CN106665130B - Red pear dwarfing interstock close planting cultivation technology - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
The invention discloses a red pear dwarfing interstock close planting cultivation technology, which comprises the following key steps: selecting early crisp red pears and red pears No. 2, selecting medium short pears No. 2 as an intermediate stock, selecting birchleaf pears or Chinese pears as a base stock, adopting close planting cultivation, adopting a trunk-shaped pruning method to promote branches and inhibit top tip growth, co-cultivating three layers of lateral branches, taking the formed tree height within 2m and the row spacing larger than 1m as ventilation ducts, cultivating 8-10 lateral branches on the whole tree, and cultivating fruiting branch groups on the lateral branches; the method also comprises the steps of fertilizer and water management, fruit thinning, rain sheltering cultivation, bagging, disease and pest prevention and the like, thereby solving the problems of late fruiting, poor yield, difficult coloring, weak resistance and the like of the red pears cultivated in the south.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree planting, and particularly relates to a red pear dwarfing interstock close planting cultivation technology.
Background
The red pears are a new special pear variety and are popular in the market, but are mainly cultivated in the northern area, and can only be cultivated in high-altitude areas such as Yunnan, Guizhou and the like in the southern area, and a case of successful cultivation is not available in low-altitude rainy areas in the southern area. The cultivation of the red pears in the southern low-altitude rainy region mainly has the following problems: the results are late, the productivity is poor, the coloring is difficult and the resistance is weak.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a red pear dwarfing interstock close planting cultivation technology which can solve the problems of late fruiting, poor yield, difficult coloring, weak resistance and the like of red pears cultivated in the south.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the solution adopted by the invention is as follows: a dwarf interstock close planting cultivation technique for red pears comprises the following steps,
a. cultivating the nursery stock: the red pear variety is selected from early crisp red pears and red pears No. 2, the dwarfing interstock is selected from Zhongqian No. 2, the base stock is selected from birchleaf pears or Chinese pear, birchleaf pear seeds or Chinese pear seeds are sown in the ditch of the spring in the first year, the dwarf interstock is grafted and dwarfed No. 2 on the base stock in the early spring in the second year, the red pears are grafted and cultivated on the dwarfing interstock in the early spring in the third year, and the length of the interstock is set to be 25 cm-30 cm; transplanting the seedlings in winter by the third year;
b. close planting cultivation: the row spacing of the close planting cultivation is 4m, and the plant spacing is 1 m; planting according to the north-south direction, wherein the space between planting furrows is 4m, the depth of the planting furrows is 50cm, the width of the planting furrows is 60cm, soil in the planting furrows is dug for later use, weeds, calcium superphosphate and decomposed chicken manure are laminated in the planting furrows for later use, the weeds are placed at the bottoms of the planting furrows, 1/3 soil is backfilled in the planting furrows, the calcium superphosphate and the decomposed chicken manure are placed in the furrows, the rest 2/3 soil is backfilled to enable the planting furrows to be 17 cm-23 cm higher than the periphery of the planting furrows, seedlings are planted on the planting furrows according to the plant spacing of 1m after 1 month, the planting time of the seedlings is 11 months-12 months, and seedlings with complete roots, 60cm higher than the grafting opening of the middle part and the red pear and more than 0.6cm of the diameter of the grafting opening are selected for planting;
c. and (3) matching pollination varieties: planting the early crisp red and the red pear No. 2 in a staggered arrangement mode according to the proportion of 1:1 or 1: 2;
d. the shaping method comprises the following steps: pruning by adopting a trunk shape; in early spring of the first year after planting, cutting the top part of the stock to be fixed dry by 40cm above a grafting opening of the interstock and the red pear, selecting 4 side buds which are distributed in a crossed manner, performing eye injury above the side buds, and performing eye injury below the top buds; after germination, selecting 3-4 uniformly distributed young shoots to be cultured as a first layer of lateral branches; selecting top bud tips as central stems, and setting a support to enable the central stems to grow vertically; in winter of the first year, the angle of the main branch is adjusted in a supporting and pulling mode, the angle of the main branch is kept at 60-80 degrees, short shearing is carried out on the central trunk by 50cm, 4 side buds which are distributed in a crossed mode and are distributed in a staggered mode with the buds of the first layer of branches are selected, eye injury is carried out on the side buds, meanwhile, eye injury is carried out on the lower portion of the top bud, 3 new shoots are selected and reserved after germination to be cultured into a second layer of side branches, and the top shoots are straightened to be used as the central trunk; 1-2 fruits are left on the vigorous branches in the first year, and no fruit is left on the weak branches; in early spring of the third year, short shearing is carried out on the central trunk by 50cm, 3 lateral buds are selected and reserved above the central trunk for mesh injury, 2 lateral buds are reserved and cultured into a third layer of lateral branches, and mesh injury is carried out below the terminal bud to serve as central trunk culture; pruning the central trunk in winter to allow the lateral branches in the first two years to bear fruits; the height of the formed tree is within 2m, the ventilation distance between rows is larger than 1m, 8-10 lateral branches are cultivated on the whole tree, and fruiting branch groups are cultivated on the lateral branches.
