CN113348838B - Chemical fertilizer reduced application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountain land - Google Patents
Chemical fertilizer reduced application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountain land Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilizer reduced application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous regions, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting. The invention discloses a fertilizer application reduction method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous regions. The fertilizer application reduction method can reduce the fertilizer dosage of a rice and green manure crop rotation planting mode in Guizhou mountainous areas, improve the soil fertility and the crop yield, reduce the nutrient loss, and is easy to popularize and use.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a fertilizer reduced application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountain land.
Background
The rice crop belt belongs to southwest of Guizhou, and is the only typical mountain agricultural province without plain support in China. At present, rice planting in Guizhou province mainly aims at developing green, ecological and high-quality rice. The rice-rape crop rotation mode is one of the main planting modes in Guizhou; however, the problems of unscientific fertilization and the like exist, so that the total crop yield is not long, and the occurrence of diseases and insect pests is serious. In order to solve the problems, a complete-process nutrient package fertilization scheme which is suitable for rice-rape crop rotation planting in Guizhou and reduces fertilizer application is particularly necessary.
Guizhou should fully utilize the unique natural ecological conditions, and take a green ecological, advantage and characteristic, high-quality and high-efficiency agricultural industrialization development way. The ecological planting of Guizhou rice needs a complete package fertilization mode of rice-rape crop rotation planting matched with the ecological planting method, meets the requirements of resource conservation, environmental ecology and cyclic and efficient agricultural economic development, and is an effective way for ensuring the quality safety of agricultural products, promoting the economic development of rural areas and increasing the income of farmers to become rich.
The rice-rape crop rotation planting mode is characterized in that the whole amount of crop straws is returned to the field within two seasons of one year, so that the improvement of the cultivated land quality and the reduction of chemical fertilizers are facilitated, and the paddy-upland rotation enables nutrients in soil to be further released, so that the nutrients are more easily absorbed by crops, the soil permeability is enhanced, and the water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil is improved. The fertilizer application principle is that the straws are returned to the field, organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are added and matched, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is controlled, the base nitrogen proportion is properly improved, and the application amount of the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is reduced.
Therefore, the problem to be solved by the technical personnel in the field is to provide a fertilizer application reduction method for rice and green manure crop rotation in the Guizhou mountain land.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a reduced application method of a chemical fertilizer for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous regions, which can reduce the usage amount of the chemical fertilizer in a rice and green manure crop rotation planting mode in Guizhou mountainous regions, improve the soil fertility and the crop yield, reduce the nutrient loss, and is easy to popularize and use.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a reduced fertilizer application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous areas comprises the following specific steps:
(1) returning the straws to the field: returning to field directly or piling and retting to field;
the specific operation steps of directly returning to the field (mechanical mining machine harvesting) are as follows:
when the rice is harvested in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, rice stubbles with the height of 5-15cm are left, the harvested straws of the rice are directly mechanically crushed, and the crushing fineness is below 3.5 cm; weighing 3kg of a straw-decomposing agent and a nitrogen fertilizer, adding soil with the same amount as the straw-decomposing agent and the nitrogen fertilizer, uniformly mixing, uniformly spreading on one mu of rice stubble, and ploughing; deeply ploughing by 10-15cm during ploughing, thoroughly ploughing the rice stubble to the deep soil, and finely harrowing to prevent the rice stubble from floating on the water surface to influence the operation of next crop stubble; the nitrogen fertilizer is 6-8kg of urea or 15-20kg of ammonium bicarbonate;
the specific operation steps of the retting and returning (manual harvesting) are as follows:
selecting a field: selecting a flat and wide place in front of and behind a house or a place where the head of a field does not obstruct cultivation in the composting field;
preparing a straw rotting agent solution: diluting 3kg of straw rotting agent and nitrogen fertilizer with 10-20kg of water, uniformly mixing, and obtaining a straw rotting agent solution with a carbon-nitrogen ratio of 20-30, and applying the straw rotting agent solution to 1000kg of rice straws; the nitrogen fertilizer is 6-8kg of urea or 15-20kg of ammonium bicarbonate;
