EP1345246A2 - Auslöseeinrichtung für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung - Google Patents
Auslöseeinrichtung für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1345246A2 EP1345246A2 EP03003802A EP03003802A EP1345246A2 EP 1345246 A2 EP1345246 A2 EP 1345246A2 EP 03003802 A EP03003802 A EP 03003802A EP 03003802 A EP03003802 A EP 03003802A EP 1345246 A2 EP1345246 A2 EP 1345246A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- passivation layer
- circuit breaker
- residual current
- current circuit
- trigger
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
- H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
- H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
- H01H71/24—Electromagnetic mechanisms
- H01H71/32—Electromagnetic mechanisms having permanently magnetised part
- H01H71/327—Manufacturing or calibrating methods, e.g. air gap treatments
Definitions
- the invention relates to a tripping device for a residual current circuit breaker, and a method for their production, according to the preamble of claims 1, 14 and 15.
- an actuator or trigger a magnetic circuit-based trigger with permanent magnets to use.
- the first rest position generated by a permanent magnet, a magnetic flux and the resultant holding force on a movably mounted component, such as. a movably mounted plunger or anchor, which thereby against the force of a spring in a first switching position against a stationary one Component is held.
- a Coil generates a magnetic flux that corresponds to the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet counteracts, which reduces the magnetic holding force and the movable plunger or anchor by the force of the spring from the fixed one
- the component is detached and moved into a second release position in which the plunger or anchor then unlocks a key switch.
- Embodiments that are used very frequently have an open magnetic circuit a movable element in the form of a hinged anchor.
- You have a magnetic one Yoke, mostly U-shaped, with a coil around one leg is wound, and on which there is a permanent magnet.
- the two ends of the Yokes are covered by an anchor which is rotatably mounted about an axis.
- EP 1 063 666 Another possible embodiment for a magnetic release is known from EP 1 063 666 known.
- the yoke is in the form of a pot, in which the permanent magnet system and - concentrically on the inner wall of the Fitting the pot - the coil is in place.
- the permanent magnet system is with the Connected to the bottom of the pot and contains pole shoes that comprise a plunger that opposes it the force of a spring from the permanent magnet against the bottom of the pot is pulled.
- the fault current in the coil turns a magnetic one Generates flux that counteracts the permanent magnetic flux and this compensated so far that the plunger is pulled off the bottom of the pot by the force of the spring and is moved into the release position, in which then by the plunger Key switch is unlocked.
- Grasp the pole shoes and the lid of the pot the plunger in the manner of a plain bearing, whereby the plunger in its direction of movement to be led.
- the movable components are hinged anchors or plungers the contact points with the fixed components U-shaped yoke or cup-shaped Glue the yoke together, which means that the force of the spring is not in the event of a fault current is sufficient to move the movable component from the rest position into the release position move, the residual current circuit breaker fails and the protective function does not is guaranteed.
- Possible causes for the contact points sticking are Formation of adhesive layers between the contact surfaces on the fixed and movable component due to corrosion at the metallic contact points due to the deposition of water or due to the accumulation of dirt particles, such as. Dust or metallic abrasion, or due to the accumulation of an oil, Fat or lubricant layer, especially silicone layer, or due to the accumulation a layer of liquid and thus increasing the surface tension in the Contact gap.
- Air gap over which the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet is guided and its Extension for the safe functioning of the trigger a critical size is. It results from the surface roughness of the fixed and movable components at the contact surface and is on the order of a few ⁇ m, typically it is 2 -3 ⁇ m. In order not to reduce the magnetic adhesive force too much, The expansion of the air gap may take additional constructive measures only by at most a fraction of their original extent, i.e. typically less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the contact points are used today fixed and movable components with corrosion protection layers made of metal or precious metal.
- Preferred materials for this are according to the prior art Technique nickel, gold or silver.
- nickel, gold or silver since these layers are non-magnetic and thus the same effect for the magnetic circuit as increasing the expansion of the Air gap, they may be applied in a thickness of 1 - 2 ⁇ m become.
- nickel, gold or silver layers there are no dense layers, so that the protection against corrosion is only incomplete given is.
- the residual current circuit breakers with magnetic triggers according to the prior art The contact points of the residual current release are liable to stick, which increases the reliability of the tripping is reduced in the event of a fault current.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of a magnetic release device to further develop and manufacture for a residual current circuit breaker, that the contact points are significantly less prone to sticking and thus the tripping reliability of the residual current circuit breaker is significantly increased.