Preferably, a fertilizer and water management step is further included, wherein in the first year, after germination, additional fertilizer is applied for 1 time every 10-15 days, the fertilizer and water comprises clean water, urea, monopotassium phosphate and decomposed pig manure, the weight ratio of the clean water to the urea to the monopotassium phosphate to the decomposed pig manure is 200:1:1:20, and 1.7-2.3 kg of fertilizer and water is applied to each plant; after 9 months, symmetrically ditching and applying decomposed organic fertilizer on the land 50cm away from the trunk; the second year is carried out according to the fertilization method of the first year; applying fertilizer for 3 times in the third year, applying germination fertilizer in the last ten days of 2 months, wherein the germination fertilizer comprises urea, and 50kg of urea is applied per mu; applying strong fruit fertilizer in the middle ten days of the month 5, wherein the strong fruit fertilizer comprises nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and 60kg of urea and 40kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu; applying a base fertilizer in the middle ten days of 9 months, and opening a ditch with the width of 30cm, the depth of 40-50 cm and the length of 100cm under the water dripping surface of the crown for applying the fertilizer; 2000kg of chicken manure and 100kg of calcium superphosphate which are subjected to high-temperature disinfection and processing are applied to each mu of land, and watering is carried out after application; the fertilization time and times of each year are the same as those of the third year, and the fertilizer consumption is increased along with the enlargement of the tree body and the increase of the yield.
Preferably, the method also comprises a fruit thinning step, wherein fruit thinning is carried out on the saplings according to the branch tip condition, less fruit is left on the lower lateral branches, more fruit is left on the middle upper lateral branches, fruit thinning is carried out according to the fruit bearing condition every year after the saplings enter the high yield period, and the yield per mu is controlled to be 1000 kg-1500 kg.
Preferably, the method further comprises a rain sheltering cultivation step, wherein the rain sheltering cultivation is carried out after 1 month of flower withering, and the top of the single row is adopted for rain sheltering.
Preferably, the method further comprises a bagging step, wherein non-woven fabric fruit bags are used for bagging, white single-layer fruit bags with wax are bagged in 30 days after flowers are withered in the open air, and the bags are removed when the flowers are harvested.
Preferably, the method further comprises a disease and pest control step, the garden cleaning work is carried out in winter, lime sulphur mixture with the Baume degree of 3 is sprayed, scab, oriental fruit moth and aphid are mainly controlled in spring, and black spot, ring spot, mites, oriental fruit moth, aphid and cyrtodinus lineolatus are mainly controlled in summer and autumn.
The invention has the advantages that the dwarf type 2 in the dwarf interstock can weaken the growth vigor of the branches, promote the branching and promote the formation of flower buds, and in addition, the crown is reduced, the ventilation and the light transmission are good, the prevalence of diseases is reduced, the disease and pest control is facilitated, the fruit coloring is facilitated, and the high yield effect is achieved; the first three years are the plastic period, and the management of fertilizer and water is enhanced, so that the growth is promoted; the fruit thinning step is to avoid forming strong upper trees and weak lower trees; the rain sheltering cultivation can obviously reduce the occurrence of diseases, the bagging step is favorable for coloring in the sleeve, and the harm of birds is prevented; in conclusion, the problems of late fruiting, poor yield, difficult coloring, weak resistance and the like of the red pears cultivated in the south are solved.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below:
the invention provides a red pear dwarfing interstock close planting cultivation technology, which comprises the following steps,
a. cultivating the nursery stock: the red pear varieties are selected from early crisp red pears and No. 2 red pears, and the two varieties have good resistance and good coloring, can pollinate with each other and have good quality; the dwarf interstock is selected as the medium short No. 2, and the dwarf interstock of the short No. 2 can weaken the growth vigor of branches, promote the formation of flower buds, reduce the crown, have good ventilation and light transmission, reduce the prevalence of diseases, be beneficial to the control of diseases and pests and be beneficial to the coloring of fruits, thereby achieving the effect of high yield; the base stock is selected from birchleaf pear or Chinese pear, birchleaf pear or Chinese pear seeds are sown in the ditch of the strip in the spring of the first year, dwarf No. 2 in the dwarfing interstock is grafted on the base stock in the early spring of the second year, red pear is grafted and cultivated on the dwarfing interstock in the early spring of the third year, and the length of the interstock is set to be 25 cm-30 cm; transplanting the seedlings in winter by the third year;
