Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/12—Powders or granules
  • A01N25/14—Powders or granules wettable
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
  • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
  • A01N47/10—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof
  • A01N47/22—O-Aryl or S-Aryl esters thereof

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of producing herbi ⁇ cidal granular products which contain carbamoyloxyphenyl- carbamates and/or substituted benzofuranes, known per se, as active ingredients, surfactants, suspending agents, inert car riers, and possibly other auxiliary agents, such as stabi ⁇ lizers, defoamers, coloring agents, and preservatives.
• active ingredients carbamoyloxyphenyl- carbamates and/or substituted benzofuranes, known per se
• active ingredients such as active ingredients, surfactants, suspending agents, inert car riers, and possibly other auxiliary agents, such as stabi ⁇ lizers, defoamers, coloring agents, and preservatives.
• the sa active ingredients are insoluble in water and in the main foliage-acting, and they are thus sprayed, as water dilutions, onto the plant stand. For this reason the granules are made water dispersible so that a homo
• Carbamoyloxyphenylcarbamate and benzofurane herbicides have conventionally been formulated as emulsion concentrates in which the active ingredient is dissolved in organic solvents and can, with the help of solution emulsifiers, be caused to mix with water to form an emulsion.
• These formulations have, however, the drawbacks of toxicity of the products, due to the organic solvents, inflammability of the products, as well as difficulty of obtaining a stable uncrystallizing emulsion of the product together with water. Crystallization is typical specifically of methyl-3-tol ⁇ lcarbamoyloxyphenylcarbamate.
• Air-jet and suspension mills are used for the grinding to produce a maximally finely divided active ingredient, preferably in the order of magnitude of 1 - 5 microns, in order to achieve biologic efficacy and as stable a suspension as possible when the granule is dispersed into water.
• the active ingredient may be present in a water dilutable formulation either as a liquid suspension concentrat or as a granular product dispersible in water.
• the disadvan ⁇ tages of a liquid product form often include storage difficul ⁇ ties, handling problems due to high viscosity, and the residue remaining in incompletely emptying containers.
• the last- mentioned disadvantage is becoming a significant environmental problem when the used containers are being disposed of.
• solid granules dispersible in a li ⁇ quid are avoided with solid granules dispersible in a li ⁇ quid.
• a granular product can be packaged in mate ⁇ rials, such as carton, which load the environment less, and thus the empty packages are easier to dispose of.
• the basic properties of water-dispersible granules include, in addition to the chemical stability of the active ingredients, also a good ability to be dispersed into water, sufficient granule strength so that detrimental dust is not detached in connection with storage or handling, free flow of the granules, and an ability to remain uncaked during storage.
• the granule may contain, in addition to a water-insoluble carrier, also dispersing, suspending, wetting, preserving, defoaming, and anti-caking agents.
• carbamoyloxyphenylcarbamates the most notab of which are methyl-3-m-tolylcarbamoyloxyphenylcarbamate, gen ⁇ erally named phenmedipham, and ethyl-3-phenylcarbamoyloxy- phenylcarbamate, generally named desmedipham (BP 679,283),
• These active ingredi ⁇ ents can be used separately or as mixtures together with each other and/or with other control agents, especially for weed control in sugar beet cultivation.
• the granules, mixed together with granules containing the active ingredient can be packaged in one container, in one space within it, as a sufficiently evenly distributed granular mix to form one prod ⁇ uct, or can be used as a separately dispensed agent in a tank mixture.
• a separate tablet can be dispensed together with a granular or tablet-form active ingredient to form a combined mixture for use.
• inorgan ic substances which adsorb large amounts of oily substances an are of natural origin, such as silica-based substances, alumi ⁇ num oxide based substances, attapulgite, montmorillonite, mica based substances, diatomite, bentonite, talcum, kaolin, lime, gypsum, and water-insoluble or water-soluble salts.