thirdly, laying straws: firstly, paving a layer of rice straw with the thickness of 15-20cm, then uniformly sprinkling the straw decomposition agent solution prepared in the step (2), adding clear water to enable the humidity of the straw decomposition agent solution to reach 55% -65%, and then paving a layer of soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm; laying a second layer by repeating the operation, laying no more than 10 layers according to the size of the field, and pasting slurry or covering a black film on the outer layer after laying; the straw rotting agent solution is applied to 1000kg of rice straws on average, and the using amount of each layer of straw rotting agent solution is calculated according to the number of actual laying layers;
proper turning: in the process of stack retting, the stack is turned for 1-2 times according to specific conditions, so that the effect of accelerating uniform decomposition can be achieved; turning over the pile for the first time when the temperature in the pile exceeds 70 ℃ to prevent killing microorganisms in the pile at high temperature; turning the piles once in the mass propagation stage of the filamentous fungi in the piles for the second time so as to provide sufficient oxygen; if the water content is insufficient in the pile turning process, the water content needs to be replenished in time;
fifthly, applying the decomposed product: the compost is retted for 15 to 20 days in summer to reach the complete decomposition standard; the compost is retted for 30-55 days in winter to reach the complete decomposition standard; uniformly spreading the prepared decomposed substances on one mu of land to be used as a base fertilizer for ploughing; deeply ploughing by 10-15cm during ploughing, and finely harrowing;
(2) planting green manure crops:
sowing: planting rape or milk vetch separately, or intercropping rape and milk vetch;
planting rape separately:
the seedling transplanting time is 10 middle and last ten days of the month; 5-6 leaves of seedlings are transplanted in 30-40 days of seedling age, the seedlings are planted before 10 months, and the seedlings are reasonably close planted, wherein 7800 and 8200 plants are planted in each mu;
fertilizing: the fertilizer application is mainly base fertilizer and is assisted by additional fertilizer; 15kg of pure nitrogen, 7.5kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 7.5kg of potassium oxide are used for each mu of rapeseeds with the yield of 180kg per unit; wherein, the nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 50 percent of base fertilizer, 30 percent of seedling stage and 20 percent of bolting stage, and 0.75kg of borax is added into the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer for one-time application; the fertilizing amount is increased and decreased according to the unit yield of rapeseeds per mu in proportion.
Field management: irrigation and soil moisture conservation are carried out in time in drought weather to prevent seedling shortage, ditch cleaning and water draining are carried out after spring, the field humidity is reduced, and diseases are prevented;
disease and pest control: the main diseases and pests include aphids, cabbage caterpillars and sclerotinia rot. Agricultural control: strengthen the culture tube and strengthen the resistance. The main measures are as follows: a rotation crop system is popularized; testing soil, balancing fertilization, increasing organic fertilizer, and controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer; cleaning the field and removing diseased seedlings, diseased leaves and diseased plants. Biological control: the biological methods of agricultural antibiotics, sex attractant, natural enemies and the like are adopted to prevent and control the plant diseases and insect pests. Chemical control: the pesticide application conforms to the regulation of GB4285\ GB/T8321 (all parts);
returning the straws to the field directly when the rapeseeds are harvested;
planting Chinese milk vetch separately, harvesting rice in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, and then immediately preparing soil and sowing;
the planting amount of the milk vetch is 1.5 kg-2 kg per mu, and the milk vetch and the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are mixed and evenly stirred with 2.5 kg-5.0 kg per mu for sowing, and broadcast sowing is adopted; turning over and pressing the flowers in the full-bloom stage to the yellow pod stage and returning the flowers to the field directly;
(iii) intercropping of oilseed rape and milk vetch
Planting Chinese milk vetch in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, wherein the seeding amount is 0.75 kg-1 kg per mu, and the Chinese milk vetch is mixed with 1.25 kg-2.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, uniformly stirred and seeded, and broadcast seeding is adopted; transplanting the rapes by intercropping the milk vetch, wherein 3900 and 4100 plants are planted in each mu, and the straws are directly returned to the field when the rapes are harvested;
(3) fertilization of rice
In the middle and last ten days of 5 months in the next year, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility and the rice yield level:
the rice yield level is more than 500 kg/mu, 30 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9.0) for rice is applied before the green manure crops are ploughed, and 150 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer is applied before the green manure crops are ploughed; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 30 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 30 kg/mu;
the rice yield level is 450-500 kg/mu, 24 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9) for rice and 150 kg/mu of biological organic fertilizer are applied before the green manure crops are ploughed, and the ploughing is carried out; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 24 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 24 kg/mu;
the rice yield level is below 450 kg/mu, 21 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9) for rice and 150 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer are applied before the green manure crops are ploughed for ploughing; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 21 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 21 kg/mu;
(4) harvesting the rice, returning the straws to the field, and starting a new round of rice and green manure crop rotation.