- the essence of the invention is that to increase the triggering reliability Butt or sliding contact points on the fixed or on the movable component with a dense passivation layer resistant to water, oils, greases and silicones, are coated, the thickness of which is a fraction of the extent of the working air gap and is typically on the order of 10 to 500 nm.
- the passivation layer is present made of hydrophobic material.
- Hydrophobic material is water-repellent. The advantage when using hydrophobic material is that water drops cannot get stuck on the surface or in the air gap and therefore also there is no adhesive force caused by increased surface tension can. Because water due to the hydrophobic surface properties of the passivation layer cannot adhere to the surface but runs off immediately also removes dirt particles adhering to the surface.
- the passivation layer consists of corrosion-resistant Material.
- the passivation layer consists of reduced adhesive material, so that when detaching the movable from the fixed Component no high adhesive force has to be overcome.
- the passivation layer consists of oil and dirt repellent material.
- the surface of the Passivation layer nanostructured and designed like a lotus leaf surface. It is known from the lotus leaf surface that microstructures in the micrometer and nanometer range almost completely eliminates the adhesiveness on the surfaces. That means even pasty, otherwise strongly adhering substances such as oils, fats and silicones, cannot adhere permanently to this surface.
- the passivation layer consists of a nanocomposite material.
- nanocomposites are composite materials by a chemical or physical bond of at least consist of two different materials, at least one of the materials in the form of particles that are no larger than a few nanometers.
- Nanocomposites can either be purely inorganic materials, e.g. on Composite of silicon carbide nanoparticles in a matrix of silicon nitride, or a Composite of inorganic nanoparticles in a matrix of polymer materials, such as. Silicate nanoparticles in a polyamide matrix. In the latter case speaks one also of nanomers. Due to the special type of composition and the Material properties are achieved using nanometer-sized particles, which are far superior to conventional and pure materials, especially what the tightness, corrosion resistance, strength and other chemical and physical resistance.
- the passivation layer is made of Teflon.
- the passivation layer consists of metal-ceramic material.
- a material example from this class are the so-called 123 ceramics, such as Ti 3 SiC 2 , which is characterized by excellent temperature stability, low adhesiveness and high chemical resistance.
- the passivation layer can also be made of metal nitride or Metal carbide exist.
- the passivation layer consists of silicon nitride.
- the passivation layer consists of amorphous carbon or diamond-like carbon.
- the passivation layer is defect-free, in particular pinhole-free is trained.
- the essence of the invention is that to increase the reliability of tripping the butt or sliding contact points on the fixed or to the movable component with a tight, against water, oils, Grease and silicone resistant passivation layer, the thickness of which is a fraction the expansion of the working air gap by separation after a sol-gel Process.
- Very thin, dense can be particularly advantageously used with the sol-gel technique Create layers from nanomers.
- Material examples for the inorganic nanoparticles are silicates or titanates, from which initially an emulsion with the polymer Matrix material is formed. Applying the emulsion to the desired one Partial surface of the component can be immersed, spin-coated or Spraying happen, taking those parts of the component that are not coated should be masked beforehand so that no material is deposited there. As a result, the use of the nanomeric layer material is restricted to functionally important points of the component, which is a very economical handling allowed with the possibly very expensive special materials. After applying the Emulsion, the coating is polymerized, which is either UV-induced, thermally or plasma-assisted. When polymerizing forms the special, lotus leaf-like, nanostructured surface structure also emerges.
- the essence of the invention lies in the alternative production method according to claim 15 in that to increase the tripping reliability the shock or Sliding contact points on the fixed or on the movable component a dense passivation layer resistant to water, oils, greases and silicones, the thickness of which is a fraction of the extent of the working air gap, be provided by separation from the gas phase.
- the passivation layer consists of amorphous or diamond-like carbon by making the carbon plasma-assisted from the Gas phase is deposited.
- the passivation layer consists of a metal-ceramic material, in that the metal-ceramic is sputtered or vapor-deposited entirely or at least in a chemical component.
- a metal-ceramic material in that the metal-ceramic is sputtered or vapor-deposited entirely or at least in a chemical component.
- 123 ceramics such as Ti 3 SiC 2 , which is characterized by excellent temperature stability, low adhesiveness and high chemical resistance.