• porous organic substances of natural origin such as ground wood or corn cobs, ground coconut or almond shells, ground olive skins ground grain husks, cellulose, starch and alginates, or porous structures which are based on polymeric initial substances of natural origin which have been modified, such as lignin deriva tives, cellulose derivatives, starch derivatives, and cyclodex trins, or synthetic polymers such as polyacrylates, polyacryl- amides, polyvinyl derivatives, polymers of maleic acid, poly- urethanes, polylactides, and polymers of glycolic acid.
• polymeric initial substances of natural origin which have been modified, such as lignin deriva tives, cellulose derivatives, starch derivatives, and cyclodex trins
• synthetic polymers such as polyacrylates, polyacryl- amides, polyvinyl derivatives, polymers of maleic acid, poly- urethanes, polylactides, and polymers of glycolic acid.
• the activator may be enclosed in the carrier material by coat ⁇ ing the impregnated particles with a polymer, such as polyviny alcohol, or with sugar based or sugar alcohol based substances, such as lactose, CMC and sorbitol. In this case the speed of release of the activator can also be regulated.
• a polymer such as polyviny alcohol
• sugar based or sugar alcohol based substances such as lactose, CMC and sorbitol
• a liquid activator can also be enclosed in capsules, which can further be used in a granular product. Encapsulation methods are commonly known. The strength of the granules and their resistance to abrasion can also be affected by means of coatin materials. On the other hand, the flow of the product can be improved by them.
• An activator which contains surfactants and/or oil is hot im ⁇ portant for the actual granulation; its main purpose is to enhance the biologic action of the product.
• the proportion of activator may be in general 1 - 80 % of the weight of the granular product, preferably 0.5 - 5 times the amount of carbamoyloxyphenylcarbamate in the product.
• the activator may be in a solid or a liquid state (at 20 °C) , in which case it can be impregnated into a carrier or be mixed with the mix to be granulated. Alternatively it may also be impregnated into or be attached to the product in some other manner after the granulation.
• the activator may contain anionic, cationic, non-ionic or am- pholytic surfactants, or these together with a mineral oil, vegetable oil or animal oil.
• the proportion of surfactants in the activator may be 2 - 100 %, preferably 50 - 100 %.
• the pro portion of oil may respectively be 0 - 98 %, preferably 0 - 50 %.
• the anionic surfactants may be alkyl sulfonates, alkylaryl sulfonates, sulfate ethers, fatty alcohol sulfates, sulfate ester sulfocarboxylic acids and their derivatives, alkyl- glycerolether sulfonates, sulfoesters, sulfonamides and phos ⁇ phoric acid mono- and diesters, bile acids and their salts.
• the cationic surfactants may be alkylamines or alkylarylamines, alkyl or alkylaryl imidazolines, and alkylaminoamides.
• the non-ionic surfactants may be fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, alkylaryl ethoxylates, alkyl sugar ethoxylates or alkyl sugar alcohol ethoxylates, alkylamine or alkylarylamine polyglycol ethers, fatty acid amide derivatives, diethanolamides or polydiethanolamides of fatty acids, deriva ⁇ tives of mono-, di-, and triglycerides, acetylene diols, and silicon-based surfactants.
• ampholytic surfactants may be alkyl and alkylaryl betaine derivatives, alkyl and alkylaryl (poly)glycine derivatives, alkylamide and alkylarylamide carboxylates, and alkylamine and alkylarylamine sulfonates. Surfactants which contain fluorine may also be used.
• the oily substance may be a mineral oil, preferably having a low viscosity so that it can easily become impregnated into the carrier. On the other hand, the oil must not significantly impede the crop plant. It is most advantageous to use low- aromatic paraffin oil, e.g. Neutral solvent 150, Exxon.
• the oily substance may be a vegetable oil or its hydrolysis prod- uct, such as soy oil or a fatty acid mixture of soy oil.
• the oil may also contain phospholipids and sterols.
• the oily substance may be of animal origin, in which case it preferable if the oil contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids and their glycerides.