The special formula base fertilizer for rice, the special formula tillering topdressing for rice and the special formula booting topdressing for rice are all obtained by preparation, and take the special formula base fertilizer for rice (13.33-11.67-9) as an example, the special formula base fertilizer for rice (N-P)2O5-K213.33-11.67-9), 13.33, 11.67, 9 are N, P respectively2O5、K2O accounts for the percentage of the fertilizing amount; wherein, the nitrogen fertilizer: urea; phosphate fertilizer: diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate; and (3) potassium fertilizer: potassium sulfate and potassium chloride.
According to the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention discloses the fertilizer application reduction method for the rotation of the Guizhou mountain rice and the green manure crops, which can reduce the fertilizer usage amount of the planting mode of the rotation of the Guizhou mountain rice and the green manure crops, improve the soil fertility and the crop yield, reduce the nutrient loss and is easy to popularize and use.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The biological organic fertilizer is a 12-bacterium active biological organic fertilizer purchased from Xiandenlong biological technology limited company; the straw-decomposing agent is purchased from Jinshouzi plant Nutrition Co. The rice variety used in the embodiment of the invention is Yixiangyou 2115, the rape variety is tall oil 11, and the astragalus sinicus variety is Minzishi No. 6. The experimental place of the invention is a temple base of Muen in the area of Tanzhou.
Example 1 (direct straw return to field, single rape planting)
A reduced fertilizer application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous areas comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the method comprises the following specific operation steps of directly returning the straws to the field:
when the rice is harvested in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, rice stubbles with the height of 5-15cm are left, the harvested straws of the rice are directly mechanically crushed, and the crushing fineness is below 3.5 cm; weighing 3kg of straw rotting agent and 8kg of urea, adding soil with the same amount as the straw rotting agent and the urea, uniformly mixing, uniformly spreading on one mu of rice stubble, and ploughing; deeply ploughing by 10-15cm during ploughing, and finely harrowing;
(2) planting green manure crops:
and (3) independently planting rape:
the seedling transplanting time is 10 middle and last ten days of the month; transplanting 5-6 leaves of the seedlings in 30-40 days, completing the transplanting before 10 months, and reasonably close planting 8000 plants per mu;
fertilizing: 15kg of pure nitrogen, 7.5kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 7.5kg of potassium oxide are used for each mu of rapeseeds with the yield of 180kg per unit; wherein, the nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 50 percent of base fertilizer, 30 percent of seedling stage and 20 percent of bolting stage, and 0.75kg of borax is added into the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer for one-time application;
field management: irrigation should be carried out in time in drought weather to preserve soil moisture, seedling shortage is prevented, ditch cleaning and water draining are carried out after spring, field humidity is reduced, and diseases are prevented;
disease and pest control: the main diseases and pests include aphids, cabbage caterpillars and sclerotinia rot. Agricultural control: strengthen the culture tube and strengthen the resistance. The main measures are as follows: a rotation crop system is popularized; testing soil, balancing fertilization, increasing organic fertilizer, and controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer; cleaning the field and removing diseased seedlings, diseased leaves and diseased plants. Biological control: the biological methods of agricultural antibiotics, sex attractant, natural enemies and the like are adopted to prevent and control the plant diseases and insect pests. Chemical control: the pesticide application conforms to the regulation of GB4285\ GB/T8321 (all parts);
returning the straws to the field directly when the rapeseeds are harvested;
(3) fertilizing rice
In the middle and last ten days of 5 months in the next year, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility and the rice yield level:
the rice yield level is more than 500 kg/mu, 30 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9.0) for rice and 150 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer are applied before the green manure crops are ploughed, and the ploughing is carried out; 15 days after the rice transplanting, applying special formula tillering and topdressing fertilizer (10-9.33-9) for the rice, wherein the application amount is 30 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 30 kg/mu;
harvesting the rice, returning the straws to the field, and starting a new round of rice and green manure crop rotation.
