may preferably be brick or calcareous brick bricks, but for example also natural and artificial stone slabs, fiber cement boards, plastic panels or the like. Bearing and butt joints, in particular mortar joints, are indicated at 7.
  • the components 11 of the facing wall 2 are coated only on their inside reflecting heat radiation, for example, provided with a reflective layer 8 of vapor-deposited aluminum.
  • the entire masonry according to Fig. 1 is bricked in the usual way.
  • the back wall shell 5 is first established.
  • the preparation of the facing brick 2 takes place in a second operation of an outer frame.
  • a soft plate for example a rockwool plate, in the intermediate space between the facing brick 2 and the back wall shell 5, which is to be raised in accordance with the progress of the work.
  • the present wall construction is based on the finding that the release of thermal energy of a wall is predominantly by radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic wave spectrum, that this radiation can be reflected by shiny layers, preferably metal layers, that air is completely transparent to radiation and also standing or hardly moving Air layers represent by far the best insulating material against the energy transfer from particle to particle. Furthermore, this wall structure takes into account that electromagnetic waves can develop only in areas with the minimum extent of the length of a light wave, but not between densely interconnected materials such as Inner side of the components 11 of the facing wall and the reflection layer 8 applied there.
  • the heat energy introduced into the exterior wall of the building by the heating of the space reaches the outside of the supporting inner wall 5.
  • the energy arriving there is radiated from there according to the laws of radiation. It should be stressed here that, depending on the energy state of the wall construction, at least 85% of the energy output is due to thermal radiation.
  • the energy radiated on the outside of the back masonry 5 impinges on the reflection layer 8, and is therefore reflected back according to the laws of reflection.
  • a high-gloss aluminum layer is able to reflect about 80% of the radiated energy. This proportion of thermal energy is thus completely retained in masonry cross-section.
  • this low energy input into the front wall shell is desirable because the outer shell 2 should not cool below the temperature of the outside air. There she would be one Tauzone compared to the outside air with the adverse consequences analogous to the phenomena according to the wall structure in Fig. 4 , This energy input into the outer shell 2 is also unobjectionable because in this wall structure, because of the standing air layer, the front wall shell can also be included as a damping layer.
  • the vapor-permeable wall joints 7 of the outer shell 2 take over the necessary moisture balance between inner wall 5, air layer 9 and facing wall 2.
  • the entire wall structure is therefore permeable to diffusion. This is of great importance because the dew zone of this wall construction, depending on the weather and heating conditions, either in the stationary air layer or in the front wall.
  • the present construction with regard to the insolation gains from the sunlight, as they can act on the back masonry 5 substantially unhindered on the outer shell 2 on the way of the irradiation of the outer shell 2 through the air layer 3.
  • the radiation energy from the sunlight primarily heats the facing wall shell 2, so that it will heat up well above the ambient air temperature even on clear winter sun days. In the usual wall materials for facing shells this is uniformly heated after about 2 hours of irradiation.
  • the facing wall 2 is now in turn - to a small extent by convection in the now somewhat turbulent air layer in the air chambers 9, for the most part by radiation - the collected solar energy to the background masonry 5 from.
  • the air layer in the air chambers 9 is not an obstacle to the passage of heat radiation. It is therefore irrelevant to the radiation process.
  • the reflection layer 8 does not hinder the radiation, since it is deposited close to the back of the facing stones and thus a reflection in the facing wall 2 is impossible. It should be noted, however, that the reflection layer 8 is usually a relatively poor radiator, so that the radiation process to the background masonry 5 is somewhat delayed. However, this effect is desirable because it harmonizes with the very good heat capacity of masonry.
  • the wall construction according to the invention represents a revolution in conventional masonry construction, since here for the first time physical effects and events are converted into a construction in which the right conclusions in particular are drawn from the fact that the major part of the energy removal from a wall is not due to the thermal conductivity of the building materials is determined, but by the radiation of electromagnetic waves in the infrared range.
  • Facade cladding with mirrored facing bricks is the use of thin-walled facade panels, eg the ETERNIT AG, which are equipped with reflective material on the back.
  • ETERNIT AG thin-walled facade panels
  • reflective coated plates differ from uncoated material.
  • the reflective layer is a bad emitter, so that thermal energy is poorly degraded by radiation.
  • the result is a higher heating of the coated material than is the case with uncoated material.
  • it comes with the coated plate to a significantly larger temperature gradient between the plate and behind the outer wall.
  • the rooms located behind the outer wall are brought to a room air temperature of +20 ° C and by thermal conduction the wall surface has a constant temperature of +10 ° C, it can quite to a temperature gradient between plate and wall surface of 30 ° C and come in addition, although winter conditions exist.
  • a temperature gradient from outside to inside occurs with a corresponding energy flow.
  • the heat transfer coefficient "alpha" in W / m 2 ⁇ K is to be increased by 12 xw 1/2 according to generally practiced rule of thumb.
  • w is the flow velocity in m / s. Therefore, the heat transfer can be up to 50 times greater at the conventional flow velocities than is assumed with stagnant air.
  • the turbulent air layer comes to rest again and is then again an effective insulating layer.
  • the advantage of the wall structure according to the invention thus consists in that it promotes the energy transfer from outside to inside, but hinders the energy transfer from the inside to the outside.
  • the present wall structure differs fundamentally from the conventional insulation technique, the advantage of which is to reduce the transmission heat loss from the inside to the outside, but the decisive disadvantage lies in the obstruction of the exogenous energy input. It should be appreciated that in the temporal distribution of Kernfil - and heating transition times, the obstruction of the exogenous energy input by externally mounted insulation layers, the year-round energy balance is deteriorated, although the thermal conductivities are significantly improved
  • the outer wall surfaces are almost fully equipped with electrically conductive material. This also leads to some shielding against electromagnetic waves. It turned out that the reception for the widely used radiotelephones obviously deteriorated considerably. Given the concern that an excess of electromagnetic waves can lead to health damage, it is conceivable that the wall construction according to the invention is also advantageous in this regard.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Construction de mur pour un mur extérieur maçonné d'un bâtiment avec une arrière-maçonnerie et une maçonnerie de parement où la maçonnerie de parement (2) consiste au moins en partie d'éléments de construction (11) comme briques, pierres de construction ou d'éléments similaires qui sont couverts d'une couche reflétant la radiation thermique (8) seulement à leur coté intérieur tourné vers l'arrière-maçonnerie (5), caractérisée en ce que entre la maçonnerie de parement et l'arrière-maçonnerie des couches de matériel isolant ne sont pas prévues, mais une couche d'air essentiellement immobile est formée.
  2. Construction de mur selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que les éléments de construction (11), à leur coté tourné vers l'arrière-maçonnerie (1), sont métallisés d'un matériel reflétant la radiation thermique.
  3. Construction de mur selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que les éléments de construction (11) de la maçonnerie de parement (2), à leur coté intérieur, sont recouverts au moins en partie d'une couche d'aluminium ou d'almasilicium.
  4. Construction de mur selon une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la maçonnerie de parement (2) a une épaisseur de plus de 60 mm.
  5. Construction de mur selon une de revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la maçonnerie de parement (2) consiste de panneaux de façade couverts d'une couche reflétante, seulement à leur coté intérieur.
EP02751048A 2002-06-19 2002-06-19 Structure de mur et element de construction correspondant Expired - Lifetime EP1525357B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2002/006787 WO2004001148A1 (fr) 2002-06-19 2002-06-19 Structure de mur et element de construction correspondant

