EP0151993B1 - Elément d'une paroi extérieure pour un bâtiment - Google Patents

Elément d'une paroi extérieure pour un bâtiment Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0151993B1
EP0151993B1 EP85100773A EP85100773A EP0151993B1 EP 0151993 B1 EP0151993 B1 EP 0151993B1 EP 85100773 A EP85100773 A EP 85100773A EP 85100773 A EP85100773 A EP 85100773A EP 0151993 B1 EP0151993 B1 EP 0151993B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
air
component
moisture
condensation
storage component
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Expired
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EP85100773A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0151993A3 (en
EP0151993A2 (fr
Inventor
Ernst Träbing
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to AT85100773T priority Critical patent/ATE44570T1/de
Publication of EP0151993A2 publication Critical patent/EP0151993A2/fr
Publication of EP0151993A3 publication Critical patent/EP0151993A3/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a room-closing component for a building to seal the room air of a heated interior against the outside air of the outside environment, with a k-value (heat transfer coefficient) equal to or less than 1.56 or 1.47 W / (m 2 K ) and consisting of an internal insulation on the inside without a capillary connection between their surfaces and a capillary moisture-conducting storage component on the outside, whereby the component can absorb moisture beyond the equilibrium moisture, which is formed by condensation and reduced by evaporation.
  • a k-value heat transfer coefficient
  • Components of this type are known. They usually consist of a load-bearing memory component in the form of a natural or artificial stone, e.g. B. a brick, and an interior insulation, for example in the form of a mineral wool board with a plaster top layer.
  • the total k value of the component is partly prescribed by the authorities and, depending on the regulation, is equal to or less than 1.56 or 1.47 W / (m 2 K). The prevailing opinion is that the moisture absorption of such a component should be limited or avoided.
  • DIN German DIN standard
  • DIN 4108, Part 3, Number 3.2 for example, a condensate mass in the component of a total of 1000 g / m 2 of construction area must not be exceeded.
  • This regulation means that the component must not experience an increase in moisture greater than 1000 g / m 2 during the arithmetic thaw period beyond the compensating moisture (DIN 4108, Part 5, Appendix A). It is assumed that condensation and evaporation must correspond to the seasonal average so that the moisture absorbed in winter can be released again in summer. From a purely arithmetical point of view, it is also assumed that the condensation of moisture from the room air and the evaporation due to the vapor pressure gradient in the component occur essentially in the same zone of the component. The need to avoid significant moisture absorption is also justified by the deterioration in the thermal conductivity of the building materials and the risk of frost damage or mold growth, ie with increased energy consumption when heating and expected structural damage.
  • the interior insulation on the inside i.e. on the "warm" side, often provided with vapor-retarding or vapor-blocking layers such as plaster, plaster with foil or the like.
  • vapor-retarding or vapor-blocking layers such as plaster, plaster with foil or the like.
  • Other examples are roof coverings against precipitation, weather protection cladding on facades, seals against rising damp, vapor barriers as well as vapor barriers against diffusion and rear ventilation for roof and wall constructions.
  • the removal of new building moisture is also favored.
  • wall construction systems are known in which the supply air is guided through channels in the external components or in which the supply or exhaust air is vented through porous building materials perpendicular to the wall surface.
  • the outward-flowing transmission heat ie the heat given off by heat conduction
  • the supply air is partially absorbed and recovered by the supply air.
  • exhaust air flows through porous walls, the sensitive and the condensation heat should be on the wall material is released and thus a reduction in energy losses is made possible by reducing the temperature gradient in the component.
  • the effectiveness of such systems is controversial.
  • a point 101 with 0 ° C and 80% RH is used as a reference point for a frequent climate of the outside air. specified.
  • the area generally regarded as comfortable for common rooms is marked with key points 102, 103, 104, 105.
  • the indoor climate specified in part 3 of DIN 4108 for the heating period is at a point 106 of 20 ° C and 50% r.h., i.e. about the average of the comfort range.
  • point 107 FIG. 1B
  • the energy content in kJ / kg of room air at point 107 is somewhat lower than at point 108.
  • a room climate of only 18 ° C and 50% RH. be aimed for.
  • Such a climate would be outside the comfort zone and thus appear uncomfortable, but would be harmless for a construction with conventional room-closing components.
  • the use of space increases the air humidity, so that a climate of 18 ° C and 70% r.h. results, this climate is felt to be comfortable again, but it would already be incompatible with conventional components. This would result in the need to ventilate despite the comfortable climate and to remove the harmful moisture, which would entail a considerable loss of energy, since the absorbed, possibly very cold fresh air would have to be heated up again to a temperature leading to comfort.
  • the invention is therefore based on the idea of dissipating the excess room moisture without ventilation in a different way and with heating energy being saved, in order to keep losses of heating energy through ventilation small on the one hand, and to reduce losses due to heat conduction by increasing the temperature in the room-closing component to reach. This would also keep the humidity of the room within the comfort range in the example above, although ventilation can be avoided.
  • the energy requirement for fresh air heating is considered separately for latent and sensitive heat. If one takes the frequency of the moisture damage as evidence for the predominantly usage-related (cooking, living or the like) air humidity that arises, then only the sensitive heat requirement for room heating has to be added. This need for sensitive heat is far greater at point 107 with a value 109 than for point 108 with a value 110, i.e. decreasing with increasing humidity.
