EP0241844B1 - Flüssigkeitspackung mit Griff - Google Patents
Flüssigkeitspackung mit Griff Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0241844B1 EP0241844B1 EP87105119A EP87105119A EP0241844B1 EP 0241844 B1 EP0241844 B1 EP 0241844B1 EP 87105119 A EP87105119 A EP 87105119A EP 87105119 A EP87105119 A EP 87105119A EP 0241844 B1 EP0241844 B1 EP 0241844B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pack
- handle
- tube
- diagonal
- lid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
- B65D5/44—Integral, inserted or attached portions forming internal or external fittings
- B65D5/46—Handles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
- B65D5/72—Contents-dispensing means
- B65D5/727—Dispensing openings provided in the upper end-walls of tubular containers, the openings being closed by means of separate stopper or other closure elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
- B65D5/44—Integral, inserted or attached portions forming internal or external fittings
- B65D5/46—Handles
- B65D5/46008—Handles formed separately from the container body
Definitions
- the invention relates to a package for flowable fillings with a tube formed by at least one longitudinal sealing seam, at the ends of which the bottom and lid are attached, of which the lid consists of thermoplastic material without carrier material, is molded onto the tube and has a pouring device, the tube from at least one side with a thermoplastic coated substrate, e.g. Cardboard exists, the bottom is square and is formed from the folded tube of the pack as a folding closure and a handle connected to the lid is attached to the side of the tube and below the lid.
- a pack with these features is known from EP-A-0 180 028 (prior art according to Article 54 (3) EPC).
- liquid packs Of the large number of liquid packs, those are known which are formed from a flat, coated cardboard web into a tube, filled and provided with a bottom and a lid.
- the pack manufacturers have made various considerations as to how the cheapest and cheapest handle on a plastic packaging of the type described above could be attached.
- One of the considerations according to the older EP-A-0.180.028 is that that a part of the tube wall adjoining the circumference of the lid is folded onto itself to form the handle and connected to form a double-walled surface in which the gripping opening is provided. It has also been considered that it would be expedient if the molded cover were extended over the upper edge of the double-walled surface with the gripping opening to form a stiffening web.
- the manufacturer could create such a pack from a flat sheet, while the other advantages of known packs could also be retained, for example good opening of an otherwise tight pouring device, reclosing of the same, etc.
- the double-walled surface with the gripping opening could, according to the pack explained above, be configured triangularly in such a way that its upper edge forms a short catheter, its outer folding edge running approximately in the longitudinal direction of the tube forms a long catheter and the two inner folding edges lying one on top of the other form the hypotenuse.
- This area could best be made triangular, with each half of this double-walled area also being triangular. This results in a good grip with a tough grip.
- Such a pack would have the disadvantage, however, that apart from a special, unavoidable cut of the shape at the bottom and lid of the pack, there would be a fold for the triangular surface mentioned, which would offer a relatively large dead space for the overall pack.
- Such a package could only be stacked, stored and transported with a large amount of dead space when relatively large volumes were used.
- the pack manufacturer is aware that the costs for the transport and storage of liquid packs play such a significant role that further considerations have been made with the aim of further improving the pack described above.
- the outer dimension of the base to form a cuboid outer contour of the pack is equal to the square cross-sectional dimension of the pack from the bottom to the lid and that the handle is molded together with the lid within the cuboid outer contour of the pack.
- a suitable pouring device which is also known per se, can be attached. This provides the end user with a liquid pack that has largely achieved all of the desirable properties.
- such a double-walled triangular field of this kind is cut off from the coated cardboard web in the package according to the invention, for example where the grip opening of the handle begins in the package discussed above.
- the folding can take place in such a way that in the lower area up to the middle area the package remains cuboid and only in the upper area is a tetrahedral or pyramid-shaped space cut or removed, in which the molded handle is accommodated .
- the package according to the invention can be packed face to face without the expensive dead space.
- the handle is located in a tetrahedral space, one edge of which is formed by the diagonal of the cover.
- the tetrahedron is a triangular pyramid. It therefore has triangular tetrahedral surfaces, and the one edge of the one surface lies in the preferred embodiment just described in the diagonal of the cover.
- This diagonal is expediently between those two corners of the rectangular or square cover at which the pouring device is not provided.