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1525357A1 EP1525357A1 (fr) 2005-04-27
EP1525357B1 true EP1525357B1 (fr) 2010-04-07

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EP02751048A Expired - Lifetime EP1525357B1 (fr) 2002-06-19 2002-06-19 Structure de mur et element de construction correspondant

Country Status (9)

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US (1) US8806824B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1525357B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE463626T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2002368033A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2489925C (fr)
DE (1) DE50214348D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK1525357T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2343238T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004001148A1 (fr)

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CN104264834A (zh) * 2014-09-02 2015-01-07 绿建科技集团新型建材高技术有限公司 半外包砌型全夹芯现浇组合墙体自保温体系
CN104264889A (zh) * 2014-09-02 2015-01-07 绿建科技集团新型建材高技术有限公司 一种用复合保温砌块砌筑的双排组砌型墙体自保温体系
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CA2489925C (fr) 2011-03-08
CA2489925A1 (fr) 2003-12-31
AU2002368033A1 (en) 2004-01-06
EP1525357A1 (fr) 2005-04-27
US20050257467A1 (en) 2005-11-24
ES2343238T3 (es) 2010-07-27
WO2004001148A1 (fr) 2003-12-31
ATE463626T1 (de) 2010-04-15
US8806824B2 (en) 2014-08-19
DK1525357T3 (da) 2010-08-02

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