  • condensation In order not to ventilate the excess latent heat, but to use it, it is to be detected according to the invention via condensation. From the situation according to point 107, a temperature reduction up to a point 111 is required, while in the room climate at point 108 only a temperature reduction up to a point 112 is required. If the temperature of the condensation zone is the same, less condensation heat can be released in the room climate in accordance with point 107 than in a room climate in accordance with point 108. The maximum possible difference in amount of condensation heat is specified with a value of 113.
  • Fig. 2 shows a room-closing component 1 according to the invention for the outer closure of a building.
  • the component contains on its inside an interior insulation 12 facing the room air 6, to which a capillary-conducting storage component 3 borders and is in contact with the outside air 5 on the outside.
  • the storage component 3 has on its inside a zone which is effective as a condensation zone 11 after assembly and on the outside a zone which is effective as an evaporation zone 2 after assembly.
  • the condensation zone 11 and the evaporation zone 2 are essentially formed by the respective surface layer of the storage component 3.
  • the inner insulation 12 consists, for example, of a five-centimeter-thick layer of glass wool without a covering layer and possibly an air layer located between it and the storage component 3, while the storage component 3 consists, for example, of a thirty centimeter-thick ceramic material, in which preferably 0.1% of the volume consists of pores having a radius equal to or less than 10- 7 m.
  • the inner insulation 12 should at least on the side of the storage component 3 consist of a moisture-resistant material such as glass wool, so that any moistening in this area is harmless.
  • the indoor air 6 with a climate of z. B. 18 ° C and 70% RH is separated from the external environment by the space-enclosing component 1, the outside air z. B. A climate of 0 ° C and 80% RH having.
  • the invention provides for the moisture air to be discharged through the component 1.
  • the sd value i.e. the air layer thickness equivalent to water vapor diffusion (DIN 4108, Part 5, Number 11.1.2) of the interior insulation 12 is selected to be equal to or less than 0.1 m, in order thereby to have a large water vapor diffusion current density (DIN 4108, Part 5, section 11.1.4).
  • the heat of condensation released thereby serves to reduce the temperature gradient between the room air 6 and the condensation zone 11 and thus to reduce the transmission losses of the interior and the expenditure of heating energy.
  • the arrangement The dew point in the area of the interface is z. B. by determining the outside temperatures at the construction site over a period of ten or twenty years for the months of December and January and forming an average. If this mean value is, for example, 0 ° C and the preselected climate of the indoor air 6 is 20 ° C and 50% rh, then the dew point is 9.3 ° C. Care must therefore be taken to ensure that an area around the interface between interior insulation 12 and storage component 3 receives a temperature of approximately 9.3 ° C. under the specified climatic conditions.
  • condensation zone 11 in the area of the interface can also be promoted or ensured in that the ratio of the sd value of the storage component 3 to the sd value of the internal insulation 12 is sufficiently large, e.g. B. is chosen equal to or greater than 15: 1 because this keeps the water vapor diffusion current density in the memory component 3 very small.
  • the phrase "in the area of the interface between the interior insulation 12 and the storage component 3" is understood here to mean that the condensation zone 11 preferably projects at most by a maximum of approximately one third into the interior insulation 12 or the storage component 3 (in each case based on its thickness). Experience has shown that this state, obtained by dimensioning the component, is present during the predominant duration of the entire heating period.
  • the condensation creates a moisture gradient in the storage component 3.
  • the result of this is that the moisture migrates out of the condensation zone 11 in the direction of the outside air 5, in particular due to the capillary action of the fine pores.
  • directed porosity e.g. B. when using vegetable materials, it should therefore be noted that the pores are directed from the condensation zone 11 to the outside of the storage component 3.
  • the additional moisture absorption capacity should be at least 2000 g according to measurement method II or more than 1000 g, calculated according to DIN 4108, part 3, number 3.2 in conjunction with DIN 4108, part 5, number 11.
  • the measurement method 11 consists in that in the storage component 3 the equilibrium moisture at -10 ° C and 80% RH is first produced and then the component 1 for 60 days on the outside in a climate of -10 ° C and 80% RH. F. and exposed to a climate of 18 ° C and 70% RH on the inside.
  • the desired moisture absorption capability can be obtained in particular by use of materials having, in addition to the fine pores (m equal to or less than 10- 7), larger pores.
  • the moisture Due to the capillarity and the moisture balance, the moisture is transported to the outer surface of the storage component 3 and evaporated there under the influence of the external environment, the heat of evaporation being predominantly removed from the external environment, ie the outside air, the incident solar radiation or the like. If the amount of evaporation exceeds the amount of capillary influx of moisture, the evaporation increasingly occurs inside the storage component 3, ie the evaporation zone 3 gradually migrates from the outer surface into the storage component 3, as a result of which the evaporation capacity corresponds to the thickness of the layer depleted of moisture decreases.
  • the zone depleted of moisture on the outside of the storage component 3 is at least relatively small if and as long as sufficient moisture is supplied by the ambient air.
  • this has the essential advantage that a relatively strong evaporation begins on the outside of the storage component 3 in the winter months.
  • the evaporation zone 2 predominantly forms on the outside of the storage component 3, so that it is at a relatively large distance from the condensation zone 11, as a result of which more evaporation energy is taken from the external environment than condensation energy can be released to the external environment.
  • the energy difference obtained reduces the transmission losses from the ambient air 6 and to the component 1, so that, in addition to the energy saving through automatic moisture removal without ventilation, energy saving also occurs through reduced heat conduction.
  • the storage component 3 consists of a material with a minimum condensation capacity of 30 g / m 2 component surface during a day and / or a minimum evaporation capability of 30 g / m 2 component surface during four hours.