b. close planting cultivation: the row spacing of the close planting cultivation is 4m, and the plant spacing is 1 m; planting according to the north-south direction, wherein the space between planting furrows is 4m, the depth of the planting furrows is 50cm, the width of the planting furrows is 60cm, soil in the planting furrows is dug for later use, weeds, calcium superphosphate and decomposed chicken manure are laminated in the planting furrows for later use, the weeds are placed at the bottoms of the planting furrows, 1/3 soil is backfilled in the planting furrows, the calcium superphosphate and the decomposed chicken manure are placed in the furrows, the rest 2/3 soil is backfilled to enable the planting furrows to be 17 cm-23 cm higher than the periphery of the planting furrows, seedlings are planted on the planting furrows according to the plant spacing of 1m after 1 month, the planting time of the seedlings is 11 months-12 months, and seedlings with complete roots, 60cm higher than the grafting opening of the middle part and the red pear and more than 0.6cm of the diameter of the grafting opening are selected for planting;
c. and (3) matching pollination varieties: planting the early crisp red and the red pear No. 2 in a staggered arrangement mode according to the proportion of 1:1 or 1: 2;
d. the shaping method comprises the following steps: pruning by adopting a trunk shape; in early spring of the first year after planting, cutting the top fixed stem by 40cm above the grafting port of the middle anvil and the red pear, selecting 4 crossed lateral buds, performing eye injury above the lateral buds to promote branching, and performing eye injury below the lateral buds to inhibit the growth of the top tips; after germination, selecting 3-4 uniformly distributed young shoots to be cultured as a first layer of lateral branches; selecting top bud tips as central stems, and setting a support to enable the central stems to grow vertically; in winter of the first year, the angle of the main branch is adjusted in a supporting and pulling mode, the angle of the main branch is kept at 60-80 degrees, short shearing is carried out on the central trunk by 50cm, 4 side buds which are distributed in a crossed mode and are distributed in a staggered mode with the buds of the first layer of branches are selected, eye injury is carried out on the side buds, meanwhile, eye injury is carried out on the lower portion of the top bud, 3 new shoots are selected and reserved after germination to be cultured into a second layer of side branches, and the top shoots are straightened to be used as the central trunk; 1-2 fruits are left on the vigorous branches in the first year, and no fruit is left on the weak branches; in early spring of the third year, short shearing is carried out on the central trunk by 50cm, 3 lateral buds are selected and reserved above the central trunk for mesh injury, 2 lateral buds are reserved for culturing into a third layer of lateral branches, and mesh injury is carried out below the scissoring buds to serve as central trunk culture; pruning the central trunk in winter to allow the lateral branches in the first two years to bear fruits; after the forming, the height of the tree is within 2m, the inter-row spacing is larger than 1m, the tree is used as an air duct, 8-10 lateral branches are cultivated on the whole tree, and fruiting branch groups are cultivated on the lateral branches.
The shaping is mainly carried out in the first three years, the angle of the main branch is adjusted by adopting a supporting and pulling mode, the included angle between the main branch and the central trunk is kept at 60-80 degrees, the lateral branch and fruiting branch groups are cultivated, and the pruning quantity is small. Adjusting the angle of the overgrown lateral branches, pinching, short-shearing the lateral branches without branches during winter shearing to promote branching, and culturing fruiting branch groups. The bare branches on the opposite side branches need to be timely pinched and left about 15cm, and the bare branches with improper orientation can be timely erased or thinned out during winter pruning. After the fruiting period, the lateral fruiting branch group is cultured on the lateral branch, and the excessive growth of the branch tips is controlled by pressing the fruit trees in a mode of multiple thinning and shearing and less short shearing. The branches extending to the row spacing are properly retracted in the later period, so that an air duct and a cultivation channel with the length of about 1.5 m are kept in the row spacing.