• the material can be comminuted, for example, while dry in an air jet mill or as a suspension in a pearl mill. It is essen ⁇ tial that the particle size of the solid is on average approx 10 ⁇ m and that of the active ingredient preferably in the ord of 5 p (measured by a Coulter apparatus), in order for the biologic efficacy to be achieved.
• auxiliary agents can be used which promot granule formation, re-wetting of the granules, "and rapid deco position and dispersion of the granules at the time the solu ⁇ tion for use is being prepared, as well as agents which inhib the foaming of the solution for use.
• active in ⁇ gredient may decompose in a basic solution for use
• inorganic or organic pH control agents may be used in the mixture, such as phosphoric acid or its acid salts and citric acid, so that the pH of the solution for use will be below 7, preferably 3. - 5.5.
• Auxiliary granulation agents may be used in granules in which the active ingredient and the activator are in the same granu or in separate active-ingredient granules and activator gran ⁇ ules.
• Agents promoting the decomposition of the granule which may polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone and starch and its mod fied forms, or salts such as ammonium sulfate, or organic water-soluble compounds such as urea, or substances capable of liberating gas, such as carbonates.
• dispersants such as phenyl sulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates and polymerized naph ⁇ thalene sulfonates, polyacrylic acids and their salts, poly- acrylamides, polyalkoxydiamine derivatives, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxide, polybutylene oxide, taurine deriv atives and their mixtures, and sulfonated lignin derivatives.
• Dispersants can be used at 0.1 - 50 %, preferably 5 - 20 % of the granular product.
• Similar products may also be used as agents promoting granula ⁇ tion, such as polyethylene glycol, in which case it is advan ⁇ tageous to add the activator-containing component at a propor ⁇ tion of 1 - 20 % to the completed granule which contains the active ingredient.
• the foaming of a mixture to be prepared for spraying can be controlled with defoamers such as silica-based agents. It is preferable to use such agents at 0 - 0.5 I of the amount of the granular product.
• Prior-known methods can be used for the granulation, such as disc granulation, spray drying (e.g. Niro) , fluid-bed granula ⁇ tion (e.g. Glatt and Schugi), stir granulation using a vertical mixer (e.g. Fielder) or a blade mixer (e.g. Forberg), extruder granulation (e.g. Nica) or compacting granulation (e.g. Bepex apparatus) or centrifugal granulation (e.g. CF-granulator, Freund Industrial Co) , or spray-bed granulation.
• spray drying e.g. Niro
• fluid-bed granula ⁇ tion e.g. Glatt and Schugi
• stir granulation using a vertical mixer (e.g. Fielder) or a blade mixer (e.g. Forberg), extruder granulation (e.g. Nica) or compacting granulation (e.g. Bepex apparatus) or centrifugal granulation
• the activator may be compressed into a water-dispersible tab- let, in which case its size may vary depending on the matrix.
• Conventional tablet presses include rotation (Mansty) and ec centric tablet presses (Diaf) .
• the granule sur ⁇ face can be hardened mechanically by rounding the granule, for example, by using a Spheronizer apparatus (Nica) or by coating the granules with materials suitable for the purpose, as mentioned above.
• the pro ⁇ duct may be dried either in the apparatus used for the granu ⁇ lation or in a separate apparatus intended for drying (e.g. a fluid-bed drier) . It is advantageous if the moisture content of the granular product is below 5 %, preferably below 1 %.
• the granule size of the final product may vary, depending on the granulation method, on average up to 3 mm or considerably higher, in the case of tablets dispersible in water.
• control agents can be mixed together with carbamoyloxyphenylcarbamates (such as phenmedipham and desmedipham) to form a granular product.
• the control agents may be herbicides, agents for plant-disease control, and insecticides, as well as growth control agents.
• herbicides used particularly in the cultivation of sugar beet such as ethofumesate, methamitron, chlorodazone, lenasil, pyridate, metholachlorine, trichloro- acetic acid, EPTC, quinmerac, cycloate, chlopyralide, flur- oxipyr, isocarbimide, propham, trifluraline, alloxydime so ⁇ dium, cetoxydime, diallate, fluazifop-butyl, triallate, dala- pon or propaqizafob.