  • the temporary moisture accumulation in the storage component 3 has only a slight influence on the k-value of the space-closing component 1, because the contribution of the internal insulation 12 to the k-value is comparatively large and is not impaired by the condensation and evaporation processes.
  • the condensation moisture is stored in the storage component 3 and then at very low temperatures of the outside air 5 during low-radiation times, for. B. at night, freeze near the evaporation zone 2, so be converted into ice. This phase transition temporarily reduces the temperature gradient between the room air 6 and the storage component 3, because without the condensation, the temperature of the storage component 3 would drop further.
  • the radiation 4 can strike the evaporation zone 2 with a strongly fluctuating intensity.
  • This radiation 4 is converted into heat and distributed to the outside air 5 and the evaporation zone 2 in the area of their interface.
  • the heating of the thin layer of air leads to a sharp drop in its relative air humidity.
  • moisture is taken over from the evaporation zone 2 and the storage component 3.
  • the thin layer of air is given a buoyancy as a result of the heating and triggers a convection process along the evaporation zone 2, which ensures continuous moisture removal by evaporation.
  • the amount of heat required for evaporation is mainly extracted from the outside environment. As a result, the generation of evaporative cold is reduced and an increase in the temperature gradient in component 1 is prevented, which could otherwise lead to an increased release of sensitive heat to the outside air 5.
  • the release of the condensation heat at the condensation zone 11 means the use of waste heat. Since moist room air in many apartments has to be ventilated to avoid condensation damage, the construction according to FIG. 2 also enables energy savings (savings from condensation heat and from a reduced amount of fresh air to be heated).
  • the mode of operation of the embodiment according to FIG. 2 can be compared with the mode of operation of a “linear heat pump”, which consists of a condenser in the form of the condensation zone 11 and an evaporator in the form of the evaporation zone 2.
  • the condensation zone 11 absorbs the "refrigerant water” in gaseous form from the ambient air 6, liquefies it by cooling and forwards it through “capillary lines” to the evaporation zone 2.
  • the liquid “refrigerant water” is “evaporated” again using the free “environmental energy” of the incident radiation 4 and released to the outside air 5 in an environmentally friendly manner.
  • the "heat pump” works on the “condenser side” with waste energy. This high-quality (exergy-rich) energy also works with this "heat pump” with solar radiation, a free environmental energy.
  • this "linear heat pump” has the advantage that the "refrigerant” with considerable energy content can be stored in the short and medium term and that the storage component 3 has to be provided mainly for other, in particular static, functions anyway.
  • Fig. 3 shows a horizontal wall section of an embodiment with improved condensation, which is achieved by a differently designed internal insulation 12, which is provided removable.
  • a condensation moisture barrier 19 and a moisture compensation layer 18 is also described.
  • the room air 6 is optically limited by the uninsulated interior cladding 21 designed as a wooden panel.
  • the inner lining 21 is held at a distance 24 in front of an insulation board 23 by means of spacers.
  • the open air can circulate through the distance 24 through open strips at the upper and lower edges and through open joints between the elements of the inner lining 21.
  • the insulation board 23 consists of a mineral wool board.
  • the inner cladding 21 and the insulation board 23 are connected to wall-high, up to 1.3 m wide elements, which with a joint strip 25, which also serves as a shadow gap to the joint plates 23 covers, in or on the storage component 3 are removably attached.
  • the condensation zone 11 is formed according to FIG. 2 by the room-side surface zone of the memory component 3, which, for. B. consists of brick masonry.
  • the area of the condensation zone 11 is increased by installing perforated bricks with holes open to the insulation board 23.
  • condensation moisture barrier 19 and the moisture compensation layer 18 The reason for the condensation moisture barrier 19 and the moisture compensation layer 18 is assumed in the example that in the masonry of the storage component 3 a moisture and rot sensitive component 26, for. B. the wood of a truss, engages.
  • the moisture-sensitive component 26 is protected in the direction of the condensation zone and against the essential parts of the storage component 3 by installing the condensation moisture barrier 19.
  • the condensation moisture barrier 19 consists of an aluminum foil. In contrast to the previous rules of technology, this "vapor barrier" is on the "warm side" of the interior insulation.
  • the moisture-sensitive component 26 is in free moisture balance with the outside air 5.
  • the condensation in that part of the condensation zone 11 which is close to the moisture-sensitive component 26 can possibly lead to a moisture build-up due to the condensation moisture barrier 19.
  • a moisture compensation layer 18 which engages in the material of the storage component 3 in addition to the moisture-sensitive component 26, moisture compensation is brought about and a moisture build-up is avoided.
  • An approx. 5 nm thick, rot-proof, highly absorbent paper or fabric layer is installed as the moisture compensation layer, which engages laterally next to the moisture-sensitive component 26 in each case about 20 cm deep into the masonry of the storage component 3.
  • the evaporation zone 2 is preferably formed by a dark-colored outer surface of the frost-resistant masonry of the storage component 3 and largely protected from precipitation by a wide roof overhang.
  • Fig. 4 shows an embodiment with a further embodiment and additional functions compared to Figure 2.
  • the space-closing component 1 in turn consists of the internal insulation 12, the condensation zone 11, which is improved in its effect by area-increasing shape, the memory component 3, which is also by others Forming enlarged evaporation zone 2 and additionally from an air supply layer 9 adjoining the evaporation zone 2 and a transparent layer 8 adjoining the latter.
  • the inner insulation 13 consists of a room-side, vapor-permeable, mechanical protection 22 and the condensation-side insulation plate 23.