In the embodiment, the method further comprises a fertilizer and water management step to promote growth, wherein in the first year, topdressing is carried out for 1 time every 10-15 days after germination, the fertilizer and water comprises clean water, urea, monopotassium phosphate and decomposed pig manure, the weight ratio of the clean water to the urea to the monopotassium phosphate to the decomposed pig manure is 200:1:1:20, and 1.7-2.3 kg of fertilizer and water is applied to each plant; with the increase of the crown and the increase of the growth amount, the fertilizer consumption is properly increased; after 9 months, symmetrically ditching and applying decomposed organic fertilizer on the land 50cm away from the trunk; the second year is carried out according to the fertilization method of the first year; applying fertilizer for 3 times in the third year, applying germination fertilizer in the last ten days of 2 months, wherein the germination fertilizer comprises urea, and 50kg of urea is applied per mu; applying strong fruit fertilizer in the middle ten days of the month 5, wherein the strong fruit fertilizer comprises nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and 60kg of urea and 40kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu; applying a base fertilizer in the middle ten days of 9 months, and opening a ditch with the width of 30cm, the depth of 40-50 cm and the length of 100cm under the water dripping surface of the crown for applying the fertilizer; 2000kg of chicken manure and 100kg of calcium superphosphate which are subjected to high-temperature disinfection and processing are applied to each mu of land, and watering is carried out after application; the fertilization time and times of each year are the same as those of the third year, and the fertilizer consumption is increased along with the enlargement of the tree body and the increase of the yield.
In the embodiment, the method also comprises a fruit thinning step, wherein fruit thinning is carried out on the saplings according to the branch tip conditions, the fruit is remained on the lower lateral branches, and the fruit is remained on the middle upper lateral branches, so that the formation of strong upper trees and weak lower trees is avoided; after entering the high-yield period, thinning fruits according to the fruiting situation every year, and controlling the yield per mu to be 1000 kg-1500 kg.
In the embodiment, the method further comprises a rain sheltering cultivation step, rain sheltering cultivation is carried out after the flowers fall for 1 month, rain sheltering is carried out on the top of the single row, and the occurrence of diseases can be remarkably reduced.
In the embodiment, the method also comprises a bagging step, wherein the non-woven fabric fruit bag is adopted for bagging, so that the coloring in the bag is facilitated, and the harm of birds is prevented; covering a white single-layer fruit bag with wax in 30 days after the flowers are withered for open cultivation, and removing the bag when harvesting.
In the embodiment, the method further comprises a disease and pest control step, the garden cleaning work is well done in winter, lime 3-degree lime sulphur mixture is sprayed, scab, oriental fruit moth and aphid are mainly controlled in spring, and black spot, ring spot, mites, oriental fruit moth, aphid and cyrtodinus huashanensis are mainly controlled in summer and autumn.
Claims (6)
1. A red pear dwarfing interstock close planting cultivation method is characterized in that: comprises the following steps of (a) carrying out,
a. cultivating the nursery stock: the red pear variety is selected from early crisp red pears and red pears No. 2, the dwarfing interstock is selected from Zhongqian No. 2, the base stock is selected from birchleaf pears or Chinese pear, birchleaf pear seeds or Chinese pear seeds are sown in the ditch of the spring in the first year, the dwarf interstock is grafted and dwarfed No. 2 on the base stock in the early spring in the second year, the red pears are grafted and cultivated on the dwarfing interstock in the early spring in the third year, and the length of the interstock is set to be 25 cm-30 cm; transplanting the seedlings in winter by the third year;
b. close planting cultivation: the row spacing of the close planting cultivation is 4m, and the plant spacing is 1 m; planting according to the north-south direction, wherein the space between planting furrows is 4m, the depth of the planting furrows is 50cm, the width of the planting furrows is 60cm, soil in the planting furrows is dug for later use, weeds, calcium superphosphate and decomposed chicken manure are laminated in the planting furrows for later use, the weeds are placed at the bottoms of the planting furrows, 1/3 soil is backfilled in the planting furrows, the calcium superphosphate and the decomposed chicken manure are placed in the furrows, the rest 2/3 soil is backfilled to enable the planting furrows to be 17 cm-23 cm higher than the periphery of the planting furrows, seedlings are planted on the planting furrows according to the plant spacing of 1m after 1 month, the planting time of the seedlings is 11 months-12 months, and seedlings with complete roots, 60cm higher than the grafting opening of the middle part and the red pear and more than 0.6cm of the diameter of the grafting opening are selected for planting;
c. and (3) matching pollination varieties: planting the early crisp red and the red pear No. 2 in a staggered arrangement mode according to the proportion of 1:1 or 1: 2;
