CN112021064A

CN112021064A - Method suitable for planting morchella in summer in plateau area

Info

Publication number: CN112021064A
Application number: CN201910459830.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 管俊林
Original assignee: Qinghai Zhuochen Agricultural Technology Development Co ltd
Current assignee: Qinghai Zhuochen Agricultural Technology Development Co ltd
Priority date: 2019-06-04
Filing date: 2019-06-04
Publication date: 2020-12-04

Abstract

Due to the fact that the dependence of the morchella on the climate is strong, a mode of 'spring harvest in winter' is generally adopted for cultivation, the growth of morchella hyphae in the mode is slow, the hypha can not completely grow before winter, the climate is dry and cold in winter, the cost required by temperature and humidity management required by growth of the morchella hyphae is too high, and the expected yield of the morchella can not be guaranteed. The invention is characterized in that the invention comprises: determining sowing time, making cultivars, building a shed, preparing soil, sowing and sprinkling irrigation arrangement, placing nutrient bags, culturing hyphae, promoting mushroom induction, managing and protecting young mushrooms, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests and the like.

Description

Method suitable for planting morchella in summer in plateau area

One, the technical field

The invention belongs to a method suitable for planting morchella in summer in a plateau area, and relates to an edible fungus planting technology, which is used for solving the problems that the morchella grows for a long time in winter in the plateau area and the yield per season is low.

Second, background Art

Morchella was found in 1818, and its structure is similar to that of discodermus, and its upper portion is in the form of folded net, and is like a honeycomb and a morchella, so that it is named. The ecological type has high diversity degree, unique fragrance and rich nutrition, contains 19 amino acids, multiple vitamins and mineral substances, is particularly rich in organic germanium, and has the functions of tonifying kidney, strengthening yang, nourishing brain and refreshing; mainly treats kidney deficiency, impotence and hyposexuality, and has good treatment effect on dizziness, insomnia, gastroenteritis, weakness of spleen and stomach, dyspepsia and inappetence; and also has effects in preventing and resisting cancer, preventing common cold, and enhancing immunity. At present, the main cultivation method of morchella in China is 'winter planting and spring harvesting', and in Qinghai plateau areas, morchella is planted in 10 months every year and harvested in 4 months next year. No relevant report is found on the cultivation technology of morchella in summer and autumn in plateau areas.

According to research on resources, domestication and propagation and cultivation of morchella over the years, the method comprises the following steps: in continental climate with the characteristics of low temperature in plateau, large temperature difference between day and night, less and concentrated rainfall, long sunshine and the like, the rainy season is mostly concentrated in 5-8 months, and morchella is a hygrophilous bacterium, so that the method is very suitable for planting in summer and autumn. After simple technical measures are taken, a method of sowing in 5 months and harvesting in 8 months breaks through a single-season cultivation mode of morchella in a plateau area, and the planting time is not conflicted by combining a conventional winter and spring harvesting planting mode of morchella, so that the yield of morchella in unit area is obviously increased.

Third, the invention

Due to the fact that the dependence of the morchella on the climate is strong, a mode of 'spring harvest in winter' is generally adopted for cultivation, the growth of morchella hyphae in the mode is slow, the hypha can not completely grow before winter, the climate is dry and cold in winter, the cost required by temperature and humidity management required by growth of the morchella hyphae is too high, and the expected yield of the morchella can not be guaranteed.

The invention is characterized in that the invention comprises: determining sowing time, making cultivars, building a shed, preparing soil, sowing and sprinkling irrigation arrangement, placing nutrient bags, culturing hyphae, promoting mushroom induction, managing and protecting young mushrooms, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests and the like.

Fourthly, technical measures

The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:

a method suitable for planting morchella in summer in plateau areas comprises the following steps: determining sowing time, manufacturing cultivated species, building a shed, preparing soil, sowing and sprinkling irrigation arrangement, placing nutrient bags, culturing hyphae, inducing mushroom, managing and protecting young mushroom and preventing and controlling diseases and pests.

The step of determining the sowing time comprises the following steps: sowing seeds in 5 middle ten days to 6 months beginning in plots with the altitude of 2400-3500 m.

The method for preparing the cultivar comprises the following steps: the morchella stock with large amount of primordia, good quality and strong stress resistance is taken and prepared into morchella cultivars by adopting a conventional morchella cultivar production method.

The step of building the shed is as follows: a conventional agricultural greenhouse is adopted, three side heat preservation walls are adopted, a 12-filament plastic film is coated on the greenhouse, a single-side arch structure with the length of 80m and the width of 8m is adopted, a high-density sunshade net and a cotton quilt are covered above the greenhouse, an upper ventilation opening and a lower ventilation opening are reserved, and the cultivation greenhouse with excellent rain shielding effect, smooth ventilation and good air permeability is manufactured.