- the passivation layer consists of a metal nitride or Metal carbide consists of the metal nitride or the metal carbide entirely or at least sputtered or evaporated in a chemical component.
- the passivation layer consists of Teflon by Teflon plasma-assisted polymerizes from the gas phase is deposited.
- FIG. 1 shows a magnetic residual current release with a hinged armature, whose contact points are coated.
- Figure 1 shows a magnetic residual current release 1 with a yoke 20, which in U-shape is formed.
- a yoke 20 Around one leg 22 of the yoke 20 is a coil 50 wrapped.
- the two end pieces 23 of the yoke 20 are covered by an anchor 40, the end piece of the leg, which carries the coil 50, only in part is covered.
- the Working air gaps 22, the expansion of which is due to the surface roughness of the anchor and yoke is given at the contact points and on the order of some ⁇ m, is typically 2-3 ⁇ m.
- the anchor 40 In the area of contact points between anchors 40 and yoke 20 is the anchor 40 with a dense, against water, oils, greases and Silicon resistant passivation layer 70 coated, which is so thin that it does not significantly increase the working air gap, i.e. it only extends a fraction of the air gap expansion and is significantly smaller than 1 ⁇ m.
- the coating 70 is not exclusively a planar layer is applied, but the end piece of the anchor 40 in its three-dimensional Form densely covered, that is, also around the edge, around a corrosive To prevent attack on the contact point from the front of the anchor, this, however, only in the area of the contact point between anchor 40 and yoke 20.
- anchor 40 is layer-free, which means the required amount of coating material is reduced to the bare minimum and a very economical one Use of the possibly very expensive material is guaranteed.
- the anchor 40 is rotatably or hinged about an axis 41.
- On the other leg 24 of the yoke 20 is a permanent magnet system 30 consisting of the Permanent magnet 31 and a pole piece 32.
- the one pole of the permanent magnet 31 is connected to the free leg 24 of the yoke 20, the other pole with the pole piece 32.
- the pole piece 32 is also with the free leg 24 of the yoke 20 connected so that the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 31 to is largely short-circuited via the pole shoe 32 and only a small part over the armature 40, the yoke 20 and over the air gaps 22. So that is magnetic attraction with which the armature 40 is pulled against the yoke 20 will not be very large.
- a spring 60 engages the second end firmly connected to the pole shoe 32 of the permanent magnet system Yoke 20 is connected. At rest, the magnetic attraction of the Permanent magnet system 30 on the armature 40 just large enough that the armature against the restoring force of the spring 60 is attracted to the free ends of the yoke 20 remains.
- the fault current in the coil 50 becomes a magnetic one Flux generated
- the magnetic flux in the yoke 20 and armature 40 formed Counteracts magnetic circuit and compensates it so far that the magnetic Holding force of the yoke 20 on the hinged anchor 40 is reduced so far that the Folding anchor 40 is pulled off the ends 23 of the yoke 20 by the force of the spring 60 becomes. It is moved into a release position - not shown here - in which then through the hinged anchor 40 a - also not shown here - key switch is unlocked.
- the advantage of the dense against water Oils, greases and silicones are resistant passivation layers 70.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Breakers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (20)
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter, mit wenigstens einem ersten feststehenden Bauelement, mit wenigstens einem zweiten beweglichen Bauelement, mit einer Permanentmagnetanordnung und mit einer Spule, wobei das zweite bewegliche Bauelement durch die von der Permanentmagnetanordnung erzeugte Anzugskraft entgegen der Federkraft einer mit dem beweglichen Bauelement verbundenen Feder in einer ersten Ruhestellung angezogen und an wenigstens einer Kontaktstelle in mechanischen Stoß- oder Gleitkontakt mit dem ersten feststehenden Bauelement gebracht wird, so daß sich an der wenigstens einen Kontaktstelle ein Arbeitsluftspalt sehr geringer Ausdehnung einstellt, wobei bei Auftreten eines Fehlerstromes die Spule einen der Permanentmagnetanordnung entgegengesetzten magnetischen Fluß erzeugt, so daß die Federkraft die Anzuggskraft der Permanentmagnetanordnung überwindet und das bewegliche Bauelement in eine zweite Auslösestellung bewegt wird, in der ein Schaltschloß entriegelt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Erhöhung der Auslösezuverlässigkeit die Stoß- und/oder Gleitkontaktstellen an dem festen und/oder an dem beweglichen Bauelement mit einer dichten, gegen Wasser, Öle, Fette und Silikone beständigen Passivierungsschicht, deren Dicke einen Bruchteil der Ausdehnung des Arbeitsluftspaltes beträgt, beschichtet sind.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus wasserabweisendem Material besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus korrosionsbeständigem Material besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus adhäsivitätsreduziertem Material besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus ölund schmutzabweisendem Material besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Oberfläche der Passivierungsschicht nanostrukturiert und nach Art einer Lotusblattoberfläche ausgebildet ist.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus einem Nanocomposit-Material besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus Teflon besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus metallkeramischem Material besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus Metallnitrid oder Metallcarbid besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus Siliziumnitrid besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus amorphem Kohlenstoff oder diamantartigem Kohlenstoff besteht.
- Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter gemäß einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht defektfrei, insbesondere pinholefrei ausgebildet ist.
- Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Auslösers für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Erhöhung der Auslösezuverlässigkeit die Stoß- und/oder Gleitkontaktstellen an dem festen und/oder an dem beweglichen Bauelement mit einer dichten, gegen Wasser, Öle, Fette und Silikone beständigen Passivierungsschicht, deren Dicke einen Bruchteil der Ausdehnung des Arbeitsluftspaltes beträgt, durch Abscheidung nach einem Sol-Gel Prozeß versehen werden.
- Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Auslösers für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Erhöhung der Auslösezuverlässigkeit die Stoß- oder Gleitkontaktstellen an dem festen oder an dem beweglichen Bauelement mit einer dichten, gegen Wasser, Öle, Fette und Silikone beständigen Passivierungsschicht, deren Dicke einen Bruchteil der Ausdehnung des Arbeitsluftspaltes beträgt, durch Abscheiden aus der Gasphase versehen werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus amorphem oder diamantartigem Kohlenstoff besteht, indem der Kohlenstoff plasmaunterstützt aus der Gasphase abgeschieden wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus einem metallkeramischen Material besteht, indem die Metallkeramik gänzlich oder zumindest in einer chemischen Teilkomponente aufgesputtert oder aufgedampft wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus einem Metallnitrid oder Metallcarbid besteht, indem das Metallnitrid oder das Metallcarbid gänzlich oder zumindest in einer chemischen Teilkomponente aufgesputtert oder aufgedampft werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Passivierungsschicht aus Teflon besteht, indem Teflon plasmaunterstützt polymerisiert aus der Gasphase abgeschieden wird.
- Fehlerstromschutzschalter, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er einen Magnetauslöser gemäß einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche aufweist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10210826 | 2002-03-12 | ||
DE2002110826 DE10210826A1 (de) | 2002-03-12 | 2002-03-12 | Auslöseeinrichtung für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1345246A2 true EP1345246A2 (de) | 2003-09-17 |
EP1345246A3 EP1345246A3 (de) | 2003-10-15 |
Family
ID=27762876
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03003802A Withdrawn EP1345246A3 (de) | 2002-03-12 | 2003-02-20 | Auslöseeinrichtung für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1345246A3 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10210826A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009021022A1 (de) | 2009-05-13 | 2010-11-18 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schutzschaltgerät, insbesondere Fehlerstromschutzschalter oder Leitungsschutzschalter |
CN102651293A (zh) * | 2011-02-25 | 2012-08-29 | Ls产电株式会社 | 断路器 |
CN118053708A (zh) * | 2024-04-16 | 2024-05-17 | 国网山西省电力公司太原供电公司 | 高压试验用人员保护装置 |
Citations (5)
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DE2755645A1 (de) * | 1977-12-14 | 1979-06-21 | Schutzapparate Paris & Co | Verfahren zum erzeugen einer hohen empfindlichkeit und zum stabilisieren der empfindlichkeit eines ausloesers und ausloeser vorzugsweise haltemagnetausloeser |
EP0293702A1 (de) * | 1987-05-29 | 1988-12-07 | DODUCO GMBH + Co Dr. Eugen DÀ¼rrwächter | Elektromagnetischer Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter |
EP0301935A1 (de) * | 1987-07-28 | 1989-02-01 | Merlin Gerin | Hochempfindlicher elektromagnetischer Auslöser und dessen Herstellung |