- a straight line runs from the center of this diagonal to the pouring device or pouring tip of the lid perpendicular to the diagonal mentioned.
- the handle When viewed from above on the lid, the handle then also runs perpendicular to this diagonal, but away from the pouring device to the other side of the diagonal.
- the pack can be produced particularly easily in this way because the diagonal also results in favorable folds.
- the tetrahedron surface passing through the diagonal of the lid intersects the rear longitudinal edge of the tube in a lower corner point, which is 1/3 to 1/2 the height of the package at a distance from the lid.
- the inclination of the molded handle to the cover or to the longitudinal axis of the tube can be selected and adjusted in this way. It is useful if the handle is as close as possible to the center of gravity of the pack. This is achieved if the handle can be positioned more towards the center of the pack. This has practical reasons for use by the end user. If the latter has opened the package, the package should be as vertical as possible when the package is lifted using the handle, so that good is not undesirably poured out too early at the start of pouring.
- the measures according to the invention also have the further advantage that an inexpensive folding can be provided and thus less paper or cardboard is used.
- a double-walled base strip made of coated cardboard is provided, starting from the lower corner point and running in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the tube to the cover.
- the handle can be firmly anchored to the cardboard material in the area of this tetrahedral surface over the entire height of the tetrahedral surface on the diagonal. Even with larger liquid packs, the handle can no longer be removed from the pack during normal use. All forces introduced into the handle by the weight of the filled package are evenly distributed.
- the double-walled base strip is shorter than the height of the triangular tetrahedral surface on the diagonal and only part of the tetrahedral surface consists of coated cardboard. From the upper, cover-side end of the double-walled base strip to the diagonal and to the side of this line up to the ends of the diagonal, this results in a triangular surface which, according to the inventors' ideas, should consist of plastic and preferably with particular advantage together with the handle and the Lid should be molded onto the cardboard material.
- An advantage achieved in this way is the avoidance of the cut of the shape already described above.
- the upper edge of the handle fastened to the lid is rounded upwards from the rear longitudinal edge of the tube to the lid and forwardly to the pouring device and merges into at least one partial surface of the lid.
- the finished pack for liquids shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 consists of the tube, designated overall by 1, which forms the four side walls, which are designated in particular by 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d in FIG. It can be seen that only the two side walls 1a and 1d are rectangular, while the side walls 1b and 1c are trapezoidal.
- the four side walls 1a-1d are formed over the longitudinal sealing seam 2 to the tube 1.
- the floor is formed in a manner known per se by those wall panels which are shown in the blank in FIG. 7 below.
- the area of the lid 4 is important and interesting for the explanation of the invention.
- the lid 4 is provided with the pouring device 5, which is shown somewhat more precisely with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, and in the rear area with the handle 6. It can be seen how the handle 6 is completely arranged within the cuboid outer contour of the pack. It is located in a tetrahedron-shaped space between the diagonal D of the cover 4 and the upper cut-off area of the rear longitudinal edge 7 above the lower corner point P.
- the external dimension a ⁇ a ( Figure 1) of the bottom 3.
- this square is the square cross-sectional dimension of the pack. This extends from the bottom 3 of the pack to the lid 4 over the entire height H of the pack.
- the outer contour of the pack is also determined by the height dimension H ( Figure 2). Since the handle 6 is completely located within the outer contour of the pack, the upper part of the handle 6 does not protrude above the pack in the illustration in FIG. 2 (size H).
- the outer contour of the pack is formed by the cuboid, which results from the product of the two side lengths a and the height H, the volume of which is equal to a ⁇ a ⁇ H.
- the handle is shown as being arranged in a tetrahedral space as described above.
- the lower corner point P can be arranged at a distance d (FIG. 2) from the cover 4, which is equal to 1/3 to 1/2 the height H of the package.
- the handle 6 does not have to start from a diagonal D as shown in FIG. 1, but can also be further forward or further back.
- the space, in which the handle 6 is located within the outer contour of the pack also start from a line in the lid 4 that lies in front of the diagonal D, ie within the triangle formed by the two side edges a next to the pouring tip and the diagonal D.
- Another other embodiment could also have the handle in a space that is smaller than the space from the lower corner point P to the diagonal D.
- the handle 6 should be located substantially near and above the center of gravity of the filled package.