  • the transparent layer 8 consists of an outer transparent weather protection 201 and an inside, the storage component 3 facing, transparent thermal insulation 202, which let the incident radiation 4 largely penetrate to the evaporation zone 2.
  • the transparent layer 8 When implemented as simple glazing, the transparent layer 8 has the advantage of weakening the typical thermal bridge disadvantages of conventional internal insulation by creating a balancing temperature intermediate zone in the area of the air duct layer.
  • the moisture released from the storage component 3 via the evaporation zone 2 into the air-guiding layer 9 is supplied to the fresh air and converts it into moist air 10, which is supplied through suitable openings 204 or the like in the storage component 3 and in the internal insulation 12 to the ambient air 6.
  • the outside air 5 is passed through the air guiding layer 9 (arrow 61), preheated and humidified there and supplied to the room air 6 through the openings 204.
  • the preheating of the fresh air in the air guiding layer 9 takes place partly by absorbing the direct radiant heat, partly by heat stored in the storage component 3 from incident radiation 4 and partly from transmission heat that penetrates from the room air through the room-closing component 1.
  • the humidification of the fresh air in the air guide layer 9, takes place partly by absorbing the moisture released by the evaporation and partly from a liquid humidification system 7 with which water is introduced from a line system into the air guide layer 9 or onto the evaporation zone 2 or into the storage component 3.
  • the humidification of the fresh air by the liquid humidification system 7 also serves to protect the storage component 3 from overheating in summer.
  • the outside air after flowing through the air-guiding layer 9, including the absorbed sensible and latent heat, is preferably returned directly to the outside air 5.
  • a closable opening is installed at the upper end of the air duct layer.
  • the fresh air or moist air 10 supplied through the openings 204 of the room air 6 has the advantage over fresh air as a result of window ventilation that it already contains sensitive and latent heat which was obtained from incident radiation 4 and from recovered interior heat.
  • the used parts of the room air 6 can be suctioned off centrally in the building and a heat recovery system 14, e.g. B. a heat pump.
  • the liquid humidification 7 can be fed from the condensation moisture accumulation of the heat pump.
  • FIG. 5 shows a further exemplary embodiment for the generation of heated, humidified and air supplied to the room air 6.
  • a hybrid collector with an air part 64 and a liquid part 17 is used, which on a roof structure 15 with a continuous, water-proof conductive thermal insulation 16 is mounted and delimits an air guide layer 62 with a transparent layer 63 against the outside air 5.
  • the usual liquid part 17 is operated as soon as the incident radiation 4 in comparison to the required temperature level z. B. the hot water is sufficient and at the same time there is heat demand in the associated supply system.
  • the air part 64 can be operated as a warm air or latent heat collector below the temperature level sufficient for the use of the liquid part 17 or above the energy quantity requirement of the supply system.
  • the outside air 5 is guided through the air guide layer 62, heated in it, guided past a humidification surface of the air part 64 of the hybrid collector and enriched with latent heat in the process.
  • the moistening surface consists, for example, of bricks or a liquid-absorbing covering such as felt with a liquid-storing, e.g. B. trough-shaped surface.
  • the humidification surface can also be connected to the liquid humidification system 7 via a line 65.
  • the heated and humidified air is supplied to the room air 6 via a line 66.
  • the moistening area can also be given an effective surface by planting.
  • the moist air which emerges from the air guide layer 62 can also be supplied to various uses via a control and regulating system.
  • supply options for the moist air to the room air 6 or to the heat recovery 14 are provided. It is also possible to supply them to the upper end of the condensation zone 11 or into at least one condensation channel 13 within the storage component 3. The latter ensures that the moist air additionally generated in winter during the solar radiation in the condensation zone 11 or at the interfaces of the condensation channel 13 Condensation can be brought about, which brings about a further increase in the temperature of the storage component 3 or a further reduction in the temperature difference between the ambient air 6 and the storage part 3.
  • the residual air can be supplied via a line 67 to the external environment or to the heat recovery 14.
  • the used room air 6 can also be included in the use described, in that it is delivered to the condensation channel 13 and / or to the heat recovery 14.
  • the memory component 3 can consist of two-shell brick masonry, the two shells contrary to the prevailing opinion, for. B. contrary to DIN 1053, are connected by binding stones and thereby form a flat condensation channel 13.
  • the condensation moisture supplied to the storage component 3 via the condensation zone 11 and the walls of the condensation channels 13 is evaporated by the energy of the incident radiation 4 at the evaporation zone 2 and released to the outside air 5.
  • the condensation moisture is accumulated and stored in the storage component in times of missing radiation 4.
  • FIG. 6 shows a vertical section in the upper part and a horizontal section in the lower part of an exemplary embodiment in which the moist air 10 generated at the evaporation zone 2 is condensed in the same space-closing component 1 and there is thus the possibility of a quasi-closed system.
  • the cover of the interior insulation 12 to the ambient air 6 consists of a fabric layer open to vapor diffusion.
  • the room-side surface of the storage component 3 forms the room-side condensation zone 11.
  • condensation channels 13 are provided as condensation channels 13, which are connected to the air guide layer 9 at the top and bottom through connecting openings 27, in which non-return flaps 28 are installed.
  • the condensation channels 13 can be left out in the middle of the static cross section of the space-enclosing components 1. They hardly reduce the static load-bearing capacity in this area and save weight and material.
  • the condensation channels can be formed by adding a second wall shell. The walls of the condensation channels 13 are used as additional condensation zones.
  • the check valves 28 are arranged such that they release the connection path in the connection openings 27 for falling air movement in the condensation channel 13 and are closed when the air movement is in the opposite direction.