The used nitrogen fertilizer: urea; phosphate fertilizer: diammonium phosphate; and (3) potassium fertilizer: potassium sulfate.
Example 2 (straw direct returning, single planting milk vetch)
A reduced fertilizer application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous areas comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the method comprises the following specific operation steps of directly returning the straws to the field:
when the rice is harvested in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, rice stubbles with the height of 5-15cm are left, the harvested straws of the rice are directly mechanically crushed, and the crushing fineness is below 3.5 cm; weighing 3kg of straw rotting agent and 6kg of urea, adding soil with the same amount as the straw rotting agent and the urea, uniformly mixing, uniformly applying the mixture on one mu of rice stubble, and ploughing; deeply ploughing by 10-15cm during ploughing, and finely harrowing;
(2) planting green manure crops:
planting Chinese milk vetch separately, harvesting rice in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, and immediately preparing soil and sowing;
the planting amount of the milk vetch is 2kg per mu, and the milk vetch and 5.0kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are mixed, stirred and sown, and broadcast sowing is adopted; turning over and pressing the seeds during the full-bloom period to the yellow pod period and returning the seeds to the field directly;
(3) fertilizing rice
In the middle and last ten days of 5 months in the next year, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility and the rice yield level:
the rice yield level is 450-500 kg/mu, the special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9) for rice is applied to 24 kg/mu and the biological organic fertilizer is applied to 120 kg/mu before the green manure crops are ploughed, and the ploughing is carried out; 15 days after the rice transplanting, applying special formula tillering and topdressing fertilizer (10-9.33-9) for the rice, wherein the application amount is 24 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 24 kg/mu;
harvesting the rice, returning the straws to the field, and starting a new rice and green manure crop rotation.
The used nitrogen fertilizer: urea; phosphate fertilizer: monoammonium phosphate; and (3) potassium fertilizer: and (4) potassium chloride.
Example 3 (straw direct returning, intercropping of rape and milk vetch)
A reduced fertilizer application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous areas comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the method comprises the following specific operation steps of directly returning the straws to the field:
when the rice is harvested in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, rice stubbles with the height of 5-15cm are left, the harvested straws of the rice are directly mechanically crushed, and the crushing fineness is below 3.5 cm; weighing 3kg of straw rotting agent and 7kg of urea, adding soil with the same amount as the straw rotting agent and the urea, uniformly mixing, uniformly applying the mixture on one mu of rice stubble, and ploughing; deeply plowing for 10-15cm during plowing, and finely harrowing;
(2) planting green manure crops:
intercropping of rape and milk vetch
Planting Chinese milk vetch in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, wherein the seeding amount is 1kg per mu, the Chinese milk vetch and the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are mixed and uniformly stirred for seeding, and broadcast seeding is adopted; transplanting rapeseeds by intercropping milk vetch, wherein 4100 rapeseeds are directly returned to the field when the rapeseeds are harvested per mu; and (3) rape fertilization: yield per mu is 90kg of rapeseeds, and 7.5kg of pure nitrogen, 3.75kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 3.75kg of potassium oxide are used per mu; wherein, the nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 50 percent of base fertilizer, 30 percent of seedling stage and 20 percent of bolting stage, and 0.75kg of borax is added into the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer for one-time application;
(3) fertilizing rice
In the middle and last ten days of 5 months in the next year, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility and the rice yield level:
the rice yield level is below 450 kg/mu, 21 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9) for rice and 100 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer are applied before the green manure crops are ploughed, and ploughing is carried out; 15 days after the rice transplanting, applying special formula tillering and topdressing fertilizer (10-9.33-9) for the rice, wherein the application amount is 21 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 21 kg/mu;
harvesting the rice, returning the straws to the field, and starting a new rice and green manure crop rotation.
Nitrogenous fertilizer: urea; phosphate fertilizer: diammonium phosphate; and (3) potassium fertilizer: potassium chloride.
