CN1849743A - 自主切换变换器 - Google Patents

自主切换变换器 Download PDF

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CN1849743A
CN1849743A CNA2004800259792A CN200480025979A CN1849743A CN 1849743 A CN1849743 A CN 1849743A CN A2004800259792 A CNA2004800259792 A CN A2004800259792A CN 200480025979 A CN200480025979 A CN 200480025979A CN 1849743 A CN1849743 A CN 1849743A
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switch
resistor
capacitor
diode
switching converter
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汤马斯·洛夫米亚
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Siemens AG Oesterreich
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582Buck-boost converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/338Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement
    • H02M3/3385Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement with automatic control of output voltage or current

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

本发明关于一种自主切换变换器,其中:可将一输入电压(UE)通过一第一半导体开关(T1)施加于一存储电感器(L1);一与开关(T1)串联的传感电阻器(R2)的电压降被输送给一第二半导体开关(T2)的控制电极;输入电压(UE)与第一开关(T1)的控制电极通过一电阻(R1)连接;且该控制电极可以通过第二开关(T2)接地。在第一开关的第一时段(t1)的第一传导阶段中且通过电感器的电流增大时,第二开关开始具有导电性并断开第一开关(T1)的接触。于是存储电感器(L1)通过一整流二极管(D1)为输出电容器(C2)于第二时段(t2)提供电能,直到将第二开关(T2)的切换输入端与输入电压相连接的串联阻容元件的电容器(C1)得到充电,第二开关(T2)的接触被断开且第一开关(T1)重新具有导电性。