The land preparation step is as follows: selecting a farmland with loose texture, strong air permeability and water retention, and applying 10-50 kg of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate per mu; 50kg of quicklime is used for disinfection, and the farmland is arranged into a ridge field with the width of 0.8-0.9 m and a corridor of 0.3 m and the depth of 10-20 cm.

The sowing and sprinkling irrigation arrangement steps are as follows: the using amount of the cultivated seeds per mu is 300-400 jin, the cultivated seeds are broken into small blocks and then uniformly spread on a ridge bed, and 3-5 cm of soil is covered to cover the strains; after sowing, the spray irrigation is suspended to a position 1.5 meters above the ridge field and fixed.

The placing steps of the nutrition bag are as follows: the dosage of the nutrition bag is about 2000 bags per mu, and the matrix in the nutrition bag is as follows: 40% of wheat grains, 30% of sawdust, 30% of rice hulls, 2% of lime, 1% of gypsum and natural pH value. Sterilizing the nutrition bag at high pressure and high temperature, punching one side of the nutrition bag, uniformly placing 4 nutrition bags above the furrow field for 7-10 days after sowing, and covering with black mulching film for heat preservation and moisture preservation.

The hypha culture step is as follows: the soil humidity is controlled to be about 50%, the soil temperature is below 20 ℃, the temperature in the greenhouse is not higher than 25 ℃, and the air humidity is controlled to be 60-80%.

The mushroom forcing induction step comprises the following steps: and (3) sowing morchella for about 60 days, taking off the placed nutrition bag, and continuously carrying out spray irrigation for about 10 hours by using spray irrigation to accelerate mushroom. 3-7 days at intervals, 3-5 times in total, and simultaneously opening the upper and lower ventilation openings of the shed for ventilation.

The young mushroom management and protection steps are as follows: and opening an upper ventilation opening and a lower ventilation opening of the shed in the daytime, putting the cotton quilt to two thirds of the shed, keeping the soil temperature in the shed at 10-15 ℃, keeping the soil humidity at 60% and the air humidity at about 80%, and controlling the temperature in the shed not to exceed 25 ℃ until mushroom picking is finished.

The pest control steps are as follows: yellow plates are used for trapping and killing flies, funguses and mosquitoes, and snails, springtails and other insect pests are trapped and killed in a physical mode; keeping the ventilation in the shed and preventing bacterial diseases such as penicillium and the like caused by high temperature and high humidity.

Fifthly, specific implementation method

1. Sowing time: selecting a plot with the altitude of 2400-3500 m, and sowing in 5 middle ten days to 6 months.

2. Preparing cultivars: the morchella stock with large amount of primordia, good quality and strong stress resistance is taken and prepared into morchella cultivars by adopting a conventional morchella cultivar production method.

3. Building a shed: a conventional agricultural greenhouse is adopted, three side heat preservation walls are adopted, a 12-filament plastic film is coated on the greenhouse, a single-side arch structure with the length of 80m and the width of 8m is adopted, a high-density sunshade net and a cotton quilt are covered above the greenhouse, an upper ventilation opening and a lower ventilation opening are reserved, and the cultivation greenhouse with excellent rain shielding effect, smooth ventilation and good air permeability is manufactured.

4. Land preparation: selecting a farmland with loose texture, strong air permeability and water retention, and applying 10-50 kg of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate per mu; 50kg of quicklime is used for disinfection, and the farmland is arranged into a ridge field with the width of 0.8-0.9 m and a corridor of 0.3 m and the depth of 10-20 cm.

5. Sowing and arranging drip irrigation pipe belts: the using amount of the cultivated seeds per mu is 300-400 jin, the cultivated seeds are broken into small blocks and then uniformly spread on a ridge bed, and 3-5 cm of soil is covered to cover the strains; after sowing, the spray irrigation is suspended to a position 1.5 meters above the ridge field and fixed.

6. Placing the nutrition bags: the dosage of the nutrition bag is about 2000 bags per mu, and the matrix in the nutrition bag is as follows: 40% of wheat grains, 30% of sawdust, 30% of rice hulls, 2% of lime, 1% of gypsum and natural pH value. Sterilizing the nutrition bag at high pressure and high temperature, punching one side of the nutrition bag, uniformly placing 4 nutrition bags above the furrow field for 7-10 days after sowing, and covering with black mulching film for heat preservation and moisture preservation.

7. Hypha culture: the soil humidity is controlled to be about 50%, the soil temperature is below 20 ℃, the temperature in the greenhouse is not higher than 25 ℃, and the air humidity is controlled to be 60-80%.

