CN109072016A - 制造湿胶合木材制品的方法 - Google Patents
制造湿胶合木材制品的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C09J175/04—Polyurethanes
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- C09J5/00—Adhesive processes in general; Adhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers
- C09J5/02—Adhesive processes in general; Adhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers involving pretreatment of the surfaces to be joined
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- C09J2400/00—Presence of inorganic and organic materials
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- C09J2400/30—Presence of wood
- C09J2400/303—Presence of wood in the substrate
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Abstract
本发明涉及制造湿胶合木材制品的方法,以及可通过所述方法获得的湿胶合制品以及湿胶合制品的用途,其中该方法包括以下步骤:a)提供两个主动未干燥的或略被干燥的木材工件,其包括至少一个各自都具有厚度为至少2‑3个木材细胞的表层的表面;b)干燥所述所述木材工件的所述表面使得所述表层的水分含量低于纤维饱和点,在每个所述木材工件上提供干燥的表面;c)在木材工件之一的所述干燥的表面上施加胶合剂,由此提供胶合表面;d)将干燥的表面集合在一起使得所述胶合表面接触其他木材工件上的干燥表面,由此提供湿胶合木材制品。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及制造湿胶合木材制品的方法、可通过所述方法获得的湿胶合木材制品以及湿胶合木材制品的用途。
背景技术
新裁切锯成的制品在几何上接近完美–在多数情况中轮廓为矩形板(同样适用于其他几何形状)。边缘或面足够准确,使得它们可被直接胶合在一起。
通过窑干燥过程,由于板的一些区域相对于其他区域以不同的速率收缩,因此丧失了面的平整度(均匀度)。这些变形的结果被称作翘弯(cupping)、弓弯(bowing)、扭曲(twisting)等。(见图4)。
为了使窑干燥的工件干胶合,必须通过平刨、仿形切削(profiling)等去除大量材料以便重新构建完美水平的面和边缘。
将湿胶合转用至工业方法中还被这样的事实所妨碍,即新锯成的制品的初始水分含量是非常不均匀的(见图1和2)。
在常规锯切过程中,无法控制工件的初始水分含量。典型地,一个特定的工件会具有高水分含量的区域而其他区域水分含量则是低的。
在CN104972537A中公开了一种胶合(veneer)方法,其涉及连续的三聚氰胺甲醛树脂浸渍的胶合板(veneer)干胶合输送装置。其还可被应用于其他相关的技术中,比如夹持(加紧)、涂装以及其他领域。
当涉及木材水分含量时,在产品手册中还已经公开了整个木材材料应当具有一定水平的水分含量(见TDS Loctite HB S709PURBOND_D)。
当涉及木材水分含量时,还存在可用的标准EN 386“Glue laminated timber–Performance requirements and minimum production requirements”。在其中提及了对于木材薄片(lamellae)(即“层压结构(lamination)”)的“制造要求”。
现在已经令人惊奇地发现,当对固体木材的湿胶合进行研究时,可由湿胶合生产与由干胶合生产的胶层相比同样良好的胶层(glue lines)。在湿胶合的情况下所研究的胶体系(例如聚氨酯胶(PUR)、苯酚-和间苯二酚-甲醛(PF 和RF)、三聚氰胺-脲-甲醛(MUF)等)确实显示出它们对高水平的游离水和总体上水分含量的较大变化非常敏感。因此,用新锯成的制品的湿胶合方法是不可靠的并且导致不可接受的比率的有缺陷的胶层,该问题目前已经通过本发明得以减轻或最小化或得以解决。
本发明还提供了减轻或最小化或解决在干胶合木材的情况下为了重新构建完美水平的面和边缘需要平刨、仿形切削等问题的方案。
发明内容
本发明因此根据第一方面通过提供制造湿胶合木材制品的方法解决了一个或多个上述问题,所述方法包括以下步骤:
a)提供第一主动未干燥的或略被干燥的木材工件,其包括至少一个具有厚度为至少2-3个木材细胞的表层的表面,优选新锯成的木材工件,
b)干燥所述木材工件的表面使得所述表层的水分含量、优选在所述木材工件中最高达约0.1mm-约1mm的深度的水分含量,低于纤维饱和点,在所述第一木材工件上提供干燥的表面,
c)在所述干燥的表面上施加胶合剂由此提供胶合表面,
d)提供第二主动未干燥的或略被干燥的木材工件,其包括至少一个具有厚度为至少2-3个木材细胞的表层的表面,优选新锯成的木材工件,
e)干燥所述第二木材工件的表面使得所述表层的水分含量、优选在所述木材工件中最高达约0.1mm-约1mm的深度的水分含量,低于纤维饱和点,在所述第二木材工件上提供干燥的表面,
f)将所述第一和第二干燥的表面集合在一起,使得第一木材工件的所述胶合表面接触所述第二木材工件上的所述干燥的表面,由此提供湿胶合木材制品,和任选地
g)夹紧所述湿胶合木材制品用于形成将所述第一和第二木材工件桥接在一起的最小胶合结合处(joint)。
根据本发明的第二方面还提供可通过根据第一方面的方法获得的湿胶合木材制品。
根据本发明的第三方面还提供根据第二方面的湿胶合木材制品在建筑建造中或家具中的用途。
具体实施方式
在整个说明书中表述“主动未干燥的或略被干燥的木材工件”旨在涵盖可在根据本发明的第一方面的方法的情况下使用的任何木材工件。优选地,所述木材工件是新锯成的木材工件。还可使用来自目的在于为胶合层压制制品(比如交叉层压木材(CrossLaminated Timber),CLT)提供材料的窑干燥方法的“废料(reject material)”,但不满足所需水分含量标准。
在整个本说明书中表述“胶合剂”旨在涵盖可在根据本发明的方法的情况下使用的任何胶合剂。优选地,所述胶合剂选自聚氨酯胶(PUR)、苯酚-和间苯二酚-甲醛(PF和RF)胶或三聚氰胺-脲-甲醛(MUF)胶或其组合。优选地,在根据本发明的方法中使用PUR胶(比如PUR胶体系)。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,所述第一木材工件的至少一个表面和所述第二木材工件的至少一个表面是平的。所述工件的最高达四个表面可以是平的。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,步骤c)的所述胶合剂是聚氨酯胶(PUR)、苯酚-和间苯二酚-甲醛(PF和RF)胶或三聚氰胺-脲-甲醛(MUF) 胶,优选PUR胶。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,步骤b)中的所述深度为约 0.15-约0.3mm。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,步骤b)和e)中的最外层的所述木材水分含量为约8-约30%,优选约10-约25%,且最优选约12-约15%。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,步骤b)中用于干燥的干燥时间低于45分钟、优选低于15分钟且最优选低于10分钟。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,步骤b)和e)的所述干燥使用对流干燥、辐射干燥、接触干燥、化学干燥(其可通过施加亲水性物质以快速去除游离水来控制)或真空干燥或其组合进行。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,对流干燥涉及常规对流干燥、喷射干燥或高温干燥或其组合,且辐射干燥涉及红外干燥或高频干燥,或其组合。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,木材工件的一个或两者源自云杉,优选挪威云杉(Picea Abies)。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,干燥在约100℃下进行,优选在约80℃下.
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,干燥在约20℃-约100℃下进行,优选约20℃-约80℃。如果使用低温空气,例如在约20℃或略高于20℃下,其可能具有低的水蒸气吸收能力,但如果使用优选的100%新鲜空气(而不是再循环空气),那么这可得以解决。
上述干燥的目的不在于产生任何化学改性。木材的热分解在约105℃开始,在200℃以上其显著地加快并且在约275℃达到其峰值。分解本身可表现为半纤维素被转化为乙酸、甲酸和糠醛等。因此优选地,(前述木材表面的)最大表面温度应低于约100℃。
根据本发明的第一方面的另一优选实施方式,胶合在约20℃-约100℃下进行,优选约20℃-约80℃.