Description

自主切换变换器
技术领域
本发明关于一种自主切换变换器。
技术背景
大量用于为电子设备供电的切换变换器已为大众所知,其中有逆向变换器和正向变换器之分;然而,混合类型亦已为大众所知。用复杂的解决方法可以满足关于性能、防短路、无噪音等多种不同的要求。
在某些情况中,对于无特殊电力需求的较小型的设备供电而言,例如即使是一切换变换器的控制电路,都需要辅助电流供应,然而其不会显著地影响实际的设备,例如一切换变换器的成本。在这些情况中常使用所需具有的带有一额外辅助线圈的变压器的自主逆向变换器。例如DE 30 07 566 A1即为此种逆向变换器的多种实例其中之一。
发明内容
本发明的目的为发明一种自主切换变换器,即发明一种不需要专用的控制元件的切换变换器,其可以一种节省成本的方式及用尽可能少的元件组成。
此目的可以用一种自主切换变换器达成,其中,根据本发明,将一输入电压通过一第一半导体开关施加于一存储电感器,一与开关串联的传感电阻器的电压降被作为通过电感器电流的指示被输送给第二半导体开关的控制电极,输入电压与第一开关的控制电极通过一电阻连接,该控制电极可以通过第二开关的切换通路接地,其中当在第一开关的第一时段的第一传导阶段打开输入电压且通过电感器的电流增大后,第二开关开始具有导电性并断开第一开关的接触,然后存储电感器在第二时段通过一整流二极管提供电能予一输出电容器,直到将第二开关的切换输入端与输入电压相连接的串联阻容元件(RC elements)的电容器得到充电,则第二开关的接触断开且第一开关重新具有导电性。
根据本发明的逆向变换器可以用两个晶体管及一电感器与几个电阻器及两个电容器组成。因此,此种逆向变换器特别适用于为小型设备供电,例如亦可为一较大的切换变换器的控制电路供电。
若只使用一个电感器,则整流二极管可将输出电容器与存储电感器流电地连接。
另一方面,存储电感器亦可以用一变压器的初级线圈构成,其次级线圈则连接到该整流二极管及该输出电容器。通过选择本案中关于输入电压及输出电压的两个电感器的传送比可以得到一较大的尺寸范围。
为了保护第二晶体管及改进切换性能,如果阻容元件的电容器可以在第一开关打开的状态下通过一降压电阻器及一放电二极管放电则较为有利,其中降压电阻器(Rs)相较于阻容元件的电阻器明显较小。出于同样的原因,如果第二开关的控制输入端用一反极保护二极管进行保护则较为有利。
如果在没有负载电阻的情况下亦要保证变换器的功能,则推荐在输出电容器处对输出电压进行调整。
最好进行此调整,从而使一第三半导体开关的切换通路与第二开关的切换通路并联,该第三半导体开关的控制输入端通过一齐纳(Zener)二极管与输出电压相连。
然而,当使用变压器时,如果用一光耦合器的光电晶体管的集极-射极通路跨过第二开关的切换通路则较为可取,其中其传送二极管通过一齐纳(Zener)二极管连接于输出电压。
本发明及其他优点在下面基于图中所示的两项实施例进行更详细的描述。
附图说明
图1:显示出根据本发明只带有一个存储电感器的切换变换器的电路,及
图2:显示出根据本发明的另一切换变换器的实施例,其使用一变压器。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,一直流输入电压UE通过一存储电感器L1、晶体管T1的集极-射极通路及一传感电阻器R2接地。一电阻R1由直流输入电压UE的正极连至晶体管T1的基极及另一晶体管T2的集极,其射极接地。
第一晶体管T1的射极将R2处的电压降导至第二晶体管T2的基极,其通过电容器C1与电阻器R5的串联与存储电感器L1及晶体管T1的集极的连接点连接。此连接点通过一整流二极管D1导向输出电容器C2。
如图1最右边所示,如果一负载电阻RB未连接至刚才所述的电路,则需注意在电容器C2处对输出电压UA的调整。为此,设置一第三晶体管T3,其集极-射极通路与晶体管T2的集极-射极通路并联,且其基极通过一电阻器R6及一齐纳(Zener)二极管D4与输出电压UA连接。
晶体管T1、T2及T3普遍为受控半导体开关,其中最好使用场效应晶体管(field-effect transistors FET)。
根据本发明的电路工作如下。
直流输入电压UE,例如15伏,被连接至存储电感器L1及电阻器R1,其在使用场效应晶体管(FET)时可能不能超过所容许的闸极-源极电压。晶体管T1的闸极通过电阻器R1充电,且此晶体管打开,由此存储电感器L1中的电流线性地增大。该电流的总量在传感电阻器R2处被示出,即位于该电阻器处的电压降为通过电感器电流的指示,且此电压降通过电阻器R4被传送至第二晶体管。如果第二晶体管T2为一NPN晶体管,且电阻器R2处的电压降大于此晶体管的基极-射极电压,则此晶体管变得具有导电性且其关闭晶体管T1。
在升压原理的情况下,电感器L1现在尽量保持电流流通并将该电流通过二极管D1导入输出电容器C2。通过电容器C1及限流电阻器R5,晶体管T2可保持其导电性且晶体管T1被保持关闭。仅当电容器C1被充电时,晶体管T1被重新释放并通过电阻器R1重新充电。此过程被重复直到达到所需要的输出电压。然后基于晶体管T3及齐纳(Zener)二极管D4的所述调整器介入,即如果达到输出电压,晶体管T3通过齐纳(Zener)二极管D4打开,且电阻器R6及由此晶体管T1的闸极被短路。T1保持关闭直到再次低于所需输出电压,及并且齐纳(Zener)二极管D4不再导电且晶体管T3重新释放第一晶体管T1。
因此,如果达到所需电压则在这个简单的电路中中断了振荡。两个分别关于存储电感器L1及传感电阻器R2并决定第二晶体管T2的打开限值及打开时段t1的时间常数,及关于电容器C1和电阻器R5并决定关闭时段的时间常数,均对此功能具有决定性。
图2中所示的电路基本上与根据图1的电路相对应,通过对照即可立即看出。
不同之处如下:
此处存储电感器L1由变压器UET的初级线圈构成,其中发生在第二线圈L2上的电压转而通过二极管D1及输出电容器C2进行整流并导向输出电压UA
输出电压UA被调整,其中设置一用于由次级面进行流电分离的光耦合器OKO的光电晶体管,代替图1中的第三晶体管。在次级面,光耦合器的传送二极管通过一电阻器R6及一齐纳(Zener)二极管D4进行控制,其中可以得到与图1中所描述关于电压调整完全相同的功能。
另外,图2中显示出另一保护性电路,其尤其由一降压电阻器Rs及一二极管D2的串联组成,其将由偏离存储电感器L1的电容器C1的一端与晶体管T2的基极相连。此外,晶体管T2的基极-射极通路被另一二极管D3跨过。
此保护性电路被用于在任何操作状态下都不允许晶体管T2具有一负压及在第一晶体管T1的导电阶段额外地迅速为电容器C1放电。在晶体管T1打开的状态下,具有C1×Rs时间常数的电容器C1通过串联的二极管D2及D3被放电,其中R3需要大于R5,由此可以迅速放电。在晶体管T1关闭的状态下,电容器C1通过具有C1×R5时间常数的电阻器R5缓慢地进行充电。必须如此选择时间常数,从而为存储电感器L1的退磁留有充足的时间,从而使其在晶体管T1重新被打开时不再导电。
亦可在梯形运作(trapezoid operation)中操作存储电感器L1,其中时间常数C1×R5随即被选择为相应较低。当打开晶体管T1时,二极管D3阻止晶体管基极上的负压并起反极保护的作用。