- This dashed line is the upper edge of this double-walled base strip 9, which lies completely in the handle 6 and does not protrude into the gripping opening 10.
- the lower web of the handle 6 between the gripping opening 10 and the tetrahedral surface F can be attached to this double-walled base strip 9 in a particularly favorable manner.
- Cover 4 with handle 6 can be welded or injection-molded onto base strip 9, for example, during the manufacture of the pack, when the upper end of tube 1 is closed.
- the outer contour of the handle 6 on the pack side ie below, does not lie completely against the tetrahedral surface F, which like the tube 1 is made of plastic coated cardboard material. Rather, the tetrahedral surface F is on the lines 11 and 12 cut off, so that there is a partial triangular surface f, which in the embodiment shown consists of plastic without a carrier material and is molded together with the lid 4 and handle 6 on the edges 11 and 12 of the coated cardboard.
- the double-walled base strip 9 is formed from the coated cardboard material, it extends from the lower corner point P inwards and upwards to the cover 4, but does not reach the cover 4 but ends beforehand at the intersection of the two lines 11 and 12.
- the tetrahedral surface F consists of coated cardboard, namely that part which is formed by the side edges S1, S2, 11 and 12.
- the other surface f which is even outside the plane of the tetrahedral surface F, consists only of plastic without a box.
- the pouring device shown in more detail in FIGS. 5 and 6 and generally designated 5 consists of a lid 14 of elongated shape, on the top of which a handle 15 is molded.
- a handle 15 On the lower side opposite the handle 15, an all-round flange 16 is formed on the lid 14 towards the inside of the pack, which has an undercut 17 over a wedge-shaped collar 18.
- the lower edge 19 of this collar 18 protrudes into the interior of the package, and the entire pouring device (except for the handle 15, which is folded over in the transport configuration) is located in a depression designated by 19, which is characterized by ramp-shaped inclined surfaces 20 and 21 (everything Plastic) is formed. These ramp-shaped inclined surfaces then merge into the general upper wall of the cover 4, designated 22 in FIG.
- a line of weakness is provided around the collar 16, along which at first opening of the lid 14 can be torn out of the lid surface 21.
- the cover 14 is articulated via a band 24 as a hinge. This runs above the wall 25 (FIG. 5), as a result of which a space 26 is formed which is open under the band 24 on both sides.
- a first plane E1 is defined by the weakening line 23 approximately halfway up the collar 16, which lies at a distance a '(FIG. 6) from the main plane E2, which through the surface of the cover 4 or its surface Wall 22 is formed.
- the surface 27 of the tearable closure cap 14 of the pouring device 15 lies in a third plane E3, which lies between the lower plane E1 and the upper plane E2. If, after the cover is molded onto the tube 1, the handle 15 is folded horizontally, the space between the third surface E3 and the upper level E2 is sufficient to accommodate the entire wall thickness of the handle 15. In this folded shape ( Transport shape), in which, for example, the cover 4 can be formed, all parts that are formed together with the cover are located in one piece within the outer contour of the overall package.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cartons (AREA)
- Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT87105119T ATE78773T1 (de) | 1986-04-17 | 1987-04-07 | Fluessigkeitspackung mit griff. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3612895 | 1986-04-17 | ||