  • the check valves 28 are actuated by the force of gravity of the air movement, but can also be actuated with a temperature and / or moisture-dependent control or regulating device which operate as a function of measured values from the areas of the condensation channels 13 and the air guiding layer 9.
  • the surface of the storage component facing the transparent weather protection 201 forms the evaporation zone 2. It is equipped with the liquid humidification system 7.
  • the air-guiding layer 9 has a lower supply air opening 29 and an upper warm air opening 30.
  • the supply air opening 29 has a vermin protection and the warm air opening has a closable summer flap 31.
  • the supply air opening 29 can be opened by loading downwards, e.g. B. with falling pieces of ice.
  • the air in the air guide layer 9 is heated by the incident radiation 4 and humidified by the release of moisture from the evaporation zone 2. If the core of the storage component 3 and the air contained in the condensation channels 13 are significantly colder than the humid air 10 in the air guiding layer 9 during the heating period, the humid air 10 is lifted, the non-return flaps 28 open and the air is exchanged by circulation. The penetrating into the condensation channels 13 wet air 10 cools, condenses and continues the circulation until the imbalance, for. B. is ended by exposure to the incident radiation 4. The condensation moisture from the condensation channels also migrates to the evaporation zone.
  • the anti-return flaps 28 prevent energy-wasting circulation.
  • the warm air opening 30 is then set up and the air heated in the air guide layer 9 is fed directly to the outside air 5.
  • Fresh outside air 5 can flow in through the inlet air opening 29.
  • humidification of the evaporation zone 2 is possible through the liquid humidification system 7. By binding the heat of evaporation taken from the environment, this moisture is cooled as it evaporates.
  • the lower connecting opening 27 for supplying outside air into the condensation duct 13 and the upper one for air discharge are selected in summer. In summer, cool outside air can then warm up in the condensation channel 13 on the storage component 3 and absorb moisture. This causes additional air drying for the storage component.
  • FIG. 7 shows in the h, x diagram the additional energy gain from moist air, the liquid part 17 of the hybrid collector being switched off.
  • the humidification of the air part 64 is switched on and the fresh air is supplied with moisture up to a relative air humidity of approx. 80% during the flow through the collector by evaporation, the heat of evaporation binds the radiated energy and the heating reaches, for example, only 30 ° C.
  • the energy gain in fresh air increases from 10 kJ at 114 to 86 kJ at 117, i.e. by 76 kJ according to 118.
  • FIG. 8 shows an air buffer 33 in the form of an adjoining room or stairwell and a branching tree as a schematic diagram in vertical section.
  • the air buffer 33 is supplied with moist air from the air guide layers 9 and 62 at low flow speeds through an inlet 35 and one or more branching trees 34.
  • the branching tree 34 consists of a system of air channels in which the moist air moves according to the airtight coating in the air buffer 33 to openings 36 or 37 and further to openings 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 and then through outlet openings 42, 43, 44 from the Air buffer 33 exits.
  • the outlet openings 42, 43, 44 are assigned to different damp air consumers. For example, the most energy-rich air is fed through the outlet opening 42 to the living rooms, air for the condensation zone 11 through the central outlet opening 43 and the low-energy air through the deepest outlet opening 44 to the condensation channels 13.
  • Fig. 9 shows various examples of space-enclosing components, in which the storage layer mainly by structurally not stressed building materials and building material layers, for. B. from clay or clay.
  • the interior insulation 12 consists, for example, of mineral wool as an insulation board 23 and wood as an interior cladding 21. Wood is used as the load-bearing structure as the roof structure 15 or as wall posts or ceramic molded parts.
  • the transparent layer 8 consists of wire glass.
  • the storage component 3 is inserted in a non-load-bearing manner between wooden wall posts 46.
  • the wall posts 46 are separated from the mass of the storage component 3 by condensation moisture barriers 19.
  • the inner insulation 12 is formed by the insulation panels 23 and the inner lining 21.
  • the storage component 3 consists of a statically stressed, ceramic molded part 47 with recesses 48 and a statically unstressed clay filling in part of the recesses 48.
  • One of the recesses 48 is used as a condensation channel 13 and therefore in the winter of moist air, in the summer against it flowed through by cool, nightly outside air.
  • the inner insulation 12 consists of mineral wool with a fabric layer as a cover.
  • An example shows how the storage mass is designed partly as a component 47 which resists the frost from strength and partly from material in which the frost does not cause any damage due to the low strength and lack of static function.
  • non-load-bearing part of the memory component 3 it is also possible to remove the non-load-bearing part of the memory component 3 to be made from wood in the outer area and from clay or clay in the inner area and thus to use building materials that require little energy before installation.
  • the wood can be installed in short sections in the direction of the trunk-braid / inside-outside, and to enlarge the surfaces and the moisture transfer, the end grain areas can be cut.
  • ceramic molded parts 49 provided with condensation channels 13 take on the function of load-bearing supports. At the same time, they are a component of the storage component 3, which, however, is predominantly formed by laterally engaging fields 50 made of clay or clay, which for weather protection 201 have a spatially shaped surface 51 which serves to enlarge the surface and the evaporation capacity.
  • the internal insulation 12 separates the different parts of the storage component 3 from the room air 6.
  • the molded parts 47, 49 and the clay fillings can be moisture stores.
  • FIG. 9D shows a roof section between the room air 6 and the outside air 5.
  • insulation panels 68 of an interior insulation.
  • a spatial grid 70 made of metal is connected to the storage component 3 and rests on the counter battens 69 at the bottom and supports or braces the storage component.