Claims (8)

1.自主切换变换器,其特征在于:可将一输入电压(UE)通过一第一半导体开关(T1)施加于一存储电感器(L1),一与开关(T1)串联的传感电阻器(R2)的电压降作为通过感应器(L1)电流的指示被输送给第二半导体开关(T2)的控制电极,输入电压(UE)与第一开关(T1)的控制电极通过一电阻(R1)连接,该控制电极可以通过第二开关(T2)的切换通路接地,其中,当在第一开关的第一时段(t1)的第一传导阶段中打开输入电压且通过电感器的电流增大后,第二开关开始具有导电性并断开第一开关(T1)的接触,然后存储电感器(L1)通过一整流二极管(D1)为第二时段(t2)提供电能至一输出电容器(C2),直到将第二开关(T2)的切换输入端与输入电压相连接的串联阻容元件的电容器(C1)得到充电,第二开关(T2)的接触被断开且第一开关(T1)重新具有导电性。
2.根据权利要求1的切换变换器,其特征在于:该整流二极管(D1)将输出电容器(C2)与存储电感器(L1)流电地连接。
3.根据权利要求1的切换变换器,其特征在于:该存储电感器(L1)由变压器(UET)的初级线圈构成,其次级线圈(L2)则连接有该整流二极管(D1)及该输出电容器(C2)。
4.根据权利要求1至3其中之一项的切换变换器,其特征在于:阻容元件(C1/R5)的电容器(C1)可以通过降压电阻器(Rs)及一放电二极管(D2)在第一开关(T1)打开的状态下放电,其中降压电阻器(Rs)相对阻容元件的电阻器(R5)明显较小。
5.根据权利要求1至4其中之一项的切换变换器,其特征在于:第二开关(T2)的控制输入端被反极保护二极管(D3)保护。
6.根据权利要求1至5其中之一项的切换变换器,其特征在于:输出电压(UA)在输出电容器(C2)处被调整。
7.根据权利要求2及6的切换变换器,其特征在于:第三半导体开关(T3)的切换通路与第二开关(T2)的切换通路并联,其控制输入端通过一齐纳二极管(D4)与输出电压(UA)相连。
8.根据权利要求3及6的切换变换器,其特征在于:用一光耦合器(OKO)的光电晶体管的集极-射极通路跨过第二开关(T2)的切换通路,其传送二极管通过一齐纳二极管(D4)连接于输出电压(UA)。
CNA2004800259792A 2003-09-09 2004-07-26 自主切换变换器 Pending CN1849743A (zh)

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EP1665509A1 (de) 2006-06-07

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