DE19863612895 DE3612895A1 (de) | 1986-04-17 | 1986-04-17 | Fluessigkeitspackung mit griff |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0241844A2 EP0241844A2 (de) | 1987-10-21 |
EP0241844A3 EP0241844A3 (en) | 1988-07-20 |
EP0241844B1 true EP0241844B1 (de) | 1992-07-29 |
Family
ID=6298850
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP87105119A Expired - Lifetime EP0241844B1 (de) | 1986-04-17 | 1987-04-07 | Flüssigkeitspackung mit Griff |
Country Status (20)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4718598A (da) |
EP (1) | EP0241844B1 (da) |
JP (1) | JPS62251340A (da) |
KR (1) | KR950001846B1 (da) |
CN (1) | CN1008170B (da) |
AR (1) | AR242538A1 (da) |
AT (1) | ATE78773T1 (da) |
AU (1) | AU593340B2 (da) |
BR (1) | BR8701843A (da) |
CA (1) | CA1272971A (da) |
DE (2) | DE3612895A1 (da) |
DK (1) | DK168856B1 (da) |
ES (1) | ES2033713T3 (da) |
FI (1) | FI87445C (da) |
GR (1) | GR3005365T3 (da) |
IE (1) | IE69022B1 (da) |
MX (1) | MX169098B (da) |
NO (1) | NO171052C (da) |
RU (1) | RU1836271C (da) |
ZA (1) | ZA872708B (da) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3628478A1 (de) * | 1986-08-22 | 1988-03-03 | Altstaedter Verpack Vertrieb | Fluessigkeitspackung mit griff |
DE3727589A1 (de) * | 1987-08-19 | 1989-03-02 | Tetra Pak Rausing & Co Kg | Quaderfoermige fluessigkeitspackung |
DE3917609A1 (de) * | 1989-05-31 | 1990-12-06 | Tetra Pak Gmbh | Packung fuer fliessfaehige fuellgueter mit angespritztem griff, verfahren zum anspritzen des griffes und vorrichtung hierfuer |
CH679147A5 (da) * | 1989-06-07 | 1991-12-31 | Tetra Pak Romont | |
DE3939970A1 (de) * | 1989-12-02 | 1991-06-06 | Tetra Pak Gmbh | Packung fuer fliessfaehiges fuellgut mit umlaufender naht |
DE4005257A1 (de) * | 1990-02-20 | 1991-08-29 | Tetra Pak Gmbh | Fliessmittelpackung mit greifmulden und verfahren zur herstellung derselben |
SE509810C2 (sv) * | 1997-07-04 | 1999-03-08 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance | Öppningsanordning för förpackningsbehållare |
US6431434B1 (en) | 1999-09-23 | 2002-08-13 | Keith Louis Haughton | Individual beverage carton with a straw therein and a method of manufacture |
US6354062B1 (en) | 1999-05-13 | 2002-03-12 | Bevtek Inc. | Method of manufacture of individual beverage carton with a straw therein |
US20030015576A1 (en) * | 2001-07-03 | 2003-01-23 | Canino Paul Allen | Paper package with injection-molded plastic seams and handle |
FR2872786B1 (fr) * | 2004-07-06 | 2008-10-24 | Florian Morelet | Emballage souple comportant des elements de prehensions |
WO2008054661A2 (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2008-05-08 | Mott's Llp | Beverage package with incorporated handles |
US10682019B2 (en) * | 2017-07-07 | 2020-06-16 | Lota Lite Llc | Compact portable ablution vessel |
JP2022552117A (ja) * | 2019-10-10 | 2022-12-15 | エマニュエラ スピナッケ | 固形製品又は液状製品を集めて注ぐ家庭用品 |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US875409A (en) * | 1905-12-16 | 1907-12-31 | Brown & Bailey Company | Collapsible box. |
US1342770A (en) * | 1917-10-02 | 1920-06-08 | Paper Bottle And Can Company I | Paper bottle |
US2102653A (en) * | 1935-04-30 | 1937-12-21 | Gertrude L Smith | Molded handled receptacle |
US2483464A (en) * | 1945-12-04 | 1949-10-04 | Frederick T Johnson | Container |
US3195752A (en) * | 1963-05-31 | 1965-07-20 | James V Cox | Container |
US3175750A (en) * | 1964-02-20 | 1965-03-30 | Ind Res And Dev Corp | Carton with handle and pouring spout |
DE1909569U (de) * | 1964-10-08 | 1965-02-04 | Chem Fab Waldmann K G | Dosenartiges standgefaess aus kunststoff. |
US3366290A (en) * | 1966-09-08 | 1968-01-30 | Mojonnier Inc | Plastic container with integral handle |
FR1558100A (da) * | 1967-03-16 | 1969-02-21 | ||
DE1977365U (de) * | 1967-10-23 | 1968-01-18 | Skandi Leuchten Hans Pfefferko | Verpackungsbehaelter. |