8. And (3) mushroom induction: and (3) sowing morchella for about 60 days, removing the nutrition bag above the ridged field, and continuously performing sprinkling irrigation for about 10 hours by using the sprinkling irrigation to accelerate mushroom growth. 3-7 days at intervals, 3-5 times in total, and simultaneously opening the upper and lower ventilation openings of the shed for ventilation.

9. And (3) young mushroom management and protection: and opening an upper ventilation opening and a lower ventilation opening of the shed in the daytime, putting the cotton quilt to two thirds of the shed, keeping the soil temperature in the shed at 10-15 ℃, keeping the soil humidity at 60% and the air humidity at about 80%, and controlling the temperature in the shed not to exceed 25 ℃ until mushroom picking is finished.

10. And (3) pest control: the step of pest control is to use yellow plates to induce and kill flies and mosquitoes and to trap and kill snails, springtails and other pests in a physical way; keeping the ventilation in the shed and preventing bacterial diseases such as penicillium and the like caused by high temperature and high humidity.

The cultivation method for morchella in summer sowing and autumn harvesting in plateau areas, which is simple in process, high in repeatability, short in period and stable in yield, is provided, the fruiting yield in summer reaches 250kg, and the survival rate of young buds is over 60%; the harvesting period is shortened by about 100 days compared with a spring harvesting mode of winter seeds, the yield is stable, the quality is excellent, and the phenomenon of shortage of fresh products in the morchella esculenta market in summer is filled.

Claims

1. A method suitable for planting morchella in summer in plateau areas comprises the following steps: determining sowing time, manufacturing cultivated species, building a shed, preparing soil, sowing and sprinkling irrigation arrangement, placing nutrient bags, culturing hyphae, inducing mushroom, managing and protecting young mushroom and preventing and controlling diseases and pests.

2. The step of determining seeding time according to claim 1, wherein the step of selecting the plot with the altitude of 2400-3500 m, and seeding in 5 middle ten days to 6 months.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the Morchella esculenta strain with high primordia, good quality and strong stress resistance is prepared into Morchella esculenta cultivars by conventional Morchella esculenta cultivar production method.

4. The shed as claimed in claim 1 is a cultivation shed with good rain shielding effect, smooth ventilation and good air permeability, which is made of a conventional agricultural greenhouse, three side heat-insulating walls, 12-filament plastic film coated on the greenhouse, a single-side arched structure with a length of 80m and a width of 8m, and a high-density sunshade net and a cotton quilt covered on the shed, with an upper and a lower ventilation opening.

5. The land preparation according to claim 1, wherein 10-50 kg of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is applied to each mu of land with loose texture, high air permeability and high water retention; 50kg of quicklime is used for disinfection, and the farmland is arranged into a ridge field with the width of 0.8-0.9 m and a corridor of 0.3 m and the depth of 10-20 cm.

6. The sowing and sprinkling irrigation arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of cultivated species per mu is 300-400 jin, the cultivated species are broken into small pieces and then uniformly sprinkled on the ridge bed, and 3-5 cm of soil is covered to cover the strains; after sowing, the spray irrigation is suspended to a position 1.5 meters above the ridge field and fixed.

7. The nutrition bag of claim 1, wherein the amount of the nutrition bag is about 2000 bags per mu, and the matrix in the nutrition bag is as follows: 40% of wheat grains, 30% of sawdust, 30% of rice hulls, 2% of lime, 1% of gypsum and natural pH value. Sterilizing the nutrition bag at high pressure and high temperature, punching one side of the nutrition bag, uniformly placing 4 nutrition bags above the furrow field for 7-10 days after sowing, and covering with black mulching film for heat preservation and moisture preservation.

8. The mycelium culture of claim 1, wherein the soil humidity is controlled to about 50%, the soil temperature is 20 ℃ or lower, the temperature in the shed is not higher than 25 ℃, and the air humidity is controlled to 60-80%.

9. The mushroom forcing induction according to claim 1 is to sow morchella for about 60 days, take off the placed nutrition bag, and continuously spray-irrigating for about 10h by using spray irrigation for forcing mushroom. 3-7 days at intervals, 3-5 times in total, and simultaneously opening the upper and lower ventilation openings of the shed for ventilation.

10. The young mushroom management and protection method according to claim 1, wherein an upper ventilation opening and a lower ventilation opening of a shed are opened in the daytime, cotton quilts are placed at two thirds of the shed, the temperature of soil in the shed is kept at 10-15 ℃, the humidity of the soil is kept at 60%, the humidity of air is kept at about 80%, and the temperature in the shed is controlled not to exceed 25 ℃ until mushroom picking is finished.

11. The pest control according to claim 1, wherein yellow board is used for trapping and killing flies, mosquitoes and other pests, and snails, springtails and the like are physically trapped and killed; keeping the ventilation in the shed and preventing bacterial diseases such as penicillium and the like caused by high temperature and high humidity.