Example 4 (straw retting returning, independent rape planting)
A reduced fertilizer application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous areas comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the straw composting and returning method comprises the following specific operation steps:
selecting a field: selecting a flat and wide place in front of and behind a house or a place where the head of a field does not obstruct cultivation in the composting field;
preparing a straw rotting agent solution: diluting 3kg of the straw rotting agent and 8kg of urea with 20kg of water, uniformly mixing, wherein the carbon-nitrogen ratio is 20-30, obtaining a straw rotting agent solution, and applying the straw rotting agent solution to 1000kg of rice straws;
thirdly, laying straws: firstly, paving a layer of rice straw with the thickness of 15-20cm, then uniformly sprinkling the straw decomposition agent solution prepared in the step (2), adding clear water to enable the humidity of the straw decomposition agent solution to reach 55% -65%, and then paving a layer of soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm; laying a second layer by repeating the operation, laying no more than 10 layers according to the size of the field, and pasting slurry or covering a black film on the outer layer after laying;
proper turning: in the process of stack retting, turning over for 1-2 times according to specific conditions, and turning over once in time when the temperature in the stack exceeds 70 ℃ for the first time so as to prevent microorganisms in the stack from being killed by high temperature; turning the piles once in the mass propagation stage of the filamentous fungi in the piles for the second time; in the turning process, if the water content is insufficient, the water needs to be replenished in time;
fifthly, applying the decomposed product: composting in summer for 15-20 days until the compost reaches the complete decomposition standard, uniformly spreading the prepared decomposed matters on one mu of land, using the land as a base fertilizer, and ploughing; deeply ploughing by 10-15cm during ploughing, and finely harrowing;
(2) planting green manure crops:
and (3) independently planting rape:
the seedling transplanting time is 10 middle and last ten days of the month; 5-6 leaves of seedlings are transplanted in 30-40 days of seedling age, the seedlings are planted before 10 months, and the seedlings are reasonably close planted with 7800 plants per mu;
fertilizing: 15kg of pure nitrogen, 7.5kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 7.5kg of potassium oxide are used for each mu of rapeseeds with the yield of 180kg per unit; wherein, the nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 50 percent of base fertilizer, 30 percent of seedling stage and 20 percent of bolting stage, and 0.75kg of borax is added into the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer for one-time application;
field management: irrigation and soil moisture conservation are carried out in time in drought weather to prevent seedling shortage, ditch cleaning and water draining are carried out after spring, the field humidity is reduced, and diseases are prevented;
disease and pest control: the main diseases and pests include aphids, cabbage caterpillars and sclerotinia rot. Agricultural control: strengthen the culture tube and strengthen the resistance. The main measures are as follows: a rotation crop system is popularized; testing soil, balancing fertilization, increasing organic fertilizer, and controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer; cleaning the field and removing diseased seedlings, diseased leaves and diseased plants. Biological control: the biological methods of agricultural antibiotics, sex attractant, natural enemies and the like are adopted to prevent and control the plant diseases and insect pests. Chemical control: the pesticide application conforms to the regulation of GB4285\ GB/T8321 (all parts);
returning the straws to the field directly when the rapeseeds are harvested;
(3) fertilizing rice
In the middle and last ten days of 5 months in the next year, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility and the rice yield level:
the rice yield is more than 500 kg/mu, 30 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9) for rice and 150 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer are applied before green manure crops are ploughed, and ploughing is carried out; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 30 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 30 kg/mu;
harvesting the rice, returning the straws to the field, and starting a new rice and green manure crop rotation.
The used nitrogen fertilizer: urea; phosphate fertilizer: monoammonium phosphate; and (3) potassium fertilizer: potassium sulfate.