DE19746885A1 (de) * | 1997-10-23 | 1999-06-24 | Inst Neue Mat Gemein Gmbh | Nanostrukturierte Formkörper und Schichten sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
DE19917366A1 (de) * | 1999-04-16 | 2000-10-19 | Inst Neue Mat Gemein Gmbh | Mit einer mikrostrukturierten Oberfläche versehene Substrate, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE6921547U (de) * | 1969-05-29 | 1969-09-25 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Elektromagnetischer ausloeser |
DE2529221C2 (de) * | 1975-07-01 | 1983-12-15 | Schupa-Elektro-GmbH + Co KG, 5885 Schalksmühle | Hochempfindlicher, permanentmagnetischer Auslöser für Fehlerstromschutzschalter u.dgl. |
DE2834036A1 (de) * | 1978-08-03 | 1980-02-21 | Licentia Gmbh | Elektromagnetisches ausloeserelais |
DE3410596A1 (de) * | 1984-03-22 | 1985-09-26 | Siemens Ag | Elektromagnetischer ausloeser fuer fehlerstromschutzschalter |
ATE46056T1 (de) * | 1985-12-13 | 1989-09-15 | Maier & Cie C | Magnetausloeser fuer fehlerstromschutzschalter. |
FR2754933B1 (fr) * | 1996-10-23 | 1998-11-27 | Schneider Electric Sa | Relais de declenchement electromagnetique a revetement de carbone amorphe, et son procede de fabrication |
DE29801584U1 (de) * | 1998-01-30 | 1998-04-16 | Siemens Ag | Elektromagnetisches Auslöserelais, insbesondere für Fehlerstromschutzeinrichtungen |
DE10026813B4 (de) * | 1999-06-24 | 2006-01-19 | Abb Patent Gmbh | Elektromagnetischer Auslöser |
-
2002
- 2002-03-12 DE DE2002110826 patent/DE10210826A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-02-20 EP EP03003802A patent/EP1345246A3/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE2755645A1 (de) * | 1977-12-14 | 1979-06-21 | Schutzapparate Paris & Co | Verfahren zum erzeugen einer hohen empfindlichkeit und zum stabilisieren der empfindlichkeit eines ausloesers und ausloeser vorzugsweise haltemagnetausloeser |
EP0293702A1 (de) * | 1987-05-29 | 1988-12-07 | DODUCO GMBH + Co Dr. Eugen DÀ¼rrwächter | Elektromagnetischer Auslöser für einen Fehlerstromschutzschalter |
EP0301935A1 (de) * | 1987-07-28 | 1989-02-01 | Merlin Gerin | Hochempfindlicher elektromagnetischer Auslöser und dessen Herstellung |
DE19746885A1 (de) * | 1997-10-23 | 1999-06-24 | Inst Neue Mat Gemein Gmbh | Nanostrukturierte Formkörper und Schichten sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
DE19917366A1 (de) * | 1999-04-16 | 2000-10-19 | Inst Neue Mat Gemein Gmbh | Mit einer mikrostrukturierten Oberfläche versehene Substrate, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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BARTHLOTT W ET AL: "PURITY OF THE SACRED LOTUS, OR ESCAPE FROM CONTAMINATION IN CONTAMINATION IN BIOLOGICAL SURFACES" PLANTA, SPRINGER VERLAG, DE, Bd. 202, 1997, Seiten 1-8, XP000925073 ISSN: 0032-0935 * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009021022A1 (de) | 2009-05-13 | 2010-11-18 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schutzschaltgerät, insbesondere Fehlerstromschutzschalter oder Leitungsschutzschalter |
DE102009021022B4 (de) * | 2009-05-13 | 2018-02-22 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schutzschaltgerät, insbesondere Fehlerstromschutzschalter oder Leitungsschutzschalter |
CN102651293A (zh) * | 2011-02-25 | 2012-08-29 | Ls产电株式会社 | 断路器 |
CN102651293B (zh) * | 2011-02-25 | 2014-10-29 | Ls产电株式会社 | 断路器 |
CN118053708A (zh) * | 2024-04-16 | 2024-05-17 | 国网山西省电力公司太原供电公司 | 高压试验用人员保护装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1345246A3 (de) | 2003-10-15 |
DE10210826A1 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
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