• herbicides used particularly in the cultivation of sugar beet such as ethofumesate, methamitron, chlorodazone, lenasil, pyridate, metholachlorine, trichloro- acetic acid, EPTC, quinmerac, cycloate, chlopyralide, flur- oxipyr, isocarbimide, propham, tri
• the products of the invention can be used after the emergence of seedlings of the crop plant, preferably in several rounds application during the growing season.
• a suitable amount of active ingredient per one spraying is 0.1 - 1 kg per hectare, depending on the number of rounds of application.
• a separate granular phenmedipham product can be prepared from raw-material mixture which contains: phenmedipham 80 % lignin sulfonates 7.4 % phenyl sulfonates 7.0 % diatomite 2.0 % kaolin 3.6 %
• the raw materials used for the preparation are pre-ground with an air-jet mill (Alpine) for granulation.
• the granulation can be carried out by extrusion (Nica) , in which case water is mixed with the dry mix at 10 % of the mix.
• the diameter of the openings in the matrix is 1 mm.
• the extruded mix is cut into granules of approx. 2 mm in length, which can be further round ed in a Sp eronizer apparatus.
• the product is dried in a fluid bed drier.
• the product obtained by the method disperses excel ⁇ lently into water.
• the suspension can be verified with an experiment in which 1 g of product is dispensed into a 100 ml narrow-tipped graduated test tube containing 100 ml of distilled water (+25 °C) . After the wetting of the granules has been noted, the tube is turned 30 times through 180 degrees. Sediment formation is observed for 1 min, 5 min, and 10 min.
• the amount of sediment separated at 1 min after mixing is 0.05 ml, at 5 min after mixing 0.05 ml, and at 10 min after mixing 0.05 ml.
• the average particle size in the suspension was approx. 2 ⁇ m.
• a separate granular phenmedipham product can be prepared from pre-ground raw material mixture which contains: phenmedipham 89 • 5 lignin sulfonate derivatives 7.2 phenyl sulfonates 3.6 %
• the mixture can be granulated by spray drying from a 50 % aqueous suspension of the mixture (Niro) .
• the average size of the granules depends on the size of the apparatus.
• the granul are round in shape. Determined by the method described above, the suspension results are: 1 min) 0.15 ml; 5 min) 0.9 ml; 10 min) 1.2 ml.
• the average particle size in the suspension i 3 urn.
• a separate granular phenmedipham product can be prepared from the raw materials mentioned in Example 1 by using disc granul ation, in which case the mix to be granulated is wetted using water at 10 % by weight, calculated from the dry matter.
• the suspension results are: 1 min) 0.02 ml; 5 min) 0.15 ml; 10 mi 0.25 ml.
• the average particle size in the suspension is appro 3 um.
• Separate granules containing an activator can be prepared by making from a pre-ground carrier mixture by disc granulation granules which contain: silicic acid (precipitated, e.g. Zeolthix 265) 85 % ammonium sulfate 2 % sodium chloride 6 % lignin sulfonates 2 phenyl sulfonates 5
• an activator solution which contains: alkyl-sorbitol ethoxylate 42 % fatty alcohol ethoxylate 21 % ethoxylated fatty acid esters 8 % ethoxylated fatty acid phosphate esters 5 % alkylaryl sulfonic acid 5 % alkylamine ethoxylate 4 % paraffin oil 15 a, o
• Separate granules containing an activator may also be mixed to form a single granule mixture with the above-mentioned granule formulations which contain active ingredients, or it can be dispensed separately to form a tank mixture with them.
• the granules disperse moderately into water.
• a granular product containing phenmedipham and an activator ca be prepared from a raw-material mixture which contains: phenmedipham 16.0 % lignin sulfonates 2.6 % phenyl sulfonates 5.5 % urea 7.0 % kaolin 5.5 % diatomite 5.0 % mixture B 50.4 % polyethylene glycol 8.0 %
• Mixture B contains: silicic acid (precipitated) 37.5 % bentonite 2.5 % fatty alcohol ethoxylates 16.0 % polyoxyethylene sorbitols 33.8 % paraffin oil 5.1 % alkylamine ethoxylates 5.1 %
• the mixture is granulated in a disc in which the mix is heate to +70 °C, and the formed granular product is cooled back to room temperature.