Example 5 (straw retting returning to field, purple kidney English planting alone)
A reduced fertilizer application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous areas comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the straw composting and returning method comprises the following specific operation steps:
selecting a field: selecting a flat and wide place in front of and behind a house or a place where the head of a field does not obstruct cultivation in the composting field;
preparing a straw rotting agent solution: diluting 3kg of straw rotting agent and 8kg of urea with 20kg of water, uniformly mixing, wherein the carbon-nitrogen ratio is 25, obtaining a straw rotting agent solution, and applying the straw rotting agent solution to 1000kg of rice straws;
thirdly, laying straws: firstly, paving a layer of rice straw with the thickness of 15-20cm, then uniformly sprinkling the straw decomposition agent solution prepared in the step (2), adding clear water to enable the humidity of the straw decomposition agent solution to reach 55% -65%, and then paving a layer of soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm; repeating the above operations to lay a second layer, laying no more than 10 layers according to the size of the field, and pasting slurry or covering a black film on the outer layer after laying;
proper turning: in the process of stack retting, turning over for 1-2 times according to specific conditions, and turning over once in time when the temperature in the stack exceeds 70 ℃ for the first time so as to prevent microorganisms in the stack from being killed by high temperature; turning the piles once in the mass propagation stage of the filamentous fungi in the piles for the second time; in the turning process, if the water content is insufficient, the water needs to be replenished in time;
fifthly, applying the decomposed product: the compost is retted for 15 to 20 days in summer to reach the complete decomposition standard; uniformly spreading the prepared decomposed substances on one mu of land to be used as a base fertilizer for ploughing; deeply ploughing by 10-15cm during ploughing, and finely harrowing;
(2) planting green manure crops:
planting Chinese milk vetch separately, harvesting rice in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, and immediately preparing soil and sowing;
the planting amount of the milk vetch is 1.5kg per mu, and the milk vetch and the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are mixed, stirred, uniformly stirred and sowed, and broadcast sowing is adopted; turning over and pressing the seeds during the full-bloom period to the yellow pod period and returning the seeds to the field directly;
(3) fertilizing rice
In the middle and last ten days of 5 months in the next year, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility and the rice yield level:
the rice yield level is 450-500 kg/mu, the special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9) for rice is applied to 24 kg/mu and the biological organic fertilizer is applied to 120 kg/mu before the green manure crops are ploughed, and the ploughing is carried out; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 24 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 24 kg/mu;
harvesting the rice, returning the straws to the field, and starting a new rice and green manure crop rotation.
The used nitrogen fertilizer: urea; phosphate fertilizer: diammonium phosphate; and (3) potassium fertilizer: potassium chloride.
Example 6 (straw retting and returning to the field, intercropping of rape and milk vetch)
A reduced application method of a chemical fertilizer for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous regions comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the straw composting and returning method comprises the following specific operation steps:
selecting a field: selecting a flat and wide place in front of and behind a house or a place where the head of a field does not obstruct cultivation in the composting field;
preparing a straw rotting agent solution: diluting 3kg of straw decomposition agent and 7kg of urea with 15kg of water, uniformly mixing, wherein the carbon-nitrogen ratio is 25, obtaining a straw decomposition agent solution, and applying the straw decomposition agent solution to 1000kg of rice straws;
thirdly, laying straw: firstly, paving a layer of rice straw with the thickness of 15-20cm, then uniformly sprinkling the straw decomposition agent solution prepared in the step (2), adding clear water to enable the humidity of the straw decomposition agent solution to reach 55% -65%, and then paving a layer of soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm; repeating the above operations to lay a second layer, laying no more than 10 layers according to the size of the field, and pasting slurry or covering a black film on the outer layer after laying;
proper turning: in the process of stack retting, turning over for 1-2 times according to specific conditions, and turning over once in time when the temperature in the stack exceeds 70 ℃ for the first time so as to prevent microorganisms in the stack from being killed by high temperature; turning the piles once in the mass propagation stage of the filamentous fungi in the piles for the second time; in the turning process, if the water content is insufficient, the water needs to be replenished in time;
fifthly, applying the decomposed product: the compost is retted for 15 to 20 days in summer to reach the complete decomposition standard; uniformly spreading the prepared decomposed substances on one mu of land to be used as a base fertilizer for ploughing; deeply plowing for 10-15cm during plowing, and finely harrowing;
(2) planting green manure crops:
intercropping of rape and milk vetch
Planting Chinese milk vetch in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, wherein the seeding amount is 0.75kg per mu, and the Chinese milk vetch and the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are mixed, stirred, sowed and broadcast; transplanting the rapes in the astragalus sinicus intercropping way, wherein 3900 rapes are planted in each mu, and the rapes are directly returned to the field when being harvested; and (3) rape fertilization: yield per mu is 90kg of rapeseeds, and 7.5kg of pure nitrogen, 3.75kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 3.75kg of potassium oxide are used per mu; wherein, the nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 50 percent of base fertilizer, 30 percent of seedling stage and 20 percent of bolting stage, and 0.75kg of borax is added into the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer for one-time application;
(3) fertilizing rice
In the middle and last ten days of 5 months in the next year, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility and the rice yield level:
the rice yield level is below 450 kg/mu, 21 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9) for rice and 100 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer are applied before the green manure crops are ploughed, and ploughing is carried out; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 21 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 21 kg/mu;
harvesting the rice, returning the straws to the field, and starting a new rice and green manure crop rotation.