  • On the upper edges of the spatial grid 70 a transparent layer 63 is supported, the z. B. can consist of corrugated sheets.
  • the space between the memory component and the transparent layer 63 is an air space within the spatial grid and forms the air guiding layer 62.
  • figures 9E and 9F show different air ducts of the layer structure according to FIG. 9D.
  • the insulation boards 68 form a closed layer on the ridge above the roof structure 15.
  • the storage components 3 do not abut one another on the ridge and enable the air layer between the counter battens 69 and the air guiding layer 62 to be connected.
  • the two surfaces of the transparent layer 63 also do not abut one another on the ridge.
  • 9E shows winter operation, during which the ridge cap 71 is lowered and the opening between the two transparent layers 63 closes.
  • the fresh air is introduced into the air guide layer 62 at the eaves point and sucked into the air layer between the counter plates 69 at the ridge point, further enriched there with sensitive and latent heat and, after leaving this air layer, fed to the air buffer 33 or another use of moist air.
  • FIG. 9F shows summer operation, in which the ridge cap 71 is raised and the opening between the transparent layers 63 is exposed.
  • the air enters the air guide layer 62 and the air layer between the counter metals 69 at the eaves, heats up and rises to the ridge.
  • the air from both layers 62 and 70 exits to the outside air 5 at the ridge opening.
  • This throughflow dissipates heat and dries out the storage component 3.
  • the storage component 3 can be moistened so that the heat of evaporation contributes to cooling (see FIG. 5).
  • Humidification can include by wick-like strands, which lead from water containers arranged in the roof into the storage component 3 and distribute the water without pressure and capillary therein.
  • a room climate of 23 ° C air temperature and 40% RH is perceived as comfortable as 18 ° C and 70% RH
  • the energy content of the air is approximately the same in both situations.
  • both the transmission loss due to the higher temperature gradient to the outside air and the proportion of sensitive heat for heating the outside air to the room climate is higher.
  • the outside air supplied can be adapted to the room climate in an energy-saving manner if the latent energy component (atmospheric humidity) from waste heat or solar energy is used.
  • any ventilation control systems so that they are set according to the respective type of use along the comfort limit in such a way that the upper limit of the air humidity and the lower limit of the temperature are controlled, if and to the extent the air humidity from internal moisture sources or the evaporation zone is won.
  • moist air should be obtained and, among other things, be used via condensation.
  • the use of moist air initially requires the evaporation surfaces to be delimited from the outside air 5, which is automatically provided in the condensation channels 13 and is created in the superficial evaporation zone 2 by a transparent layer 8.
  • the moist air can have received the latent heat from internal heat sources or the moisture can be supplied specifically from solar evaporation.
  • the condensation is increased by lowering the temperature of the condensation zone 11 and by increasing the area of the surface of the condensation zone 11.
  • the lowering of the temperature of the condensation zone can be achieved by a vapor-permeable internal insulation 12 or by an inner cladding 21 ventilated by the room air 6.
  • an internal insulation 12 with low thermal conductivity and low vapor diffusion resistance can be interposed in order to lower the air temperature at the condensation zone and to increase the relative air humidity.
  • the interior insulation 12 can consist of a mechanical protection 22 on the room side and an insulation board 23 on the storage or condensation side.
  • the mechanical protection 22 must also be vapor permeable.
  • the lowering of the temperature of the condensation zone 11 can also be achieved by the use of an uninsulated or insulated inner lining 21, which does not have to be permeable to steam. To achieve the condensation, however, a rear ventilation with room air 6 must take place between the inner lining 21 and the condensation zone.
  • Interior insulation 12 and interior lining 21 and their components can also be combined, e.g. B. a non-insulated interior lining 21 with ventilation can be placed in front of the insulation board 23.
  • Both the interior insulation 12 and the interior panels 21 and their combinations can be detachably attached so that they can also be used by the room users, e.g. B. maintenance or control operations, can be removed and reattached.
  • the effect of the interior cladding can also be achieved with a piece of furniture ventilated with room air, e.g. B. a built-in shelf or a cupboard can be achieved in front of a wall.
  • condensation moisture causes the storage component 3 to become wet and to restore the moisture balance to the level of the compensation moisture, the radiation 4 that is expected later is made usable as thermal energy.
  • the transport in the liquid state within the storage component 3 and in exchange with the condensation zone 11 and the evaporation zone 2 takes place predominantly by capillarity.
  • the materials of the storage component are installed according to the direction of their greatest moisture transport capacity.
  • the fibers of vegetable matter are arranged in the direction of a short connection between condensation zone 11 and evaporation zone 2 (orientation towards the end of the braid and trunk is also part of the direction).
  • moisture compensation layers 18 can be arranged. They effect a moisture equalization within their surface or layer like a blotter.
  • condensation moisture discharges can be installed.
  • the condensation moisture drains record the condensation moisture, provided that they occur in flowable quantities on vertical or inclined surfaces.
  • the condensation moisture is recorded with channel-like shapes and discharged from the component in pipes.
  • the condensation moisture detected by the condensation moisture discharges can be discharged outdoors or into the domestic sewage pipes or into collecting vessels or to liquid humidification systems 7.
  • the air guide layer 9 When the transparent layer 8 is implemented, it is easily possible to use the air guide layer 9 to be designed so that ice parts can fall off the transparent layer 8 or the evaporation zone 2.