• the suspension properties of the product ar moderate.
• a layered granular product containing phenmedipham and an act vator can be prepared from a mixture which contains: phenmedipham 16.0 % lignin sulfonates 2.7 % phenyl sulfonates 5.3 % kaolin 15.5 % diatomite 5.0 a - polyethylene glycol 5.0 % mixture B 50.4 % (as in Example 5)
• Mixture B is applied as a coating with the help of polyethyle glycol to a granule prepared from the other raw materials, at +70 °C in a disc granulator.
• the suspension properties of the granular product are moderate.
• a granular product containing phenmedipham and an activator ca be prepared by the extrusion technique from a raw-material mixture which contains: phenmedipham 32.0 % lignin sulfonates phenyl sulfonates kaolin diatomite naphthene sulfonates mixture C
• Mixture C contains: silicic acid (precipitated) phenyl sulfonates ammonium sulfate sodium chloride lignin sulfonates naphthene sulfonates mixture A
• the suspension properties are: 1 min) 0.15 ml; 5 min) 0.3 ml; 10 min) 0.4 ml.
• a granular product containing phenmedipham and desmedipham can be prepared from a mixture which contains: phenmedipham 60.0 % desmedipham 20.0 % lignin sulfonates 5.9 % phenyl sulfonates 5.6 % kaolin 4.0 % diatomite 2.0 %
• the suspension properties of the granular product are: 1 min) 0.01 ml; 5 min) 0.02 ml; 10 min) 0.03 ml.
• a granular product containing phenmedipham and ethofumesate can be prepared by the disc granulation technique from a mixture which contains: phenmedipham 32.0 % ethofumesate 40.0 % lignin sulfonates 6.0 % phenyl sulfonates 5.0 % naphthene sulfonates 9.0 % bentonite 0.2 % urea 7.8 %
• the suspension properties of the granular product are: 1 min) 0.01 ml; 5 min) 0.03 ml; 10 min) 0.04 ml.
• Granules containing phenmedipham and ethofumesate can be pre ⁇ pared by disc granulation from a mixture which contains: phenmedipham 35.0 % ethofumesate 34.7 % lignin sulfonates 5.9 % phenyl sulfonates 5.6 % diatomite 2.0 % kaolin 16.8 %
• the suspension properties were: 1 min) 0.15 ml; 5 min) 0.5 ml; 10 min) 0.8 ml.
• a ' granular product containing phenmedipham and methamitron ca be prepared by disc granulation from a mixture which contains: phenmedipham 16.0 % methamitron 64.0 % lignin sulfonates 5.9 % phenyl sulfonates 5.6 % diatomite 2.0 % kaolin 6.5 %
• the suspension properties of the granular product are: 1 min) 0.01 ml; 5 min) 0.02 ml; 10 min) 0.03 ml.
• a granular product containing phenmedipham and chlorodazone c be prepared by disc granulation from a mixture which contains: phenmedipham 25.0 % chlorodazone 50.0 % lignin sulfonates 5.9 o phenyl sulfonates 5.6 diatomite 1.1 Q. kaolin 12.4
• the suspension capacity of the granules is: 1 min) 0.03 ml; 5 min) 0.10 ml; 10 min) 0.15 ml.
• a granular product containing phenmedipham and chlorodazone ca be prepared by disc granulation from a mixture which contains: phenmedipham 20.0 % chlorodazone 60.0 % lignin sulfonates 5.9 % phenyl sulfonates 5.6 % diatomite 1.1 % kaolin 7.4 %
• the suspension properties of the product are: 1 min) 0.03 ml; 5 min) 0.10 ml; 10 min) 0.15 ml.