可改变工艺参数(比如热空气温度、空气速度、干燥时间)以建立以下这一点,即表面层(约0.2mm厚度)在限定的8-30%、或10-25%、或12-15%的水分含量范围中具有一定的置信水平。干燥时间优选短于10分钟且表面层下的水分含量应优选不显著改变。为了表面层中8-30%、或10-25%、或 12-15%的水分含量范围的目的,那么胶体系(优选单组份聚氨酯)的化学反应应以受控方式发生并且该方法将变得可靠且安全。
本发明进一步地普遍适用于克服湿胶合具有的困难。根据本发明的胶合方法恰好在木质板材的表面处进行——向木质结构的渗透取决于胶体系,但通常不是非常深。对于PUR胶体系(其是优选的),在多数情况中渗透仅为 2-3个细胞排(在挪威云杉中其折合为约0.10-0.15mm)。根据本发明的胶合方法的表面性质(浅表性质,superficial nature)开启了将使用湿的锯成的制品的优点与在升高的水分含量下胶合的优点相组合的可能性。本发明的基本构思是采用新裁切锯成的制品(与几何形状无关)并且使表面干燥使得最外层(约0.2mm)的水分含量安全地低于纤维饱和点(FSP)(对于挪威云杉FSP为约 28%-34%m.c.)。本发明的第一方面的方法中使用的锯成的制品还可来自其他木材种类。在本发明中使用任何类型的贸易木材种类都是合理的。其列表由 Botanic Gardens ConservationInternational(BGCI)提供:
http://www.bgci.org/news-and-events/news/1175/?sec=resources&option=co m_news&id=1175
其标题如下“The International Timber Trade:A working list ofcommercial timber tree species”,Jennifer Mark等,2014年11月,由Botanic GardensConservation International Descanso House发行,199Kew Road,Richmond, TW9 3BW,UK。
具有合理的木材种类的其他列表如下:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woods
http://www.wood-database.com/
还存在所述的多种可用的不同技术以从木材中去除水分:常规对流干燥、喷射干燥(即高空气速度)、红外干燥、高频干燥等。常规热空气干燥是可能的(以及通过对流和红外的热传递)。高温干燥(即高空气温度)也是可能的。变量包括空气温度和空气速度。层的厚度当然也是重要的参数(层厚度可为0.20mm)。还有多种降低干燥时间的可能性;明显的一种可以是增加空气速度。另一种可能性可以是通过红外板提供“促进”。
本发明的每个方面的优选特征对于每个其他方面已作必要的修正。本文提及的现有技术文献在法律允许的最大范围内并入。在以下实施例以及附图中进一步描述本发明,其不以任何方式限制本发明的范围。本发明的实施方式借助于实施方式的示例以及附图更详细地描述,其唯一目的是说明本发明并不旨在限制其范围。
附图说明
图1公开了来自12个成熟云杉树的测量并且清楚地显示了边材中的水分含量可以是如何的不均匀(水分含量云杉)。
图2也公开了来自12个成熟云杉树的测量且清楚地显示了边材中的水分含量可以是如何的不均匀(孔隙饱和度云杉)。图1和图2两者都显示了在新砍伐的挪威云杉中的水的天然分布(由树皮至木髓)——两图都使用相同的一组数据。
木材水分含量:
u以%表示的木材水分含量
mu初始状态的质量
m0绝对干燥状态的质量
木材水分含量是木材产品工业中常见的度量。其将初始样品中的水的质量(mu-m0)与绝对干燥的样品的质量相关联。
孔隙饱和度:
PS以%表示的孔隙饱和度
mu初始状态的质量
mF在纤维饱和点的质量
mmax当100%的细胞腔填满水的质量
当观察木材细胞中的游离水的比率时,孔隙饱和度是更好的度量。其弥补了对密度的依赖性,密度是木材水分含量的固有缺陷。
图3显示了表面层干燥的模型。
图4公开了通过窑干燥的变形。图5和6公开了根据本发明的胶合方法恰好在木质板材的表面处进行——向木质结构的渗透取决于胶体系,但通常不是非常深。对于PUR胶体系,在多数情况中渗透仅为2-3个细胞排(其折合为约0.10-0.15mm)。在每幅图中有3条线,借此这些线表明了胶层的厚度 (约0.10mm)和PUR向木材组织的最大渗透(约0.15mm)。
实施例
实施例1
一个试验表明了表面层干燥的模型(对于结果见图3)。虚线(灰色;之前是蓝色)表明木材水分含量的目标区域(8-25%)。取决于初始值,需要不同时间达到目标区域。
实施例2
另一个试验表明了使用根据本发明的预处理湿胶合方法的结果。图5和 6公开了它们并且公开了根据本发明的胶合方法恰好在木质板材的表面处进行——向木质结构的渗透取决于胶体系,但通常不是非常深。对于PUR胶体系,在多数情况中渗透仅为2-3个细胞排(其折合为约0.10-0.15mm)。
以上已经描述了本发明的各种实施方式,但是本领域技术人员了解进一步的微小改变,这些改变将落入本发明的范围内。本发明的广度和范围不应受上述示例性实施方式的任何限制,而应该仅根据所附权利要求及其等同物来限定。例如,任何上述方法都可以与其他已知方法组合。在本发明范围内的其他方面、优点和修改将是对于本发明所属领域的技术人员来说将是显而易见的。