  • Such ice can be formed in winter by condensation moisture on the transparent layer 8 or by spraying with the liquid humidification system 7 on the transparent layer 8 and the evaporation zone 2 and by releasing the heat of solidification reduce the temperature gradient between the room air 6 and the ice-forming point and thus reduce the transmission losses . If the ice dissolves and falls off during the onset of sunshine or thaw, the heat of fusion is no longer bound in the area where the ice forms and the advantage of using the solidification heat is retained for the energy balance of the component.
  • the hygroscopic effect of the substances involved and the respective changes can be used to achieve the equilibrium moisture content between the material and air humidity, both in the transport processes and in the area of the condensation processes and in the evaporation processes.
  • the temperature fluctuation during the heating period is lower than in the conventional construction. This reduces the amount of heat that is released to the outside air when solar energy is available. This damping has an energy-saving effect, since more radiation energy is absorbed by the component and the building's energy losses are reduced.
  • the moist air can be provided by evaporation collectors.
  • the energy losses of evaporation collectors are lower than that of pure air collectors, because a higher energy content is recorded with a lower temperature gradient to the outside air, i.e. with lower transmission losses.
  • the radiation absorption is improved by the dark coloring of the radiation-absorbing evaporation zone.
  • Evaporation can be increased by increasing the area of the evaporation surface.
  • Plants can also be used to improve evaporation.
  • the increased oxygen content in the moist air is a further advantage.
  • air can flow through the condensation channels from outside in summer and sometimes during the transition period.
  • the moisture tolerance of the components is achieved by choosing particularly absorbent and, if necessary, frost-resistant building materials.
  • Lowering the freezing point can include by choosing particularly fine-pored material (e.g. ceramic) or by adding and supplementing chemicals (e.g. salts).
  • particularly fine-pored material e.g. ceramic
  • chemicals e.g. salts
  • frost-resistant materials e.g. clay
  • condensation moisture barriers 19 are not installed to avoid the formation of condensation, but to avoid the structural damage.
  • a condensation moisture barrier 19 on the "cold side" of internal insulation can protect a nearby wooden component from rotting without preventing the formation and use of the condensation moisture.
  • the functioning of the individual parts of the space-enclosing components 1 change seasonally partly with and partly without regulating intervention.
  • evaporation is used for cooling and thus for thermal protection in summer, while in winter it is used to extract moist air in order to use its energy content.
  • the summer drying in the component should create a moisture deficit that can be equated with energy storage.
  • winter over-humidification represents an energy deficit that is only reduced in summer.
  • the same processes also take place in the transitional periods, but with lower moisture differences, but in a multiple cycle.
  • the changes to the warm air openings 30 and the non-return flaps 28 are to be mentioned, for example, which change from moist air extraction in winter to drying operation in the area of evaporation zone 2 and from heat generation by condensation to the drying operation by evaporation in the area the condensation channels 13 are switched.
  • the invention can have a favorable effect on other component properties.
  • frost-resistant to frost-resistant materials such as stone to clay improves the soundproofing of the storage masses of the outer walls.
  • the installation of the storage layer between the transparent layer and the thermal insulation adds additional mass, which has a favorable effect on sound insulation.
  • the functions of the water-draining layers and the rear ventilation on the roof are also changed or used.
  • the values of the minimum condensation capacity or the minimum evaporation capacity mentioned in connection with the description of FIG. 2 are determined according to measurement method 111 or measurement method IV.
  • the measuring method 111 consists in first producing the equilibrium moisture at 0 ° C and 80% RH in the storage component 3 and then the component 1 for a day on the inside with a climate of 18 ° C and 70% RH and on the outside with a climate of 0 ° C and 80% RH is exposed.
  • measurement method IV consists in that a component 1, after it has been subjected to measurement method I or II and has stored at least 500 g or 2000 g moisture, on the inside a climate of 18 ° C.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)

Claims (16)

1. Elément (1) de paroi extérieure pour un bâtiment pour séparer l'air intérieur (6) d'un espace interne pouvant être chauffé vis-à-vis de l'air extérieur (5) de l'environnement extérieur, comportant une valeur k (coefficients de transmission thermique) égale ou inférieure à 1,56 ou 1,47 W/(m2. K) et composé d'une isolation interne (12) sur la face interne sans liaison à action capillaire entre ses surfaces et d'un composant réservoir (3), conducteur d'humidité par capillarité, sur la face externe, l'élément (1) pouvant absorber, au-delà de l'humidité d'équilibre, de l'humidité supplémentaire formée par condensation et éliminée par évaporation, caractérisé en ce que la valeur sd de l'isolation interne (12) est égale ou inférieure à 0,1 m et que la part de la valeur k de l'isolation interne (12) par rapport à la valeur k globale de l'élément (1) est calculée de telle sorte que le point de rosée et par suite la zone de condensation (11) pour une condition climatique présélectionnée de l'air intérieur est situé dans la région de la surface limite entre l'isolation interne (12) et le composant réservoir (3), en fonction de la température moyenne de l'air extérieur (5) des mois de décembre et de janvier au lieu de construction, établi sur plusieurs années.
2. Elément selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la zone de condensation (11) est située dans une région qui comprend, à partir de la surface limite, au plus un tiers de l'épaisseur de l'isolation interne (12) et un tiers de l'épaisseur du composant réservoir (3).
3. Elément selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que le composant réservoir (3) est en un matériau dont 0,1 % au moins du volume est constitué par des pores d'un rayon égal ou inférieur à 10-7 m.
4. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le rapport de la valeur sd du composant réservoir (3) à la valeur sd de l'isolation interne (12) est égal ou supérieur à 15 : 1.
5. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que l'isolation interne (12) est constituée sur sa face tournée vers le composant réservoir (3) par un matériau résistant à l'humidité.
6. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que le composant réservoir 3 est en un matériau présentant une capacité de condensation minimale de 30 g/m2 de surface de l'élément pendant un jour.
7. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le composant réservoir est en un matériau présentant une capacité minimale d'absorption d'humidité supplémentaire de 500 g selon la méthode de mesure I.
8. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le composant réservoir (3) est en un matériau présentant une capacité minimale d'absorption d'humidité supplémentaire de 1000 g, calculée selon DIN 4108.
9. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le composant réservoir (3) est en un matériau présentant une capacité minimale d'absorption d'humidité supplémentaire de 2000 g selon la méthode de mesure II.
10. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le composant réservoir (3) est en un matériau présentant une capacité d'évaporation minimale de 30 g/m2 de surface d'élément pendant quatre heures.
11. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte, sur la face externe du composant réservoir (3), une couche transparente (8) séparée de celle-ci par une couche de conduction d'air (9).
12. Elément selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que la couche de conduction d'air (9) est reliée à l'espace à chauffer et/ou à la zone de condensation (11) et/ou à des canaux de condensation (13) dans le composant réservoir (3) et/ou à un réservoir d'air (33) et/ou à un séparateur d'air et/ou à un récupérateur de chaleur domestique.
13. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que, sur la face de l'isolation interne (12) ou du composant réservoir (3) opposée à l'air intérieur (6), sont prévues des barrières pour l'humidité de condensation (19) et/ou des couches d'équilibrage d'humidité (18) et/ou des évacuations d'humidité de condensation, occupant une partie ou la totalité de la surface.
14. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce que le composant réservoir (3) est en un matériau à capillarité orientée et en ce que les canaux capillaires conduisent de la zone de condensation (11) à la zone d'évaporation (2).
15. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce qu'il est muni de ou relié à une installation d'humidification à liquide (7).
16. Elément selon l'une au moins des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce que la couche de conduction d'air (9) est reliée à des arborescences de branchement (34), que celles-ci sont raccordées à un tampon à air (33) et que le tampon à air (33) présente des ouvertures de sortie (42, 43, 44) disposées à différentes hauteurs.
EP85100773A 1984-01-25 1985-01-25 Elément d'une paroi extérieure pour un bâtiment Expired EP0151993B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85100773T ATE44570T1 (de) 1984-01-25 1985-01-25 Raumabschliessendes bauteil fuer ein gebaeude.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3402370 1984-01-25
DE19843402370 DE3402370A1 (de) 1984-01-25 1984-01-25 Nutzung des baulichen feuchtehaushaltes zur energieeinsparung

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EP0151993A2 EP0151993A2 (fr) 1985-08-21
EP0151993A3 EP0151993A3 (en) 1986-12-10
EP0151993B1 true EP0151993B1 (fr) 1989-07-12

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EP85100773A Expired EP0151993B1 (fr) 1984-01-25 1985-01-25 Elément d'une paroi extérieure pour un bâtiment

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EP (1) EP0151993B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE44570T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3402370A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999054669A1 (fr) * 1998-04-20 1999-10-28 Giuseppe Fent Architekturbüro Cellule solaire comportant un collecteur solaire et des elements accumulateurs

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE29905930U1 (de) * 1999-04-01 1999-08-12 BBW "Werratal" GmbH, 98667 Waldau Außenwand
CA2929259A1 (fr) 2015-05-08 2016-11-08 Nicholas Martel Panneaux de construction isolants
IT202100005723A1 (it) 2021-03-11 2022-09-11 Daniel Pinter Pannello isolante

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AT322504B (de) * 1969-01-08 1975-05-26 Accessair Sa Wärmespeichermasse
DE1812353C2 (de) * 1968-12-03 1975-01-16 Witte Haustechnik Gmbh, 5860 Iserlohn Hallenbad
DE2634810A1 (de) * 1976-08-03 1978-02-09 Nikolaus Laing Waermerohr mit waermespeicher
FR2383280A1 (fr) * 1977-03-11 1978-10-06 Siplast Soc Nouvelle Toiture ventilee et procede de climatisation utilisant cette toiture
DE2932170A1 (de) * 1979-02-15 1980-08-21 Haugeneder Hans Bauwerkshuelle
DE3148480A1 (de) * 1981-12-08 1983-06-16 Hermann Dipl.-Ing. 8600 Bamberg Rannoch Vorrichtung zur temperaturregelung eines gebaeudes und bauelement zur verwendung in einer derartigen vorrichtung
DE3227899A1 (de) * 1982-07-26 1984-01-26 Ernst Dipl.-Ing. 3584 Zwesten Träbing Bau- und/oder betriebsweise zur verbesserung der energienutzung
DE3230639A1 (de) * 1982-08-18 1984-02-23 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 8000 München Waermeschutz und klimatisierung mit fassadenkollektoren
DE3336495A1 (de) * 1982-12-30 1984-07-12 Johannes Dr.-Ing. 5162 Niederzier Schmitz Verfahren zur energieeinsparung bei der regelung der lufttemperatur in gebaeuden und gebaeude hierzu

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999054669A1 (fr) * 1998-04-20 1999-10-28 Giuseppe Fent Architekturbüro Cellule solaire comportant un collecteur solaire et des elements accumulateurs

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0151993A3 (en) 1986-12-10
DE3571472D1 (en) 1989-08-17
EP0151993A2 (fr) 1985-08-21
DE3402370A1 (de) 1985-08-01
ATE44570T1 (de) 1989-07-15

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