US3586980A (en) * | 1967-11-13 | 1971-06-22 | Emerson Electric Co | Frequency modulation-demodulation circuit |
DE1561529A1 (de) * | 1967-11-14 | 1970-05-27 | Diamond Shamrock Corp | Duennwandiger selbsttragender Behaelter aus Kunststoff-Flachmaterial und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
US3924797A (en) * | 1973-12-14 | 1975-12-09 | Int Paper Co | Paperboard carton |
DE2711632A1 (de) * | 1977-03-17 | 1978-09-21 | Wolfgang Gloeyer | Umkarton zum transport von behaeltnissen |
DE3139780A1 (de) * | 1981-10-07 | 1983-04-28 | Altstädter Verpackungsvertriebs GmbH, 2000 Hamburg | Packung fuer fliessfaehige fuellgueter mit kunststoffdeckel |
IT8322470V0 (it) * | 1983-07-22 | 1983-07-22 | Mazzeschi Adriano | Contenitori in materiali flessibili per liquidi in genere e carburanti in particolare. |
DE3439492A1 (de) * | 1984-10-27 | 1986-05-07 | Altstädter Verpackungsvertriebs Gesellschaft mbH, 6102 Pfungstadt | Fluessigkeitspackung mit griff |
-
1986
- 1986-04-17 DE DE19863612895 patent/DE3612895A1/de active Granted
-
1987
- 1987-03-18 CN CN87102207A patent/CN1008170B/zh not_active Expired
- 1987-03-20 MX MX005657A patent/MX169098B/es unknown
- 1987-04-01 AR AR87307182A patent/AR242538A1/es active
- 1987-04-02 AU AU71001/87A patent/AU593340B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-04-03 FI FI871468A patent/FI87445C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-04-06 RU SU874202291A patent/RU1836271C/ru active
- 1987-04-07 JP JP62083984A patent/JPS62251340A/ja active Pending
- 1987-04-07 AT AT87105119T patent/ATE78773T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-04-07 DE DE8787105119T patent/DE3780680D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-04-07 ES ES198787105119T patent/ES2033713T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-04-07 EP EP87105119A patent/EP0241844B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-04-08 CA CA000534113A patent/CA1272971A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-04-10 US US07/036,953 patent/US4718598A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-04-15 DK DK194987A patent/DK168856B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-04-15 NO NO871614A patent/NO171052C/no unknown
- 1987-04-15 BR BR8701843A patent/BR8701843A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-04-15 ZA ZA872708A patent/ZA872708B/xx unknown
- 1987-04-16 IE IE100487A patent/IE69022B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-04-17 KR KR1019870003705A patent/KR950001846B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1992
- 1992-08-06 GR GR920401698T patent/GR3005365T3/el unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK168856B1 (da) | 1994-06-27 |
BR8701843A (pt) | 1988-02-02 |
JPS62251340A (ja) | 1987-11-02 |
NO871614D0 (no) | 1987-04-15 |
CA1272971A (en) | 1990-08-21 |
GR3005365T3 (da) | 1993-05-24 |
DE3780680D1 (de) | 1992-09-03 |
IE69022B1 (en) | 1996-07-24 |
EP0241844A2 (de) | 1987-10-21 |
FI87445B (fi) | 1992-09-30 |
ZA872708B (en) | 1987-10-05 |
AU593340B2 (en) | 1990-02-08 |
RU1836271C (ru) | 1993-08-23 |
US4718598A (en) | 1988-01-12 |
FI87445C (fi) | 1993-01-11 |
KR950001846B1 (ko) | 1995-03-04 |
AU7100187A (en) | 1987-10-22 |
FI871468A0 (fi) | 1987-04-03 |
EP0241844A3 (en) | 1988-07-20 |
FI871468A (fi) | 1987-10-18 |
ES2033713T3 (es) | 1993-04-01 |
DK194987A (da) | 1987-10-18 |
IE871004L (en) | 1987-10-17 |
DE3612895A1 (de) | 1987-10-29 |
DK194987D0 (da) | 1987-04-15 |
NO171052B (no) | 1992-10-12 |
CN87102207A (zh) | 1987-10-28 |
CN1008170B (zh) | 1990-05-30 |
DE3612895C2 (da) | 1992-06-04 |
KR870009923A (ko) | 1987-11-30 |
NO871614L (no) | 1987-10-19 |
NO171052C (no) | 1993-01-20 |
AR242538A1 (es) | 1993-04-30 |
MX169098B (es) | 1993-06-22 |
ATE78773T1 (de) | 1992-08-15 |
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