Claims (15)
1.制造湿胶合木材制品的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供第一主动未干燥的或略被干燥的木材工件,其包括至少一个具有厚度为至少2-3个木材细胞的表层的表面,优选新锯成的木材工件,
b)干燥所述木材工件的表面使得所述表层的水分含量、优选在所述木材工件中最高达约0.1mm-约1mm的深度的水分含量,低于纤维饱和点,在所述第一木材工件上提供干燥的表面,
c)在所述干燥的表面上施加胶合剂由此提供胶合表面,
d)提供第二主动未干燥的或略被干燥的木材工件,其包括至少一个具有厚度为至少2-3个木材细胞的表层的表面,优选新锯成的木材工件,
e)干燥所述第二木材工件的表面使得所述表层的水分含量、优选在所述木材工件中最高达约0.1mm-约1mm的深度的水分含量,低于纤维饱和点,在所述第二木材工件上提供干燥的表面,
f)将所述第一和第二干燥的表面集合在一起,使得第一木材工件的所述胶合表面接触所述第二木材工件上的所述干燥的表面,由此提供湿胶合木材制品,和任选地
g)夹紧所述湿胶合木材制品用于形成将所述第一和第二木材工件桥接在一起的最小胶合结合处。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤a)中的所述第一木材工件的至少一个表面和步骤d)中的所述第二木材工件的至少一个表面是平的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤c)的所述胶合剂为聚氨酯胶(PUR)、苯酚-和间苯二酚-甲醛(PF和RF)胶或三聚氰胺-脲-甲醛(MUF)胶,优选PUR胶。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤b)中的所述深度为约0.15-约0.3mm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤b)和e)中的最外层的所述木材水分含量为约8-约30%、优选约10-约25%且最优选约12-约15%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤b)中用于干燥的干燥时间低于45分钟、优选低于15分钟且最优选低于10分钟。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中步骤b)和e)的所述干燥使用对流干燥、辐射干燥、接触干燥、化学干燥或真空干燥或其组合进行。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中对流干燥涉及常规对流干燥、喷射干燥或高温干燥或其组合,且辐射干燥涉及红外干燥或高频干燥,或其组合。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中木材工件的一个或两者源自云杉,优选挪威云杉。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中木材工件的一个或两者源自云杉,优选挪威云杉。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中干燥在约100℃下进行,优选在约80℃下。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中干燥在约20℃-约100℃下进行,优选约20℃-约80℃。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中胶合在约20℃-约100℃下进行,优选约20℃-约80℃。
14.根据权利要求1-13中任一项所述的方法可获得的湿胶合的木材制品。
15.根据权利要求14所述的湿胶合木材制品在建筑建造中或家具中的用途。
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AU2017250624B2 (en) | 2021-02-18 |
WO2017178983A1 (en) | 2017-10-19 |
AU2017250624A1 (en) | 2018-10-25 |
CN109072016B (zh) | 2022-05-17 |
US11090834B2 (en) | 2021-08-17 |
SE540786C2 (en) | 2018-11-13 |
EP3443045A1 (en) | 2019-02-20 |
CA3020534C (en) | 2024-05-28 |
EA201892340A1 (ru) | 2019-03-29 |
UA124834C2 (uk) | 2021-12-01 |
JP2019518623A (ja) | 2019-07-04 |
US20190126507A1 (en) | 2019-05-02 |
EP3443045A4 (en) | 2019-11-27 |
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JP2022078041A (ja) | 2022-05-24 |
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