The used nitrogen fertilizer: urea; phosphate fertilizer: diammonium phosphate; and (3) potassium fertilizer: potassium sulfate.
Comparative example
A conventional fertilizing method for rice in Guizhou mountain areas specifically comprises the following operations:
the rice yield level is more than 500 kg/mu, and pure N12kg, P is applied per mu2O59.2kg，K2O10 kg. The fertilizing method comprises the following steps: nitrogenous fertilizer: 60% of base fertilizer and 40% of tillering fertilizer (15 days after seedling transplantation); phosphate fertilizer: all the fertilizer is used as base fertilizer; and (3) potassium fertilizer: 60% of base fertilizer and 40% of tillering fertilizer (15 days after seedling transplanting).
The rice yield level is 450-500 kg/mu, and pure N10.0kg and P are applied per mu2O56.96kg，K2O8.0 kg. The fertilizing method comprises the following steps: nitrogenous fertilizer: 60% of base fertilizer and 40% of tillering fertilizer (15 days after seedling transplantation); phosphate fertilizer: all the fertilizer is used as base fertilizer; and (3) potassium fertilizer: 60% of base fertilizer and 40% of tillering fertilizer (15 days after seedling transplanting).
The rice yield is less than 450 kg/mu, and pure N9.0 kg and P are applied per mu2O55.84kg，K2O7.0 kg. The fertilizing method comprises the following steps: nitrogenous fertilizer: 60% of base fertilizer and 40% of tillering fertilizer (15 days after seedling transplantation); phosphate fertilizer: all the fertilizer is used as base fertilizer; and (3) potassium fertilizer: 60% of base fertilizer and 40% of tillering fertilizer (15 days after seedling transplanting).
Base planting conditions
1. A place: guizhou Zhuo Hao agriculture science and technology GmbH (Zunyi city sowing Zhou Minn Temple base)
2. Topography: flat dam (100 mu)
3. The rice soil type: yellow soil
4. Basic soil properties: pH of the Muiensi temple base is 7.11, organic matter is 28.12g/kg, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 162.43mg/kg, available phosphorus is 10.3mg/kg, and quick-acting potassium is 112 mg/kg;
5. a planting system comprises the following steps: crop rotation of rice and rape
6. The rice variety is Xiangyou 2115, and the growth period is about 160 days.
7. Transplanting rice seedling density: 30cm by 14 cm.
Statistics were made on the results of examples 1-6 and comparative examples, and the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Note: the fertilizer application amount is the rice fertilizer application amount; the yield is the rice yield; the fertilizer reduction and yield increase were compared to the same target yield comparative example.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (1)
1. A reduced fertilizer application method for rice and green manure crop rotation in Guizhou mountainous areas is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
(1) returning the straws to the field: returning to field directly or stacking and retting to field;
the specific operation steps of returning the field directly to the field are as follows:
when the rice is harvested in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, rice stubbles with the height of 5-15cm are left, the harvested straws of the rice are directly mechanically crushed, and the crushing fineness is below 3.5 cm; weighing 3kg of a straw-decomposing agent and a nitrogen fertilizer, adding soil with the same amount as the straw-decomposing agent and the nitrogen fertilizer, uniformly mixing, uniformly spreading on one mu of rice stubble, and ploughing; deeply ploughing by 10-15cm during ploughing, and finely harrowing; the nitrogen fertilizer is 6-8kg of urea or 15-20kg of ammonium bicarbonate;
the specific operation steps of the retting and returning are as follows:
selecting a field: selecting a flat and wide place in front of and behind a house or a place which does not obstruct the cultivation on the field head for composting;
preparing a straw rotting agent solution: diluting 3kg of the straw rotting agent and the nitrogen fertilizer with 10-20kg of water, uniformly mixing, wherein the carbon-nitrogen ratio is 20-30, obtaining a straw rotting agent solution, and applying the straw rotting agent solution to 1000kg of rice straws; the nitrogen fertilizer is 6-8kg of urea or 15-20kg of ammonium bicarbonate;
thirdly, laying straws: firstly, paving a layer of rice straw with the thickness of 15-20cm, then uniformly sprinkling the straw decomposition agent solution prepared in the step (2), adding clear water to enable the humidity of the straw decomposition agent solution to reach 55% -65%, and then paving a layer of soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm; repeating the above operations to lay a second layer, laying no more than 10 layers according to the size of the field, and pasting slurry or covering a black film on the outer layer after laying;