• a granular product containing phenmedipham, desmedipham and chlorodazone can be prepared by disc granulation from a mixtur which contains: phenmedipham 12.0 % desmedipham 3.0 % chlorodazone 45.0 % lignin sulfonates 5.9 % phenyl sulfonates 7.0 % fluorinated surfactant 2.0 % alkylaryl betaine 5.0 % diatomite 1.0 % kaolin 19.1 %
• the suspension capacity of the granules is: 1 min) 0.1 ml; 5 min) 0.35 ml; 10 min) 0.45 ml.
• a tablet containing phenmedipham and an activator can be pre- pared by compression using a pressure of 300 kg/cm from a mixture which contains:
• the tablet can be made in a mold having a diameter of 50 mm, which case 30 g of mixture is used.
• the suspension properties of the tablet are moderate when the dispersion of the tablet in a 500 ml decanter containing 300 of water is observed visually.
• the activities of the formulations produced were tested in action against weeds commonly encountered in sugar beet cul ⁇ tivation, such as amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) , rape (Brassica napus) , goosefoot (Chenopodium album) , and common chickweed (Stellaria media) .
• weeds commonly encountered in sugar beet cul ⁇ tivation such as amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) , rape (Brassica napus) , goosefoot (Chenopodium album) , and common chickweed (Stellaria media) .
• Four pots per weed species per test specimen were used in the experiments.
• the efficacies we evaluated in accordance with typical evaluation principles on scale of 0 - 10, the complete destruction of the plant being described by 10. The mean of four pots was reported.
• the sensitivity to injury of the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) wa determined on the same scale.
• the biologic efficacy of a mixture of granular phenmedipham (a in Example 1) and a granular activator (as in Example 4) was compared with a phenmedipham-containing emulsion concentrate preparation (Kemifam) available on the market.
• the amounts of active ingredient in the test specimens were the same, 640 g o active ingredient per hectare.
• the efficacies were inspected 7 days after the spraying.
• Example 1 0.8 kg 7.3 8.2 8.7 7.2 1.0 + Example 4 3.0 kg
• Example 8 0.8 kg 8.3 5.3 9.0 22.6 1.0 + Example 4 3.8 kg
• Example 10 1.5 kg 7.0 9.0 9.5 0 + Example 4 1.1 kg
• Methamitron which works both soil-applied and foliage-applie does not require activators in the same way as does phen ⁇ medipham; the relatively high efficacy of granular product 10 is an indication of this. However, even in this case a signif icant improvement of action on rape is achieved with an addi ⁇ tion of activator. Overall, using a granular product of phen ⁇ medipham + methamitron + activator, an excellent selective biologic action is achieved without any symptoms of injury in the sugar beet.
• the purpose of the experiment was to compare the biologic ac ⁇ tion of granular products containing phenmedipham to the action of emulsion and suspension concentrate products already avail ⁇ able commercially.
• the efficacy of the granular product containing an active in ⁇ gredient, used together with a granular activator, the total amount of the material used being 1.75 kg/ha, is as good as th efficacy of the suspension product when used at 3 1/ha.
• a granular product containing more activator was used,. in which case the total amount of material used is 2.75 kg/ha, a sig ⁇ nificantly better efficacy is obtained with the granular prod ⁇ uct than with the suspension product.
• a liquid activator in the con ⁇ ventional manner as a tank mixture, as in test specimen 5.
• the activator granules of Example 4 contain mixture A 60 %, in which case test specimens 4 and 5 contain equal amounts of the liquid ingredient.
• the solid carrier material of the granular product in ⁇ creases the effect of the activator granules on the efficacy o the active ingredient by up to 10 %. It is also noteworthy tha this granular product is more than 10 % more effective than th commercial suspension concentrate product and up to 20 % more effective than the commercial emulsion concentrate product.
• Kemiron is an emulsion concentrate containing ethofumesate 200 g per liter, and granular ethofumesate (EFU granule) is a water dispersible granular product containing effective in ⁇ gredient 65 %.
• EFU granule granular ethofumesate

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