d. the shaping method comprises the following steps: pruning by adopting a trunk shape; in early spring of the first year after planting, cutting the top part of the stock to be fixed dry by 40cm above a grafting opening of the interstock and the red pear, selecting 4 side buds which are distributed in a crossed manner, performing eye injury above the side buds, and performing eye injury below the top buds; after germination, selecting 3-4 uniformly distributed young shoots to be cultured as a first layer of lateral branches; selecting top bud tips as central stems, and setting a support to enable the central stems to grow vertically; in winter of the first year, the angle of the main branch is adjusted in a supporting and pulling mode, the angle of the main branch is kept at 60-80 degrees, short shearing is carried out on the central trunk by 50cm, 4 side buds which are distributed in a crossed mode and are distributed in a staggered mode with the buds of the first layer of branches are selected, eye injury is carried out on the side buds, meanwhile, eye injury is carried out on the lower portion of the top bud, 3 new shoots are selected and reserved after germination to be cultured into a second layer of side branches, and the top shoots are straightened to be used as the central trunk; 1-2 fruits are left on the vigorous branches in the first year, and no fruit is left on the weak branches; in early spring of the third year, short shearing is carried out on the central trunk by 50cm, 3 lateral buds are selected and reserved above the central trunk for mesh injury, 2 lateral buds are reserved for culturing into a third layer of lateral branches, and mesh injury is carried out below the scissoring buds to serve as central trunk culture; pruning the central trunk in winter to allow the lateral branches in the first two years to bear fruits; the height of the formed tree is within 2m, the ventilation distance between rows is larger than 1m, 8-10 lateral branches are cultivated on the whole tree, and fruiting branch groups are cultivated on the lateral branches.
2. The dwarf interstock close-planting cultivation method of the red pears as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the method also comprises a fertilizer and water management step, wherein in the first year, after germination, additional fertilization is carried out for 1 time every 10-15 days, the fertilizer and water comprises clean water, urea, monopotassium phosphate and decomposed pig manure, the weight ratio of the clean water to the urea to the monopotassium phosphate to the decomposed pig manure is 200:1:1:20, and 1.7-2.3 kg of fertilizer and water is applied to each plant; after 9 months, symmetrically ditching and applying decomposed organic fertilizer on the land 50cm away from the trunk; the second year is carried out according to the fertilization method of the first year; applying fertilizer for 3 times in the third year, applying germination fertilizer in the last ten days of 2 months, wherein the germination fertilizer comprises urea, and 50kg of urea is applied per mu; applying strong fruit fertilizer in the middle ten days of the month 5, wherein the strong fruit fertilizer comprises nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and 60kg of urea and 40kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu; applying a base fertilizer in the middle ten days of 9 months, and opening a ditch with the width of 30cm, the depth of 40-50 cm and the length of 100cm under the water dripping surface of the crown for applying the fertilizer; 2000kg of chicken manure and 100kg of calcium superphosphate which are subjected to high-temperature disinfection and processing are applied to each mu of land, and watering is carried out after application; the fertilization time and times of each year are the same as those of the third year, and the fertilizer consumption is increased along with the enlargement of the tree body and the increase of the yield.
3. The dwarf interstock close-planting cultivation method of the red pears as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: and the method also comprises a fruit thinning step, wherein fruit thinning is carried out on the saplings according to the branch tip conditions, less fruit is left on the lower lateral branches, more fruit is left on the middle and upper lateral branches, fruit thinning is carried out according to the fruit bearing conditions every year after the saplings enter a high yield period, and the yield per mu is controlled to be 1000 kg-1500 kg.
4. The dwarf interstock close-planting cultivation method of the red pears as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: and the method also comprises a rain sheltering cultivation step, wherein the rain sheltering cultivation is carried out after the flowers are withered for 1 month, and the rain sheltering is carried out on the top of a single row.
5. The dwarf interstock close-planting cultivation method of the red pears as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: also comprises a bagging step, wherein non-woven fabric fruit bags are adopted for bagging, white single-layer fruit bags with wax are bagged in 30 days after flowers are withered in the open air, and the bags are removed when the flowers are harvested.
6. The dwarf interstock close-planting cultivation method of the red pears as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: and further comprising a disease and pest control step, wherein the garden cleaning work is carried out in winter, lime sulphur mixture with the Baume degree of 3 is sprayed, scab, oriental fruit moth and aphid are mainly controlled in spring, and black spot, ring spot, mites, oriental fruit moth, aphid and cyrtodinus lineolatus are mainly controlled in summer and autumn.
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| CN107466787A (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2017-12-15 | 无为县雲桃家庭农场 | The pruning method of one planting fruit-trees |
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| CN106665130A (en) | 2017-05-17 |
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