proper turning: turning over for 1-2 times according to specific conditions in the stack retting process, and turning over for one time in time when the temperature in the stack exceeds 70 ℃ for the first time so as to prevent microorganisms in the stack from being killed by high temperature; turning the piles once in the mass propagation stage of the filamentous fungi in the piles for the second time; in the turning process, if the water content is insufficient, the water needs to be replenished in time;
fifthly, applying the decomposed product: the compost is retted for 15 to 20 days in summer to reach the complete decomposition standard; the compost is retted for 30-55 days in winter to reach the complete decomposition standard; uniformly spreading the prepared decomposed substances on one mu of land to be used as a base fertilizer for ploughing; deeply ploughing by 10-15cm during ploughing, and finely harrowing;
(2) planting green manure crops:
sowing: planting rape or milk vetch separately, or intercropping rape and milk vetch;
planting rape separately:
the seedling transplanting time is 10 middle and last ten days of the month; 5-6 leaves of seedlings are transplanted in 30-40 days of seedling age, the seedlings are planted before 10 months, and the seedlings are reasonably close planted, wherein 7800 and 8200 plants are planted in each mu;
fertilizing: 15kg of pure nitrogen, 7.5kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 7.5kg of potassium oxide are used for each mu of rapeseeds with the yield of 180kg per unit; wherein, the nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 50 percent of base fertilizer, 30 percent of seedling stage and 20 percent of bolting stage, and 0.75kg of borax is added into the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer for one-time application;
returning the straws to the field directly when the rapeseeds are harvested;
planting Chinese milk vetch separately, harvesting rice in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, and then immediately preparing soil and sowing;
the planting amount of the milk vetch is 1.5 kg-2 kg per mu, and the milk vetch and the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are mixed and evenly stirred with 2.5 kg-5.0 kg per mu for sowing, and broadcast sowing is adopted; turning over and pressing the seeds during the full-bloom period to the yellow pod period and returning the seeds to the field directly;
(iii) intercropping of oilseed rape and milk vetch
Planting Chinese milk vetch in the middle and last ten days of 10 months, wherein the seeding amount is 0.75 kg-1 kg per mu, and the Chinese milk vetch is mixed with 1.25 kg-2.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, uniformly stirred and seeded, and broadcast seeding is adopted; 3900-4100 rapes per mu are transplanted in the Chinese milk vetch intercropping way, and straws are directly returned to the field when the rapeseeds are harvested;
(3) fertilizing rice
In the middle and last ten days of 5 months in the next year, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility and the rice yield level:
the rice yield level is more than 500 kg/mu, 30 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9.0) for rice is applied before the green manure crops are ploughed, and 150 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer is applied before the green manure crops are ploughed; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 30 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice-booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the special formula for rice, wherein the application amount is 30 kg/mu;
the rice yield level is 450-; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 24 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 24 kg/mu;
the rice yield level is below 450 kg/mu, 21 kg/mu of special formula base fertilizer (13.33-11.67-9.0) for rice is applied before the green manure crops are ploughed, and 150 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer is applied before the green manure crops are ploughed; 15 days after transplanting, applying the special formula for rice to tillere and topdressing (10-9.33-9) with the application amount of 21 kg/mu; 35-40 days after transplanting, applying the rice special formula booting and topdressing fertilizer (10-2.33-12) with the application amount of 21 kg/mu;
(4) harvesting the rice, returning the straws to the field, and starting a new rice and green manure crop rotation.
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